20:
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Rodent control in and around the home remains the primary prevention strategy, as well as eliminating contact with rodents in the workplace and campsite. Closed storage sheds and cabins are often ideal sites for rodent infestations. Airing out of such spaces prior to use is recommended. Avoid direct
110:
Symptoms of HFRS usually develop within one to two weeks after exposure to infectious material, but in rare cases, they may take up to eight weeks to develop. In
Nephropathia epidemica, the incubation period is three weeks. Initial symptoms begin suddenly and include intense headaches, back and
111:
abdominal pain, fever, chills, nausea, and blurred vision. Individuals may have flushing of the face, inflammation or redness of the eyes, or a rash. Later symptoms can include low blood pressure, acute shock, vascular leakage, and acute kidney failure, which can cause severe fluid overload.
114:
The severity of the disease varies depending upon the virus causing the infection. Hantaan and
Dobrava virus infections usually cause severe symptoms, while Seoul, Saaremaa, and Puumala virus infections are usually more moderate. Complete recovery can take weeks or months.
743:
263:
type of antibodies against hantaviruses are good evidence for an acute hantavirus infection. HFRS should be suspected in patients with acute febrile flu-like illness, kidney failure of unknown origin and sometimes liver dysfunction.
74:
and other orthohantaviruses. Of these species, Hantaan River virus and
Dobrava-Belgrade virus cause the most severe form of the syndrome and have the highest morbidity rates. When caused by the Puumala virus, it is also called
228:
Hantaviruses infect various rodents, generally without causing disease. Transmission by aerosolized rodent excreta still remains the only known way the virus is transmitted to humans. In general, droplet and/or
293:
HFRS is primarily a
Eurasian disease, whereas HPS appears to be confined to the Americas. The geography is directly related to the indigenous rodent hosts and the viruses that coevolved with them.
304:
HFRS was the subject of an episode of the television series M*A*S*H. In season 8, episode 9 the 4077th dealt with a condition, with similar symptoms to HFRS, called "Korean
Hemorrhagic Fever".
1899:
365:
Peters, Md; Simpson, Md, Phd, Mph, Gary L.; Levy, Md, Phd, H. (1999). "Spectrum of
Hantavirus Infection: Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome1".
840:
400:
296:
Although fatal in a small percentage of cases, nephropathia epidemica is generally milder than the HFRS that is caused by hantaviruses in other parts of the world.
1909:
1284:
812:
619:
Peters CJ, Simpson GL, Levy H (1999). "Spectrum of hantavirus infection: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome".
921:
160:, as well as gastro-intestinal problems. These symptoms normally occur for three to seven days and arise about two to three weeks after exposure.
285:
in China and Korea, administered within seven days of onset of fever, resulted in a reduced mortality as well as shortened course of illness.
833:
1158:
1273:
98:(HPS) are caused by hantaviruses, specifically when humans inhale aerosolized excrements of infected rodents. Both diseases appear to be
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There is no cure for HFRS. Treatment involves supportive therapy including renal dialysis. Treatment with
338:
Cosgriff TM, Lewis RM (December 1991). "Mechanisms of disease in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome".
1788:
1697:
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1016:
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is the reservoir for the virus, which humans contract through inhalation of aerosolised vole droppings.
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contact with rodent droppings and wear a mask to avoid inhalation of aerosolized rodent secretions.
220:
This syndrome can also be fatal. In some cases, it has been known to cause permanent renal failure.
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transfer has not been shown in the hantaviruses in either the pulmonary or hemorrhagic forms.
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by Brian Hjelle, M.D., Department of
Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico
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560:. Dept. of Biology & Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Archived from
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102:, and inflammatory mediators are important in causing the clinical manifestations.
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of three to six litres per day, which can last for a couple of days up to weeks.
193:
173:
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46:. It is found in Europe, Asia, and Africa. The species that cause HFRS include
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1994:
1964:
1914:
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1416:
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1225:
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956:
752:
558:"Ebola and Marburg Virus Genomic Structure, Comparative and Molecular Biology"
188:
This phase lasts for three to seven days and is characterised by the onset of
35:
2073:
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282:
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177:
154:
146:
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640:
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Muranyi, Walter; Bahr, Udo; Zeier, Martin; Van Der Woude, Fokko J. (2005).
