473:
hamstring injury is one of the most cited risks for future injury, with as many as one-third of active individuals experiencing a re-injury within 2 weeks of returning to activity. A meta-analysis article showed evidence that a history of hamstring injury and being of older age were associated with increased risk of hamstring strains. One study found that men and master athletes (athletes older than forty) were at an increased risk of hamstring strains compared with women and younger athletes. Women were approximately 3 times more likely to develop hamstring strain than males with the majority of these being non-sporting scenarios. Similarly the average age of non-sporting hamstring strains are from the ages of 40–60. Many of these non-sporting injuries are sustained during road traffic accidents, slipping, and falling. These results also show that hamstring strains account for 50% of muscle injuries received by sprinters and are the most common injury in hurdling. One explanation is that older active individuals may be at greater risk due to lower levels of eccentric knee flexor strength compared with their younger counterparts. However, it is unclear whether flexibility serves as a risk factor; this topic should be researched in the future to further understand the relationship between flexibility and risk of injury. Muscle weakness has also been an implication as a predisposing factor for both primary and recurring hamstring strain injuries. Over a 10-year study more than 51.3% of hamstring strains occurred during the preseason of athletics. In another study, that analyzed 25 NCAA sports over four years, it was clearly shown that hamstring strain rates are higher in the preseason. The factors that are being implicated in this trend are the relative deterioration and muscle weakness that occur during the off-season.
485:
a demonstration of no more than an average of 60% hamstring activation was measured. This is not sufficient enough stress that is seen in maximal sprinting. Sprint related activities like the A-Switch, A-Skip, Bounding, dribbles, etc., progressed to maximal sprinting display better physical preparation and specificity. This is conjunction with isometric variations like the hamstring iso-hold, iso-switch, iso-catch, along with the
Upright-hip-extension and Nordic hamstring without hip flexion compliment as strength exercises. Typical return to play protocols for hamstring strain for sprint demands must include the sprint related activities above progressing to qualities like acceleration, late acceleration, maximum velocity, and speed endurance for effective rehabilitation and preparation for sport demands. Thus exercises like the Upright-Hip-Extension and Nordic Hamstring Curl without Hip Flexion in isolation will not adequately prepare for sport related activities.
477:
At the end of the swing phase, the hamstrings must eccentrically contract while applying a braking moment to knee extension, then immediately change functions to again concentrically contract and produce hip extension. Studies have shown that "the hamstring group reaches peak elongation and acts eccentrically at the hip and knee during the late swing phases of running" and that "the hamstrings are most active and develop the greatest torques at the hip and knee during the late swing through midstance phase of running." Thus, the hamstrings reach their maximum length while attempting to forcefully contract eccentrically and switch functions to immediately produce a concentric contraction, which makes the terminal part of swing phase the most vulnerable for injury.
40:
481:
previous hamstring injury. Brokett et al. (2004) stated that "the athletes most at risk of a hamstring strain are those with a previous history of such injury" and noted that 34% of the hamstring injuries were recurrences." Cameron et al. also found that 34% of injuries recur in the same season. Arnason et al. generalized these numbers, saying that previous injury was in itself an independent risk factor for re-injury.
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When examining sprint related activities, strengthening programs should target exercises associated with horizontal force production and high levels of hamstring activity. When analyzing correlations between exercises like the
Upright-hip-extension and the Nordic hamstring curl without hip flexion,
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There have been many other proposed predisposing factors to injury. These include muscle weakness, muscle imbalance, poor flexibility, fatigue, inadequate warm up, poor neuromuscular control, and poor running technique. One of the few predisposing factors that most researchers agree upon however is
476:
The hamstrings undergo a complex dynamic process during gait, making it unsurprising that they are frequently injured. They must first contract concentrically during the end of the stance phase in order to bend the knee and allow the foot (along with dorsiflexion at the ankle) to clear the ground.
68:
and related tissues. Hamstring injuries are common in athletes participating in many sports. Track and field athletes are particularly at risk, as hamstring injuries have been estimated to make up 29% of all injuries in sprinters. Hamstring injuries can also come with a hip injury from sprinting.
