177:
334:
622:
637:
474:
1396:
36:
607:
1037:
153:
588:
417:
394:
Prognathism can also be used to describe ways that the maxillary and mandibular dental arches relate to one another, including malocclusion (where the upper and lower teeth do not align). When there is maxillary or alveolar prognathism which causes an alignment of the maxillary incisors significantly
458:
Prognathism, if not extremely severe, can be treated in growing patients with orthodontic functional or orthopaedic appliances. In adult patients this condition can be corrected by means of a combined surgical/orthodontic treatment, where most of the time a mandibular advancement is performed. The
374:
Cephalometric analysis is the most accurate way of determining all types of prognathism, as it includes assessments of skeletal base, occlusal plane angulation, facial height, soft tissue assessment and anterior dental angulation. Various calculations and assessments of the information in a
366:
Clinical determinants include soft tissue analysis where the clinician assesses nasolabial angle, the relationship of the soft tissue portion of the chin to the nose, and the relationship between the upper and lower lips; also used is dental arch relationship assessment such as
1260:
Vilas, Román; Ceballos, Francisco C.; Al-Soufi, Laila; González-García, Raúl; Moreno, Carlos; Moreno, Manuel; Villanueva, Laura; Ruiz, Luis; Mateos, Jesús; González, David; Ruiz, Jennifer; Cinza, Aitor; Monje, Florencio; Álvarez, Gonzalo (17 November 2019).
1441:
1426:
506:
Unlike alveolar or maxillary prognathism, which are common traits in some populations, mandibular prognathism is typically pathological. However, it is more common among East Asian populations but overall, the condition is polygenic.
435:
can result in or exaggerate an alveolar prognathism, causing teeth to misalign. Functional appliances can be used in growing children to help modify bad habits and neuro-muscular function, with the aim of correcting this condition.
462:
On average, Neanderthals were far more prognathic than modern humans regarding the maxilla. This maxillary prognathism, along with their wide noses, suggests that their faces were not adapted to cold climate.
665:
Prior to the development of modern dentistry, there was no treatment for this condition; those who had it simply endured it. Today, the most common treatment for mandibular prognathism is a combination of
1530:
993:
439:
Alveolar prognathism can also easily be corrected with fixed orthodontic therapy. However, relapse is quite common, unless the cause is removed or a long-term retention is used.
1523:
1233:
1189:
1516:
571:. A high propensity for politically motivated intermarriage among Habsburgs meant the dynasty was virtually unparalleled in the degree of its inbreeding.
882:
Singh, Tenali
Sushmitha; Sridevi, Enuganti; Sankar, Avula Jogendra Sai; Kakarla, Pranitha; Vallabaneni, Siva Sai Krishna; Sridhar, Mukthineni (2020).
352:
However, mandibular prognathism is usually anomalous, and it may be a malformation, the result of injury, a disease state, or a hereditary condition.
1166:[Influence on the Human Traits Transmitted According to the Autosomal-Recessive Type (on the Example of the Habsburg Dynasty)] (in Russian).
627:
290:
Mandibular prognathism is typically pathological, whereas maxillary prognathism is often found as a result of normal human population variation.
1080:
694:, prognathous means that the mouthparts face forwards, being at the front of the head, rather than facing downwards as in some insects.
568:
385:
Alveolar prognathism is a protrusion of that portion of the maxilla where the teeth are located, in the dental lining of the upper jaw.
375:
cephalometric radiograph allow the clinician to objectively determine dental and skeletal relationships and determine a treatment plan.
940:
119:
1697:
1676:
764:
Peacock, Zachary S.; Klein, Katherine P.; Mulliken, John B.; Kaban, Leonard B. (September 2014). "The
Habsburg Jaw-re-examined".
529:, which had convex sides. Traits such as these were often exaggerated by inbreeding, and can be traced within specific families.
575:, who lived 1661 to 1700, is said to have had the most pronounced case of the Habsburg jaw on record, due to the high number of
388:
Maxillary prognathism affects the middle third of the face, causing the maxilla to jut out, thereby increasing the facial area.
341:. This makes the prognathism more obvious, and it will take an operation, moving the jaw backwards, to give the ultimate result.
298:
220:
57:
1262:
477:
100:
556:, but a number of researchers believe that this trait is transmitted through an autosomal recessive type of inheritance.
