Hammond organ - Knowledge (XXG)

728:. During the auditory tests, sustained tones and excerpts from musical works were played on the electric and pipe organs while a group of musicians and laymen attempted to distinguish between the instruments. While attorneys for Hammond argued that the test listeners were wrong or guessed nearly half the time, witnesses for the FTC claimed that Hammond employees had unfairly manipulated the Skinner organ to sound more like the Hammond. In 1938, the FTC ordered Hammond to "cease and desist" a number of advertising claims, including that its instrument was equivalent to a $ 10,000 pipe organ. After the FTC's decision, Hammond claimed that the hearings had vindicated his company's assertions that the organ produced "real", "fine", and "beautiful" music, phrases which were each cited in the FTC's original complaint, but not included in the "cease and desist" order. Hammond also claimed that although the hearing was expensive for his company, the proceedings generated so much publicity that "as a result we sold enough extra organs to cover the expense." 1295:. When a key is pressed on the organ, it completes a circuit of nine electrical switches, which are linked to the drawbars. The position of the drawbars, combined with the switches selected by the key pressed, determines which tonewheels are allowed to sound. Every tonewheel is connected to a synchronous motor via a system of gears, which ensures that each note remains at a constant relative pitch to every other. The combined signal from all depressed keys and pedals is fed through to the vibrato system, which is driven by a metal scanner. As the scanner rotates around a set of pickups, it changes the pitch of the overall sound slightly. From here, the sound is sent to the main amplifier, and on to the audio speakers. 828: 1318: 861: 910:

consoles, and hence were more widely used. Several different types of M series instruments were produced between 1948 and 1964; they contained two 44-note manuals with one set of drawbars each, and a 12-note pedalboard. The M model was produced from 1948 to 1951, the M-2 from 1951 to 1955, and the M-3 from 1955 to 1964. The M series was replaced by the M-100 series in 1961, which used a numbering system to identify the body style and finish as used on earlier console series. It included the same manuals as the M, but increased the pedalboard size to 13 notes, stretching a full octave, and included a number of presets.

416:, which allows players to perform rapid passages more easily than on a piano. In contrast to piano and pipe organ keys, Hammond keys have a flat-front profile, commonly referred to as "waterfall" style. Early Hammond console models had sharp edges, but starting with the B-2, these were rounded, as they were cheaper to manufacture. The M series of spinets also had waterfall keys (which has subsequently made them ideal for spares on B-3s and C-3s), but later spinet models had "diving board" style keys which resembled those found on a church organ. Modern Hammond-Suzuki models use waterfall keys. 1304: 1040:

familiar B-3 sound. Hammond-Suzuki promotional material states that it would be difficult for even an experienced B-3 player to distinguish between the old and new B-3 organs. A review of the New B-3 by Hugh Robjohns called it "a true replica of an original B-3 ... in terms of the look and layout, and the actual sound". The instrument project nearly stalled after a breakdown in negotiations between Japanese and United States staff, the latter of whom insisted on manufacturing the case in the United States and designing the organ to identical specifications to the original.

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April 1935, and the first model, the Model A, was made available in June of that year. Over 1,750 churches purchased a Hammond organ in the first three years of production, and by the end of the 1930s, over 200 instruments were being made each month. By 1966, an estimated 50,000 churches had installed a Hammond. For all its subsequent success with professional musicians, the original company did not target its products at that market, principally because Hammond did not think there would be a sufficient return.

1679: 1138: 782: 342: 1595: 1332: 996:. The B-3 and C-3 were replaced by the B-3000, designed to be a model for professional use that had the same look and feel of the earlier organs. It contained the same controls, but was 200 pounds (91 kg) lighter than a B-3. Although promoted by Hammond as a suitable replacement, musicians did not think it had a comparable sound. In 1979, a Japanese offshoot, Nihon Hammond, introduced the X-5, a portable solid-state clone of the B-3. 1517: 1735: 454: 327: 1027:

Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation, which rebranded the company as Hammond-Suzuki. Although nominally a Japanese company, founder Manji Suzuki was a fan of the instrument and retained several former Hammond Organ Company staff for research and development, and ensured that production would partially remain in the United States. The new company produced their own brand of portable organs, including the XB-2, XB-3 and XB-5.

992:(IC) model, the Concorde, in 1971. The company had stopped manufacturing tonewheel organs entirely by 1975, due to increased financial inefficiency, and switched to making IC models full-time. Console models included the 8000 Aurora (1976) and 8000M Aurora (1977), which contained drawbars and a built-in rotating speaker. Spinet organs included the K-100 and J-400 series, and the "Cadette" V series. Some models included a 1044: 1889: 589: 42: 877: 1427: 1393: 954: 521: 720:(FTC) filed a complaint claiming that the Hammond Company made "false and misleading" claims in advertisements for its organ, including that the Hammond could produce "the entire range of tone coloring of a pipe organ". The complaint resulted in lengthy hearing proceedings, which featured a series of auditory tests that pitted a Hammond costing about $ 2600 against a $ 75,000 Skinner pipe organ in the 689: 1008: 1236: 1184: 1265: 902: 885:

of the instrument. For example, A-105 was "Tudor styling in light oak or walnut", while the A-143 was "warm cherry finish, Early American styling". This model numbering scheme was used for several other series of console and spinet organs that subsequently appeared. The D-100 series, which provided a self-contained version of the RT-3, followed in 1963.

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allowed sound from the speakers to escape by a louvered opening on one side and a gap in the top. The most commercially successful set of Tone Cabinets were probably the PR series cabinets introduced in 1959. The 40-watt PR40 weighed 126 pounds (57 kg) and was 37.5 inches (950 mm) high. It has a good response from bass pedals.

1543:. The instrument was not initially favored by classical organ purists, because the tones of two notes an octave apart were in exact synchronization, as opposed to the slight variation present on a pipe organ. However, the instrument did gradually become popular with jazz players. One of the first performers to use the Hammond organ was 278:, which proceeded to manufacture digital simulations of the most popular tonewheel organs. This culminated in the production of the "New B-3" in 2002, a recreation of the original B-3 organ using digital technology. Hammond-Suzuki continues to manufacture a variety of organs for both professional players and churches. Companies such as 605:, which must run for about 12 seconds. Then, the "Run" switch is turned on for about four seconds. The "Start" switch is then released, whereupon the organ is ready to generate sound. The H-100 and E-series consoles and L-100 and T-100 spinet organs, however, had a self-starting motor that required only a single "On" switch. A 1675:, and he was presented with a brand new B-3 and Leslie 122RV upon joining. Allman recalls the instrument was cumbersome to transport, particularly on flights of stairs, which often required the whole band's assistance. Author Frank Moriarty considers Allman's Hammond playing a vital ingredient of the band's sound. 985:. It contained separate "vibrato bass" and "vibrato treble" in an attempt to simulate a Leslie speaker. Hammond designed it as the company's flagship product, in response to market competition and to replace the B-3. However, it was considered expensive at $ 9,795 and it sold poorly. It did not sound like a B-3. 1404:

The original Hammond organ was never designed to be transported regularly. A Hammond B-3 organ, bench, and pedalboard weighs 425 pounds (193 kg). This weight, combined with that of a Leslie speaker, makes the instrument cumbersome and difficult to move between venues. This created a demand for a

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or "leakage" occurs when the instrument's magnetic pickups receive the signal from rotating metal tonewheels other than those selected by the organist. Hammond considered crosstalk a defect that required correcting, and in 1963 introduced a new level of resistor–capacitor filtering to greatly reduce

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The L-100 series entered production at the same time as the M-100. It was an economy version, with various cost-cutting changes so the organ could retail for under $ 1,000. The vibrato was a simpler circuit than on other consoles and spinets. Two variations of the vibrato were provided, plus a chorus

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In 1959, Hammond introduced the A-100 series. It was effectively a self-contained version of the B-3/C-3, with an internal power amplifier and speakers. The organ was manufactured in a variety of different chassis, with the last two digits of the specific model number determining the style and finish

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or "phonic wheel" by listening to the moving gears of his electric clocks and the tones produced by them. He gathered pieces from a second-hand piano he had purchased for $ 15 and combined it with a tonewheel generator in a similar form to the telharmonium, albeit much shorter and more compact. Since

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when a key is pressed. The selected percussion harmonic fades out, leaving the sustained tones the player selected with the drawbars. The volume of this percussive effect is selectable as either normal or soft. Harmonic Percussion retriggers only after all notes have been released, so legato passages

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music. Author Edward Macan thinks this is because of its versatility, allowing both chords and lead lines to be played, and a choice between quiet and clean, and what Emerson described as a "tacky, aggressive, almost distorted, angry sound". However, progressive rock historian Paul Stump argued that

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or pedal switch, with the most distinctive effect occurring as the speaker rotation speed changes. The most popular Leslies were the 122, which accepted a balanced signal suitable for console organs, and the 147, which accepted an unbalanced signal and could be used for spinet organs with a suitable

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magazine's Stephen Fortner praised the single manual SK1, indicated that it gave an accurate sound throughout the range of drawbar settings, and said the organ sound was "fat, warm, utterly authentic". The XK-1c model was introduced in early 2014, which is simply an organ-only version of the SK1. An

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The B-2 and C-2, introduced in 1949, allowed vibrato to be enabled or disabled on each manual separately. In 1954, the B-3 and C-3 models were introduced with the additional harmonic percussion feature, advertised as "touch response percussion control". Despite several attempts by Hammond to replace

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keyboards, the two manuals are positioned on two levels close to each other. Each is laid out in a similar manner to a piano keyboard, except that pressing a key on a Hammond results in the sound continuously playing until it is released, whereas with a piano, the note's volume decays. No difference

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Some Hammond organs have an audible pop or click when a key is pressed. Originally, key click was considered a design defect and Hammond worked to eliminate or at least reduce it with equalization filters. However, many performers liked the percussive effect, and it has been accepted as part of the