463:
Initial treatment of the injury, regardless of the severity of the strain, is the same. Within the first five days, the hamstring is rested in an elevated position with an ice pack applied for twenty minutes every two hours. A compression bandage is applied to limit bleeding and swelling in the
472:
An academic study found that the most common and prevalent musculoskeletal injury in the world is a hamstring strain. The study further explains that hamstring strains represented 15% of all injuries per club per season also had a 34% chance of recurrence. Another study showed that a previous
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protocol — rest, ice, compression and elevation. The RICE method is primarily used to reduce bleeding and damage within the muscle tissue. Lower grade strains can easily become worse if the hamstring is not rested properly. Complete ruptures require surgical repair and rehabilitation.
660:
Opar, D. A., Drezner, J., Williams, M., Webner, D., Sennett, B., Kapur, R., Cronholm, P.F.(2014). Acute hamstring strain injury in track-and-field athletes: A 3-year observational study at the Penn Relay
Carnival. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports,
336:
A grade three hamstring strain is a severe injury. There is an immediate burning or stabbing pain and the individual is unable to walk without pain. The muscle is completely torn and there may be a large lump of muscle tissue above a depression where the tear is.
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Dalton, S. L., Kerr, Z.Y., & Dompier, T.P.(2015). Epidemiology of
Hamstring Strains in 25 NCAA Sports in the 2009-2010 to 2013-2014 Academic Years. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(11), 2671-2679.
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Ahmad, C.S., Redler, L.H., Ciccotti, M.G., Maffulli, N., Longo, U.G., & Bradley, J. (2013, December). Evaluation and
Management of Hamstring Injuries. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(12),
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Freckleton, G., & Pizzari, T. (2013, April). Risk factors for hamstring muscle strain injury in sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British
Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(6), 351-358.
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Kuske B, Hamilton DF, Pattle SB, Simpson AHRW (2016) Patterns of
Hamstring Muscle Tears in the General Population: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE 11(5):e0152855.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152855
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With a grade two hamstring strain there is immediate pain which is more severe than the pain of a grade one injury. It is confirmed by pain on stretch, swelling and contraction of the muscle.
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Orchard, J., & Seward, H. (2002, February). Epidemiology of injuries in the
Australian Football League, seasons 1997-2000. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(1), 39-45.
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199:
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Sherry, M. A., Johnston, T. S., & Heiderscheit, B. C. (2015, April). Rehabilitation of Acute
Hamstring Strain Injuries. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 34(2), 263-284.
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The muscle group is prone to injuries due to the explosive nature of movement in sports and thus causing overload and overstretching of the hamstring musculature.
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949:
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After a few days with grade two and three injuries, a large bruise may appear below the injury site caused by the bleeding within the tissues.
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long head is at the most risk for injury, possibly due to its reduced moment of knee and hip flexion as compared to the medial hamstrings.
603:
1151:
1198:
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Prince, Caroline; Morin, Jean-Benoît; Mendiguchia, Jurdan; Lahti, Johan; Guex, Kenny; Edouard, Pascal; Samozino, Pierre (2020).
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876:"Sprint Specificity of Isolated Hamstring-Strengthening Exercises in Terms of Muscle Activity and Force Production"
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787:"Motor control and strength as predictors of hamstring injury in elite players of Australian football"
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Symptoms for a hip injury are pain, aching and discomfort while running or any physical exercise.
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Kuske, Barbara; Hamilton, David F.; Pattle, Sam B.; Simpson, A. Hamish R. W. (2016-05-04).
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Sports involving cross-country skiing, downhill skiing, judo, cricket, and bull riding
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678:"Patterns of Hamstring Muscle Tears in the General Population: A Systematic Review"
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Two images of the same strain. One of the pictures was shot through a mirror.
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Bruising due to strained hamstring; horizontal lines show where bandage was.
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729:
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100:
507:"Prevention of hamstring strains in elite soccer: an intervention study"
328:
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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Athletes involved in football, baseball, American football, rugby
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tissues. After five days of rest, active rehabilitation begins.