72:
53:
1400:
646:
1250:
1038:"Association Between Mandibular Prognathism and MATRILIN-1 Gene in Central India Population: A Cross-sectional Study"
424:
Not all alveolar prognathism is anomalous, and significant differences can be observed among different ethnicities.
399:. When the reverse is the case, and the lower jaw extends forward beyond the upper, the condition is referred to as
1717:
1707:
650:
448:
79:
46:
1103:
724:
1252:
Mariana of
Austria and Imperial Spain: Court, Dynastic, and International Politics in Seventeenth-Century Europe
1702:
1456:
1164:"Влияние На Человека Признаков, Передаваемых По Аутосомно-Рецессивному Типу (на Примере Династии Габсбургов)"
86:
1304:"A geometric morphometric study of regional differences in the ontogeny of the modern human facial skeleton"
1108:
807:
Zamudio Martínez, Gabriela; Zamudio Martínez, Adriana (2020). "A Royal Family
Heritage: The Habsburg Jaw".
1712:
360:
68:
345:
In humans, non-pathological maxillary and alveolar prognathism can occur due to normal variation among
333:
1593:
671:
560:
256:
to the skeletal base where either of the jaws protrudes beyond a predetermined imaginary line in the
176:
1445:
593:
572:
1625:
1290:
832:
789:
642:
544:, which can be traced in their portraits. The process of portrait-mapping has provided tools for
884:"Cephalometric Assessment of Dentoskeletal Characteristics in Children with Digit-sucking Habit"
728:
uses a slightly different definition: "long thin jaws, giving a hollow appearance to the cheek".
473:
974:
636:
391:
Mandibular prognathism is a protrusion of the mandible, affecting the lower third of the face.
1620:
1496:
1467:
1376:
1333:
1282:
956:
921:
903:
824:
781:
541:
284:
165:
1116:
1366:
1358:
1323:
1315:
1274:
1049:
948:
911:
895:
816:
773:
703:
420:
Alveolar prognathism, caused by thumb sucking and tongue thrusting in a seven-year-old girl.
283:
especially when referenced with context of its prevalence amongst historical members of the
621:
1630:
1557:
1019:
1017:
337:
Mandibular prognathism, where teeth have almost reached their final, straight position by
93:
883:
1539:
1450:
1371:
1346:
1328:
1303:
916:
576:
549:
249:
1395:
1347:"On the genetics of mandibular prognathism: analysis of large European noble families"
455:, where there is a lack of growth of the mandible, is by far a more common condition.
1691:
1654:
1588:
1319:
1294:
1203:
836:
675:
564:
452:
432:
428:
379:
338:
257:
793:
1567:
1562:
1508:
1130:
1128:
1126:
899:
667:
400:
396:
368:
318:
302:
216:
170:
1278:
855:
1461:
820:
317:, 'jaw'). One or more types of prognathism can result in the common condition of
1491:
850:
515:
35:
1472:
1435:
1163:
363:
or social function as a byproduct of severely affected aesthetics of the face.
691:
679:
545:
500:
346:
1054:
960:
952:
907:
1664:
1615:
1572:
606:
532:
Although more common than appreciated, the best known historical example is
496:
294:
267:
prognathism (never maxillary prognathism) this is often also referred to as
17:
1337:
1286:
925:
828:
785:
1380:
487:
prognathism is a potentially disfiguring genetic disorder where the lower
152:
1669:
1607:
1362:
777:
612:
553:
511:
484:
1418:
1097:
1603:
587:
526:
416:
356:
253:
1036:
Kulkarni, Shilpa
Devdatt; Bhad, Wasundhara A.; Doshi, Umal H. (2020).
451:; however, so-called false maxillary prognathism, or more accurately,
1430:
301:, and orthodontics, this is assessed clinically or radiographically (
1134:
1023:
992:
Rae, Todd C.; Koppe, Thomas; Stringer, Chris B. (27 October 2010).
759:
757:
472:
332:
322:
866:
1084:
492:
1512:
1543:
1190:"Treating Prognathism: Ways to Correct Abnormal Jaw Alignment"
488:
29:
447:
In disease states, maxillary prognathism is associated with
939:
Sahil, Sahil; Soni, Sanjeev; Kaur, Gurpreet (2021-12-31).
941:"Challenging Malocclusion in Orthodontics: the Open Bite"
395:
anterior to the lower teeth, the condition is called an
355:
Prognathism is considered a disorder only if it affects
521:
In humans, it results in a condition sometimes called
499:. In both humans and animals, it can be the result of
1345:
Wolff, G; Wienker, T F; Sander, H (1 February 1993).