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Leslie initially tried to sell his invention to Hammond, but Laurens Hammond was unimpressed and declined to purchase it. Hammond modified their interface connectors to be "Leslie-proof", but Leslie quickly engineered a workaround. Some Hammond staff thought Laurens Hammond was being irrational and

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To cater more specifically to the church market, Hammond introduced the Concert Model E in July 1937, which included a full 32-note pedalboard and four electric switches known as toe pistons, allowing various sounds to be selected by the feet. The model E was replaced by the model RT in 1949, which

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1972 — The Birth Of Roland: "Almost immediately after establishing the company, Kakehashi received an offer from the Hammond Organ Company; they wished to buy a 60-percent shareholding in the new business. However, he had no wish to be the junior partner in his own company for a second time, so he

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to a Hammond organ. The first models to be produced were the 20-watt A-20 and 40-watt A-40. The A-20 was designed for churches and small-capacity halls, and featured a set of doors in front of the speaker, that could be closed when the organ was not in use. The D-20 was introduced in 1937 and only

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In 1985, Hammond went out of business, though servicing and spares continued to be available after this under the name of the Organ Service Company. In early 1986, the Hammond brand and rights were acquired by Hammond Organ Australia, run by Noel Crabbe. Then in 1989, the name was purchased by the

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To address concerns that the sound of the Hammond was not rich enough to accurately mimic a pipe organ, the model BC was introduced in December 1936. It included a chorus generator, in which a second tonewheel system added slightly sharp or flat tones to the overall sound of each note. The cabinet

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On April 24, 1934, Hammond filed a patent for an "electrical musical instrument", which was personally delivered to the patent office by Hanert, explaining that they could start production immediately and it would be good for local employment in Chicago. The invention was unveiled to the public in

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In addition to drawbars, many Hammond tonewheel organ models also include presets, which make predefined drawbar combinations available at the press of a button. Console organs have one octave of reverse colored keys (naturals are black, sharps and flats are white) to the left of each manual, with

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in 1965, and the following year, Hammond finally decided to officially support the Leslie speaker. The T-200 spinet, introduced in 1968, was the first Hammond to have an integrated Leslie speaker. Hammond finally purchased Leslie in 1980. Hammond-Suzuki acquired the rights to Leslie in 1992; the

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The company has since released the XK-3, a single-manual organ using the same digital tonewheel technology as the New B-3. The XK-3 is part of a modular system that allows an integrated lower manual and pedals to be added. In response to some clones, including a variety of vintage keyboards in a

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The Hammond Organ Company produced an estimated two million instruments in its lifetime; these have been described as "probably the most successful electronic organs ever made". A key ingredient to the Hammond organ's success was the use of dealerships and a sense of community. Several dedicated

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where a note's sound is combined with another sound at a slightly different and varying pitch. The best known vibrato and chorus system consists of six settings, V1, V2, V3, C1, C2 and C3 (i.e., three each of vibrato and chorus), which can be selected via a rotary switch. Vibrato / chorus can be

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effect can be created on the Hammond organ by turning the "Run" switch off and on again. This briefly cuts power to the generators, causing them to run at a slower pace and generate a lower pitch for a short time. Hammond's New B3 contains similar switches to emulate this effect, though it is a

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The E-100 series was a cost-reduced version of the A-100 introduced in 1965, with only one set of drawbars per manual, a reduced number of presets, and a slightly different tone generator. This was followed by the H-100 series, with a redesigned tonewheel generator and various other additional

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to cover female organists' legs while playing in a skirt, often a consideration when a church organ was placed in front of the congregation. The model C did not contain the chorus generator, but had space in the cabinet for it to be fitted. The concurrent model D was a model C with a prefitted

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label between 1956 and 1963. He eschewed a bass player, and played all the bass parts himself using the pedals, generally using a walking bassline on the pedals in combination with percussive left-hand chords. His trio format, composed of organ, guitar, and drums, became internationally known

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In 2002, Hammond-Suzuki launched the New B-3, a recreation of the original electromechanical instrument using contemporary electronics and a digital tonewheel simulator. The New B-3 is constructed to appear like the original B-3, and the designers attempted to retain the subtle nuances of the

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The Leslie was originally designed to mimic the complex tones and constantly shifting sources of sound emanating from a large group of ranks in a pipe organ. The effect varies depending on the speed of the rotors, which can be toggled between fast (tremolo) and slow (chorale) using a console

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Though the instrument had been originally designed for use in a church, Hammond realized that the amateur home market was a far more lucrative business, and started manufacturing spinet organs in the late 1940s. Outside of the United States, they were manufactured in greater numbers than the

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respectively. The gearing and starter motors are different, and run at 1,200 RPM and 1,500 RPM respectively. Third-party companies manufacture adapters that can allow a Hammond organ designed for one region to run in the other, which are used by internationally touring bands.

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In the US, Hammond manufactures a number of dedicated console organs, including the B-3mk2 and the C-3mk2, and the A-405, a Chapel Console Organ. The company has a dedicated Church Advisory Team that provides a consultancy, so churches can choose the most appropriate instrument.

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The first model in production, in June 1935, was the Model A. It contained most of the features that came to be standard on all console Hammonds, including two 61-key manuals, a 25-key pedalboard, an expression pedal, 12 reverse-color preset keys, and one for the pedals.

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triggered by the pedals. Joey DeFrancesco embraced the instrument during the 1990s, and later collaborated with Jimmy Smith. He is positive about the future of the Hammond organ, saying "Everybody loves it. It makes you feel good... I think it's bigger now than ever."

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of the note. While each individual drawbar generates a relatively pure sound similar to a flute or electronic oscillator, more complex sounds can be created by mixing the drawbars in varying amounts. Because of this, the Hammond organ can be considered a type of

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alloy wire to ensure a high-quality electrical connection when pressing a key. This design was discontinued with the introduction of the transistor organ. This means tonewheel organs have between 3.2 and 8.4 grams of palladium, depending on make and model.

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that mixed various vibrato signals together. The expression pedal, based on a cheaper design, was not as sophisticated as on the other organs. The L-100 sold particularly well in the UK, with several notable British musicians using it instead of a B-3 or C-3.

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Hammond was not a musician, he asked the company's assistant treasurer, W. L. Lahey, to help him achieve the desired organ sound. To cut costs, Hammond made a pedalboard with only 25 notes, instead of the standard 32 on church organs, and it quickly became a

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who were offering them, with a greater feature set compared to tonewheel Hammonds. The first organ that bridged the gap between tonewheel and transistor was the X-66, introduced in May 1967. The X-66 contained just 12 tonewheels, and used electronics for

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Hammond manufactured from 1969 onwards have the footage of each drawbar engraved on its end. Some drawbar settings have become well-known and associated with certain musicians. A very popular setting is 888000000 (i.e., with the drawbars labeled "16′",

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initially, the popularity of the Hammond organ in progressive rock was less due to the suitability of the instrument to the genre than to its ubiquity in popular music, much like the electric guitar. Emerson first found commercial success with

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Criticism that the Hammond organ was more aesthetically suitable to the home instead of the church led to the introduction of the model C in September 1939. It contained the same internals as the AB or BC, but covered on the front and sides by

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two octaves higher. Hammond used a 25-note pedalboard because he found that on traditional 32-note pedalboards used in church pipe organs, the top seven notes were seldom used. The Hammond Concert models E, RT, RT-2, RT-3 and D-100 had 32-note

2664: 736:, mailed out to subscribers. Advertisements tended to show families gathered around the instrument, often with a child playing it, as an attempt to show the organ as a center-point of home life and to encourage children to learn music. 412:

in volume occurs regardless of how heavily or lightly the key is pressed (unlike with a piano), so overall volume is controlled by a pedal (also known as a "swell" or "expression" pedal). The keys on each manual have a lightweight

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in 2001; this used buttons to emulate the physical action of pulling or pushing a drawbar, with an LED graph indicating its current state. Clavia has released several updated versions of the Electro since then, and introduced the

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circuitry, though, unlike the L-100, it did include the scanner-vibrato as seen on the B-3. Other than the T-100 series models, all other T-Series models included a built-in rotating Leslie speaker and some included an analog

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company currently markets a variety of speakers under this name. As well as faithful reissues of the original 122 speaker, the company announced in 2013 that they would start manufacturing a standalone Leslie simulator in a

893:. The organ was not particularly well made, and suffered a reputation for being unreliable. Hammond service engineer Harvey Olsen said, "When they work, they sound pretty decent. But die-hard enthusiasts won't touch it." 869:

them, these two models remained popular and stayed in continuous production through early 1975. The last B-3 and C-3 organs manufactured were built from leftover parts, and are not considered as good as earlier models.

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above middle C as the top note. The RT-2, RT-3 and D-100 also contained a separate solo pedal system that had its own volume control and various other features. Spinet models have 12- or 13-note miniature pedalboards.

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which generated tones that could be transmitted over wires. The instrument was bulky enough to require several railway cars for its transportation, because the alternators had to be large enough to generate high

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updated flagship organ, the XK-5, was launched in 2016, and a stage keyboard, the SK-X followed in 2019, which allows a player to select an individual instrument (organ, piano or synthesizer) for each manual.

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of the note being played, the drawbar marked "16′" is an octave below, and the drawbars marked "4′", "2′" and "1′" are one, two and three octaves above, respectively. The other drawbars generate various other

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The sound on a tonewheel Hammond organ is varied through the manipulation of drawbars. A drawbar is a metal slider that controls the volume of a particular sound component, in a similar way to a fader on an

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was made deeper to accommodate this. Production of the old Model A cases stopped, but the older model continued to be available as the AB until October 1938. A model BA of 1938 may be seen and heard at the

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Before a Hammond organ can produce sound, the motor that drives the tonewheels must come up to speed. On most models, starting a Hammond organ involves two switches. The "Start" switch turns a dedicated

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classic sound. Hammond research and development engineer Alan Young said, "the professionals who were playing popular music that the attack was so prominent. And they objected when it was eliminated."

