40:
554:
516:
591:. Most owners of large and profitable haciendas preferred to live in Spanish cities, often near the hacienda, but in Mexico, the richest owners lived in Mexico City, visiting their haciendas at intervals. Onsite management of the rural estates was by a paid administrator or manager, which was similar to the arrangement with the encomienda. Administrators were often hired for a fixed term of employment, receiving a salary and at times some share of the profits of the estate. Some administrators also acquired landholdings themselves in the area of the estate they were managing.
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farms were produced in relatively small quantities and thus were meant, not for wholesale or exporting, but for sale and consumption locally, where produced and its adjacent towns. Haciendas, unlike estancias, were equipped with industrial machinery used for processing its crops into derivatives such
493:
Distribution of land happened in parallel with the allocation of indigenous people to servitude under the encomienda system. Although the hacienda was not directly linked to the encomienda, many
Spanish holders of encomiendas lucratively combined the two by acquiring land or developing enterprises to
888:
in addition to the permanent staff. Another response by the latifundia to labour shortages was to act as merchants, buying wheat produced by independent farmers or from farmers that hired land. In the period 1700 to 1850, this second option was overall more lucrative. It was primarily the haciendas
664:
Stock raising was central to ranching haciendas, the largest of which were in areas without dense indigenous populations, such as northern Mexico, but as indigenous populations declined in central areas, more land became available for grazing. Livestock were animals originally imported from Spain,
856:
which became increasingly populated, explored and economically exploited. Much land in
Central Chile was cleared with fire during this period. On the contrary open fields in southern Chile were overgrown as indigenous populations declined due to diseases introduced by the Spanish and intermittent
1506:
After the change of sovereignty in 1898 from Spain to the United States as a result of the
Spanish-American War, and the ensuing industrialization and development of a manufacturing- and services-based society of the mid 20th century, both haciendas and estancias gradually diminished to almost
652:
The work force on haciendas varied, depending on the type of hacienda and where it was located. In central Mexico near indigenous communities and growing crops to supply urban markets, there was often a small, permanent workforce resident on the hacienda. Labor could be recruited from nearby
489:
labor grants. Although haciendas originated in grants to the elite, many ordinary
Spaniards could also petition for land grants from the crown. New haciendas were formed in many places in the 17th and 18th centuries as most local economies moved from mining toward agriculture and husbandry.
494:
employ that forced labor. As the crown moved to eliminate encomienda labor, Spaniards consolidated private landholdings and recruited labor on a permanent or casual basis. Eventually, the hacienda became secure private property, which survived the colonial period and into the 20th century.
703:
Santa Lucía, near Mexico City, established in 1576 and lasting to the expulsion in 1767, has been reconstructed by Herman Konrad from archival sources. This reconstruction has revealed the nature and operation of the hacienda system in Mexico, its labor force, its systems of
883:
were better for cereal production than those of Peru and
Chilean wheat was cheaper and of better quality than Peruvian wheat. Initially Chilean haciendas could not meet the wheat demand due to a labour shortage, so had to incorporate
1747:
Rozas, Vicente; Le-Quesne, Carlos; Rojas-Badilla, Moisés; González, Mauro E.; González-Reyes, Álvaro (2018). "Coupled human-climate signals on the fire history of upper
Cachapoal Valley, Mediterranean Andes of Chile, since 1201 CE".
2381:
Robert
Sackett, Preservationist, PRSHPO (original 1990 draft). Arleen Pabon, Certifying Official and State Historic Preservation Officer, State Historic Preservation Office, San Juan, Puerto Rico. 9 September 1994. In
3628:
1251:. Most haciendas in Puerto Rico produced sugar, coffee, and tobacco, which were the crops for exporting. Some estancias were larger than some haciendas, but generally this was the exception and not the norm.
2497:
Estado Libre
Asociado de Puerto Rico. Oficina del Controlador. Corporación Azucarera de Puerto Rico. San Juan, Puerto Rico. Informe Número: CP-98-17 (23 June 1998). Released 1 July 1998. Retrieved 13 July
727:
holdings or preferentially loaned money to the hacendados. As the hacienda owners' mortgage holders, the Church's interests were connected with the landholding class. In the history of Mexico and other
732:
countries, the masses developed some hostility to the church; at times of gaining independence or during certain political movements, the people confiscated the church haciendas or restricted them.
1031:
852:(1598) meant for the Spanish the loss of both the main gold districts and the largest sources of indigenous labour. After those dramatic years the colony of Chile became concentrated in
3094:
2400:
1289:
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were forced to shut down. This marked the end of haciendas operating in Puerto Rico. In 2000, the last two sugar mills closed, after having operated for nearly 100 years.
39:
3722:
610:
Jaral de
Berrios, probably the most important Hacienda of colonial times. Its owner at one time was one of the largest landowners in the world. Located in the state of
3887:
669:
and produced significant ecological changes. Sheep in particular had a devastating impact on the environment due to overgrazing. Mounted ranch hands variously called
2490:
857:
warfare. The loss of the cities meant
Spanish settlements in Chile became increasingly rural with the hacienda gaining importance in economic and social matters. As
3213:
3012:
653:
indigenous communities on an as-needed basis, such as planting and harvest time. The permanent and temporary hacienda employees worked land that belonged to the
3867:
3727:
2231:
3607:
3466:
3087:
3064:
960:
2253:
1111:, which dealt primarily with the cultivation, packaging, and exportation of coffee. Today, Hacienda Buena Vista, which is listed in the United States
438:. As the Spanish established cities in conquered territories, the crown distributed smaller plots of land nearby, while in areas farther afield, the
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3420:
1296:
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differed from an hacienda in terms of crop types handled, target market, machinery used, and size. An estancia, during Spanish colonial times in
304:. In recent decades, the term has been used in the United States for an architectural style associated with the traditional estate manor houses.
