260:
51:
375:
543:
303:
274:. If this is not effective for improving symptoms, surgery may be performed. It affects about 23% of adults. Females are affected more often than males. Usual age of onset is between 20 and 50 years old. The condition also becomes more common with age. It was first clearly described in 1870. Archaeologists have found a high incidence of bunions in skeletons from 14th- and 15th-century England, coinciding with a fashion for pointy shoes.
471:
283:
569:
564:
is much less common today as newer, more stable procedures and better forms of fixation (stabilizing the bone with screws and other hardware) are used. Hardware may even include absorbable pins that perform their function and are then broken down by the body over the course of months. After recovery
361:
of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, diminished and/or altered range of motion, and discomfort with pressure applied to the bump or with motion of the joint, may all accompany bunion development. Atop of the first metatarsal head either medially or dorso-medially, there can also arise a bursa that
486:
splints, and bunion shields. Toe spacers seem to be effective in reducing pain, but there is not evidence that any of these techniques reduces the physical deformity. There are a variety of available orthotics including off-the-shelf commercial products and custom-molded orthotics, which may be
293:
Bunions can lead to difficulties finding properly fitting footwear and may force a person to buy a larger size shoe to accommodate the width of the bunion. If the bunion deformity becomes severe enough, the foot can hurt in different places even without the constriction of shoes. It is then
1231:
1216:
1197:
349:
or an osseous (bony) anomaly on the metatarsophalangeal joint. The larger part of the bump is a normal part of the head of the first metatarsal bone that has tilted sideways to stick out at its distal (far) end (metatarsus primus varus).
451:. These treatments address symptoms but do not correct the actual deformity. If the discomfort persists and is severe or when aesthetic correction of the deformity is desired, surgical correction by an
357:
bones found beneath the first metatarsal (which help the flexor tendon bend the big toe downwards) may also become deviated over time as the first metatarsal bone drifts away from its normal position.
1342:
353:
Bunions are commonly associated with a deviated position of the big toe toward the second toe, and the deviation in the angle between the first and second metatarsal bones of the foot. The small
549:
At present there are many different bunion surgeries for different effects. The age, health, lifestyle and activity level of the patient may also play a role in the choice of procedure.
416:(IMA) is the angle between the longitudinal axes of the first and second metatarsal bones, and is normally less than 9°. The IM angle can also grade the severity of hallux valgus as:
1335:
495:
Procedures are designed and chosen to correct a variety of pathologies that may be associated with the bunion. For instance, procedures may address some combination of:
1328:
259:
225:. The big toe often bends towards the other toes and the joint becomes red and painful. The onset of bunions is typically gradual. Complications may include
989:
398:
of the big toe. It is considered abnormal if greater than 15–18°. The following HV angles can also be used to grade the severity of hallux valgus:
777:
290:
Symptoms may include irritation of the skin around the bunion, and blisters may form more easily at the site. Pain may be worse when walking.
310:
The exact cause is unclear. It may be due to a combination of internal and external causes. Proposed factors include wearing overly tight
448:
760:
888:
1495:
969:
872:
618:
565:
long term stiffness or limited range of motion may occur in some patients. Visible or limited scarring may also occur for patients.
1083:
752:
Ferri's
Differential Diagnosis E-Book: A Practical Guide to the Differential Diagnosis of Symptoms, Signs, and Clinical Disorders
1378:
1561:
50:
1716:
214:
1246:
383:
1536:
84:
1711:
1513:
1352:
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146:
1434:
536:
337:
of the medial capsular structures of the joint, subsequently increasing the risk of developing bunions.
330:
322:. The American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons states that footwear only worsens a problem caused by
155:
801:
Dittmar, Jenna M.; Mitchell, Piers D.; Cessford, Craig; Inskip, Sarah A.; Robb, John E. (2021-06-11).