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each key activating a preset; the far left key (C), also known as the cancel key, de-activates all presets, and results in no sound coming from that manual. The two right-most preset keys (B and B

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Because the tones on a Hammond organ are mechanically generated, different models were manufactured for the US and European markets, which run on 110 V/60 Hz and 240 V/50 Hz

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playing one. When Fisher asked if he could play it, McLagan told him, "They're yelling out for Hammond players; why don't you go out and buy one for yourself?" Fisher played the organ lines on

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retained the full-sized pedalboard, but otherwise was internally identical to the B and C models. RT-2 and RT-3 models subsequently appeared in line with the B-2/C-2 and B-3/C-3, respectively.

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system in pipe organs, in which the physical length of the pipe corresponds to the pitch produced. Most Hammonds contain nine drawbars per manual. The drawbar marked "8′" generates the

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Though transistor Hammonds were criticised for their sound, the company remained commercially successful. Many such models were sold to churches, funeral homes and private residences.

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did not believe it was practical at that point to move the entire manufacturing operation from the US to Japan, and also viewed Hammond's declining sales figures as a problem.

538:) activate the corresponding set of drawbars for that manual, while the other preset keys produce preselected drawbar settings that are internally wired into the preset panel. 800: 702: 6349: 1366:. However, the sound of tonewheel crosstalk is now considered part of the signature of the Hammond organ, to the extent that modern digital clones explicitly emulate it. 666:

continued into the 1930s, sales of the bridge table declined and he decided to look elsewhere for a commercially successful product. Hammond was inspired to create the

1708: 1598:"I took to riding the L100 like a bucking bronco. It weighs 350 lb; when it's on top of you, you need the adrenalin rush you get onstage to chuck it around." 1412:

The first attempts to electronically copy a Hammond appeared in the 1970s, including the Roland VK-1 and VK-9, the Yamaha YC45D, and the Crumar Organizer. The

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Gordon Reid said that the CX-3 "came close to emulating the true depth and passion of a vintage Hammond", particularly when played through a Leslie speaker.

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The Hammond organ makes technical compromises in the notes it generates. Rather than produce harmonics that are exact multiples of the fundamental as in

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more portable and reliable way of generating the same sound. Electronic and digital keyboards that imitate the sound of the Hammond are referred to as "

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has received critical acclaim for her performances on the Hammond, particularly her use of the bass pedals, and has modified the instrument to include

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The Hammond organ was perceived as outdated by the late 1970s, particularly in the UK, where it was often used to perform pop songs in social clubs.

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degree in 1916. By the start of the 1920s, he had designed a spring-driven clock, which provided enough sales for him to start his own business, the

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Rod Spark, a longtime Hammond enthusiast, said these models were "a matter of taste, of course, but I don't think they're a patch on the old ones".

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The basic component sound of a Hammond organ comes from a tonewheel. Each one rotates in front of an electromagnetic pickup. The variation in the

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to get a growling, overdriven sound, which became known as his trademark and he is strongly identified with it. This organ was later acquired by

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was an exception to this, and used a Hammond onstage during the band's early career. Andy Thompson, better known for being an aficionado of the

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as "the greatest living keyboard player in the world today" and dubbed the "Hendrix of the Hammond Organ" (an accolade also given to Emerson).

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adapter. The Pro-Line series of Leslies which were made to be portable for gigging bands using solid-state amps were popular during the 1970s.

469:. As a drawbar is incrementally pulled out, it increases the volume of its sound. When pushed all the way in, the volume is decreased to zero. 102: 5597: 5578: 5559: 5538: 5517: 5479: 5458: 5437: 5416: 5395: 5374: 5350: 5327: 5304: 5283: 5257: 5230: 5209: 5188: 5169: 5146: 5125: 5104: 5083: 5062: 5041: 5020: 4999: 4978: 4957: 4936: 4917: 1155: 275: 4092: 2542: 928:

The T series, produced from 1968 to 1975, was the last of the tonewheel spinet organs. Unlike all the earlier Hammond organs, which used

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sound the effect only on the first note or chord, making Harmonic Percussion uniquely a "single-trigger", but still a polyphonic effect.

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on one manual but not the other, and rewiring the motor. The modifications created, in Banton's own words, "unimaginable sonic chaos".

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played with the feet, for bass notes. Most console Hammond pedalboards have 25 notes, with the bottom note a low C and the top note a

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The B-3 and C-3 models introduced the concept of "Harmonic Percussion", which was designed to emulate the percussive sounds of the

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Although they are sometimes included in the category of electronic organs, the majority of Hammond organs are, strictly speaking,

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chorus. Development of the vibrato system took place during the early 1940s, and was put into production shortly after the end of

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and AC power directly from the organ via a six-pin cable. Spinet organs contained their own built-in amplifier and speakers.

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I Believe in Music: Life Experiences and Thoughts on the Future of Electronic Music by the Founder of the Roland Corporation

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Around two million Hammond organs have been manufactured. The organ was originally marketed by the Hammond Organ Company to

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switched from piano to Hammond in the 1950s, and toured regularly throughout the 1960s and 1970s. In his Hammond playing,

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Many players prefer to play the Hammond through a cabinet with a rotating speaker known, after several name changes, as a

4947: 3315: 2297: 6344: 1416:(single manual) and BX-3 (dual manual) were the first lightweight organs to produce a sound comparable to the original. 3896: 1618: 3597: 3408: 429: 392: 274:. These organs were less popular, and the company went out of business in 1985. The Hammond name was purchased by the 1454:, which appeared in 2002, also provided emulations of other vintage keyboards and provided a connector for a Leslie. 1015:

Laurens Hammond died in 1973, and the company struggled to survive, proposing the acquisition of a majority stake in

1963:", which features a Hammond mixed into the foreground (the instrument was recorded live rather than being sampled). 1303: 6364: 6334: 5931: 5734: 3435: 1869: 1203:. The typical Leslie system is an integrated speaker/amplifier combination in which sound is emitted by a rotating 1065: 913: 5115: 4675: 1853: 945:, while the T-500 also included a built-in cassette recorder. It was one of the last tonewheel Hammonds produced. 6374: 4006: 3623: 2238: 1727:

modified his Hammond E-100 extensively with customized electronics, including the ability to put effects such as

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rather than electronic organs, because the sound is produced by moving parts rather than electronic oscillators.

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to vary sounds. Until 1975, Hammond organs generated sound by creating an electric current from rotating a metal

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and John M. Hanert and first manufactured in 1935. Multiple models have been produced, most of which use sliding

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from the 1960s, or use no keyboards at all. Other groups started taking advantage of cheaper and more portable

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thinks the Hammond became "the poor man's big band", but because of that, it became more economical to book

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sought partly to replicate the sound achieved by McDuff in his arrangement of "Rock Candy". An admirer of

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of the original tonewheel organs. The sound of a tonewheel Hammond can be emulated using modern software

6160: 5815: 4847: 1849: 1823: 1678: 1572: 1352: 1101: 1097: 769:

have two 44-note manuals and one octave of pedals, plus an internal power amplifier and set of speakers.

721: 651: 477: 112: 1523:'s use of the Hammond organ from the 1950s on gained commercial success and influenced other organists. 4125: 4064: 2659: 857:. The various models available were the BV and CV (vibrato only) and BCV and DV (vibrato and chorus). 6127: 5450:

Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: VolumeII: Performance and Production, Volume 11

3572: 1940: 1936: 1826:. Banks later claimed he only used the Hammond because a piano was impractical to transport to gigs. 1771: 1741:

achieved critical success in the jazz genre using both original tonewheel Hammonds and the "New B-3".

1672: 1654: 1614: 1435: 247:'s use of the Hammond B-3, with its additional harmonic percussion feature, inspired a generation of 3149: 2386: 1072:, and samples of wind and brass instruments alongside the standard drawbar and tonewheel emulation. 6132: 6122: 6012: 5958: 3797: 3628: 3500: 3473: 3440: 2583:"BBC World Service – The Documentary Podcast, A History of Music and Technology: The Hammond Organ" 2466: 1960: 1650: 1288: 1273: 1074: 4036: 1594: 932:

for preamplification, amplification, percussion and chorus-vibrato control, the T series used all-

6292: 5907: 5837: 4706: 3381: 1967: 1892: 1728: 1686: 1483: 1337:

A prototype light-weight tonewheel generator, produced at the Hammond Organ Company's factory in

1208: 1016: 989: 760: 725: 643: 491: 283: 271: 164: 127: 4462: 4102: 2550: 972:

In the 1960s, Hammond began to manufacture transistor organs in response to competitors such as

1566:

Jimmy Smith began to play Hammond regularly in the 1950s, particularly in his sessions for the

41: 6251: 6234: 6137: 5711: 5691: 5593: 5574: 5555: 5534: 5513: 5494: 5475: 5454: 5433: 5412: 5406: 5391: 5370: 5346: 5323: 5300: 5279: 5267: 5253: 5249: 5226: 5205: 5184: 5165: 5142: 5121: 5100: 5079: 5058: 5037: 5016: 4995: 4974: 4953: 4932: 4913: 4716: 4680: 3972: 1844:", although he complained about its weight. Winston Wright was regarded in the music scene of 1787: 1667:

had introduced him to Jimmy Smith's music, and started to write material with it. His brother

1567: 1536: 1528: 1374: 1348: 1277: 1020: 744:

Hammond organs, as manufactured by the original company, can be divided into two main groups:

216: 205: 4873: 4165: 3292: 6188: 6152: 5977: 5954: 5773: 5757: 2087: 1971: 1873: 1746: 1738: 1716: 1610: 1476: 1406: 1387: 1244:

autocratic towards Leslie, but Don Leslie later said it helped give his speakers publicity.