3080:
3826:
3516:
775:
2300:
1112:
427:
904:. 20th century Chilean haciendas stand out for the poor conditions of workers and being a backward part of the economy. The hacienda and
3664:
3587:
2395:
755:
412:
3038:
2838:
2732:
2672:
2513:
2469:
1721:
1015:
446:. Haciendas were developed as profit-making enterprises linked to regional or international markets. Estates were integrated into a
182:
123:
2777:
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in Spain. The sudden acquisition of conquered land allowed kings to grant extensive holdings to nobles, mercenaries, and religious
861:
declined in the 17th century more haciendas were formed as the economy moved away from mining and into agriculture and husbandry.
3831:
3710:
3592:
3456:
3308:
2364:
1270:
3602:
3571:
3496:
3481:
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2424:
Sugar and Sweetener: S&O/SSS-224. Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, December 1998, p. 25.
845:
3780:
3506:
3486:
3451:
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2636:
2627:
Translated from the Spanish by Andrew Hurley. (Originally published in 1988 by Fideicomiso de Conservación de Puerto Rico as
2609:
2600:
Translated from the Spanish by Andrew Hurley. (Originally published in 1988 by Fideicomiso de Conservación de Puerto Rico as
2585:
2576:
Translated from the Spanish by Andrew Hurley. (Originally published in 1988 by Fideicomiso de Conservación de Puerto Rico as
2547:
Benjamin Bridgman, Michael Maio, James A. Schmitz, Jr. "What Ever Happened to the Puerto Rican Sugar Manufacturing Industry?"
2476:. Encyclopedia Puerto Rico. "History and Archaeology." Fundación Puertorriqueña para las Humanidades. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
2306:
1371:
1050:
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1395:
747:
1046:
3821:
3748:
3501:
3491:
3253:
1893:
1702:
1077:
2202:"The Death and Rebirth of Entrepreneurism on Negros Island, Philippines: A Critique of Cultural Theories of Enterprise"
1976:
1527:
1142:. The last of such haciendas decayed considerably starting in the 1950s, with the industrialization of Puerto Rico via
553:
3446:
3368:
1750:
1065:
1002:. This deindustrialisation was to be accomplished through shifting labour and capital from Iloílo's textile industry (
387:
1080:, continue to this day. The opportunity that had earlier arisen was squandered and any significant gains stillborn.
3511:
3461:
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2819:
1854:
1580:
1139:
1116:
858:
340:
637:
3785:
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31:
2652:
Verdadera y Autentica Historia de la Ciudad de Ponce: Desde sus primitivos tiempos hasta la época contemporánea.
3882:
3790:
2747:
716:
2342:
1924:
1472:, a colonial forced labor system imposed upon the indigenous population of Spanish America and the Philippines
817:
813:
801:
3680:
3328:
3218:
2724:
787:
2277:
2155:
2084:
276:
is imprecise, but usually refers to landed estates of significant size, while smaller holdings were termed
3872:
3303:
3288:
1728:. Encyclopedia Puerto Rico. 2012. Fundación Puertorriqueña de las Humanidades. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
626:
563:
59:
2178:
3877:
3862:
3775:
3323:
2787:
829:
594:
419:
produced wine, grain, oils, and livestock, and were more purely agricultural than what was to follow in
3597:
1263:
1088:
568:
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3243:
3128:
2813:
2110:
1759:
1341:
1108:
894:
869:
3072:
1703:
African Aspects of the Puerto Rican Personality by (the late) Dr. Robert A. Martinez, Baruch College
793:
3768:
3298:
3268:
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1454:
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1335:
1316:
1144:
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995:
909:
865:
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3118:
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Michoacán en la Nueva España del Siglo XVIII: Crecimiento y dissigualidad en una economía colonial
786:, with independence came efforts to break up the large plantation holdings into a myriad of small
470:
347:
was an economic system of large land holdings. A similar system existed on a smaller scale in the
3852:
3763:
3183:
3006:
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2010:
1775:
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1359:
1123:
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849:
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47:
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371:
3800:
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3690:
3188:
3163:
3123:
3034:
2834:
2760:
Bauer, Arnold. "Modernizing landlords and constructive peasants: In the Mexican countryside",
2728:
2712:
2668:
2632:
2605:
2581:
2106:
1999:"The Fulcrum of Structure–Agency: History and Sociology of Sugar Haciendas in Colonial Negros"
1486:
1155:
Yet by the 1990s, and despite significant government fiscal support, the last 13 Puerto Rican
1030:
British textiles. These changes had the double effect of strengthening England and Scotland's
1027:
980:
901:
841:
645:
2792:
2510:
2466:
2433:
1718:
3383:
3343:
2386:. United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service (Washington, D.C.), p. 16.
2321:
2213:
1767:
1383:
1365:
1353:
1329:
1069:
1053:
1011:
890:
880:
720:
697:
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worked small holdings belonging to the hacendado, and owed a portion of their crops to him.
580:
478:
379:
205:
199:
144:
138:
85:
43:
657:
and under the supervision of local labor bosses. In some places small scale cultivators or
648:. By 1910, he owned around 8 million acres in land, and more than 1 million head of cattle.
606:
598:
Juan Nepomuceno de Moncada y Berrio (1781-1859), owner of the Jaral de Berrios hacienda in
534:
3816:
3758:
3373:
3168:
3143:
3019:
2517:
2494:
2473:
2454:
2438:
Charles A. Coulombe. New York: Kensington Publishing, 2004, p. 99. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
2404:
1888:
1866:
1725:
1216:
999:
988:
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institutions that characterized large parts of Chilean agriculture were eliminated by the
821:
744:
712:
420:
391:
79:
3263:
2692:
Mörner, Magnus. "The Spanish American Hacienda: A Survey of Recent Research and Debate,"
2654:
San Juan, Puerto Rico: Instituto de Cultural Puertorriqueña. 1913. Reprinted 1987. p. 67.
