48:
297:
in the cerebrospinal fluid. In horses (where the parasite is most studied), infection of the brain is common, followed by the kidneys, oral and nasal cavities, lymph nodes, lungs, spinal cord, and adrenal gland, and also reports of infection of heart, liver, stomach and bone. An extremely rare
277:
According to a 1997 paper, neurohelminthiases in general are more prevalent where environmental factors and poor sanitation assist the spread of parasitism between man and animals, and have been facilitated by population shifts and improved transport. Neurohelminthiases are often not diagnosed
458:
722:
Lim CK, Crawford A, Moore CV, Gasser RB, Nelson R, Koehler AV, Bradbury RS, Speare R, Dhatrak D, Weldhagen GF. 2015. First human case of fatal
Halicephalobus gingivalis meningoencephalitis in Australia. J Clin Microbiol 53:1768 –1774. doi:10.1128/JCM.00032-15.
495:
257:
adult, the posterior branch forms a short ovary, whereas most of the anterior branch becomes a combined uterus–oviduct. The worm has a conical, asymmetrical tail that is shorter on the ventral side.
342:
When there is occurrence of a neurohelminthic disease, it is fatal, as there exist no tests that can be done to identify these species and apply effective treatment. These nematodes seem to exhibit
253:) and amphidelphic (uteri opposed) and terminal ends of the uterine horns are reflected, the anterior one ventrally, the posterior one dorsally. Adults are 235–460 μm long. In the
378:
Monoranu, Camelia-Maria; MĂĽllges, Wolfgang; Keppler, Marc; Brehm, Klaus; Ondrejka, Sarah L.; Muntau, Birgit; Tannich, Egbert; MĂĽller-Hermelink, Hans Konrad; Tappe, Dennis (2015).
213:
masses. On rare occasion, it can infect humans as well, in whom it is invariably fatal. Based on studies performed on infected horses in
Florida, the parasite is associated with
676:
Nishimura, K & Hung, T. (1997). Current views on geographic distribution and modes of infection of neurohelminthic diseases. Journal of the
Neurological Sciences, 145.
457:
MatthĂas Eydal; Slavko H. Bambir; Sigurdur
Sigurdarson; Eggert Gunnarsson; Vilhjámur Svansson; Stefán Fridriksson; Ellert Thór Benediktsson; Ólöf G. Sigurdardóttir (2012).
580:
679:
265:
This is a facultative parasite whose stages remain unclear. It dwells actively in soil, around plants and other organically rich environments including manure and
233:. This nematode is now distributed worldwide, as cases of equine infections have been found in Canada, Florida, the Nordic regions, and Arabian horses alike.
694:
221:, with female and male organs having been found in separate individuals. Eggs and immature larvae have been found in tissue samples, indicating an
747:
441:
1898:
278:
because they are unfamiliar; diagnostic tests are not easily available. Neurohelminthiases in general are not common in the United States.
525:
1903:
470:
537:
432:
Craig R. Reinemeyer; Martin Krarup
Nielsen; Debra C. Sellon (2007). "Nematodes". In Debra C. Sellon; Maureen T. Long (eds.).
677:
47:
1206:
1865:
1543:
1192:
1099:
740:
1797:
1691:
570:
Bhavesh Papadi; Carole
Boudreaux; J. Allan Tucker; Blaine Mathison; Henry Bishop & Mark E. Eberhard (2013).
1803:
884:
828:
331:
695:
The
Guardian newspaper: Rare parasitic worm killed two kidney donor patients, inquest hears, 18 November 2014
1740:
1521:
1510:
1094:
1034:
1020:
843:
822:
1833:
1638:
1419:
1272:
962:
957:
948:
924:
733:
294:
1870:
1505:
1048:
929:
810:
347:
142:
229:
also occurs. The site of entry for the parasite is thought to be through breaks in the skin or through
1771:
1598:
1424:
1398:
1380:
1150:
222:
198:
1040:
1893:
1810:
1785:
1712:
1365:
1314:
889:
870:
816:
805:
319:
290:
226:
1671:
1657:
1577:
1549:
1529:
1499:
1359:
1334:
1234:
1184:
1075:
1006:
909:
640:
164:
42:
904:
849:
756:
659:
607:
487:
437:
411:
303:
1704:
1697:
1563:
1177:
1145:
725:
649:
597:
589:
541:
479:
401:
391:
1571:
1517:
1431:
1169:
1119:
1114:
1012:
997:
936:
835:
711:
683:
254:
230:
109:
1663:
1626:
1557:
1372:
1351:
1320:
1278:
1157:
1106:
1085:
1054:
1026:
969:
896:
602:
571:
406:
379:
119:
17:
1887:
1650:
1631:
1391:
1386:
1137:
1125:
876:
760:
327:
242:
306:
who ultimately died of an unknown meningitis were transplanted into two recipients.