1228: 1204: 1200: 1011:

Hammond-Suzuki produced the XB-3, a digital emulation of a tonewheel organ, during the 1990s

663: 433: 424: 367: 306:

A number of features of the Hammond organ are not usually found on other keyboards like the

291: 260: 252: 149: 1516: 1331: 512:′" and "8′" fully pulled out), and has been identified as the "classic" Jimmy Smith sound. 6239: 6219: 6091: 5825: 5408:

Caribbean Popular Music: An Encyclopedia of Reggae, Mento, Ska, Rock Steady, and Dancehall

4702: 1924: 1811: 1734: 1606: 1540: 756: 732:

organ dealers set up business in the United States and there was a bi-monthly newsletter,

659: 623: 201: 185: 5054:

Musical Instruments: History, Technology, and Performance of Instruments of Western Music

1966:

Jazz, blues, and gospel musicians continued to use Hammond organs into the 21st century.

2275: 6313: 6297: 6259: 6203: 6165: 6084: 6002: 5912: 5339: 5181:

The Hammond Organ: An introduction to the instrument and the players who made it famous

5158: 4170: 4130: 4097: 4069: 4041: 3967: 3386: 2391: 1920: 1908: 1896: 1861: 1819: 1783: 1712: 1689: 1588: 1575:

in 1957. Medeski says musicians "were inspired when they heard Jimmy Smith's records".

1284: 1220: 1196: 1188: 1163: 1129: 1048: 1029: 993: 864:

The Concert Model E was designed for church use and features a full 32-note pedalboard.

807: 525: 466: 458: 453: 420: 413: 404: 331: 209: 181: 168: 1888: 1486:

B4 series, which has been praised for its attention to detail and choice of features.

1100:

to use with a console organ was the Hammond Tone Cabinet, which contained an external

588: 6328: 6274: 6198: 6079: 6062: 6042: 5972: 5783: 5665: 5549: 5272: 5242: 5052: 3549: 2662:, Laurens Hammond, "Electrical Musical Instrument", issued April 24, 1934 1865: 1837: 1803: 1759: 1664: 1646: 1600: 1584: 1580: 1468: 1109: 849: 602: 593: 551: 295: 52: 1482:

The Hammond organ has also been emulated in software. One prominent emulator is the

1426: 917:

The T-402 was one of the last tonewheel organs manufactured and included a built in

876: 550:

effect that provides a small variation in pitch while a note is being played, and a

326: 6269: 6180: 6142: 6022: 5923: 5889: 5869: 5820: 4903: 3524: 2941: 1956: 1912: 1841: 1815: 1779: 1775: 1668: 1660: 1638: 1622: 1556: 1459: 1431: 1253: 1212: 1061: 973: 953: 942: 918: 890: 854: 619: 520: 486: 134: 3233: 1653:

playing guitar and piano, but he switched to Hammond when he hired one to record "

1043: 592:

Console Hammond organs such as the B-3 require two switches; "Start" to drive the

5528: 5469: 5448: 5427: 5385: 5364: 5220: 5199: 5136: 5094: 5031: 5010: 4989: 4907: 4707:"'I was smothering myself with myself, stardom was never real': the conversation" 2413: 1848:

as one of the best organ players, and used the Hammond when performing live with

1154: 798: 700: 358: 6170: 6101: 6027: 5884: 5805: 5800: 5793: 5788: 5768: 5697:

One of the first large, detailed articles on the Hammond Organ and how it worked

2004: 1988: 1932: 1916: 1857: 1799: 1791: 1724: 1700: 1693: 1634: 1630: 1576: 1552: 1548: 1451: 1443: 1105: 1057: 929: 311: 5656: 2044: 1392: 1235: 688: 6229: 6193: 6057: 6052: 6017: 5997: 5879: 5857: 5721: 5701: 5571:

Manufacturing the Muse: Estey Organs and Consumer Culture in Victorian America

3319: 2872: 2748:"Federal Trade Commission Sponsors Auditory Test—Hammond vs. $ 75,000 Organ". 1991:

has a Hammond organ as one of his main instruments, and has been described by

1980: 1795: 1767: 1763: 1560: 1532: 1464: 1175: 1007: 937: 819: 627: 606: 524:

Preset keys on a Hammond organ are reverse-colored and sit to the left of the

473: 440:

Hammond organ manuals and pedalboards were originally manufactured with solid

408: 379: 315: 256: 251:, and its use became more widespread in the 1960s and 1970s in genres such as 232: 220: 5222:

The Music Tech Dictionary: A Glossary of Audio-Related Terms and Technologies

4720: 3774: 270:

In the 1970s, the Hammond Organ Company abandoned tonewheels and switched to

17: 6106: 6007: 5894: 5842: 5778: 5717: 4946:

Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas, eds. (2002).

4711: 3900: 3826: 2582: 2014: 1928: 1904: 1495: 1491: 1413: 1397: 1363: 1358: 1292: 1183: 977: 667: 655: 636: 635:

for a loud enough signal. The Hammond organ solved this problem by using an

568: 482: 441: 236: 193: 117: 3601: 3412: 901: 1400:"came close to emulating the true depth and passion of a vintage Hammond". 6037: 5982: 5832: 4787: 4731: 1751: 1704: 1682: 1069: 576: 575:. When selected, this feature plays a decaying second- or third-harmonic 457:

The sound on a Hammond is varied using drawbars, similar to faders on an

248: 240: 4970:

All Music Guide to Electronica: The Definitive Guide to Electronic Music

1446:, introduced in 1997, attempted to emulate the sound of a Hammond using 1264: 1056:

single package, Hammond released the SK series of organs, which include

6069: 5987: 5810: 1952: 1845: 1836:

music made frequent use of the Hammond throughout the 1960s and 1970s.

1472: 1338: 831:

The B-3 was the most popular Hammond organ, produced from 1954 to 1974.

632: 572: 547: 5695:. No. April 1936. Hearst Magazines. April 1936. pp. 569–571. 2318: 2316: 2314: 2086:(in Japanese). Hammond Suzuki Co., Ltd. April 22, 2005. Archived from 1840:

started to play the instrument after hearing Booker T & the MGs' "

1239:

A "half-moon"-shaped switch for changing the speed of a Leslie speaker

6096: 6032: 5341:

Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture

1976: 1833: 1487: 1455: 1216: 1116: 752: 400: 287: 264: 5726: 5471:

Complete Course in Professional Piano Tuning, Repair, and Rebuilding

3445: 1947:' Hammond playing was integral to the Prisoners-influenced sound of 889:

features. An extended model, the H-300, also featured an integrated

1983:

learned to play the Hammond organ at age two and used it on 2016's

6074: 4496: 3757: 3755: 2729:"Federal Trade Commission Decision: Official Findings and Order". 1935:

movement. Taylor played the Hammond through the 1980s, first with

1887: 1733: 1677: 1593: 1515: 1425: 1391: 1291:

at a particular frequency, which represents a signal similar to a

1263: 1234: 1182: 1042: 1006: 952: 912: 900: 875: 859: 826: 587: 519: 452: 386: 325: 307: 224: 5619: 4929:

Mellotron: The Machine and the Musicians that Revolutionised Rock

2505: 2503: 2501: 2357: 2355: 1707:

became inspired to play the Hammond after hearing Jimmy Smith's "

290:

have achieved success in providing more lightweight and portable

5624: 3573:"Software vs Hardware: Tonewheel Organ Implementations Compared" 1758:. Other prominent Hammond organists in progressive rock include 564: 279: 228: 5927: 5730: 5647:

Hammond/Leslie resource and home of the Hammond Zone user group

5642: 1671:

specifically requested he play the instrument when forming the

1829: 1248: 5051:

Campbell, Murray; Greated, Clive Alan; Myers, Arnold (2004).

2084:"Hammond XK-3 STORY: 3. History—locus of Hammond Combo Organ" 5510:

Any Sound You Can Imagine: Making Music/Consuming Technology

1162:

A simple chord sequence played on a Hammond organ through a

1136: 957:

Hammond started making transistor organs by the mid-1970s.

780: 654:, in 1928. As well as clocks, his early inventions included 340: 5491:

The Music's All that Matters: A History of Progressive Rock

4949:

All Music Guide to Jazz: The Definitive Guide to Jazz Music

4226: 4224: 4222: 3199: 3197: 1955:

music, albeit mostly via samples. A significant use is the

1711:". He modified his Hammond so it could be played through a 2562: 2560: 1547:, who was known as the "first lady of the Hammond organ". 1115:

The tone cabinet was originally the only method of adding

806:

A medley played on a 1935 Model A Hammond organ through a

751:

have two 61-note manuals and a pedalboard of at least two

5075:

Are We Not New Wave?: Modern Pop at the Turn of the 1980s

3060: 3058: 1872:' keyboard player, made prominent use of the Hammond on " 239:

owners found that organ trios were cheaper than hiring a

5653:"A complete list of vintage Hammond & Leslie models" 5629: 5096:

Complete Blues Keyboard Method: Mastering Blues Keyboard

4756: 4266: 2688: 2686: 2543:"Hammond B3: Modelled Electromechanical Tonewheel Organ" 2066: 2064: 2062: 1629:

first encountered the Hammond in 1966, having heard the

880:

The H-100 was an unsuccessful attempt to replace the B-3

1268:

The tonewheel rotates beside an electromagnetic pickup.

5675:– includes original patent diagrams for the instrument 5316:

Classic Keys: Keyboard sounds that launched rock music

2934:"Events of the Year 1955 in the Organ World in Review" 1617:

said the Hammond "became popular when people such as

2973: 2971: 2855: 2853: 2630: 2628: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2209: 2207: 1645:", which topped the UK charts in the summer of 1967. 395:

pedalboard, a console Hammond normally has 25 pedals.

5718:

A History of Music and Technology: The Hammond Organ

5673:

The Hammond Organ on '120 Years Of Electronic Music'

3859: 3847: 3823:"Technical Information for Hammond Tone Wheel Organ" 3496:"Hammond announces new XK-5 flagship portable organ" 2322: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 905:

The L-100 spinet was particularly popular in the UK.