3058:
2705:, "Mexican Rural History Since Chevalier: The Historiography of the Colonial Hacienda,"
2580:.) 1999. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA: University of North Carolina Press. p. iii.
1763:
3753:
3388:
3358:
2912:
2798:
2702:
2258:
2249:
1883:
1453:, a form of tribute to the Inca government in the form of labor, abused by the Spanish
1417:
1389:
1240:
1232:
1023:
976:
972:
968:
934:
920:
885:
779:
525:
497:
447:
293:
230:
3028:
Historia contemporánea de Chile III. La economía: mercados empresarios y trabajadores.
2854:. "Encomienda and Hacienda: The Evolution of the Great Estate in the Spanish Indies,"
2631:.) 1999. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA: University of North Carolina Press. p. 1.
2546:
1583:, "Encomienda and Hacienda: The Evolution of the Great Estate in the Spanish Indies,"
832:, who expropriated the land from the hacendados and redistributed it to the peasants.
3846:
3685:
3278:
3030:
2767:
2716:
2667:
Academia Puertorriqueña de la Historia. San Juan, PR: Ediciones Puerto. 2015. p. 389.
2604:.) 1999. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA: University of North Carolina Press. p. 1.
2201:
2140:
2136:
1779:
1469:
1019:
767:
729:
682:
641:
469:
The system in Mexico is considered to have started when the Spanish crown granted to
210:
2629:
La Buena Vista: Estancia de Frutos Menores, fabrica de harinas y hacienda cafetalera
2602:
La Buena Vista: Estancia de Frutos Menores, fabrica de harinas y hacienda cafetalera
2578:
La Buena Vista: Estancia de Frutos Menores, fabrica de harinas y hacienda cafetalera
2232:"Cory's CARP, hacienda Luisita, and the Roppongi Street, Tokyo property controversy"
1956:
Rytkönen, P. Fruits of Capitalism: Modernization of Chilean Agriculture, 1950-2000.
1771:
1107:
developed during the time of Spanish colonization. An example of these was the 1833
782:
in the early 19th century when nations gained independence. In some places, such as
621:
54:
46:
is a working coffee hacienda which used slave labor in the 19th century, located in
3313:
2990:
Remembering the Hacienda: Religion, Authority and Social Change in Highland Ecuador
2524:, "Economy." Fundación Puertorriqueña para las Humanidades. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
2217:
2132:
2028:
Gólez Marín, Bombette; Chaves, Mark Elyser; Villareal, Gerard (17 September 2020).
439:
363:; ordinarily grew sugar cane, coffee, or cotton; and exported their crops abroad.
3051:
2988:
2447:
1134:
brand name. In the late 19th century, Mercedita became the site of production of
1034:
at the expense of Iloílo's and satisfying the growing European demand for sugar.
3258:
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3023:
1480:
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1300:
1175:
1104:
984:
952:
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403:
352:
348:
332:
221:
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for more than 300 years, but which only took off in the 1850s at the behest of
3273:
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1430:
1407:
1347:
1248:
1127:
740:
611:
599:
544:
486:
242:
1706:
3153:
2964:
Sugar and Slavery in Puerto Rico: The Plantation Economy of Ponce, 1800–1850
2831:
A Mexican Family Empire: The Latifundio of the Sánchez Navarros, 1765 – 1867
2558:
1445:
1192:
1061:
964:
905:
873:
736:
408:
383:
328:
312:
278:
234:
3138:
2384:
National Register of Historic Places Registration Form—Hacienda Buena Vista
2035:
1148:. At the turn of the 20th century, most coffee haciendas had disappeared.
820:. He established an extensive program of land distribution as part of the
3695:
3623:
3133:
1450:
1435:
1165:
942:
876:
443:
324:
17:
2895:
Tayor, William B. "Landed Society in New Spain: A View from the South,"
2755:
2066:
2050:
2014:
1691:
A Plague of Sheep: Environmental Consequences of the Conquest of Mexico,
1311:
3700:
3363:
3248:
3228:
2900:
2697:
1998:
1977:"The Rise and Fall of [the] Chinese Textile Business in Iloílo"
1440:
1425:
1320:
1278:
1244:
1228:
1220:
809:
671:
482:
474:
316:
250:
2254:"What Will Happen after the Philippines Election; Civil War Is Likely"
1605:
Early Latin America: A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil,
3795:
3223:
3203:
2646:
2644:
1926:
Capital formation in machinery and industrialization. Chile 1844–1938
1236:
938:
751:
689:
677:
630:
615:
463:
336:
246:
63:
27:
Spanish word used to refer to estates with large business enterprises
900:
In the 19th and early 20th century haciendas were the main prey for
2952:
Puerto Rico: An Interpretive History from Precolumbia Times to 1900
2805:, vol. 4, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
2457:. Destileria Serralles. Ponce, Puerto Rico. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
1037:
In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, attempts to abolish the
602:. At one point, he was one of the largest land owners in the world.
458:, fruits and vegetables and produced animal products such as meat,
434:
model was exported to the New World, continuing the pattern of the
3732:
3378:
3353:
3283:
3178:
1464:
1310:
1274:
1224:
1208:
1196:
1188:
1135:
1087:
919:
868:. While the immediate cause of this was Peru being struck by both
792:
636:
620:
605:
593:
496:
455:
451:
378:
370:
320:
284:
226:
215:
53:
38:
2625:
Buena Vista: Life and work in a Puerto Rican Hacienda, 1833-1904.
2619:
2617:
2598:
Buena Vista: Life and work in a Puerto Rican Hacienda, 1833-1904.
2574:
Buena Vista: Life and work in a Puerto Rican Hacienda, 1833-1904.