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Arnason A, Andersen TE, Holme I, Engebretsen L, Bahr R (2008).
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1112:
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556:"The natural history and management of hamstring injuries"
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Sensation of cramp or tightness and a slight feeling of
379:
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835:"Predicting hamstring strain injury in elite athletes"
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Recommended treatment for this injury consists of the
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1005:
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64:, is defined as an excessive stretch or tear of
378:Please review the contents of the section and
312:when the muscles are stretched or contracted.
213:Please review the contents of the section and
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8:
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785:Cameron, M.; Adams, R.; Maher, C. (2003).
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833:Brockett CL, Morgan DL, Proske U (2004).
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164:This condition is most commonly seen in:
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880:Frontiers in Sports and Active Living
7:
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852:10.1249/01.mss.0000117165.75832.05
604:"Marshall University Orthopaedics"
25:
1318:Dislocations, sprains and strains
1152:Anterior cruciate ligament injury
524:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00634.x
444:
352:
279:
187:
88:
380:add the appropriate references
215:add the appropriate references
103:format but may read better as
1:
806:10.1016/s1466-853x(03)00053-1
703:10.1371/journal.pone.0152855
365:reliable medical references
200:reliable medical references
1339:
560:Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med
80:Causes of hamstring strain
893:10.3389/fspor.2020.609636
794:Physical Therapy in Sport
572:10.1007/s12178-007-9018-8
371:or relies too heavily on
206:or relies too heavily on
138:The other causes may be:
46:
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171:Dancers and water skiers
1288:Achilles tendon rupture
1283:Patellar tendon rupture
112:converting this article
511:Scand J Med Sci Sports
333:
300:
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1162:Patellar dislocation
839:Med Sci Sports Exerc
145:Poor muscle strength
1050:Dislocated shoulder
694:2016PLoSO..1152855K
1103:Gamekeeper's thumb
1060:Separated shoulder
1019:Dislocation of jaw
937:Hamstring Injuries
554:Carlson C (2008).
394:"Pulled hamstring"
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229:"Pulled hamstring"
151:Inadequate warm-up
114:, if appropriate.
60:, also known as a
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1239:Rotator cuff tear
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1193:High ankle sprain
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27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
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1167:Knee dislocation
1147:Tear of meniscus
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66:muscle fibers
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41:
36:
31:
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1293:Shin splints
1260:
1098:Pulled elbow
1066:ALPSA lesion
977:subluxations
973:Dislocations
883:
879:
869:
842:
838:
828:
817:. Retrieved
810:the original
797:
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685:
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612:. Retrieved
608:the original
598:
566:(2): 120–3.
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468:Epidemiology
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369:verification
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204:verification
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116:Editing help
98:
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61:
52:
517:(1): 40–8.
363:needs more
198:needs more
1312:Categories
886:: 609636.
819:2014-03-18
746:2933-2947.
614:2008-01-08
489:References
405:newspapers
240:newspapers
124:April 2021
1323:Hamstring
1231:upper arm
1071:SLAP tear
1038:upper arm
998:ligaments
902:2624-9367
712:1932-6203
435:June 2020
344:Treatment
270:June 2020
179:Diagnosis
157:Imbalance
58:hamstring
54:Straining
1227:Shoulder
1199:Turf toe
1034:Shoulder
1024:Whiplash
920:33554110
861:15076778
730:27144648
682:PLOS ONE
661:254-259.
590:19468884
541:23545542
533:17355322
1218:tendons
1213:Muscles
1090:forearm
985:strains
981:sprains
911:7859261
721:4856270
690:Bibcode
581:2684206
419:scholar
384:removed
324:Grade 3
316:Grade 2
304:Grade 1
254:scholar
219:removed
160:Overuse
154:Fatigue
56:of the
993:Joints
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291:Grades
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99:is in
1253:thigh
1177:Ankle
1117:thigh
1086:Elbow
813:(PDF)
790:(PDF)
537:S2CID
426:JSTOR
412:books
261:JSTOR
247:books
105:prose
1273:and
1271:Knee
1251:and
1229:and
1181:foot
1179:and
1137:and
1135:Knee
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