6306: 6285: 6250: 6212: 6179: 6151: 6115: 5965: 5708:

Documentary on the Hammond's seventieth anniversary

160: 148: 143: 133: 123: 111: 101: 96: 86: 74: 51: 34: 5338: 5271: 5241: 5160:Jazzwomen: Conversations with Twenty-One Musicians 5157: 1587:'s work also, particularly the 1965 instrumental " 5366:Wailing Blues – The Story of Bob Marley's Wailers 5117:The Third Element: A Brief History of Electronics 4874:"Lachy Doley: finding the joy of musical freedom" 4768: 3825:. Keyboard Exchange International. Archived from 3375: 3373: 3945: 3761: 3698: 2832: 2509: 2361: 2334: 2225: 1019:in 1972, which the latter turned down. Roland's 618:The Hammond organ's technology derives from the 596:and "Run" to drive the main tonewheel generator. 5687:"Electric Pipeless Organ Has Millions of Tones" 1895:has been praised for her work on the Hammond's 1051:and other keyboard sounds in addition to organ. 219:as a lower-cost alternative to the wind-driven 3956: 3954: 227:. It quickly became popular with professional 154:2 × 61-note manuals, 25-note pedals (consoles) 5939: 5742: 1471:was Clavia's first organ with real drawbars. 472:The labeling of the drawbar derives from the 235:—small groups centered on the Hammond organ. 156:2 × 44-note manuals, 13-note pedals (spinets) 8: 6340:Electric and electronic keyboard instruments 5387:Seventies rock: the decade of creative chaos 5030:Bush, Douglas Earl; Kassel, Richard (2006). 3318:. Organ Service Company, Inc. Archived from 3232:. Organ Service Company, Inc. Archived from 2780:"Hammond is Ordered to 'Cease and Desist'". 2346: 1625:label came over to London and played gigs". 200:, and then strengthening the signal with an 139:Vibrato, chorus, reverb, harmonic percussion 4030: 4028: 4007:"Joey DeFrancesco — born to play B-3 organ" 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 1951:. The sound of the Hammond has appeared in 626:. The telharmonium used revolving electric 399:Most Hammond organs have two 61-note (five- 318:, but others are unique to the instrument. 5946: 5932: 5924: 5749: 5735: 5727: 5156:Enstice, Wayne; Stockhouse, Janis (2004). 5012:The Guide to United States Popular Culture 4637: 4613: 3897:"Hammond Filter Capacitor Replacement Kit" 2844: 2131: 419:Hammond console organs come with a wooden 40: 31: 6350:Musical instruments invented in the 1930s 5009:Browne, Ray Broadus; Browne, Pat (2001). 4823:"Music Review: 'The Revival,' Cory Henry" 4625: 4589: 4553: 4499:. Jon Lord (official site). June 25, 2007 3921: 3382:"Hammond XK3/XLK3 & Leslie 2121/2101" 3203: 2763:"Hammond Arguments presented in Briefs". 2037:"Marmon Group sells Hammond Organ rights" 1919:that were beginning to become available. 1852:, as well as playing it on sessions with 1555:also started using the Hammond. Organist 1396:According to journalist Gordon Reid, the 1362:this crosstalk, along with 50–60 Hz 5314:Lenhoff, Alan; Robertson, David (2019). 4808: 4661: 4448: 4376: 4364: 4230: 4151: 3734: 3686: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3364: 3352: 3340: 3278: 3266: 3254: 3176: 3076: 3064: 3037: 2908: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2704: 2566: 2440: 2428: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2262: 2198: 2186: 2155: 2070: 1527:Early customers of the Hammond included 555:selected for each manual independently. 4848:"The Jimi Hendrix of the Hammond Organ" 4601: 4577: 3883: 2949:(2): 6. January 1, 1956. Archived from 2031: 2029: 2025: 1663:became interested in the Hammond after 1047:The Hammond SK1 included emulations of 755:. Most consoles do not have a built-in 4757:Bogdanov, Woodstra & Erlewine 2002 4436: 4424: 4412: 4267:Bogdanov, Woodstra & Erlewine 2002 4242: 3434:Fortner, Stephen (December 13, 2011). 3154:. The Hammond Organ Company. pp. 2692: 2143: 1434:emulated drawbars using buttons and a 1173: 817: 761:external amplifier and speaker cabinet 377: 208:. The organ is commonly used with the 4541: 4529: 4400: 4388: 4290: 3710: 3215: 2577: 2575: 2452: 1223:created by the moving sound sources. 276:Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation 7: 5530:Pop Cult: Religion and Popular Music 4783:"Joey DeFrancesco: Artist Biography" 4744: 4649: 4565: 4517: 4483: 4352: 4314: 4302: 4278: 4254: 4213: 3993: 3933: 3871: 3746: 3722: 3188: 3112: 3100: 3088: 3049: 3025: 3013: 3001: 2989: 2977: 2920: 2896: 2859: 2716: 2677: 2646: 2634: 2619: 2607: 2521: 2492: 2467:"Synthesizing Hammond Organ Effects" 2213: 2174: 2119: 2107: 1745:The Hammond was a key instrument in 1649:started his musical career with the 1450:technology. An updated version, the 5198:Fowles, Paul; Wade, Graham (2012). 4463:"Deep Purple's Jon Lord and 'Burn'" 3899:. Goff Professional. Archived from 3600:. Goff Professional. Archived from 3302:decided to forge ahead on his own." 3151:Hammond T-500 series service manual 1911:bands tended to prefer second-hand 622:, an instrument created in 1897 by 5666:"History of the Hammond B-3 organ" 5551:The Hammond Organ: Beauty in the B 4327:Glancey, Jonathan (May 31, 2002). 3860:Campbell, Greated & Myers 2004 3848:Campbell, Greated & Myers 2004 2323:Campbell, Greated & Myers 2004 1609:is cited as being the bridge from 432:(AGO) pedalboards going up to the 25: 5620:Suzuki Musical Inst. MFG. (Japan) 4674:Perrone, Pierre (July 29, 1996). 4465:. Circus Magazine. pp. 42–45 2043:. January 3, 1986. Archived from 1323:Hammond CV tongenerator (details) 5655:. jackhollow.com. Archived from 5078:. University of Michigan Press. 5036:. Routledge Chapman & Hall. 4967:Bogdanov, Vladimir, ed. (2001). 3777:. Hammond USA. November 13, 2012 3552:. Hammond USA. November 13, 2012 3467:Orant, Tony (February 7, 2014). 2418:(photograph). TheatreOrgans.com. 1330: 1316: 1302: 1174:Problems playing this file? See 1152: 818:Problems playing this file? See 796: 698: 687: 662:table shuffler. However, as the 378:Problems playing this file? See 356: 5405:Moskowitz, David Vlado (2006). 5320:University of North Texas Press 4091:Reid, Gordon (September 2002). 3798:"Synthesizing tonewheel organs" 3293:"The History Of Roland: Part 1" 3127:Hammond T-series Owner's Manual 1685:put his Hammond C-3 through an 1571:following an appearance at the 1309:Hammond CV tongenerator (whole) 1247:The Leslie company was sold to 988:Hammond introduced their first 642:Laurens Hammond graduated from 546:Hammond organs have a built-in 5411:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 5248:. SAF Publishing Ltd. p. 4035:Reid, Gordon (December 2001). 3796:Reid, Gordon (November 2003). 3571:Watkinson, Mike (April 2004). 2276:"Hammond A-100 Service manual" 1467:with the same technology. The 1: 5573:. Wesleyan University Press. 5512:. Wesleyan University Press. 5390:. Taylor Trade Publications. 5244:Procol Harum: Beyond the Pale 5201:Concise History of Rock Music 5138:Historical Dictionary of Jazz 4769:Enstice & Stockhouse 2004 4461:Cohen, Scott (October 1974). 4164:Magnus, Nick (January 2006). 4124:Reid, Gordon (October 2012). 3961:Reid, Gordon (January 2001). 2465:Reid, Gordon (January 2004). 1508:List of Hammond organ players 958: 189: 82:1986–present (digital models) 80:1967–1985 (transistor models) 5474:. Rowman & Littlefield. 5296:The Oxford Companion to Jazz 5293:Kirchner, Bill, ed. (2005). 5164:. Indiana University Press. 3946:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019 3762:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019 3699:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019 3469:"Hammond XK-1C organ review" 3411:. Hammond UK. Archived from 3380:Robjohns, Hugh (July 2005). 3316:"Frequently Asked Questions" 2833:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019 2510:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019 2387:"The History of the Hammond" 2362:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019 2335:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019 2226:Lenhoff & Robertson 2019 1382:Clones and emulation devices 78:1935–1975 (tonewheel models) 5590:Steve Winwood: Roll With It 5345:. Oxford University Press. 5299:. Oxford University Press. 5278:. Hal Leonard Corporation. 5183:. Hal Leonard Corporation. 5099:. Alfred Music Publishing. 5057:. Oxford University Press. 3523:Robjohns, Hugh (May 2019). 3130:. The Hammond Organ Company 2549:(July 2003). Archived from 2385:Spark, Rod (October 1997). 430:American Guild of Organists 393:American Guild of Organists 370:) played on a Hammond organ 167:to Hammond Tone Cabinet or 6396: 5630:Hammond Suzuki Europe B.V. 5357:hammond organ progressive. 5033:The Organ: An Encyclopedia 4166:"Native Instruments B4 II" 4063:Magnus, Nick (July 1997). 1979:-winning jazz keyboardist 1870:Bob Marley and the Wailers 1619:Booker T. & the M.G.'s 1613:to rock. British organist 1505: 1385: 1215:beneath a stationary bass 1127: 1066:Wurlitzer electronic piano 57:The Hammond Organ Company 5903: 5764: 5569:Waring, Dennis G (2002). 5493:. Quartet Books Limited. 5468:Stevens, Floyd A (2001). 5219:Gallagher, Mitch (2008). 1448:digital signal processing 1207:over a stationary treble 656:three-dimensional glasses 92:$ 2,745 (Model B-3, 1955) 39: 5703:Hammond Organ Seventieth 5384:Moriarty, Frank (2003). 5240:Johansen, Claes (2001). 5204:. Mel Bay Publications. 5179:Faragher, Scott (2011). 5072:Cateforis, Theo (2011). 4497:"Jon Lord – A Biography" 4329:"Hendrix of the Hammond" 3775:"Leslie (product range)" 2347:Browne & Browne 2001 1756:Emerson, Lake and Palmer 1498:audio production suite. 1353:concert A at 440 Hz 1108:. The cabinet carried a 718:Federal Trade Commission 322:Keyboards and pedalboard 314:. Some are similar to a 97:Technical specifications 62:Hammond Organ Australia 6265:Piano Technicians Guild 5865:Kienle Resonator System 5625:Hammond Suzuki USA Inc. 5508:Théberge, Paul (1997). 