2999:
Origen de las ciudades chilenas: Las fundaciones del siglo XVIII
1212:
1204:
1068:. Hopes were short-lived, however, as protests revolving around
825:
459:
344:
3076:
3057:
2409:
Architect: The Magazine of the American Institute of Architects
2970:
Empire and Antislavery: Spain, Cuba and Puerto Rico, 1833–1874
2549:, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Staff Report 477, 2012.
1282:
864:
Beginning in the late 17th century Chilean haciendas begun to
696:
might gain immense wealth. The unusually large and profitable
296:, or rarely by mixed-race individuals. In Argentina, the term
2343:"Land Reform: Behind the Rhetoric of Aquino's Dávao Promises"
1049:
and the resultant collapse of the Negros sugar industry gave
257:
combining these activities. The word is derived from Spanish
153:
3001:(in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santiago de Chile. p. 158.
2958:
Sugar, Slavery and Freedom in Nineteenth Century Puerto Rico
2846:
A Jesuit Hacienda in Colonial Mexico: Santa Lucía, 1576–1767
2365:"Sugar Wars: Looking Back at the Negros Famine of the 1980s"
665:
including cattle, horses, sheep, and goats were part of the
2774:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
2137:"Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History"
708:
and its relationship to larger Hispanic society in Mexico.
442:
were allotted large land grants which became haciendas and
174:
165:
159:
115:
106:
100:
2435:
Rum: The Epic Story of the Drink That Conquered the World.
750:
imported to the region and staffed by slaves brought from
450:
aimed at the Hispanic sector and cultivated crops such as
2810:
Precios de maíz y crisis agrícolas en México, 1708 – 1810
1633:
1631:
1607:
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 134–142.
300:
is used for large estates that in Mexico would be termed
94:
2926:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984.
269:(making), referring to productive business enterprises.
2397:
Exotic Vernacular: Hacienda Buena Vista in Puerto Rico.
1942:
McCutchen McBride, George (1936), Wright, J. K. (ed.),
1178:(1508 - 1898), was a plot of land used for cultivating
1946:, New York: American Geographical Society, p. 177
2422:
The Rise and Decline of Puerto Rico's Sugar Industry.
2031:
Habol Ilonggo: Traditional Handloom-Weaving in Iloílo
1045:
laws have not been successful. The expiration of the
183:
168:
156:
147:
124:
109:
97:
88:
2933:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1985.
2535:
The Rise and Decline of Puerto Rico's Sugar Industry
1617:
1615:
1613:
685:), among other terms worked for pastoral haciendas.
171:
112:
3809:
3741:
3673:
3652:
3616:
3580:
3429:
3413:
3397:
3111:
2487:
Informes Publicados: Central y Refinería Mercedita.
2051:"Iloílo's Weaving Industry during the 19th Century"
1130:that once produced, packaged and sold sugar in the
1010:), the origins of which predate the arrival of the
897:that came to be involved in cereal export to Peru.
162:
150:
103:
91:
3068:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 793.
2302:Sugar and the Origins of Modern Philippine Society
1595:
1593:
828:had haciendas until the Agrarian Reform (1969) of
2919:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.
2784:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963.
2085:"The Roots of Agrarian Unrest on Negros, 1850–90"
1833:
1831:
1829:
1654:Banamex-Accova;S/A/ de C.V., Mexico: 1998, p. 31.
1138:rum. Its profitable rum business is today called
501:Model of the Hacienda de la Laguna, Baeza, Spain.
2917:Hacienda and Market in Eighteenth-Century Mexico
2754:. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado, 1990
2665:Las Sociedades Mercantiles de Ponce (1816-1830).
1528:"Visit a Working Coffee Hacienda in Puerto Rico"
2271:
2269:
2078:
2076:
840:The first haciendas of Chile formed during the
481:in 1529, including the entire present state of
292:were owned almost exclusively by Spaniards and
2976:Historia de la esclavitud negra en Puerto Rico
2909:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986.
1992:
1990:
1884:"Bandidaje rural en Chile central (1820-1920)"
3088:
2883:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978.
2863:Landlords and Haciendas in Modernizing Mexico
2719:; Silva, Fernando; Estelle, Patricio (1974).
1287:
1261:
959:system and lifestyles were influenced by the
754:. In Puerto Rico, this system ended with the
415:to reward their military service. Andalusian
8:
2892:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972.
2848:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1980.
2826:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1964.
2156:"The Rationality of Growing Sugar on Negros"
1693:Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997.
2833:. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1975,
2752:The Haciendas of Mexico: An Artist's Record
2055:Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society
3095:
3081:
3073:
3011:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2772:Haciendas and Ranchos in the Mexican Bajío
1850:Collier, Simon and Sater William F. 2004.
1199:, etc., for wholesale and exporting. Some
1182:(minor crops). That is, the crops in such
583:, the owner of an hacienda was called the
3723:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
2907:From Insurrection to Revolution in Mexico
2506:
2504:
2111:"The Economic Background of Rizal's Time"
1970:
1968:
1966:
1709:on 20 July 2007). Retrieved 13 July 2012.
245:(perhaps including animals or orchards),
3728:Colonial universities in the Philippines
3104:Spanish / Hispanic Colonial architecture
1290:Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público
3888:Western (genre) staples and terminology
2890:Landlord and Peasant in Colonial Oaxaca
1519:
1499:
1151:The sugar-based haciendas changed into
625:Gardens of the Hacienda San Gabriel in
375:Hacienda of Xcanchakan, Yucatán, Mexico
58:Gardens of the Hacienda San Gabriel in
3004:
2803:The Cambridge History of Latin America
2764:(Winter 1998), 14#1, pp. 191–212.
1913:Salazar & Pinto 2002, pp. 106–107.
1652:Daily Life on the Haciendas of Mexico,
2924:Capitalists, Caciques, and Revolution
1997:Villanueva Aguilar, Filomeno (2013).
