Haplogroup R1b - Knowledge (XXG)

1815:(2018) found R-M73 in 37.5% (15/40) of a sample of Teleuts from Bekovo, Kemerovo oblast, 4.5% (3/66) of a sample of Uyghurs from Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, 3.4% (1/29) of a sample of Kazakhs from Kazakhstan, 2.3% (3/129) of a sample of Selkups, 2.3% (1/44) of a sample of Turkmens from Turkmenistan, and 0.7% (1/136) of a sample of Iranians from Iran. Four of these individuals (one of the Teleuts, one of the Uyghurs, the Kazakh, and the Iranian) appear to belong to the aforementioned cluster marked by DYS390=19 (the Kumandin-Mongol R-M73 cluster); the Teleut and the Uyghur also share the modal values at the DYS385 and the DYS389 loci. The Iranian differs from the modal for this cluster by having 13-16 (or 13–29) at DYS389 instead of 14-16 (or 14–30). The Kazakh differs from the modal by having 13–14 at DYS385 instead of 13-13. The other fourteen Teleuts and the three Selkups appear to belong to the Teleut-Shor-Khakassian R-M73 cluster from the data set of Malyarchuk 1861: 2388:, who established agriculture in the Western Mediterranean by around 7500 BP. R1b-V88 haplogroups were identified in ancient Neolithic individuals in Germany, central Italy, Iberia, and, at a particularly high frequency, in Sardinia. A part of the branch leading to present-day African haplogroups (V2197) was already derived in Neolithic European individuals from Spain and Sardinia, providing further support for a North to South trans-Saharan movement. European autosomal ancestry, mtDNA haplogroups, and 3905: 272: 47: 531: 1697:(2011) found R-M73 in 13.2% (5/38) of Shors, 11.4% (5/44) of Teleuts, 3.3% (2/60) of Kalmyks, 3.1% (2/64) of Khakassians, 1.9% (2/108) of Tuvinians, and 1.1% (1/89) of Altaians. The Kalmyks, Tuvinians, and Altaian belong to a Y-STR cluster marked by DYS390=19, DYS389=14-16 (or 14–15 in the case of the Altaian individual), and DYS385=13-13. 7433:

Fregel, Rosa; Méndez, Fernando L.; Bokbot, Youssef; Martín-Socas, Dimas; Camalich-Massieu, María D.; Santana, Jonathan; Morales, Jacob; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Underhill, Peter A.; Shapiro, Beth; Wojcik, Genevieve; Rasmussen, Morten; Soares, André E. R.; Kapp, Joshua; Sockell, Alexandra (2018-06-26).

3832:

Studies have shown that haplogroup R1b could have a protective effect on the immune system. However, later studies have confirmed that the Y-chromosome has a very limited effect on coronary artery disease (CAD), for example, and that the previously purported link between Y-chromosome haplogroups and

1879:

Older research, published before researchers could study the DNA of ancient remains, proposed that R-M269 likely originated in Western Asia and was present in Europe by the Neolithic period. But results based on actual ancient DNA noticed that there was a dearth of R-M269 in Europe before the Bronze

1634:

Some examples described in older articles, for example two found in Turkey, are now thought to be mostly in the more recently discovered sub-clade R1b1b (R-V88). Most examples of R1b therefore fall into subclades R1b1b (R-V88) or R1b1a (R-P297). Cruciani et al. in the large 2010 study found 3 cases

720:

and SNP-based names are consequently reclassified within the phylogenetic tree. In some cases, an SNP is found to be unreliable as a defining mutation and an SNP-based name is removed completely. For example, before 2005, R1b was synonymous with R-P25, which was later reclassified as R1b1; in 2016,

4631:

area of Jordan – were positive for M173 (R1), and negative for both the R1a markers SRY10831.2 and M17, as well as P25 (which was later discovered to be an unreliable marker for R1b1). Myres et al. (2011) indicates that they are mostly R-V88 (later known as R1b1b). Wood et al. (2005) also reported

215:

R1b has two primary branches: R1b1-L754 and R1b2-PH155. R1b1-L754 has two major subclades: R1b1a1b-M269, which predominates in Western Europe, and R1b1b-V88, which is today common in parts of Central Africa. The other branch, R1b2-PH155, is so rare and widely dispersed that it is difficult to draw