888:
International
Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry
567:, it is clearly visible on family tomb sculptures in
1408:
1302:
Vioarsdóttir, US; O'Higgins, O; Stringer, C (2002).
1255:(Ph.D.). Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami.
146:
Habsburg jaw (in the case of mandibular prognathism)
1639:
1602:
1581:
1550:
1482:
1412:
226:
212:
204:
184:
164:
142:
137:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1146:
1096:
748:
1157:
1155:
645:, showing progenism. His mother was Archduchess
877:
875:
809:Facial Plastic Surgery & Aesthetic Medicine
1263:"Is the 'Habsburg jaw' related to inbreeding?"
579:marriages in the dynasty preceding his birth.
1524:
518:, it can lead to problems such as underbite.
491:outgrows the upper, resulting in an extended
459:same can be said for mandibular prognathism.
8:
766:American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A
382:, although combinations of both are found.
867:Vioarsdóttir, O'Higgins & Stringer 2002
510:In brachycephalic or flat-faced dogs, like
1531:
1517:
1509:
1409:
994:"The Neanderthal face is not cold adapted"
600:, a severe type of mandibular prognathism.
559:Allegedly introduced into the family by a
540:, due to its prevalence in members of the
175:
151:
134:
27:Protrusion of the upper or lower human jaw
1370:
1327:
1053:
975:"Medical Definition of de Lange syndrome"
915:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1176:
945:International Journal of Health Sciences
552:analysis; most instances are considered
415:
378:Prognathism should not be confused with
1068:
741:
715:
525:, reportedly derived from 15th century
325:and lower teeth do not align properly.
1042:Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society
7:
1234:"Why all the fuss about inbreeding?"
1117:participating institution membership
248:is a positional relationship of the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1081:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
661:Treatment of mandibular prognathism
628:Frederick, regent of Denmark-Norway
469:Mandibular prognathism (progenism)
25:
1208:A Glossary of Entomological Terms
313:, meaning 'forward') and γνάθος (
1677:Temporomandibular joint disorder
1394:
1320:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00092.x
1232:Beuchat, Carol (12 March 2015).
1147:Wolff, Wienker & Sander 1993
1085:PROGNATHISM, MANDIBULAR - 176700
749:Wolff, Wienker & Sander 1993
635:
620:
615:of Wallachia, showing progenism.
605:
586:
34:
1249:Mitchell, Sylvia Z (May 2013).
674:. The orthodontics can involve
321:, in which an individual's top
160:Illustration of different types
45:needs additional citations for
900:10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1761
401:retrognathia (reverse overjet)
299:oral and maxillofacial surgery
221:oral and maxillofacial surgery
1:
1399:The dictionary definition of
1279:10.1080/03014460.2019.1687752
1236:. Institute of Canine Biology
821:10.1089/fpsam.2019.29017.mar
569:St. John's Cathedral, Warsaw
1351:Journal of Medical Genetics
647:Maria Leopoldina of Austria
1734:
1058:– via Sage Journals.
651:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
449:Cornelia de Lange syndrome
1226:General and cited sources
1104:Oxford English Dictionary
1001:Moodle USP: e-Disciplinas
678:, removal of teeth, or a
159:
150:
1646:Jaw and base of cranium
1162:Безуглый, Т. А. (2020).
1055:10.1177/0301574220956421
953:10.53730/ijhs.v5nS2.5581
851:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
309:derives from Greek πρό (
1698:Biological anthropology
1267:Annals of Human Biology
1109:Oxford University Press
427:Harmful habits such as
197:Mandibular or progenism
481:
421:
369:Angle's classification
342:
476:
443:Maxillary prognathism
419:
336:
233:Children: 0.5 to 2.0%
1594:Maxillary hypoplasia
1363:10.1136/jmg.30.2.112
778:10.1002/ajmg.a.36639
672:orthognathic surgery
630:, showing progenism.
412:Alveolar prognathism
54:improve this article
1179:, pp. 303–308.
1149:, pp. 112–116.
1107:(Online ed.).
1026:, pp. 563–571.
869:, pp. 211–229.