374:
1388:
610:
Evidence-Based Bunion
Surgery: A Critical Examination of Current and Emerging Concepts and Techniques
319:
245:
126:
556:. A person who has undergone bunion surgery can expect a 6- to 8-week recovery period during which
1490:
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452:
74:
200:
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1100:
1063:
1045:
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930:
868:
842:
824:
803:"Fancy shoes and painful feet: Hallux valgus and fracture risk in medieval Cambridge, England"
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479:
302:
133:
58:
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315:
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122:
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1635:
1541:
892:
561:
395:
1024:"A geometric analysis of hallux valgus: correlation with clinical assessment of severity"
470:
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1411:
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1119:
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701:
523:
358:
346:
159:
151:
1240:
1705:
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or regulators while conservative measures include various footwear like toe spacers,
444:
942:
1599:
1556:
1551:
667:
391:
1251:
1661:
1640:
1281:
717:
249:
139:
116:
63:
1096:
819:
702:"High-heeled shoes and musculoskeletal injuries: a narrative systematic review"
509:
straightening the great toe relative to the first metatarsal and adjacent toes,
282:
1623:
1609:
1480:
1449:
1361:
1303:
1262:
1225:
553:
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realigning the first metatarsal bone relative to the adjacent metatarsal bone,
500:
253:
1135:
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926:
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17:
1589:
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1579:
1505:
1485:
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334:
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causes increased pressure on the inside of the big toe that can result in a
267:
230:
178:
93:
1153:
1104:
1067:
1040:
934:
846:
735:
552:
Traditional bunion surgery can be performed under local, spinal or general
435:
Conservative treatment for bunions include changes in footwear, the use of
778:"Fashion for pointy shoes unleashed a wave of bunions in medieval England"
568:
236:
The exact cause is unclear. Proposed factors include wearing overly tight
1370:
557:
363:
354:
323:
226:
89:
67:
529:
shortening, lengthening, raising, or lowering the first metatarsal bone,
459:
218:
1189:
1220:
1201:
271:
182:
532:
correcting any abnormal bowing or misalignment within the great toe,
294:
considered as being a mechanical function problem of the forefoot.
1403:
567:
541:
469:
311:
301:
281:
258:
237:
174:
1627:
1528:
378:
X-ray showing measurements of HV and IM angles of hallux valgus.
222:
1324:
1472:
512:
realigning the cartilaginous surfaces of the great toe joint,
252:. A similar condition of the little toe is referred to as a
248:. Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and supported by
79:
Prominent, red, and painful joint at the base of the big toe
27:
Deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the big toe
386:, which should be taken with the weight on the foot. The
1017:
1015:
474:
Gel toe spacers come in a variety of sizes and shapes.
439:(accommodative padding and shielding), rest, ice, and
964:(3 ed.). Springer Science & Business Media.
1179:
499:
removing the abnormal bony enlargement of the first
1649:
1622:
1570:
1527:
1504:
1471:
1462:
1425:
1402:
1369:
1360:
1272:
1183:
535:connecting two parallel long bones side by side by
189:
169:
145:
132:
115:
107:
99:
83:
73:
57:
40:
35:
1081:Hecht, PJ; Lin, TJ (March 2014). "Hallux valgus".
366:), can be the most painful aspect of the process.
306:High heels are associated with developing bunions.
891:. Footphysicians.com. 2009-12-18. Archived from
776:Dittmar, Jenna; Mitchell, Piers (11 June 2021).
390:(HVA) is the angle between the long axes of the
1120:"Forefoot disorders and conservative treatment"
1173:Textbook of Hallux Valgus and Forefoot Surgery
695:
693:
691:
689:
1336:
994:American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society
382:Bunion can be diagnosed and analyzed with a
345:The bump itself is partly due to the swollen
8:
519:changes associated with the great toe joint,
700:Barnish, MS; Barnish, J (13 January 2016).
1468:
1366:
1343:
1329:
1321:
1180:
560:are usually required to aid mobility. An
49:
32:
1143:
1057:
1039:
858:
856:
836:
818:
755:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 323.
725:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
1158:(see Figure Two for images of orthotics)
1022:Piqué-Vidal, Carlos; Vila, Joan (2009).
983:
981:
867:(3 ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 667.
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
373:
1124:Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine
960:Sam W. Wiesel, John N. Delahay (2007).
807:International Journal of Paleopathology
582:
1176:, links to complete text in PDF files
7:
449:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
266:Treatment may include proper shoes,
44:Hallux abducto valgus, hallux valgus
1028:Journal of Foot and Ankle Research
988:Rebecca Cerrato, Nicholas Cheney.
526:beneath the first metatarsal bone,
25:
1496:Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
889:"Bunions (Hallux Abducto Valgus)"
1118:Park, CH; Chang, MC (May 2019).
1084:Medical Clinics of North America
962:Essentials of Orthopedic Surgery
915:The Physician and Sportsmedicine
1:
1562:Patellofemoral pain syndrome
487:prescribed medical devices.