5447:Shepherd, John (2003). 5135:Davis, John S. (2012). 5114:Corbin, Alfred (2006). 5093:Clark, Merrill (1999). 4988:Brice, Richard (2001). 4193:"Logic Pro 10.1 review" 3632:. Vol. 33–34. 2007 2415:Inside of Hammond Organ 1721:Van der Graaf Generator 1191:with a transparent case 90:$ 1,193 (Model A, 1935) 6380:Rock music instruments 6370:Folk music instruments 5429:The Modern Organ Guide 5337:Macan, Edward (1997). 4931:. Bennet & Bloom. 4676:"Obituary:Rob Collins" 4638:Fowles & Wade 2012 4614:Fowles & Wade 2012 3230:"Organ Identification" 2845:Bush & Kassel 2006 2132:Bush & Kassel 2006 2010:List of Hammond organs 1900: 1878:Lyceum Theatre, London 1876:", as recorded at the 1742: 1697: 1643:A Whiter Shade of Pale 1603: 1524: 1512:List of jazz organists 1439: 1401: 1269: 1240: 1192: 1141: 1052: 1012: 969: 921: 906: 881: 865: 832: 785: 648:mechanical engineering 597: 584:Start and run switches 528: 461: 396: 345: 335: 198:electromagnetic pickup 6355:Amplified instruments 5816:Fender Contempo Organ 5712:Hammond Organ History 5588:Welch, Chris (1990). 5527:Till, Rupert (2010). 5426:Riley, Chris (2006). 5369:. Music Sales Group. 5363:Masouri, Jon (2010). 4037:"Clavia Nord Electro" 3903:on September 10, 2013 3598:"Leslie 147A Speaker" 3409:"Hammond SK1 and SK2" 3314:Welch, Jerry (2011). 3228:Welch, Jerry (2011). 2731:The American Organist 2660:US patent 1956350 1891: 1850:Toots and the Maytals 1737: 1709:Walk on the Wild Side 1681: 1597: 1577:"Brother" Jack McDuff 1573:Newport Jazz Festival 1519: 1429: 1395: 1267: 1238: 1199:, after its inventor 1186: 1140: 1098:loudspeaker enclosure 1046: 1010: 956: 916: 904: 879: 863: 844:, Brentford England. 830: 784: 722:University of Chicago 652:Hammond Clock Company 591: 523: 456: 390: 344: 329: 6286:Amplifiers, speakers 6128:Generalized keyboard 5959:keyboard instruments 5668:. TheatreOrgans.com. 5659:on October 18, 2017. 5489:Stump, Paul (1997). 5225:. Cengage Learning. 3975:on February 18, 2015 2750:Piano Trade Magazine 2553:on November 6, 2006. 2298:"Scrap Metal Junkie" 2239:"SK Series Brochure" 1941:James Taylor Quartet 1673:Allman Brothers Band 1436:light-emitting diode 1110:balanced mono signal 610:digital instrument. 6345:American inventions 6133:Isomorphic keyboard 6123:Enharmonic keyboard 6013:Electronic keyboard 5548:Vail, Mark (2002). 5141:. Scarecrow Press. 4927:Awde, Nick (2008). 4854:. November 23, 2018 4640:, pp. 136–137. 4616:, pp. 165–166. 4544:, pp. 196–197. 4439:, pp. 100–101. 4013:. February 14, 2014 2956:on October 25, 2022 2873:"MMCatalogue (All)" 1939:and later with the 1854:Lee "Scratch" Perry 1696:'s hard rock sound. 1651:Spencer Davis Group 1621:and artists on the 1289:alternating current 759:or speakers, so an 681:Model A (1935–1938) 559:Harmonic percussion 403:) keyboards called 272:integrated circuits 46:A Hammond C-3 organ 6293:Keyboard amplifier 6213:Piano construction 5908:Keyboard amplifier 5838:Eminent 310 Unique 5554:. Backbeat Books. 5268:Kakehashi, Ikutarō 4973:. Backbeat Books. 4952:. Backbeat Books. 4821:Michelle, Mercer. 4771:, pp. 96–110. 4705:(April 14, 2012). 4628:, p. 104,160. 3415:on August 11, 2013 2877:The Musical Museum 2524:, pp. 83, 87. 2122:, pp. 66, 69. 1968:Barbara Dennerlein 1901: 1893:Barbara Dennerlein 1743: 1698: 1604: 1525: 1484:Native Instruments 1440: 1402: 1270: 1241: 1209:compression driver 1193: 1142: 1053: 1013: 990:integrated circuit 983:frequency division 970: 922: 907: 882: 866: 833: 786: 726:Rockefeller Chapel 644:Cornell University 598: 542:Vibrato and chorus 529: 492:additive synthesis 467:audio mixing board 462: 459:audio mixing board 397: 346: 336: 334:of the Hammond B-2 223:, or instead of a 165:Amphenol connector 6365:Blues instruments 6335:Electronic organs 6322: 6321: 5921: 5920: 5758:Electronic organs 5692:Popular Mechanics 5599:978-0-399-51558-3 5592:. Perigee Books. 5580:978-0-8195-6508-2 5561:978-0-87930-705-9 5540:978-0-8264-3236-0 5519:978-0-8195-6309-5 5481:978-0-8304-1593-9 5460:978-0-8264-6322-7 5439:978-1-59781-667-0 5418:978-0-313-33158-9 5397:978-1-58979-024-7 5376:978-0-85712-035-9 5352:978-0-19-509887-7 5329:978-1-57441-776-0 5306:978-0-19-518359-7 5285:978-0-634-03783-2 5259:978-0-946719-28-0 5232:978-1-59863-914-8 5211:978-1-61911-016-8 5190:978-1-4584-0287-5 5171:978-0-253-01014-8 5148:978-0-8108-6757-4 5127:978-1-4678-1338-9 5106:978-1-4574-1396-4 5085:978-0-472-03470-3 5064:978-0-19-816504-0 5043:978-0-415-94174-7 5022:978-0-87972-821-2 5015:. Popular Press. 5001:978-0-7506-5040-3 4991:Music Engineering 4980:978-0-87930-628-1 4959:978-0-87930-717-2 4938:978-1-898948-02-5 4919:978-0-06-211204-0 4912:. HarperCollins. 4681:independent.co.uk 4126:"Clavia Nord C2D" 4105:on March 22, 2014 3948:, pp. 88–89. 3604:on March 22, 2014 3299:(November 2004). 3191:, pp. 94–95. 3016:, pp. 74–75. 2786:. August 1, 1938. 2737:(8). August 1938. 2337:, pp. 85–86. 2090:on July 15, 2009. 2041:Chicago Sun-Times 1655:Gimme Some Lovin' 1537:Eleanor Roosevelt 1529:Albert Schweitzer 1407:clonewheel organs 1349:equal temperament 1278:electromechanical 1211:, and a rotating 1157: 1021:Ikutaro Kakehashi 949:Transistor organs 801: 734:The Hammond Times 703: 658:and an automatic 361: 174: 173: 16:(Redirected from 6387: 6375:Jazz instruments 5948: 5941: 5934: 5925: 5774:Clonewheel organ 5751: 5744: 5737: 5728: 5720:– BBC series by 5707: 5696: 5669: 5664:Glen E. Nelson. 5660: 5646: 5603: 5584: 5565: 5544: 5523: 5504: 5485: 5464: 5443: 5422: 5401: 5380: 5359: 5344: 5333: 5310: 5289: 5277: 5263: 5247: 5236: 5215: 5194: 5175: 5163: 5152: 5131: 5110: 5089: 5068: 5047: 5026: 5005: 4984: 4963: 4942: 4923: 4909:My Cross to Bear 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4703:Hodgkinson, Will 4699: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4415:, p. 67-68. 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4101:. Archived from 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4032: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3971:. Archived from 3958: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3550:"Console Organs" 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3444:. Archived from 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3377: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3322:on June 28, 2013 3311: 3305: 3304: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3236:on June 27, 2013 3225: 3219: 3218:, p. 58,63. 3213: 3207: 3201: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3053: 3052:, p. 85-86. 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2955: 2938: 2930: 2924: 2923:, p. 33,49. 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2579: 2570: 2564: 2555: 2554: 2541:Robjohns, Hugh. 2538: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2496: 2490: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2469:. Sound On Sound 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2382: 2365: 2359: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2243: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2189:, p. 33–34. 2184: 2178: 2172: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2092: 2091: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2047:on June 11, 2014 2033: 1961:So What'cha Want 1943:. In the 1990s, 1880:, for the album 1874:No Woman, No Cry 1868:, best known as 1747:progressive rock 1739:Joey DeFrancesco 1717:Joey DeFrancesco 1611:rhythm and blues 1477:Joey DeFrancesco 1422: 1388:Clonewheel organ 1334: 1320: 1306: 1287:induces a small 1201:Donald J. Leslie 1159: 1158: 1139: 1035: 963: 960: 850:"modesty panels" 803: 802: 783: 740:Tonewheel organs 705: 704: 691: 664:Great Depression 537: 536: 511: 510: 506: 503: 363: 362: 343: 261:progressive rock 253:rhythm and blues 161:External control 70: 65: 60: 44: 32: 21: 6395: 6394: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6302: 6281: 6246: 6208: 6175: 6166:Manual keyboard 6147: 6111: 6092:Piano accordion 5961: 5952: 5922: 5917: 5899: 5826:Vox Continental 5760: 5755: 5700: 5685: 5663: 5651:Peters, Bevis. 5650: 5641: 5611: 5606: 5600: 5587: 5581: 5568: 5562: 5547: 5541: 5526: 5520: 5507: 5501: 5488: 5482: 5467: 5461: 5446: 5440: 5432:. Xulon Press. 5425: 5419: 5404: 5398: 5383: 5377: 5362: 5353: 5336: 5330: 5313: 5307: 5292: 5286: 5266: 5260: 5239: 5233: 5218: 5212: 5197: 5191: 5178: 5172: 5155: 5149: 5134: 5128: 5120:. AuthorHouse. 5113: 5107: 5092: 5086: 5071: 5065: 5050: 5044: 5029: 5023: 5008: 5002: 4987: 4981: 4966: 4960: 4945: 4939: 4926: 4920: 4902: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4857: 4855: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4725: 4723: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4648: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4576: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4540: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4502: 4500: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4411: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4351: 4347: 4337: 4335: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4269:, p. 1170. 