386:
501:
430:
351:
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692:
417:
Lee HW, van der Groen G (1989). "Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome".
249:
205:
169:
134:
735:
2003:
1952:
1930:
1449:
677:"A global perspective on hantavirus ecology, epidemiology, and disease"
130:
16:
Group of clinically similar illnesses caused by species of hantaviruses
813:
Significant rise in number of
Puumala virus cases in Southern Finland.
654:
2041:
1820:
1549:
1538:
747:
230:
138:
216:
This is normally when recovery occurs and symptoms begin to improve.
23:
Transmission electron micrograph of Sin Nombre virus, a hantavirus.
803:
Virus
Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Bunyaviridae
256:
157:
126:
34:) is a group of clinically similar illnesses caused by species of
18:
1112:
517:"Emerging infections: lessons from the viral hemorrhagic fevers"
822:
1740:
575:
Rose AM, Vapalahti O, Lyytikäinen O, Nuorti P (January 2003).
248:
HFRS is difficult to diagnose on clinical grounds alone and
118:
The course of the illness can be split into five phases:
784:"Hantaviruses, with emphasis on Four Corners Hantavirus"
655:"CDC - Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) - Hantavirus"
442:
440:
675:
Jonsson CB, Figueiredo LT, Vapalahti O (April 2010).
778:
Sloan
Science and Film / Short Films / Muerto Canyon
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808:Occurrences and deaths in North and South America
790:CDC's Hantavirus Technical Information Index page
577:"Patterns of Puumala virus infection in Finland"
28:Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
259:in a one-week interval and the presence of the
834:
453:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
252:evidence is often needed. A fourfold rise in
125:Symptoms include redness of cheeks and nose,
8:
399:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1285:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
2027:
1937:
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488:Kulzer P, Heidland A (December 1994). "".
700:
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153:problems such as the ones common in the
412:
410:
330:
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1656:Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
172:levels drop and symptoms can lead to
7:
1159:Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
180:. This phase can last for two days.
129:, chills, sweaty palms, diarrhea,
14:
1149:Western equine encephalomyelitis
1139:Eastern equine encephalomyelitis
521:Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc
236:For Nephropathia epidemica, the
55:Dobrava-Belgrade orthohantavirus
1274:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
1436:Kemerovo tickborne viral fever
1:
1693:Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
932:Jamestown Canyon encephalitis
815:Helsinki Sanomat Sep 29 2008.
96:hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
91:(mouse plague) in Norwegian.
87:(vole fever) in Finnish, and
79:. This infection is known as
1587:Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever
633:10.1146/annurev.med.50.1.531
527:: 189–96, discussion 196–7.
379:10.1146/annurev.med.50.1.531
1609:Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
1597:Argentine hemorrhagic fever
2134:
1621:Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
1501:Sandfly fever Naples virus
594:10.2807/esm.08.01.00394-en
556:Crowley, J.; Crusberg, T.
44:epidemic hemorrhagic fever
1289:Huaiyangshan banyangvirus
367:Annual Review of Medicine
204:This is characterized by
83:(vole fever) in Swedish,
1905:SARS-related coronavirus
1868:Henipavirus encephalitis
1726:Murid gammaherpesvirus 4
1571:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
1352:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
1324:Arbovirus encephalitides
1300:Arbovirus encephalitides
1270:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
1235:Banna virus encephalitis
1135:Arbovirus encephalitides
1080:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
1046:Saint Louis encephalitis
1013:Arbovirus encephalitides
964:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
898:Arbovirus encephalitides
40:Korean hemorrhagic fever
2108:Rodent-carried diseases
2009:Yaba monkey tumor virus
1366:Kyasanur Forest disease
1328:Tick-borne encephalitis
1029:Australian encephalitis
922:California encephalitis
71:Puumala orthohantavirus
49:Hantaan orthohantavirus
1356:Omsk hemorrhagic fever
937:La Crosse encephalitis
780:by Jen Peel 29 minutes
466:10.1681/ASN.2005050561
449:"Hantavirus Infection"
77:nephropathia epidemica
38:. It is also known as
24:
2103:Hantavirus infections
1789:Marburg virus disease
1340:Powassan encephalitis
1017:Japanese encephalitis
657:. Cdc.gov. 2013-02-06
168:This occurs when the
65:Seoul orthohantavirus
22:
1215:Semliki Forest virus
693:10.1128/CMR.00062-09
681:Clin. Microbiol. Rev
1762:Ebola virus disease
1426:Colorado tick fever
1181:O'nyong'nyong fever
2118:Hemorrhagic fevers
2113:Biological weapons
1974:Simian foamy virus
515:Peters CJ (2006).