812:, haciendas were prevalent until the
204:
198:
7:
3868:Spanish colonization of the Americas
2856:Hispanic American Historical Review,
2762:Mexican Studies / Estudios Mexicanos
2341:García Padilla, Sabino (1987–1988).
2278:"Agrarian Reform in Negros Oriental"
1678:The Early History of Greater Mexico,
1665:The Early History of Greater Mexico,
1585:Hispanic American Historical Review,
1556:The Early History of Greater Mexico,
1170:was a similar type of food farm. An
1113:National Register of Historic Places
688:Where the hacienda included working
428:Spanish colonization of the Americas
3588:Baroque Churches of the Philippines
2897:Hispanic American Historical Review
2782:Land and Society in Colonial Mexico
2694:Hispanic American Historical Review
924:Model of the Hacienda de la Laguna.
790:holdings, an agrarian revolution.
562:(Hierarchy of a Mexican Hacienda).
3817:California Churrigueresque Revival
2797:. "The Hacienda in New Spain." In
2407:Aaron Betsky. "Beyond Buildings,"
987:. Loney's objective, according to
739:were developed primarily as sugar
25:
2363:Caña, Paul John (15 April 2021).
2179:"Negros in Transition: 1899–1905"
1295:, and which is equivalent to the
1060:of their self-appointed roles as
3711:Haciendas in the Valley of Ameca
2049:Florida Funtecha, Henry (1998).
1958:Lund Studies in Economic History
1871:Labradores, Peones y Proletarios
1737:Salazar & Pinto 2002, p. 15.
1410:
1026:was also opened to the flood of
552:
543:(The Hacendero and his Butler).
533:
514:
143:
84:
3603:Mendicant monasteries in Mexico
2899:(1974), 54#3, pp. 387–413
2696:(1973), 53#2, pp. 183–216
2511:"Economy: Sugar in Puerto Rico"
2320:L. Mercado, Juan (3 May 2013).
2276:López Gonzaga, Violeta (1988).
2177:López Gonzaga, Violeta (1990).
2107:Fernández Legarda, Benito Justo
2083:López Gonzaga, Violeta (1988).
1772:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.05.013
1092:Francisco Oller's depiction of
846:Destruction of the Seven Cities
743:were dependent on the labor of
2707:Latin American Research Review
2307:University of California Press
2218:10.1080/00213624.1994.11505577
2115:Philippine Review of Economics
2003:Philippine Sociological Review
1372:Hacienda San Antonio de Petrel
1041:system in the country through
1018:on the neighbouring island of
947:Land reform in the Philippines
1:
3660:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
2824:The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule
2143:– via Internet Archive.
1852:A History of Chile: 1808-2002
1719:"Abolition of Slavery (1873)"
2968:Schmidt-Nowara, Christopher
2467:"Operation Bootstrap (1947)"
2322:"Yesterday's 'Apparatchiks'"
1923:Ducoing Ruiz, C. A. (2012),
1894:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
1323:, still a working cacao farm
3052:historic Fazendas in Brazil
2997:Lorenzo, Santiago (1986) .
2881:The Rancheros of Pisaflores
2200:Billig, Michael S. (1994).
2154:Billig, Michael S. (1992).
1975:Wu, W. H. (25 April 2017).
1751:Global and Planetary Change
1115:, is operated as a museum,
1072:, as well as massacres and
541:El Hacendero y su Mayordomo
3904:
2874:Fondo de Cultura Económica
2206:Journal of Economic Issues
1855:Cambridge University Press
1396:Sánchez Navarro latifundio
1297:Department of the Treasury
1117:Museo Hacienda Buena Vista
932:
29:
3629:Caribbean coast of Panama
2946:Insight Guide Puerto Rico
2865:. Amsterdam: CEDLA, 1995.
2411:. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
2327:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1384:Hacienda San Jose Chactún
1056:the opening to strip the
844:in the 16th century. The
560:Jerarquía de una Hacienda
32:Hacienda (disambiguation)
3827:Spanish Colonial Revival
3581:Churches and monasteries
3405:List of Spanish missions
3112:Notable historic centers
2939:Haciendas in Puerto Rico
2748:Bartlett, Paul Alexander
2650:Eduardo Neumann Gandia.
2522:Encyclopedia Puerto Rico
2453:25 December 2019 at the
2299:Larkin, John A. (1993).
1650:Ricardo Rendón Garcini,
1299:in the United States or
1259:In the present era, the
1203:grown in estancias were
1047:Laurel–Langley Agreement
762:South American haciendas
3329:Santa Cruz de la Sierra
3065:Encyclopædia Britannica
2725:Editorial Universitaria
2403:12 January 2015 at the
1944:Chile: Land and Society
1689:Elinor G. K. Melville,
1303:in the United Kingdom.
1074:targeted assassinations
1007:
859:Chilean mining activity
2962:Scarano, Francisco A.
2950:De Wagenheim, Olga J.
2560:Guaynabo, Puerto Rico.
1676:Altman et al. (2003),
1663:Altman et al. (2003),
1558:Pearson, 2003, p. 164.
1324:
1288:
1264:Ministerio de Hacienda
1262:
1100:
1054:Ferdinand E. E. Marcos
979:'s vice-consul in the
925:
805:
800:, Argentina; owned by
649:
634:
627:Guanajuato, Guanajuato
618:
603:
502:
401:originated during the
395:
376:
219:), similar to a Roman
67:
60:Guanajuato, Guanajuato
51:
3810:Modern Revival styles
3324:San Miguel de Allende
2808:Florescano, Enrique.
2623:Guillermo A. Baralt.
2596:Guillermo A. Baralt.
2572:Guillermo A. Baralt.
2563:Accessed 9 July 2019.
2236:The Kahimyang Project
2133:Mintz, Sidney Wilfred
1810:Lorenzo 1986, p. 159.
1801:Lorenzo 1986, p. 158.
1314:
1271:government department
1153:centrales azucarelas.