1790:
1746:
1642:
1535:
1410:
981:
343:
206:
191:
654:
631:
1856:
483:
1777:
1762:
1618:
1485:
1466:
1457:
1445:
1299:
1263:
1245:
1212:
1198:
990:
916:
861:
796:
351:
315:
89:
706:
1682:
1604:
1589:
1345:
1304:
323:
225:, and free-living males have been found in soil environments, indicating that
99:
1290:
1133:
786:
781:
330:). In animals, these drugs are mostly ineffective, as they do not cross the
218:
214:
210:
59:
611:
491:
415:
663:
593:
396:
380:"Fatal Human Meningoencephalitis due to Halicephalobus Nematodes, Germany"
1850:
1731:
1612:
1490:
1439:
1254:
768:
194:
79:
1328:
1070:
266:
69:
1827:
707:"'Worm-infected kidneys' given to south Wales men, say solicitors"
299:
250:
202:
1831:
729:
636:(Stefanski, 1954) from a fatal infection in a horse in Ontario"
289:
is a rare infection in humans, but causes a universally lethal
576:: a rare cause of fatal meningoencephalomyelitis in humans"
197:
species identified and named in 1954 by
Stefanski. It is a
293:. This disease shows greatly increased concentration of
209:, and sometimes numerous other areas, where it produces
420:
Halicephalobus gingivalis (formerly
Micronema deletrix)
302:
after kidneys from a man experiencing homelessness and
630:
R. C. Anderson; K. E. Linder; A. S. Peregrine (1998).
459:"Fatal infection in two Icelandic stallions caused by
436:. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier. pp. 480–494.
314:
All known cases of human infections were only found
1840:
1761:
1730:
1681:
1588:
1484:
1456:
1409:
1298:
1289:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1231:
1168:
1084:
1069:
980:
947:
860:
795:
780:
767:
318:and had been fatal; they had not been treated with
362:This organism was described in 1954 by Stefanski.
581:American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
298:triple fatality from this worm was reported in
741:
8:
1828:
1295:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1081:
792:
777:
748:
734:
726:
625:
623:
621:
31:
653:
601:
405:
395:
565:
563:
561:
559:
519:
517:
515:
370:
245:in the advanced fourth stage female of
7:
25:
354:are not yet clearly understood.
46:
538:University of California, Davis
384:Open Forum Infectious Diseases
217:environments. These worms are
1:
249:is Uterus didelphys (twinned
1207:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
484:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.024
1899:Nematodes described in 1954
1544:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
1193:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
655:10.1051/parasite/1998053255
1920:
434:Equine Infectious Diseases
223:asexual reproductive cycle
1842:Halicocephalus gingivalis
1798:Capillaria philippinensis
1721:Halicephalobus gingivalis
1692:Strongyloides stercoralis
634:Halicephalobus gingivalis
574:Halicephalobus gingivalis
528:Halicephalobus gingivalis
461:Halicephalobus gingivalis
261:Life cycle and habitation
187:Halicephalobus gingivalis
170:
163:
152:Halicephalobus gingivalis
148:
141:
43:Scientific classification
41:
36:Halicocephalus gingivalis
34:
1904:Rare infectious diseases
1804:Intestinal capillariasis
885:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
350:, mode of infection and
177:Halicephalobus deletrix.