1684:

A majority of Eurasian R1b falls within this subclade, representing a very large modern population. Although P297 itself has not yet been much tested for, the same population has been relatively well studied in terms of other markers. Therefore, the branching within this clade can be explained in

5354:

Sikora, Martin; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Sousa, Vitor C.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Vinner, Lasse; Rasmussen, Simon; Margaryan, Ashot; de Barros Damgaard, Peter; de la Fuente, Constanza; Renaud, Gabriel; Yang, Melinda A.; Fu, Qiaomei; Dupanloup, Isabelle; Giampoudakis, Konstantinos; Nogués-Bravo, David

1708:

of the Altai Republic in Russia. Three of these six Kumandins share an identical 15-loci Y-STR haplotype, and another two differ only at the DYS458 locus, having DYS458=18 instead of DYS458=17. This pair of Kumandin R-M73 haplotypes resembles the haplotypes of two Kalmyks, two Tuvinians, and one

1630:

R-L278 among modern men falls into the R-L754 and R-PH155 subclades, though it is possible some very rare R-L278* may exist as not all examples have been tested for both branches. Examples may also exist in ancient DNA, though due to poor quality it is often impossible to tell whether or not the

1108:

It remains a possibility that some, or even most of these cases, may be R-L278* (R1b*), R-L389* (R1b1a*), R-P297* (R1b1a1*), R-V1636 (R1b1a2), R-PH155 (R1b2), R1b* (R-M343*), R1a* (R-M420*), an otherwise undocumented branch of R1 (R-M173), and/or back-mutations of a marker, from a positive to a

2363:

R1b1b (PF6279/V88; previously R1b1a2) is defined by the presence of SNP marker V88, the discovery of which was announced in 2010 by Cruciani et al. Apart from individuals in southern Europe and Western Asia, the majority of R-V88 was found in the Sahel, especially among populations speaking

1089:

In early research, because R-M269, R-M73 and R-V88 are by far the most common forms of R1b, examples of R1b (xM73, xM269) were sometimes assumed to signify basal examples of "R1b*". However, while the paragroup R-M343 (xM73, M269, V88) is rare, it does not preclude membership of rare and/or

2383:

Marcus et al. (2020) provide strong evidence for this proposed model of North to South trans-Saharan movement: The earliest basal R1b-V88 haplogroups are found in several Eastern European Hunter Gatherers close to 11,000 years ago. The haplogroup then seemingly spread with the expansion of

4564:

K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik

7225:

Haber, Marc; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Bergström, Anders; Prado-Martinez, Javier; Hallast, Pille; Saif-Ali, Riyadh; Al-Habori, Molham; Dedoussis, George; Zeggini, Eleftheria; Blue-Smith, Jason; Wells, R. Spencer; Xue, Yali; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (December 2016).

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two Egyptian cases of R1* (R-M173*) that were negative for SRY10831 (R1a1) and the unreliable R1b1 marker P25, out of a sample of 1,122 males from African countries, including 92 from Egypt. Hassan et al. (2008) found an equally surprising 14 out of 26 (54%) of Sudanese

2069:

are notable in having a high percentage of R-L23 (xM412) – at rates of 11.4% (Kosovo), 2.4% (Poland) and 2.4% south-east Bashkortostan. (This Bashkir population is also notable for its high level of R-M73 (R1b1a1a1), at 23.4%.) Five individuals out of 110 tested in the

1112:

A compilation of previous studies regarding the distribution of R1b can be found in Cruciani et al. (2010). It is summarised in the table following. (Cruciani did not include some studies suggesting even higher frequencies of R1b1a1b in some parts of Western Europe.)