1091:
923:
830:Juan Velasco Alvarado
818:Víctor Paz Estenssoro
802:Justo José de Urquiza
796:
640:
624:
609:
597:
500:
390:; Hacienda Atequiza,
382:
374:
261:(to make, from Latin
57:
42:
3674:Other building types
2931:Yucatán's Gilded Age
2756:in Project Gutenberg
2709:, 18 (3) 1983; 5-61.
2516:16 June 2010 at the
2493:18 June 2008 at the
1841:, 1974, pp. 155–160.
1641:. 1974, pp. 109–113.
1625:. 1974, pp. 160–165.
1532:Discover Puerto Rico
1342:Hacienda Buena Vista
1231:; among fruits were
1140:Destilería Serrallés
1109:Hacienda Buena Vista
975:businessman and the
961:Spanish colonisation
866:export wheat to Peru
788:subsistence farmers'
756:abolition of slavery
692:, as in Mexico, the
564:Antonio García Cubas
448:market-based economy
30:For other uses, see
3832:Territorial Revival
3149:Cartagena de Indias
2829:Harris, Charles H.
2788:Florescano, Enrique
2778:Chevalier, François
2741:Haciendas in Mexico
2663:Ivette Perez Vega.
2472:8 July 2012 at the
2252:(12 January 1986).
2109:(2 December 2011).
1764:2018GPC...167..137R
1724:8 July 2012 at the
1599:James Lockhart and
1455:Viceroyalty of Peru
1348:Hacienda Juriquilla
1317:La Chonita Hacienda
1145:Operation Bootstrap
996:deindustrialisation
910:Chilean land reform
881:climatic conditions
879:, Chilean soil and
774:remained after the
3742:Architecture types
3467:Dominican Republic
3414:Lists of buildings
2974:Soler, Luis M. D.
2956:Figueroa, Luis A.
2944:Balletto, Barbara
2887:Taylor, William B.
2879:Schryer, Frans J.
2844:Konrad, Herman W.
2713:Villalobos, Sergio
2282:Philippine Studies
2183:Philippine Studies
2160:Philippine Studies
2089:Philippine Studies
2017:– via JSTOR.
1792:Otero 2006, p. 25.
1360:Hacienda Mercedita
1325:
1315:Main house of the
1157:centrales azucares
1124:Hacienda Mercedita
1101:
1098:Ponce, Puerto Rico
1032:textile industries
963:that occurred via
926:
889:of Central Chile,
850:battle of Curalaba
806:
784:Dominican Republic
758:on 22 March 1873.
667:Columbian Exchange
650:
635:
619:
604:
503:
485:, as well as vast
396:
377:
367:Origins and growth
355:. In Puerto Rico,
233:. With origins in
206:[aˈsjenda]
200:[aˈθjenda]
68:
52:
48:Lares, Puerto Rico
3840:
3839:
3781:Monterey Colonial
3691:Balconies of Lima
3653:Bridges and roads
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3339:Santiago de Chile
3124:Antigua Guatemala
2922:Wasserman, Mark.
2858:1969, 59: 411–29,
2814:Colegio de México
2721:Historia De Chile
2420:Nydia R. Suarez.
1981:Tulay Fortnightly
1705:. (Archived from
1587:1969, 59: 411-29,
1487:My Adobe Hacienda
1307:List of haciendas
1066:national politics
886:temporary workers
735:Haciendas in the
719:, especially the
646:Chihuahua (state)
644:, hacendado from
642:Don Luis Terrazas
359:were larger than
16:(Redirected from
3895:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3398:Spanish missions
3344:Santiago de Cuba
3097:
3090:
3083:
3074:
3069:
3061:
3059:"Hacienda"
3020:Salazar, Gabriel
3016:
3010:
3002:
2987:Lyons, Barry J.
2796:
2675:
2661:
2655:
2648:
2639:
2621:
2612:
2594:
2588:
2570:
2564:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2531:
2525:
2508:
2499:
2483:
2477:
2464:
2458:
2445:
2439:
2431:
2425:
2418:
2412:
2393:
2387:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1972:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1880:
1874:
1864:
1858:
1848:
1842:
1835:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1716:
1710:
1700:
1694:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1648:
1642:
1635:
1626:
1619:
1608:
1597:
1588:
1578:
1572:
1565:
1559:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1524:
1508:
1504:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1378:Palacio San José
1366:Hacienda Napoles
1354:Hacienda Luisita
1336:Hacienda Demiñho
1330:Hacienda Cocoyoc
1293:
1277:that deals with
1267:
1201:"frutos menores"
1180:"frutos menores"
1070:Hacienda Luisita
1016:sugar-production
902:Chilean banditry
842:Spanish conquest
798:Palacio San José
723:, acquired vast
572:
556:
537:
518:
479:Valley of Oaxaca
388:Vicente Gallardo
208:
202:
197:
190:
186:
181:
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177:
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118:
117:
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111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
83:
44:Hacienda Lealtad
21:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3883:Country estates
3843:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3822:Mission Revival
3805:
3759:Churrigueresque
3737:
3669:
3648:
3634:Coasts of Chile
3612:
3576:
3425:
3409:
3393:
3319:San Luis Potosí
3289:Saint Augustine
3107:
3101:
3056:
3048:
3003:
2996:
2984:
2941:
2936:
2913:Van Young, Eric
2872:. Mexico City:
2868:Morin, Claude.
2861:Miller, Simon.
2852:Lockhart, James
2820:Gibson, Charles
2812:. Mexico City:
2790:
2743:
2738:
2703:Van Young, Eric
2688:
2683:
2681:Further reading
2678:
2662:
2658:
2649:
2642:
2622:
2615:
2595:
2591:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2533:Suarez (1998),
2532:
2528:
2518:Wayback Machine
2509:
2502:
2495:Wayback Machine
2484:
2480:
2474:Wayback Machine
2465:
2461:
2455:Wayback Machine
2446:
2442:
2432:
2428:
2419:
2415:
2405:Wayback Machine
2394:
2390:
2380:
2376:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2352:. 25–26: 16–26.