1791:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
1741:Enterobius vermicularis
1522:Cutaneous larva migrans
1095:Echinococcus granulosus
1035:Heterophyes heterophyes
1021:Gastrodiscoides hominis
844:Trichobilharzia regenti
471:Veterinary Parasitology
273:Prevalence of infection
18:Halicephalobus deletrix
1639:Visceral larva migrans
1420:Gnathostoma spinigerum
1273:Dracunculus medinensis
1179:Diphyllobothrium latum
958:Paragonimus westermani
925:Opisthorchis viverrini
1506:Ancylostoma duodenale
1049:Metagonimus yokogawai
594:10.4269/ajtmh.12-0730
544:on September 23, 2016
1772:Trichinella spiralis
1599:Ascaris lumbricoides
1399:Lymphatic filariasis
1381:Wuchereria bancrofti
320:antihelminthic drugs
199:facultative parasite
27:Species of roundworm
1786:Trichuris trichiura
1713:Trichostrongyliasis
1315:Onchocerca volvulus
871:Clonorchis sinensis
806:Schistosoma mansoni
787:Trematode infection
715:. 14 November 2014.
397:10.1093/ofid/ofv061
332:blood–brain barrier
291:meningoencephalitis
227:sexual reproduction
1672:Parascaris equorum
1658:Dioctophyme renale
1578:Oesophagostomiasis
1550:Angiostrongyliasis
1530:Necator americanus
1500:Hookworm infection
1360:Dirofilaria repens
1185:Diphyllobothriasis
1076:Tapeworm infection
1007:Fasciolopsis buski
682:2016-03-04 at the
173:Micronema deletrix
134:H. gingivalis
1881:
1880:
1834:Taxon identifiers
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1757:
1756:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1101:E. multilocularis
1065:
1064:
905:Fasciola hepatica
757:Parasitic disease
443:978-1-4160-2406-4
304:alcohol addiction
282:Effects on health
190:is a free-living
183:
182:
158:(Stefanski, 1954)
16:(Redirected from
1911:
1874:
1873:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1829:
1706:Trichostrongylus
1698:Strongyloidiasis
1564:Metastrongylosis
1296:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1146:Hymenolepis nana
1082:
982:Intestinal fluke
793:
778:
750:
743:
736:
727:
717:
716:
703:
697:
692:
686:
674:
668:
667:
657:
627:
616:
615:
605:
588:(6): 1062–1064.
567:
554:
553:
551:
549:
540:. Archived from
521:
510:
509:
507:
506:
500:
494:. Archived from
478:(3–4): 523–527.
467:
454:
448:
447:
429:
423:
422:
409:
399:
375:
338:Further research
231:mucous membranes
154:
51:
50:
32:
21:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1869:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1836:
1826:
1817:
1753:
1726:
1677:
1584:
1572:Oesophagostomum
1518:Ancylostomiasis
1488:
1472:
1452:
1432:Gnathostomiasis
1405:
1302:
1285:
1236:
1233:
1219:
1170:Pseudophyllidea
1164:
1115:Taenia saginata
1073:
1061:
1013:Fasciolopsiasis
998:Echinostomiasis
976:
943:
937:Opisthorchiasis
856:
836:Schistosomiasis
830:S. intercalatum
784:
782:Fluke/trematode
773:
770:
763:
754:
720:
712:BBC News Online
705:
704:
700:
693:
689:
684:Wayback Machine
675:
671:
629:
628:
619:
569:
568:
557:
547:
545:
524:Howard Ferris.
523:
522:
513:
504:
502:
498:
465:
456:
455:
451:
444:
431:
430:
426:
377:
376:
372:
368:
360:
340:
312:
284:
275:
263:
239:
205:, invading the
159:
156:
150:
137:
110:Panagrolaimidae
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1917:
1915:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1862:
1846:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1767:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1736:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1664:Dioctophymosis
1654:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1627:Toxocara canis
1623:
1622:
1621:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1558:Metastrongylus
1554:
1553:
1552:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1512:A. braziliense
1502:
1496:
1494:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1373:Dirofilariasis
1363:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1352:Mansonelliasis
1342:
1341:
1340:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1321:Onchocerciasis
1310:
1308:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1279:Dracunculiasis
1268:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1174:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1158:Hymenolepiasis
1142:
1141:
1140:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1107:Echinococcosis
1090:
1088:
1086:Cyclophyllidea
1079:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1055:Metagonimiasis
1045:
1044:
1043:
1041:Heterophyiasis
1031:
1030:
1029:
1027:Amphistomiasis
1017:
1016:
1015:
1003:
1002:
1001:
986:
984:
978:
977:
975:
974:
973:
972:
970:Paragonimiasis
953:
951:
945:
944:
942:
941:
940:
939:
921:
920:
919:
901:
900:
899:
897:Dicrocoeliasis
881:
880:
879:
866:
864:
858:
857:
855:
854:
853:
852:
850:Swimmer's itch
840:
839:
838:
824:S. haematobium
801:
799:
790:
775:
765:
764:
755:
753:
752:
745:
738:
730:
719:
718:
698:
687:
669:
648:(3): 255–261.