594:Charles II of Spain
573:Charles II of Spain
480:, showing progenism
1626:Torus mandibularis
1483:External resources
649:, a member of the
643:Pedro II of Brazil
482:
422:
343:
236:Adult: 2.0 to 4.0%
1718:Paleoanthropology
1708:House of Habsburg
1685:
1684:
1621:Congenital epulis
1506:
1505:
1135:Vilas et al. 2019
1115:(Subscription or
1024:Vilas et al. 2019
542:House of Habsburg
536:, or Habsburg or
295:general dentistry
285:House of Habsburg
243:
242:
132:Medical condition
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1725:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1510:
1410:
1398:
1384:
1374:
1341:
1331:
1298:
1273:(7–8): 553–561.
1256:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
998:
989:
983:
982:
971:
965:
964:
936:
930:
929:
919:
879:
870:
864:
858:
847:
841:
840:
804:
798:
797:
772:(9): 2263–2269.
761:
752:
746:
729:
720:
704:Dental pathology
639:
624:
609:
590:
433:tongue thrusting
180:
179:
155:
135:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1703:Facial features
1688:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1635:
1631:Torus palatinus
1598:
1577:
1558:Jaw abnormality
1546:
1537:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1478:
1477:
1421:
1391:
1344:
1301:
1259:
1248:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1124:
1114:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1015:
1005:
1003:
996:
991:
990:
986:
973:
972:
968:
938:
937:
933:
881:
880:
873:
865:
861:
848:
844:
806:
805:
801:
763:
762:
755:
747:
743:
738:
733:
732:
721:
717:
712:
700:
688:
663:
658:
657:
656:
655:
654:
640:
632:
631:
625:
617:
616:
610:
602:
601:
591:
471:
445:
414:
409:
331:
273:Habsburg's chin
263:In the case of
260:of the skull.
239:
200:
174:
133:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1731:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1542:involving the
1540:Dental disease
1538:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1464:
1453:
1438:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:Classification
1407:
1406:
1390:
1389:External links
1387:
1386:
1385:
1357:(2): 112–116.
1342:
1314:(3): 211–229.
1299:
1257:
1246:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1195:
1181:
1169:
1151:
1139:
1122:
1088:
1073:
1061:
1028:
1013:
984:
966:
931:
894:(3): 221–224.
871:
859:
842:
815:(2): 120–121.
799:
753:
751:, p. 112.
740:
739:
737:
734:
731:
730:
714:
713:
711:
708:
707:
706:
699:
696:
687:
684:
662:
659:
641:
634:
633:
626:
619:
618:
611:
604:
603:
592:
585:
584:
583:
582:
581:
577:consanguineous
470:
467:
444:
441:
413:
410:
408:
407:Classification
405:
330:
327:
303:cephalometrics
281:Habsburg's jaw
241:
240:
238:
237:
234:
230:
228:
224:
223:
214:
210:
209:
208:Multifactorial
206:
202:
201:
199:
198:
195:
192:
188:
186:
182:
181:
168:
162:
161:
157:
156:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
131:
128:
127:
110:September 2018
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1730:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1713:Jaw disorders
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1655:Retrognathism
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:Micrognathism
1587:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1405:at Wiktionary
1404:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1209:
1205:
1204:"Prognathous"
1199:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1177:Mitchell 2013
1173:
1170:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1098:"lantern jaw"
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1002:
995:
988:
985:
980:
976:
970:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
935:
932:
927:
923:
918:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
878:
876:
872:
868:
863:
860:
857:
853:
852:
846:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
803:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:
758:
754:
750:
745:
742:
735:
727:
726:
719:
716:
709:
705:
702:
701:
697:
695:
693:
685:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
660:
652:
648:
644:
638:
629:
623:
614:
608:
599:
595:
589:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:Piast dynasty
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
527:horn lanterns
524:
519:
517:
513:
508:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
479:
475:
468:
466:
464:
460:
456:
454:
453:retrognathism
450:
442:
440:
437:
434:
430:
429:thumb sucking
425:
418:
411:
406:
404:
402:
398:
392:
389:
386:
383:
381:
380:micrognathism
376:
372:
370:
364:
362:
358:
353:
350:
348:
340:
339:dental braces
335:
328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:Habsburg chin
266:
261:
259:
258:coronal plane
255:
251:
247:
235:
232:
231:
229:
225:
222:
218:
215:
211:
207:
203:
196:
193:
190:
189:
187:
183:
178:
172:
169:
167:
163:
158:
154:
149:
145:
141:
136:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
69:"Prognathism"
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1661:Dental arch
1649:
1568:Orthodontics
1563:malocclusion
1490:
1466:
1455:
1440:
1425:
1401:
1354:
1350:
1311:
1307:
1270:
1266:
1251:
1238:. Retrieved
1213:11 September
1211:. Retrieved
1207:
1198:
1184:
1172:
1142:
1102:
1091:
1076:
1069:Beuchat 2015
1064:
1048:(1): 28–32.