1748:(2014) all agree that the Y-DNA of 32% (8/25) of the HGDP sample of Pakistani Hazara should belong to haplogroup R-M478/M73. Likewise, most Bashkir males have been found to belong to U-152 (R1b1a1a2a1a2b) and some, mostly from southeastern Bashkortostan, belonged to 1888:. Likewise, the oldest samples classified as belonging to R-M269, have been found in Eastern Europe and Pontic-Caspian steppe, not Western Asia. Western European populations are divided between the R-P312/S116 and R-U106/S21 subclades of R-M412 (R-L51). 1803:

from Jawzjan, Afghanistan. The Mongols as well as the individual from southwest Kyrgyzstan, the individual from Gilan, and one of the Uzbeks from Jawzjan belong to the same Y-STR haplotype cluster as five of six Kumandin members of R-M73 studied by Dulik

6553:

Grugni, Viola; Raveane, Alessandro; Mattioli, Francesca; Battaglia, Vincenza; Sala, Cinzia; Toniolo, Daniela; Ferretti, Luca; Gardella, Rita; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Torroni, Antonio; Passarino, Giuseppe; Semino, Ornella (February 2018).

1826:

from Kazakhstan, with this haplogroup being observed with greater than average frequency among members of the Qypshaq (12/29 = 41.4%), Ysty (6/57 = 10.5%), Qongyrat (8/95 = 8.4%), Oshaqty (2/29 = 6.9%), Kerey (1/28 = 3.6%), and Jetyru (3/86 = 3.5%)

2415:. Subsequent research by Myres et al. (2011) indicates that the samples concerned most likely belong to the subclade R-V88. According to Myres et al. (2011), this may be explained by a back-migration from Asia into Africa by R1b-carrying people. 1756:(2011) found a high frequency of R-M73 among their sample of Bashkirs from southeast Bashkortostan (77/329 = 23.4% R1b-M73), in agreement with the earlier study of Bashkirs. Besides the high frequency of R-M73 in southeastern Bashkirs, Myres 1955:

and adjoining islands, while R-V88 (R1b1b) is more strongly represented, R-M269 appears to have been present since antiquity. R-M269 has been found, for instance, at a rate of ~44% among remains dating from the 11th to 13th centuries at

1736:(2010) is probably ascribable to the habit that was popular for a while of labeling R-M269 as "R1b" or "R(xR1a)," with any members of R-M343 (xM269) being placed in a polyphyletic, catch-all "R*" or "P" category. Myres 1713:(2011). The remaining R-M73 Kumandin has a Y-STR haplotype that is starkly different from the haplotypes of the other R-M73 Kumandins, resembling instead the haplotypes of five Shors, five Teleuts, and two Khakassians. 1671:

R-L389, also known as R1b1a (L388/PF6468, L389/PF6531), contains the very common subclade R-P297 and the rare subclade R-V1636. It is unknown whether all previously reported R-L389* (xP297) belong to R-V1636 or not.

291:, and most probably occurred about 18,500 years ago. Since the earliest known example has been dated at circa 14,000 BP, and belongs to R1b1 (R-L754), R1b must have arisen relatively soon after the emergence of R1. 6355: 3728:

The defining SNP of R1b2a, M335, was first documented in 2004, when an example was discovered in Turkey, though it was classified at that time as R1b4. Other examples of R-M335 have been reported in a sample of

1680:

The SNP marker P297 was recognised in 2008 as ancestral to the significant subclades M73 and M269, combining them into one cluster. This had been given the phylogenetic name R1b1a1a (and, previously, R1b1a).

712:(i.e. "family tree") names which make clear their place within the branching of haplogroups, or the phylogenetic tree. An alternative way of naming the same haplogroups and subclades refers to their defining 2380:' period. R1b-V1589, the main subclade within R1b-V88, underwent a further expansion around 5500 years ago, likely in the Lake Chad Basin region, from which some lines recrossed the Sahara to North Africa. 6421:

R1b1a1b (R-M269) was previously R1b1a1a2. From 2003 to 2005, what is now R1b1a1b was designated R1b3. From 2005 to 2008, it was R1b1c. From 2008 to 2011, it was R1b1b2. From 2011 to 2018, it was R1b1a1a2.

2375:

Based on a detailed phylogenic analysis, D'Atanasio et al. (2018) proposed that R1b-V88 originated in Europe about 12,000 years ago and crossed to North Africa between 8000 and 7000 years ago, during the

8284:

Hollard C, Zvénigorosky V, Kovalev A, Kiryushin Y, Tishkin A, Lazaretov I, et al. (September 2018). "New genetic evidence of affinities and discontinuities between bronze age Siberian populations".