121:Wearing overly tight shoes,
718:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010053
1733:
1097:10.1016/j.mcna.2013.10.007
820:10.1016/j.ijpp.2021.04.012
613:. Springer. pp. 1–2.
198:
48:
1136:10.12701/yujm.2019.00185
927:10.3810/psm.2000.07.1075
865:Clinical sports medicine
607:Dayton, Paul D. (2017).
213:, is a deformity of the
1537:Chondromalacia patellae
1009:Last reviewed June 2015
863:Brukner, Peter (2010).
749:Ferri, Fred F. (2010).
1514:Angular limb deformity
1041:10.1186/1757-1146-2-15
573:
546:
475:
379:
318:, family history and
307:
287:
263:
244:, family history, and
147:Differential diagnosis
1435:Boutonniere deformity
571:
545:
537:syndesmosis procedure
473:
414:intermetatarsal angle
377:
331:pronation of the foot
305:
285:
262:
1671:Abnormal angulation
1595:Bunion/hallux valgus
1389:Subacromial bursitis
320:rheumatoid arthritis
246:rheumatoid arthritis
127:rheumatoid arthritis
1491:Protrusio acetabuli
1445:Swan neck deformity
1379:Adhesive capsulitis
388:hallux valgus angle
286:Drawing of a bunion
138:Based on symptoms,
1717:Skeletal disorders
1667:Ligamentous laxity
1519:Unequal leg length
1273:External resources
574:
547:
522:repositioning the
476:
462:may be necessary.
453:orthopedic surgeon
380:
308:
288:
278:Signs and symptoms
264:
156:Freiberg's disease
125:, family history,
1699:
1698:
1691:Joint dislocation
1618:
1617:
1458:
1457:
1384:Rotator cuff tear
1318:
1317:
316:high-heeled shoes
242:high-heeled shoes
197:
196:
134:Diagnostic method
123:high-heeled shoes
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
1724:
1686:Bone malrotation
1675:Valgus deformity
1547:Luxating patella
1469:
1367:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1322:
1181:
1159:
1157:
1147:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1043:
1019:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1005:
996:. Archived from
985:
976:
975:
953:
947:
946:
910:
904:
903:
901:
900:
885:
879:
878:
860:
851:
850:
840:
822:
798:
792:
791:
789:
788:
782:The Conversation
773:
767:
766:
746:
740:
739:
729:
697:
684:
683:
681:
679:
672:OrthoInfo - AAOS
664:
625:
624:
604:
441:pain medications
423:Moderate: 12–17°
405:Moderate: 21–39°
392:proximal phalanx
209:, also known as
164:Morton's neuroma
53:
33:
21:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1679:Varus deformity
1657:Joint stiffness
1645:
1636:Cauliflower ear
1614:
1566:
1542:Genu recurvatum
1523:
1500:
1454:
1421:
1398:
1356:
1353:musculoskeletal
1349:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1268:
1267:
1192:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1003:
1001:
990:"Hallux Valgus"
987:
986:
979:
972:
959:
954:
950:
912:
911:
907:
898:
896:
887:
886:
882:
875:
862:
861:
854:
800:
799:
795:
786:
784:
775:
774:
770:
763:
748:
747:
743:
699:
698:
687:
677:
675:
674:. February 2016
666:
665:
628:
621:
606:
605:
584:
579:
562:orthopedic cast
493:
468:
433:
396:metatarsal bone
372:
362:when inflamed (
343:
341:Pathophysiology
300:
280:
217:connecting the
203:
201:Tailor's bunion
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1730:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
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1669:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1605:Hallux rigidus
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1412:Cubitus valgus
1408:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1394:Winged scapula
1391:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1300:
1289:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1254:
1243:
1228:
1213:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:Classification
1178:
1177:
1167:
1166:External links
1164:
1161:
1160:
1110:
1073:
1011:
977:
970:
948:
905:
880:
873:
852:
793:
768:
762:978-0323081634
761:
741:
712:(1): e010053.