314:Hantavirus vaccine
300:In Popular Culture
213:Convalescent phase
106:Signs and symptoms
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988:Rift Valley fever
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459:(12): 3669–3679.
340:Kidney Int. Suppl
165:Hypotensive phase
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2028:
1938:
1748:
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1521:Chandipura virus
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1397:Orthomyxoviridae
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1203:Ross River fever
968:Bunyamwera fever
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1489:Pappataci fever
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1280:Heartland virus
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621:Annu. Rev. Med
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564:on 2013-10-15.
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94:Both HFRS and
60:Saaremaa virus
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1469:
1468:
1466:
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1458:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1406:Bourbon virus
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1369:
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1364:
1359:
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1353:
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1228:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:Sindbis virus
1194:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1162:
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1160:
1157:
1152:
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1136:
1133:
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1130:
1128:
1127:
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1114:
1111:
1110:
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1087:
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1072:
1069:
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1037:
1035:
1032:
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1030:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1000:
991:
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989:
986:
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979:
976:
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965:
962:
961:
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949:
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939:
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935:
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914:
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905:
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899:
896:
895:
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890:
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874:
871:
869:
863:
858:
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851:
844:
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832:
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824:
821:
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811:
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788:
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779:
776:
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765:
761:
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749:
745:
741:
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737:
732:
728:
721:
712:
708:
703:
698:
694:
690:
687:(2): 412–41.
686:
682:
678:
671:
668:
656:
650:
647:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
615:
613:
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604:
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595:
590:
586:
582:
581:Euro Surveill
578:
571:
568:
563:
559:
552:
549:
544:
540:
535:
530:
526:
522:
518:
511:
508:
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492:(in German).
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396:
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368:
361:
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353:
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334:
331:
324:
320:
319:Leptospirosis
317:
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288:
286:
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276:
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267:
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223:
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207:
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195:
191:
190:renal failure
187:
184:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
163:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
122:Febrile phase
121:
120:
119:
116:
112:
105:
103:
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
2063:
2054:Mokola virus
2031:
1993:
1965:Retroviridae
1963:
1951:
1941:
1889:
1857:
1810:
1751:
1724:
1714:
1655:
1647:Bunyavirales
1645:
1562:Arenaviridae
1560:
1510:
1462:Bunyavirales
1460:
1415:
1395:
1381:Langat virus
1315:Flaviviridae
1313:
1304:Bhanja virus
1261:Bunyavirales
1259:
1224:
1124:
1096:Yellow fever
1084:Dengue fever
1004:Flaviviridae
1002:
947:Tahyna virus
912:Bwamba Fever
889:Bunyavirales
887:
798:: Hantavirus
795:
757:
742:
684:
680:
670:
659:. Retrieved
649:
624:
620:
584:
580:
570:
562:the original
551:
524:
520:
510:
493:
489:
483:
456:
452:
422:
418:
395:cite journal
370:
366:
360:
343:
339:
333:
303:
295:
292:
289:Epidemiology
280:
271:
254:IgG antibody
247:
235:
227:
224:Transmission
219:
117:
113:
109:
93:
88:
84:
80:
76:
69:
63:
53:
47:
43:
39:
36:hantaviruses
31:
27:
26:
1753:Filoviridae
1575:Lassa fever
1471:Adria virus
1169:Chikungunya
1126:Togaviridae
1056:Usutu virus
978:Ngari virus
902:Batai virus
587:(1): 9–13.