2085:(Bavaria, Germany) dated to around AD 670 yielded the following results: 4 were found to be haplogroup R1b with the closest matches in modern populations of Germany, Ireland and the USA while 2 were in 6510:

Cruciani F, Trombetta B, Antonelli C, Pascone R, Valesini G, Scalzi V, et al. (June 2011). "Strong intra- and inter-continental differentiation revealed by Y chromosome SNPs M269, U106 and U152".

6682:

Ordóñez AC, Fregel R, Trujillo-Mederos A, Hervella M, de-la-Rúa C, Arnay-de-la-Rosa M (2017). "Genetic studies on the prehispanic population buried in Punta Azul cave (El Hierro, Canary Islands)".

6151:"Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists" 4400: 560:

settlements have not yet found males belonging to haplogroup R1b-M269. Olalde et al. (2017) trace the spread of haplogroup R1b-M269 in western Europe, particularly Britain, to the spread of the

1647:

region, who were P25 positive, but M269 negative. Cases from older studies are mainly from Africa, the Middle East or Mediterranean, and are discussed below as probable cases of R1b1b (R-V88).

6717:

Robino C, Crobu F, Di Gaetano C, Bekada A, Benhamamouch S, Cerutti N, et al. (May 2008). "Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample".

1819:(2011); this cluster has the modal values of DYS390=22 (but 21 in the case of two Teleuts and one Khakassian), DYS385=13-16, and DYS389=13-17 (or 13–30, but 14–31 in the case of one Selkup). 515:. According to those studies, haplogroups R1b-M269 and R1a, now the most common in Europe (R1a is also common in South Asia) would have expanded from the West Eurasian Steppe, along with the 721:

R-P25 was removed completely as a defining SNP, due to a significant rate of back-mutation. (Below is the basic outline of R1b according to the ISOGG Tree as it stood on January 30, 2017.)

1732:(2006) might have misidentified Hazara individuals, who instead belonged to "PQR2" as opposed to "R(xR1a)." However, the assignment of these Hazaras' Y-DNA to the "PQR2" category by Behar 7550:

Hassan HY, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Ibrahim ME (November 2008). "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history".

4645:

Myres et al. (2011): "The detection of V88 in Iran, Palestine and especially the Dead Sea, Jordan (Supplementary Table S4) provides an insight into the back to Africa migration route.

1772:

from the south Caucasus, 1.4% (1/70) of Bashkirs from north Bashkortostan, 1.3% (1/80) of Tatars from Kazan, 1.1% (1/89) of a sample from Cappadocia, Turkey, 0.7% (1/141) of

6371: 1857:

R-M269, or R1b1a1b (as of 2018) amongst other names, is now the most common Y-DNA lineage in European males. It is carried by an estimated 110 million males in Europe.

460:(M9), the most common group of human male lines outside of Africa. K is believed to have originated in Asia (as is the case with an even earlier ancestral haplogroup, 6311:

Karafet TM, Osipova LP, Savina OV, Hallmark B, Hammer MF (November 2018). "Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic-speaking populations".

2092:

The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for M269, showing its distribution (as a percentage of total population) in Europe,

4427:

Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome".

6612:

Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, Jin L, Passarino G, Yang WH, et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations".

717: 6877: 8569:

Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; et al. (2015).

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subsequently-discovered, relatively basal subclades of R1b, such as R-L278* (R1b*), R-L389* (R1b1a*), R-P297* (R1b1a1*), R-V1636 (R1b1a2) or R-PH155 (R1b2).

5600:

Cinnioğlu C, King R, Kivisild T, Kalfoğlu E, Atasoy S, Cavalleri GL, et al. (January 2004). "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia".

4910:"The population genomics of archaeological transition in west Iberia: Investigation of ancient substructure using imputation and haplotype-based methods" 3852: 7697:"Y-chromosome based evidence for pre-neolithic origin of the genetically homogeneous but diverse Sardinian population: inference for association scans" 6395:

Shuhu LI, Yilihamu NI, Bake RA, Bupatima AB, Matyusup DO (2018). "A study of genetic diversity of three isolated populations in Xinjiang using Y-SNP".