685:
626:
619:
581:
580:
578:
575:
540:
539:
533:
530:
527:
524:sesamoid bones
520:
513:
510:
507:
504:
492:
489:
478:Orthotics are
467:
464:
432:
429:
428:
427:
424:
421:
410:
409:
406:
403:
394:and the first
371:
368:
359:Osteoarthritis
342:
339:
299:
296:
279:
276:
195:
194:
193:~23% of adults
191:
187:
186:
171:
167:
166:
160:hallux rigidus
152:Osteoarthritis
149:
143:
142:
136:
130:
129:
119:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
87:
81:
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77:
71:
70:
61:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1729:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1712:Foot diseases
1710:
1709:
1707:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:General terms
1648:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1440:Mallet finger
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1417:Cubitus varus
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:(2): 227–32.
1090:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1000:on 2016-12-30
999:
995:
991:
984:
982:
978:
973:
971:9780387383286
967:
963:
957:
952:
949:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
909:
906:
895:on 2011-12-08
894:
890:
884:
881:
876:
874:9780070278998
870:
866:
859:
857:
853:
848:
844:
839:
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826:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
797:
794:
783:
779:
772:
769:
764:
758:
754:
753:
745:
742:
737:
733:
728:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
696:
694:
692:
690:
686:
673:
669:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
627:
622:
620:9783319603155
616:
612:
611:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
583:
576:
570:
566:
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559:
555:
550:
544:
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531:
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502:
498:
497:
496:
490:
488:
485:
481:
472:
465:
463:
461:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:acetaminophen
442:
438:
430:
426:Severe: ≥ 18°
425:
422:
419:
418:
417:
415:
408:Severe: ≥ 40°
407:
404:
401:
400:
399:
397:
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1600:Hallux varus
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1557:Patella baja
1552:Patella alta
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1298:orthoped/467
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1130:(2): 92–98.
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402:Mild: 15–20°
387:
384:simple x-ray
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117:Risk factors
1662:Contracture
1641:Torticollis
1355:deformities
1282:MedlinePlus
515:addressing
420:Mild: 9–11°
335:deformation
100:Usual onset
64:Orthopedics
41:Other names
1706:Categories
1610:Hammer toe
1481:Coxa valga
1464:Lower limb
1450:Wrist drop
1362:Upper limb
1304:Patient UK
1258:DiseasesDB
1087:(Review).
1004:2016-12-30
899:2011-03-20
813:: 90–100.
787:2021-06-28
678:8 November
577:References
554:anesthetic
501:metatarsal
347:bursal sac
329:Excessive
254:bunionette
199:See also:
1590:Foot drop
1585:Flat feet
1580:Club foot
1486:Coxa vara
1351:Acquired
1293:eMedicine
1050:1757-1146
1034:(1): 15.
829:1879-9817
668:"Bunions"
517:arthritic
466:Orthotics
457:podiatric
437:orthotics
431:Treatment
370:Diagnosis
268:orthotics
231:arthritis
215:MTP joint
190:Frequency
185:, surgery
179:orthotics
170:Treatment
94:arthritis
59:Specialty
1371:shoulder
1154:31620619
1105:24559871
1068:19442286
956:Page 533
943:21529142
935:20086649
847:34120868
736:26769789
706:BMJ Open
558:crutches
443:such as
364:bursitis
355:sesamoid
324:genetics
227:bursitis
90:Bursitis
75:Symptoms
68:podiatry
1252:D006215
1211:LB98.20
1145:6784640
1059:2694774
838:8631459
727:4735171
491:Surgery
480:splints
460:surgeon
221:to the
219:big toe
173:Proper
111:Unclear
103:Gradual
1309:Bunion
1287:001231
1207:FA30.0
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484:valgus
272:NSAIDs
250:X-rays
207:bunion
183:NSAIDs
140:X-rays
108:Causes
36:Bunion
1404:elbow
1241:727.1
1226:M20.1
939:S2CID
455:or a
312:shoes
298:Cause
270:, or
238:shoes
175:shoes
1628:neck
1626:and
1624:Head
1572:foot
1529:knee
1427:hand
1263:5604
1247:MeSH
1236:9-CM
1150:PMID
1101:PMID
1064:PMID
1046:ISSN
966:ISBN
958:in:
931:PMID
869:ISBN
843:PMID
825:ISSN
757:ISBN
732:PMID
680:2017
615:ISBN
412:The
223:foot
1506:leg
1473:hip
1232:ICD
1217:ICD
1198:ICD
1140:PMC
1132:doi
1093:doi
1054:PMC
1036:doi
923:doi
833:PMC
815:doi
722:PMC
714:doi
447:or
229:or
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