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they prefer to pay additional taxes as a substitute to the compulsory community work. In other communities, the administration transferred the work to private companies, so every citizen, that is in age to be drafted, has to pay the additional substitute tax. By local law it is determined, who is obliged for
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Hand and hitch-up services in history often have been done by the public. That was, for example, the setting of field bridges in the fields, the preservation of dams or even the construction of agricultural roads and local roads. The necessary materials (stones, wood, etc.) have usually been provided
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minor communal services of a kind which, being performed by the members of the municipality in the direct interest of the said municipality, can therefore be considered as normal civic obligations incumbent upon the members of the municipality, provided that the members of the municipality or their
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on the level of the municipalities regularly. According to the respective municipal regulations, basically there are two versions of executing the mandatory services for the drafted citizens: in some municipalities the citizens can choose, if they participate in manual work for the community or if
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Hand and hitch-up services in history were services for the reduction of municipal taxes. The citizens of the municipality were required to do certain physical work, which can be summarised under the historical terms
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Even today, municipal regulations in
Germany provide that municipalities may, under certain circumstances, oblige their inhabitants to carry out manual and hitch-up services, such as in
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452:"Verordnung des Gemeindevorstandes der Gemeinde Bürserberg aufgrund des Beschlusses vom 22.01.2004 über die Vorschreibung von Hand- und Zugdiensten"
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Hitch-up services (of hitching up draft animals): The person must provide services with a team of horses or carriages (train cattle and dishes).
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of 1930. The following work services, especially for military services, are exceptions of forced or compulsory labour:
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and are not contrary to the prohibition of compulsory labor, if the following conditions are fulfilled:
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direct representatives shall have the right to be consulted in regard to the need for such services.
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Generality: in principle, every member of the municipality is obliged to bear the municipal burdens
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frequently, but nowadays only small municipalities draft their citizens, like the German town of
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Conventionality: compulsory services are intended to reduce the payment of local taxes
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any work or service exacted in cases of emergency, that is to say, in the event of
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427:"Das Kommunalabgabengesetz vom 14. Juli 1893: Für den praktischen Gebrauch ..."
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Shovel services: construction of buildings, construction of roads, ditches
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Equality: every member of the municipality is obliged in the same way
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may be in need of reorganization to comply with
Knowledge (XXG)'s
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are backed by international agreements like the agreement on the
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Hand services: The citizen must perform work with his own hands.
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291:. They are public service obligations within the scope of the
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387:"Verordnung über die Ausschreibung von Hand- und Zugdiensten"
408:"Convention C029 - Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)"
267:, only one person per household is obliged to serve, in
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all male citizens between the age of 18 and 60 years.
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98:(German: "Gemeindedienste") are allowed in some
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58:Learn how and when to remove this message
222:There were different types of services:
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491:"§ 10 - Rechtsstellung des Einwohners"
425:Prussia (Germany) (24 November 1894).
110:, citizens were drafted for mandatory
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126:Beside several states' regulations,
94:) or more contemporary (mandatory)
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250:Currently, the Austrian state of
136:International Labour Organization
118:once a year or Bezau in Austria.
241:Hand and hitch-up services today
161:or threatened calamity, such as
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326:Compulsory Border Guard Service
396:(in German). 25 February 1997.
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461:(in German). 26 January 2004.
437:– via Internet Archive.
515:(in German). Archived from
263:-services. For example, in
146:of the citizens of a fully
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543:www.gesetze-im-internet.de
80:hand and hitch-up services
429:(in German). J. Guttentag
539:"Art 12 GG - Einzelnorm"
509:"Fehler - Bürgerservice"
132:Forced Labour Convention
106:. In the 1950s in rural
336:Conscription in Germany
331:Compulsory Fire Service
473:"Hand- und Zugdienste"
128:Hand- und Spanndienste
88:Hand- und Spanndienste
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513:www.gesetze-bayern.de
261:Hand- und Zugdienste
256:Hand- und Zugdienste
237:by the authorities.
92:Hand- und Zugdienste
581:Taxation in Germany
293:German Constitution
116:Winsen an der Aller
40:editing the article
519:on 1 December 2017
316:Civil conscription
183:epizootic diseases
96:municipal services
321:Community service
281:Baden-Württemberg
144:civic obligations
112:community service
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549:24 November
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433:24 November
122:Legal basis
571:Labour law
565:Categories
495:Dejure.org
352:References
265:Bürserberg
252:Vorarlberg
175:earthquake
477:Langen.at
394:Bezau.at
346:Workfare
310:See also
159:calamity
150:country;
100:Austrian
412:ILO.org
285:Bavaria
275:Germany
246:Austria
206:History
157:, of a
134:of the
76:Germany
72:Austria
217:socage
213:corvée
191:insect
187:animal
171:famine
84:German
455:(PDF)
390:(PDF)
269:Bezau
167:flood
551:2017
525:2017
435:2017
163:fire
102:and
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215:or
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181:or
155:war
90:or
70:In
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