617:
555:
511:
449:
442:
424:
369:
367:
364:
359:
356:
339:
336:
311:
308:
283:
280:
274:
271:
262:
259:
238:
235:
181:
180:
168:
167:
161:
160:
157:
146:
145:
139:
138:
131:
129:
125:
124:
121:Halicephalobus
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1916:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1651:Baylisascaris
1648:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1387:Brugia malayi
1383:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1230:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:Cysticercosis
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:
995:
994:
993:
992:
988:
987:
985:
983:
979:
971:
968:
967:
966:
965:
964:P. kellicotti
960:
959:
955:
954:
952:
950:
946:
938:
935:
934:
933:
932:
927:
926:
922:
918:
915:
914:
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895:
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877:Clonorchiasis
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771:platyhelminth
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287:H. gingivalis
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255:parthenogenic
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247:H. gingivalis
244:
243:genital tract
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211:granulomatous
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143:Binomial name
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33:
30:
19:
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1747:Enterobiasis
1739:
1720:
1719:
1705:
1690:
1670:
1656:
1649:
1643:Toxocariasis
1632:
1625:
1611:
1597:
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1556:
1542:
1536:Necatoriasis
1528:
1511:
1504:
1465:
1438:
1425:
1418:
1411:Thelazioidea
1392:
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1327:
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1033:
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911:F. gigantica
910:
903:
890:
883:
869:
842:
829:
823:
817:
812:S. japonicum
811:
804:
721:
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645:
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546:. Retrieved
542:the original
533:
527:
503:. Retrieved
496:the original
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352:risk factors
346:, but their
344:neurotropism
341:
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240:
207:nasal cavity
192:saprophagous
186:
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133:
132:
120:
35:
29:
1812:C. hepatica
1778:Trichinosis
1763:Adenophorea
1619:Anisakiasis
1486:Strongylida
1467:Gongylonema
1458:Spiruroidea
1446:Thelaziasis
1426:G. hispidum
1300:Filarioidea
1264:Camallanida
1246:Secernentea
1213:Sparganosis
1199:Sparganosis
1152:H. diminuta
1121:T. asiatica
991:Echinostoma
931:O. felineus
917:Fasciolosis
862:Liver fluke
797:Blood fluke
548:December 2,
316:post mortem
295:eosinophils
90:Secernentea
1894:Rhabditida
1888:Categories
1683:Rhabditida
1605:Ascariasis
1590:Ascaridida
1367:D. immitis
1346:Mansonella
1338:filariasis
1305:Filariasis
1232:Roundworm/
949:Lung fluke
818:S. mekongi
759:caused by
505:2013-12-03
366:References
348:life cycle
324:ivermectin
237:Morphology
100:Tylenchida
1857:Q16753245
1393:B. timori
1291:Spirurida
1237:infection
1134:Taeniasis
1127:T. solium
891:D. hospes
774:infection
769:Flatworm/
322:(such as
310:Treatment
219:dioecious
215:swampland
128:Species:
66:Kingdom:
60:Eukaryota
1851:Wikidata
1732:Oxyurida
1613:Anisakis
1491:hookworm
1440:Thelazia
1255:Spiruria
1235:Nematode
680:Archived
641:Parasite
612:23509120
534:Nemaplex
492:22305655
416:26125032
195:nematode
165:Synonyms
106:Family:
80:Nematoda
76:Phylum:
70:Animalia
56:Domain:
1633:T. cati
1336:Loa loa
1329:Loa loa
1071:Cestoda
664:9772725
603:3752803
407:4462890
358:History
267:compost
116:Genus:
96:Order:
86:Class:
1871:897629
1129:(pork)
662:
610:
600:
490:
440:
414:
404:
203:horses
499:(PDF)
466:(PDF)
300:Wales
251:uteri
1866:BOLD
1708:spp.
660:PMID
608:PMID
550:2013
488:PMID
438:ISBN
412:PMID
326:and
241:The
650:doi
598:PMC
590:doi
480:doi
476:186
402:PMC
392:doi
201:of
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388:2
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