2345:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2275:
2274:
2267:
2250:Bonner, Raymond
2248:
2247:
2243:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2176:
2175:
2171:
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2100:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2027:
2026:
2022:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1974:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1889:Memoria Chilena
1882:
1881:
1877:
1867:Gabriel Salazar
1865:
1861:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1823:. 1974, p. 168.
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1726:Wayback Machine
1717:
1713:
1701:
1697:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1671:
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1649:
1645:
1636:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1601:Stuart Schwartz
1598:
1591:
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1566:
1562:
1550:
1546:
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1534:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1517:
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1511:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1321:Tabasco, Mexico
1309:
1285:, as in Mexico
1257:
1094:Hacienda Aurora
1086:
989:Alfred W. McCoy
949:
931:
918:
916:Other locations
838:
822:Agrarian Reform
814:1952 Revolution
804:, 19th century.
780:colonial system
764:
713:Catholic Church
581:Spanish America
577:
576:
575:
574:
573:
566:
557:
549:
548:
538:
530:
529:
519:
508:
462:, leather, and
421:Spanish America
413:military orders
392:Jalisco, Mexico
386:and theatre of
369:
288:. All colonial
241:were variously
229:and the former
195:
188:
184:
146:
137:
136:
129:
125:
87:
78:
77:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3803:
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3654:
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3649:
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3636:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3617:Fortifications
3614:
3613:
3611:
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3600:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3526:United States
3524:
3519:
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3109:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3054:
3047:
3046:External links
3044:
3043:
3042:
3017:
2994:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:Wells, Allen.
2927:
2920:
2910:
2905:Tutino, John.
2903:
2893:
2884:
2877:
2866:
2859:
2849:
2842:
2827:
2817:
2806:
2799:Leslie Bethell
2785:
2775:
2765:
2758:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2717:Silva, Osvaldo
2710:
2700:
2689:
2687:
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2676:
2656:
2640:
2613:
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2500:
2478:
2459:
2440:
2426:
2413:
2388:
2374:
2355:
2333:
2312:
2291:
2265:
2259:New York Times
2241:
2238:. 29 May 2016.
2223:
2212:(3): 659–678.
2192:
2169:
2146:
2135:(6 May 1986).
2124:
2098:
2072:
2061:(1/2): 81–88.
2041:
2020:
1986:
1962:
1949:
1934:
1915:
1906:
1892:(in Spanish).
1875:
1859:
1843:
1825:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1739:
1730:
1711:
1695:
1682:
1669:
1656:
1643:
1627:
1609:
1589:
1581:James Lockhart
1573:
1571:. 1974, p. 87.
1560:
1544:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1478:
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1467:
1462:
1457:
1448:
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1438:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1418:Housing portal
1405:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1390:Hacienda Yorba
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1326:
1308:
1305:
1256:
1255:Other meanings
1253:
1085:
1082:
1076:in the Negros
1028:cheaply priced
1024:Port of Iloílo
977:British Empire
969:Nicholas Loney
935:Nicholas Loney
930:
927:
917:
914:
848:following the
837:
834:
763:
760:
730:Latin American
558:
551:
550:
539:
532:
531:
526:Claudio Linati
520:
513:
512:
511:
510:
509:
507:
504:
440:conquistadores
368:
365:
231:Spanish Empire
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3900:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3873:Unfree labour
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3686:Bahay na bato
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3644:Santo Domingo
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:Santo Domingo
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3309:San Francisco
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3067:
3066:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3039:956-282-172-2
3036:
3032:
3031:LOM Ediciones
3029:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3000:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2982:South America
2981:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:0-292-75020-X
2836:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2768:D. A. Brading
2766:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2733:956-11-1163-2
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2673:9781617900563
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2448:"Our History"
2444:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2350:Asian Studies
2344:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2295:
2292:
2288:(4): 443–457.
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2189:(1): 103–114.
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2166:(2): 153–182.
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2142:
2141:Penguin Books
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2095:(2): 151–165.
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2009:(1): 87–122.
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1928:
1927:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1507:non-existent.
1503:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1470:Repartimiento
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1362:(Puerto Rico)
1361:
1358:
1356:(Philippines)
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1344:(Puerto Rico)
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1103:Haciendas in
1099:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:habol Ilonggo
1005:
1001:
997:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
948:
944:
940:
936:
928:
922:
915:
913:
912:(1962–1973).
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
887:
882:
878:
875:
871:
870:an earthquake
867:
862:
860:
855:
854:Central Chile
851:
847:
843:
835:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
803:
799:
795:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
768:South America
761:
759:
757:
753:
749:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
702:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
683:Southern Cone
680:
679:
674:
673:
668:
662:
660:
656:
647:
643:
639:
632:
628:
623:
617:
613:
608:
601:
596:
592:
590:
586:
582:
570:
565:
561:
555:
546:
542:
536:
527:
523:
517:
505:
499:
495:
491:
488:
484:
480:
476:
473:the title of
472:
471:Hernán Cortés
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:
400:
393:
389:
385:
381:
373:
366:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:
281:
280:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:
218:
217:
212:
207:
201:
193:
192:
179:
140:
134:
133:
120:
81:
75:
74:
65:
61:
56:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3878:Debt bondage
3863:Encomenderos
3786:Neoclassical
3705:
3608:Popocatépetl
3304:San Fernando
3063:
3027:
3024:Pinto, Julio
2998:
2989:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2906:
2896:
2889:
2880:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2845:
2830:
2823:
2809:
2802:
2781:
2771:
2761:
2751:
2723:(14th ed.).