373:: 531–545.
250:serological
194:proteinuria
174:tachycardia
151:respiratory
2097:Categories
2065:Poxviridae
1995:Poxviridae
1915:SARS-CoV-2
1417:Reoviridae
1295:Tete virus
1226:Reoviridae
1108:Zika fever
957:Tete virus
855:(A80–B34,
661:2013-07-07
627:: 531–45.
490:Ther Umsch
425:: 62–102.
325:References
268:Prevention
85:myyräkuume
2074:Monkeypox
866:Arthropod
796:Viralzone
346:: S72–9.
283:ribavirin
277:Treatment
244:Diagnosis
238:bank vole
178:hypoxemia
155:influenza
147:back pain
143:abdominal
135:headaches
81:sorkfeber
2022:Multiple
1910:SARS-CoV
1900:MERS-CoV
1089:DENV-1-4
877:Mosquito
850:Zoonotic
711:20375360
641:10073292
603:12631978
543:18528473
475:16267154
387:10073292
308:See also
206:diuresis
89:musepest
2024:vectors
2004:Tanapox
1953:B virus
1931:Primate
1450:Sandfly
1276:(CCHFV)
857:042–079
764:D006480
702:2863364
534:1500910
502:7784996
431:2573914
352:1685203
131:malaise
2042:Rabies
1984:HTLV-2
1979:HTLV-1
1933:-borne
1821:Rabies
1743:-borne
1552:-borne
1550:Rodent
1541:-borne
1539:Mammal
1473:(ADRV)
1452:-borne
1251:-borne
879:-borne
868:-borne
709:
699:
639:
601:
541:
531:
500:
473:
429:
385:
350:
231:fomite
139:nausea
1782:ZEBOV
1686:THAIV
1174:CHIKV
753:A98.5
257:titer
158:virus
127:fever
2047:RABV
1848:CHPV
1836:DUVV
1831:MOKV
1826:ABLV
1799:RAVV
1794:MARV
1777:TAFV
1772:SUDV
1767:BDBV
1698:ANDV
1681:AMRV
1676:SEOV
1671:PUUV
1666:HTNV
1661:DOBV
1636:CHPV
1631:LUJV
1625:MACV
1614:SABV
1602:JUNV
1591:GTOV
1580:LASV
1430:CTFV
1385:LGTV
1374:AHFV
1370:KFDV
1360:OHFV
1345:POWV
1333:TBEV
1249:Tick
1185:ONNV
1163:VEEV
1153:WEEV
1143:EEEV
1113:ZIKV
1060:USUV
1050:SLEV
1039:KUNV
1034:MVEV
992:RVFV
982:NRIV
972:BUNV
951:TAHV
941:LACV
916:BWAV
906:BATV
759:MeSH
707:PMID
637:PMID
599:PMID
539:PMID
498:PMID
471:PMID
427:PMID
401:link
383:PMID
348:PMID
192:and
176:and
145:and
42:and
32:HFRS
1878:NiV
1873:HeV
1841:LBV
1741:Bat
1703:SNV
1208:RRV
1101:YFV
1071:WNV
1022:JEV
926:CEV
744:ICD
697:PMC
689:doi
629:doi
589:doi
529:PMC
525:117
461:doi
375:doi
261:IgM
2099::
1573::
1354::
1326::
1302::
1272::
1137::
1082::
1015::
966::
900::
762::
751::
748:10
705:.
695:.
685:23
683:.
679:.
635:.
625:50
623:.
611:^
597:.
583:.
579:.
537:.
523:.
519:.
494:51
469:.
457:16
455:.
451:.
439:^
423:36
421:.
409:^
397:}}
393:{{
381:.
371:50
369:.
344:35
342:.
149:,
141:,
137:,
133:,
68:,
62:,
58:,
52:,
1291:)
1287:(
859:)
842:e
835:t
828:v
746:-
736:D
713:.
691::
664:.
643:.
631::
605:.
591::
585:8
545:.
504:.
477:.
463::
433:.
403:)
389:.
377::
354:.
196:.
30:(
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