4265: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4198: 4196: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4174: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4136: 4134: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4034: 4033: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3978: 3976: 3960: 3959: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3920: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3829:on May 19, 2000 3821: 3820: 3816: 3806: 3804: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3780: 3778: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3607: 3605: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3581: 3579: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3533: 3531: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3451: 3449: 3448:on May 27, 2013 3433: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3379: 3378: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3323: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3239: 3237: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3063: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2881: 2879: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2589:. June 18, 2019 2581: 2580: 2573: 2565: 2558: 2540: 2539: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2499: 2491: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2451: 2447: 2439: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2397: 2395: 2384: 2383: 2368: 2360: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2281: 2279: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2212: 2205: 2197: 2193: 2185: 2181: 2173: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2130: 2126: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2095: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2069: 2060: 2050: 2048: 2035: 2034: 2027: 2023: 2001: 1959:' 1992 single " 1925:Dave Greenfield 1812:Mott the Hoople 1692:to fit in with 1607:Booker T. Jones 1599: 1541:George Gershwin 1514: 1504: 1502:Notable players 1458:introduced the 1420: 1390: 1384: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1326: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1262: 1260:Tone generation 1181: 1180: 1172: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1160: 1153: 1150: 1143: 1137: 1132: 1126: 1096:The authorized 1094: 1089: 1049:electric pianos 1033: 1005: 968:model pictured. 961: 951: 899: 825: 824: 816: 814: 813: 812: 811: 804: 797: 794: 787: 781: 776: 757:power amplifier 742: 710: 709: 708: 707: 706: 699: 694: 693: 692: 683: 682: 624:Thaddeus Cahill 616: 586: 561: 544: 534: 533: 518: 508: 504: 501: 499: 451: 385: 384: 376: 374: 373: 372: 371: 366:A single note ( 364: 357: 354: 347: 341: 324: 304: 206:speaker cabinet 186:Laurens Hammond 155: 91: 81: 79: 68: 67:Hammond-Suzuki 66: 63: 61: 58: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6393: 6391: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6360:Rhythm section 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6327: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6314:Prepared piano 6310: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6300: 6298:Leslie speaker 6295: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6277: 6267: 6262: 6256: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6227: 6222: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6206: 6204:Pedal keyboard 6201: 6196: 6191: 6185: 6183: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6157: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6138:Jankó keyboard 6135: 6130: 6125: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6085:Electric piano 6082: 6072: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6003:Clavicytherium 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5943: 5936: 5928: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5913:Leslie speaker 5910: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5746: 5739: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5715: 5709: 5698: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5670: 5661: 5648: 5643:"Hammond Zone" 5638: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5614:Official sites 5610: 5609:External links 5607: 5605: 5604: 5598: 5585: 5579: 5566: 5560: 5545: 5539: 5524: 5518: 5505: 5499: 5486: 5480: 5465: 5459: 5444: 5438: 5423: 5417: 5402: 5396: 5381: 5375: 5360: 5351: 5334: 5328: 5311: 5305: 5290: 5284: 5264: 5258: 5237: 5231: 5216: 5210: 5195: 5189: 5176: 5170: 5153: 5147: 5132: 5126: 5111: 5105: 5090: 5084: 5069: 5063: 5048: 5042: 5027: 5021: 5006: 5000: 4985: 4979: 4964: 4958: 4943: 4937: 4924: 4918: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4891: 4880:. May 31, 2017 4865: 4839: 4813: 4811:, p. 248. 4801: 4773: 4761: 4759:, p. 325. 4749: 4737: 4694: 4666: 4664:, p. 507. 4654: 4652:, p. 531. 4642: 4630: 4626:Cateforis 2011 4618: 4606: 4604:, p. 596. 4594: 4592:, p. 320. 4590:Moskowitz 2006 4582: 4570: 4568:, p. 200. 4558: 4556:, p. 158. 4554:Cateforis 2011 4546: 4534: 4522: 4520:, p. 186. 4510: 4488: 4486:, p. 122. 4476: 4453: 4441: 4429: 4417: 4405: 4393: 4381: 4369: 4357: 4345: 4319: 4317:, p. 169. 4307: 4305:, p. 168. 4295: 4293:, p. 236. 4283: 4271: 4259: 4247: 4245:, p. 153. 4235: 4233:, p. 384. 4218: 4206: 4184: 4171:Sound on Sound 4156: 4154:, p. 148. 4144: 4131:Sound on Sound 4116: 4098:Sound on Sound 4083: 4070:Sound on Sound 4055: 4042:Sound on Sound 4024: 3998: 3986: 3968:Sound on Sound 3950: 3938: 3926: 3924:, p. 105. 3922:Gallagher 2008 3914: 3888: 3886:, p. 189. 3876: 3864: 3862:, p. 441. 3852: 3840: 3814: 3802:Sound on Sound 3788: 3766: 3751: 3749:, p. 130. 3739: 3737:, p. 164. 3727: 3725:, p. 129. 3715: 3713:, p. 427. 3703: 3691: 3679: 3667: 3655: 3643: 3615: 3589: 3577:Sound on Sound 3563: 3541: 3529:Sound on Sound 3515: 3504:. June 8, 2016 3487: 3459: 3426: 3400: 3387:Sound on Sound 3369: 3367:, p. 154. 3357: 3355:, p. 143. 3345: 3343:, p. 135. 3333: 3306: 3297:Sound on Sound 3291:Reid, Gordon. 3283: 3271: 3259: 3247: 3220: 3208: 3206:, p. 176. 3204:Kakehashi 2002 3193: 3181: 3169: 3141: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3081: 3069: 3054: 3042: 3030: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2982: 2967: 2925: 2913: 2901: 2889: 2864: 2849: 2847:, p. 169. 2837: 2825: 2813: 2801: 2789: 2772: 2769:. May 1, 1938. 2755: 2740: 2721: 2709: 2697: 2695:, p. 319. 2682: 2670: 2651: 2639: 2624: 2612: 2600: 2571: 2569:, p. 369. 2556: 2547:Sound on Sound 2526: 2514: 2497: 2480: 2457: 2445: 2433: 2421: 2405: 2392:Sound on Sound 2366: 2351: 2349:, p. 361. 2339: 2327: 2325:, p. 447. 2310: 2289: 2267: 2255: 2230: 2218: 2203: 2191: 2179: 2160: 2148: 2146:, p. 151. 2136: 2134:, p. 168. 2124: 2112: 2093: 2075: 2058: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2000: 1997: 1949:the Charlatans 1921:The Stranglers 1862:Gregory Isaacs 1800:Richard Wright 1784:Thijs van Leer 1713:Marshall stack 1690:Marshall stack 1627:Matthew Fisher 1503: 1500: 1418:Sound on Sound 1386:Main article: 1383: 1380: 1336: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1285:magnetic field 1261: 1258: 1221:Doppler effect 1197:Leslie speaker 1189:Leslie speaker 1171: 1164:Leslie speaker 1161: 1151: 1148:Chord sequence 1146: 1145: 1144: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1130:Leslie speaker 1128:Main article: 1125: 1124:Leslie speaker 1122: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1030:Sound on Sound 1004: 1003:Hammond-Suzuki 1001: 994:headphone jack 950: 947: 898: 895: 842:Musical Museum 815: 808:Leslie speaker 805: 795: 790: 789: 788: 779: 778: 777: 775: 774:Console organs 772: 771: 770: 764: 749:Console organs 741: 738: 697: 696: 695: 686: 685: 684: 680: 679: 678: 677: 615: 612: 585: 582: 560: 557: 543: 540: 517: 514: 450: 447: 375: 365: 355: 350: 349: 348: 339: 338: 337: 323: 320: 303: 300: 296:audio plug-ins 210:Leslie speaker 182:electric organ 172: 171: 169:Leslie speaker 162: 158: 157: 152: 146: 145: 141: 140: 137: 131: 130: 125: 124:Synthesis type 121: 120: 115: 109: 108: 105: 99: 98: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 76: 72: 71: 69:(1989–present) 55: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 27:Electric organ 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6392: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307:Miscellaneous 6305: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6080:Digital piano 6078: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6063:Theatre organ 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6048:Hammond organ 6046: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5973:Bowed clavier 5971: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5949: 5944: 5942: 5937: 5935: 5930: 5929: 5926: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5848:Hammond organ 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5784:Nord C Series 5782: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5747: 5745: 5740: 5738: 5733: 5732: 5729: 5723: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5706:(video). BBC. 5705: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5601: 5595: 5591: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5572: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5533:. Continuum. 5532: 5531: 5525: 5521: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5502: 5500:0-7043-8036-6 5496: 5492: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5453:. Continuum. 5452: 5451: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5361: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5343: 5342: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5276: 5275: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5245: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5167: 5162: 5161: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5119: 5118: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5098: 5097: 5091: 5087: 5081: 5077: 5076: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5035: 5034: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5014: 5013: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4993: 4992: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4972: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4904:Allman, Gregg 4901: 4900: 4895: 4894: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4866: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4809:Faragher 2011 4805: 4802: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4781:Huey, Steve. 