1045:
1041:
1031:
1004:. Retrieved
1000:
987:
978:
969:
944:
934:
891:
887:
862:
849:
845:
812:
808:
802:
769:
765:
744:
723:
718:
689:
668:orthodontics
664:
598:Habsburg jaw
597:
558:
538:Austrian lip
537:
534:Habsburg jaw
533:
531:
522:
520:
509:
505:
483:
465:
461:
457:
446:
438:
426:
423:
393:
390:
387:
384:
377:
373:
365:
354:
351:
344:
329:Presentation
319:malocclusion
314:
310:
306:
305:). The word
292:
289:
280:
277:Habsburg jaw
276:
272:
268:
264:
262:
245:
244:
217:Orthodontics
171:Orthodontics
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
18:Habsburg lip
1650:Prognathism
1492:MedlinePlus
1402:prognathism
979:MedicineNet
947:: 125–134.
856:Prognathism
546:geneticists
523:lantern jaw
307:prognathism
246:Prognathism
143:Other names
138:Prognathism
1692:Categories
1468:DiseasesDB
1119:required.)
736:References
692:entomology
686:In insects
680:mouthguard
501:inbreeding
485:Mandibular
347:phenotypes
265:mandibular
80:newspapers
1665:Crossbite
1616:Cherubism
1573:Gnathitis
1295:208536371
961:2550-6978
908:0974-7052
837:211232475
710:Footnotes
653:by birth.
554:polygenic
512:shih tzus
497:crossbite
478:Leopold I
227:Frequency
213:Treatment
194:Maxillary
166:Specialty
1670:Overbite
1608:Mandible
1338:12363273
1287:31786955
1240:16 April
1083:(OMIM):
926:32904107
829:32083497
794:35651759
786:24942320
698:See also
613:Vlad III
596:showing
550:pedigree
250:mandible
191:Alveolar
1604:Maxilla
1551:General
1462:D011378
1381:8445614
1372:1016265
1329:1570912
1308:J. Anat
917:7450188
563:of the
397:overjet
357:chewing
315:gnáthos
254:maxilla
94:scholar
1497:003026
1451:524.10
1436:M26.10
1379:
1369:
1336:
1326:
1293:
1285:
959:
924:
914:
906:
835:
827:
792:
784:
676:braces
561:member
516:boxers
495:and a
361:speech
205:Causes
173:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1640:Other
1473:29354
1291:S2CID
1113:
1006:5 May
997:(PDF)
833:S2CID
790:S2CID
323:teeth
185:Types
101:JSTOR
87:books
1606:and
1582:Size
1457:MeSH
1446:9-CM
1377:PMID
1334:PMID
1283:PMID
1242:2020
1215:2019
1008:2024
957:ISSN
922:PMID
904:ISSN
825:PMID
782:PMID
770:164A
722:The
670:and
548:and
514:and
493:chin
73:news
1544:jaw
1442:ICD
1427:ICD
1367:PMC
1359:doi
1324:PMC
1316:doi
1312:201
1275:doi
1050:doi
949:doi
912:PMC
896:doi
817:doi
774:doi
725:OED
690:In
503:.
489:jaw
431:or
349:.
311:pro
293:In
279:or
252:or
56:by
1694::
1495::
1471::
1460::
1449::
1434::
1431:10
1375:.
1365:.
1355:30
1353:.
1349:.
1332:.
1322:.
1310:.
1306:.
1289:.
1281:.
1271:46
1269:.
1265:.
1206:.
1154:^
1125:^
1101:.
1046:55
1044:.
1040:.
1016:^
999:.
977:.
955:.
943:.
920:.
910:.
902:.
892:13
890:.
886:.
874:^
854::
831:.
823:.
813:22
811:.
788:.
780:.
768:.
756:^
682:.
403:.
371:.
359:,
297:,
287:.
275:,
271:,
219:;
1532:e
1525:t
1518:v
1444:-
1429:-
1419:D
1383:.
1361::
1340:.
1318::
1297:.
1277::
1244:.
1217:.
1192:.
1137:.
1111:.
1071:.
1052::
1010:.
981:.
963:.
951::
928:.
898::
839:.
819::
796:.
776::
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