2720:
2706:
2693:
2664:
2659:
2651:
2628:
2624:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2559:
2554:
2542:
2534:
2529:
2521:
2486:
2481:
2462:
2443:
2434:
2429:
2421:
2416:
2408:
2396:
2391:
2383:
2377:
2368:
2358:
2349:
2336:
2325:
2315:
2301:
2294:
2285:
2281:
2257:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2127:
2118:
2114:
2101:
2092:
2088:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2030:
2023:
2006:
2002:
1980:
1960:, 31, p. 43.
1957:
1952:
1943:
1937:
1925:
1918:
1909:
1897:. Retrieved
1887:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1851:
1846:
1838:
1820:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1755:
1749:
1742:
1733:
1714:
1707:the original
1698:
1690:
1685:
1677:
1672:
1664:
1659:
1651:
1646:
1638:
1622:
1604:
1584:
1576:
1568:
1563:
1555:
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1531:
1522:
1502:
1286:
1260:
1258:
1200:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1143:
1131:
1126:was a sugar
1121:
1102:
1093:
1057:
1038:
1036:
956:
950:
899:
863:
839:
824:. Likewise,
807:
771:
765:
734:
724:
710:
700:
693:
687:
676:
670:
663:
658:
654:
651:
588:
584:
578:
559:
540:
521:
492:
468:
435:
431:
425:
416:
402:
398:
397:
360:
356:
308:
306:
301:
297:
289:
283:
277:
273:
271:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:, with many
238:
220:
214:
72:
71:
69:
36:
3858:Plantations
3801:Territorial
3791:Renaissance
3639:Philippines
3522:Puerto Rico
3517:Philippines
3294:San Antonio
3269:Panamá City
3254:New Orleans
3239:Mexico City
3214:Los Ángeles
3129:Albuquerque
2791: [
1873:. pp. 40–41
1837:Villalobos
1819:Villalobos
1758:: 137–147.
1667:pp. 165–66.
1637:Villalobos
1621:Villalobos
1567:Villalobos
1537:13 December
1481:Latifundium
1476:Roman villa
1380:(Argentina)
1301:HM Treasury
1249:grapefruits
1176:Puerto Rico
1105:Puerto Rico
1084:Puerto Rico
1043:land-reform
953:Philippines
929:Philippines
906:inquilinaje
741:plantations
706:land tenure
567: [
436:Reconquista
426:During the
404:Reconquista
353:Puerto Rico
349:Philippines
341:New Granada
333:El Salvador
243:plantations
222:latifundium
3847:Categories
3764:Earthquake
3538:California
3457:Costa Rica
3430:Cathedrals
3264:Old Panamá
3189:Guanajuato
3174:Cuernavaca
3159:Cienfuegos
2637:0807848018
2610:0807848018
2586:0807848018
2121:(2): 1–22.
1554:, et al.,
1552:Ida Altman
1515:References
1460:Plantation
1431:Encomienda
1368:(Colombia)
1193:marmalades
1132:Snow White
1128:plantation
1096:(1899) in
1062:kingmakers
1058:hacenderos
1012:Castilians
1004:Hiligaynon
993:systematic
991:, was the
933:See also:
895:Concepción
659:campesinos
612:Guanajuato
600:Guanajuato
545:Carl Nebel
487:encomienda
384:Wheat mill
311:system of
3853:Haciendas
3681:Alhóndiga
3572:Venezuela
3552:Louisiana
3497:Nicaragua
3482:Guatemala
3437:Argentina
3389:Zamboanga
3384:Zacatecas
3299:San Diego
3007:cite book
1780:133777432
1446:Feudalism
1233:plantains
1122:The 1861
1078:provinces
1051:President
891:La Serena
874:stem rust
737:Caribbean
585:hacendado
522:Hacendado
506:Personnel
444:estancias
417:haciendas
409:Andalusia
399:Haciendas
361:estancias
357:haciendas
329:Guatemala
313:Argentina
302:haciendas
290:haciendas
279:estancias
272:The term
255:haciendas
251:factories
239:haciendas
235:Andalusia
18:Hacendado
3776:Chilotan
3706:Hacienda
3696:Bullring
3624:Presidio
3507:Paraguay
3487:Honduras
3452:Colombia
3374:Veracruz
3369:Trujillo
3334:Santa Fe
3314:San Juan
3144:Campeche
3134:Arequipa
3106:articles
3026:(2002).
2901:in JSTOR
2698:in JSTOR
2537:, p. 31.
2514:Archived
2491:Archived
2470:Archived
2451:Archived
2401:Archived
2067:29792411
2015:43486357
1869:. 2000.
1857:. p. 10.
1722:Archived
1436:Estancia
1404:See also
1398:(Mexico)
1386:(Mexico)
1350:(Mexico)
1338:(Mexico)
1332:(Mexico)
1283:taxation
1245:avocados
1229:pumpkins
1184:estancia
1172:estancia
1166:estancia
1039:hacienda
957:hacienda
943:Negrense
877:epidemic
776:collapse
772:hacienda
725:hacienda
701:hacienda
681:(in the
672:vaqueros
432:hacienda
325:Colombia
309:hacienda
298:estancia
294:criollos
274:hacienda
267:haciendo
209:) is an
196:Spanish:
73:hacienda
3769:Mexican
3749:Baroque
3718:Cabildo
3701:Convent
3665:Tayabas
3567:Uruguay
3545:Florida
3531:Arizona
3472:Ecuador
3442:Bolivia
3364:Tayabas
3274:Popayán
3249:Morelia
3229:Malolos
3184:Granada
2876:, 1979.
2816:, 1969.
2801:(ed.),
2686:General
2369:Esquire
1760:Bibcode
1680:p. 163.
1441:Fazenda
1426:Cortijo
1374:(Chile)
1279:finance
1269:is the
1241:oranges
1237:bananas
1225:yautías
1217:batatas
973:English
951:In the
810:Bolivia
778:of the
745:African
721:Jesuits
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