4777: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4750: 4747:, p. 22. 4746: 4741: 4738: 4733: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4662:Bogdanov 2001 4658: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4583: 4580:, p. 71. 4579: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4535: 4532:, p. 34. 4531: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4511: 4498: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4477: 4464: 4457: 4454: 4451:, p. 44. 4450: 4449:Moriarty 2003 4445: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4430: 4427:, p. 97. 4426: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4406: 4403:, p. 73. 4402: 4397: 4394: 4391:, p. 33. 4390: 4385: 4382: 4379:, p. 66. 4378: 4377:Johansen 2001 4373: 4370: 4367:, p. 65. 4366: 4365:Johansen 2001 4361: 4358: 4355:, p. 21. 4354: 4349: 4346: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4284: 4281:, p. 19. 4280: 4275: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4260: 4257:, p. 18. 4256: 4251: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4231:Kirchner 2005 4227: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4216:, p. 15. 4215: 4210: 4207: 4194: 4188: 4185: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4152:Faragher 2011 4148: 4145: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4120: 4117: 4104: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4093:"Roland VK-8" 4087: 4084: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4065:"Roland VK-7" 4059: 4056: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3987: 3974: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3939: 3936:, p. 45. 3935: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3915: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3877: 3874:, p. 48. 3873: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3853: 3850:, p. 71. 3849: 3844: 3841: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3789: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3764:, p. 78. 3763: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3735:Faragher 2011 3731: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3701:, p. 75. 3700: 3695: 3692: 3689:, p. 63. 3688: 3687:Faragher 2011 3683: 3680: 3677:, p. 61. 3676: 3675:Faragher 2011 3671: 3668: 3665:, p. 60. 3664: 3663:Faragher 2011 3659: 3656: 3653:, p. 65. 3652: 3651:Faragher 2011 3647: 3644: 3631: 3630: 3625: 3619: 3616: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3564: 3551: 3545: 3542: 3530: 3526: 3525:"Hammond SKX" 3519: 3516: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3463: 3460: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3436:"Hammond SK1" 3430: 3427: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3365:Faragher 2011 3361: 3358: 3354: 3353:Faragher 2011 3349: 3346: 3342: 3341:Faragher 2011 3337: 3334: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3284: 3281:, p. 83. 3280: 3279:Faragher 2011 3275: 3272: 3269:, p. 95. 3268: 3267:Faragher 2011 3263: 3260: 3257:, p. 85. 3256: 3255:Faragher 2011 3251: 3248: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3182: 3179:, p. 82. 3178: 3177:Faragher 2011 3173: 3170: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3145: 3142: 3129: 3128: 3121: 3118: 3115:, p. 92. 3114: 3109: 3106: 3103:, p. 87. 3102: 3097: 3094: 3091:, p. 91. 3090: 3085: 3082: 3079:, p. 47. 3078: 3077:Théberge 1997 3073: 3070: 3067:, p. 78. 3066: 3065:Faragher 2011 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3043: 3040:, p. 84. 3039: 3038:Faragher 2011 3034: 3031: 3028:, p. 77. 3027: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3007: 3004:, p. 74. 3003: 2998: 2995: 2992:, p. 72. 2991: 2986: 2983: 2980:, p. 83. 2979: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2914: 2911:, p. 54. 2910: 2909:Faragher 2011 2905: 2902: 2899:, p. 71. 2898: 2893: 2890: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2862:, p. 33. 2861: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2838: 2835:, p. 72. 2834: 2829: 2826: 2823:, p. 25. 2822: 2821:Faragher 2011 2817: 2814: 2811:, p. 18. 2810: 2809:Faragher 2011 2805: 2802: 2799:, p. 16. 2798: 2797:Faragher 2011 2793: 2790: 2785: 2784: 2776: 2773: 2768: 2767: 2759: 2756: 2752:. April 1937. 2751: 2744: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2722: 2719:, p. 60. 2718: 2713: 2710: 2707:, p. 26. 2706: 2705:Faragher 2011 2701: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2680:, p. 59. 2679: 2674: 2671: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2649:, p. 57. 2648: 2643: 2640: 2637:, p. 63. 2636: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2622:, p. 55. 2621: 2616: 2613: 2610:, p. 36. 2609: 2604: 2601: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2567:Faragher 2011 2563: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2515: 2512:, p. 84. 2511: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2495:, p. 69. 2494: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2468: 2461: 2458: 2455:, p. 47. 2454: 2449: 2446: 2443:, p. 53. 2442: 2441:Faragher 2011 2437: 2434: 2431:, p. 52. 2430: 2429:Faragher 2011 2425: 2422: 2417: 2416: 2409: 2406: 2394: 2393: 2388: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2364:, p. 85. 2363: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2278:. Hammond USA 2277: 2271: 2268: 2265:, p. 58. 2264: 2263:Faragher 2011 2259: 2256: 2244:. Hammond USA 2240: 2234: 2231: 2228:, p. 67. 2227: 2222: 2219: 2216:, p. 89. 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2201:, p. 50. 2200: 2199:Faragher 2011 2195: 2192: 2188: 2187:Faragher 2011 2183: 2180: 2177:, p. 76. 2176: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2158:, p. 34. 2157: 2156:Faragher 2011 2152: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2113: 2110:, p. 68. 2109: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2073:, p. 14. 2072: 2071:Faragher 2011 2067: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1937:the Prisoners 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1866:Tyrone Downie 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1838:Junior Marvin 1835: 1831: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665:Mike Finnigan 1662: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1647:Steve Winwood 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1602: 1601:Keith Emerson 1596: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1585:Billy Preston 1582: 1581:Keith Emerson 1578: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1490:(now part of 1489: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1340: 1333: 1319: 1305: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1266: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1190: 1185: 1179: 1177: 1165: 1149: 1131: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1117:reverberation 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1031: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1009: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 991: 986: 984: 979: 975: 967: 955: 948: 946: 944: 939: 935: 931: 926: 920: 915: 911: 903: 897:Spinet organs 896: 894: 892: 886: 878: 874: 870: 862: 858: 856: 851: 845: 843: 837: 829: 823: 821: 809: 793: 773: 768: 767:Spinet organs 765: 762: 758: 754: 750: 747: 746: 745: 739: 737: 735: 729: 727: 723: 719: 716:In 1936, the 714: 690: 676: 674: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 640: 638: 634: 629: 625: 621: 613: 611: 608: 604: 603:starter motor 595: 594:starter motor 590: 583: 581: 578: 574: 570: 566: 558: 556: 553: 552:chorus effect 549: 541: 539: 527: 522: 515: 513: 495: 493: 488: 484: 479: 475: 470: 468: 460: 455: 448: 446: 443: 438: 435: 431: 426: 422: 417: 415: 410: 406: 402: 394: 389: 383: 381: 369: 353: 333: 328: 321: 319: 317: 313: 309: 301: 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 268: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 249:organ players 246: 242: 238: 234: 231:musicians in 230: 226: 222: 218: 213: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 178:Hammond organ 170: 166: 163: 159: 153: 151: 147: 142: 138: 136: 132: 129: 126: 122: 119: 116: 114: 110: 106: 104: 100: 95: 89: 85: 77: 73: 56: 54: 50: 43: 38: 35:Hammond organ 33: 30: 19: 18:Hammond Organ 6143:Short octave 6047: 6023:Harmonichord 5890:Telharmonium 5875:Organ makers 5870:Lowrey organ 5847: 5821:Gibson G-101 5702: 5690: 5657:the original 5589: 5570: 5550: 5529: 5509: 5490: 5470: 5449: 5428: 5407: 5386: 5365: 5356: 5340: 5315: 5295: 5273: 5243: 5221: 5200: 5180: 5159: 5137: 5116: 5095: 5074: 5053: 5032: 5011: 4990: 4969: 4948: 4928: 4908: 4896:Bibliography 4882:. Retrieved 4877: 4868: 4856:. Retrieved 4851: 4842: 4830:. Retrieved 4826: 4816: 4804: 4792:. Retrieved 4786: 4776: 4764: 4752: 4740: 4730:– via 4724:. Retrieved 4710: 4697: 4685:. Retrieved 4679: 4669: 4657: 4645: 4633: 4621: 4609: 4602:Masouri 2010 4597: 4585: 4578:Masouri 2010 4573: 4561: 4549: 4537: 4525: 4513: 4501:. Retrieved 4491: 4479: 4467:. Retrieved 4456: 4444: 4432: 4420: 4408: 4396: 4384: 4372: 4360: 4348: 4336:. Retrieved 4333:The Guardian 4332: 4322: 4310: 4298: 4286: 4274: 4262: 4250: 4238: 4209: 4197:. Retrieved 4187: 4175:. Retrieved 4169: 4159: 4147: 4135:. Retrieved 4129: 4119: 4107:. Retrieved 4103:the original 4096: 4086: 4074:. Retrieved 4068: 4058: 4046:. Retrieved 4040: 4015:. Retrieved 4011:Mercury News 4010: 4001: 3996:, p. 9. 3989: 3977:. Retrieved 3973:the original 3966: 3941: 3929: 3917: 3905:. Retrieved 3901:the original 3891: 3884:Stevens 2001 3879: 3867: 3855: 3843: 3831:. Retrieved 3827:the original 3817: 3805:. Retrieved 3801: 3791: 3779:. 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