4818:

Mathieson I, Lazaridis I, Rohland N, Mallick S, Patterson N, Roodenberg SA, et al. (2015). "Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe".

1764:

from the northwest Caucasus, 9.4% (8/85) of the HGDP samples from northern Pakistan (these are the aforementioned Pakistani Hazaras), 5.8% (4/69) of

6664:(Ph.D. thesis) (in Russian). Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Archived from 5927:"Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages" 362:

and Vasil'evka in modern-day Ukraine c. 9500-7000 BP carried R1b1a. These individuals were largely of EHG ancestry, with significant WHG admixture.

7972:"Genetic genealogy reveals true Y haplogroup of House of Bourbon contradicting recent identification of the presumed remains of two French Kings" 4405: 6098:

Behar DM, Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M, Metspalu E, Rosset S, Parik J, et al. (July 2010). "The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people".

6051:"Mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome variation provides evidence for a recent common ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaians" 3681:

R1b1b1 is a sub-clade of R-V88, which is defined by the presence of SNP marker M18. It has been found only at low frequencies in samples from

2037:

Subclades within the paragroup R-M269(xL23) – that is, R-M269* and/or R-PF7558 – appear to be found at their highest frequency in the central

1655:

R-L754 contains the vast majority of R1b. The only known example of R-L754* (xL389, V88) is also the earliest known individual to carry R1b: "

6494: 1768:

from the northwest Caucasus, 2.6% (1/39) of Tatars from Bashkortostan, 1.9% (1/54) of Bashkirs from southwest Bashkortostan, 1.5% (1/67) of

1860: 8174:"Paleogenomic Evidence for Multi-generational Mixing between Neolithic Farmers and Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers in the Lower Danube Basin" 2418:

Contrary to other studies, Shriner & Rotimi (2018) associated the introduction of R1b into Chad with the more recent movements of

7327:"Population history and genetic adaptation of the Fulani nomads: inferences from genome-wide data and the lactase persistence trait" 3889: 123: 2400:. The presence of European Neolithic farmers in Africa is further attested by samples from Morocco dating from c. 5400 BC onwards. 8770: 7288:"Internal diversification of non-Sub-Saharan haplogroups in Sahelian populations and the spread of pastoralism beyond the Sahara" 6959:"Kinship and Y-chromosome analysis of 7th century human remains: novel DNA extraction and typing procedure for ancient material" 489: 3879: 3814: 1776:

from the northwest Caucasus, 0.6% (3/522) of a pool of samples from Turkey, and 0.38% (1/263) of Russians from Central Russia.

582: 332:

buried between 11200 and 8200 BP carried R1b1a1a. These individuals were determined to be largely of WHG ancestry, with slight

3669:

in west central Africa at a very high frequency, where it is considered to be caused by a pre-Islamic movement of people from

1077:

No confirmed cases of R1b* (R-M343*) – that is R1b (xR1b1, R1b2), also known as R-M343 (xL754, PH155) – have been reported in

564:, with a sudden appearance of many R1b-M269 haplogroups in Western Europe ca. 5000–4500 years BP during the early Bronze Age. 713: 7805:"Extended Y chromosome investigation suggests postglacial migrations of modern humans into East Asia via the northern route" 7647:"A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes" 7844:

Rowold DJ, Perez Benedico D, Garcia-Bertrand R, Chennakrishnaiah S, Alfonso-Sanchez MA, Gayden T, Herrera RJ (March 2016).

6814:

Yepiskoposian L, Khudoyan A, Harutyunian A (2006). "Genetic Testing of Language Replacement Hypothesis in Southwest Asia".

3697:

R1b2 is extremely rare and defined by the presence of PH155. Living males carrying subclades of R-PH155 have been found in

1939:. R-M269 reaches levels as high as 95% in parts of Ireland. It has also been found at lower frequencies throughout central 7119:"Y-chromosome and Surname Analyses for Reconstructing Past Population Structures: The Sardinian Population as a Test Case" 355:

c. 9500–6000 BP carried R1b1b. These individuals were determined to be largely of WHG ancestry, with slight EHG admixture.

6358:[Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions] 1724:

of the Ural Mountains, this has apparently been overturned. For example, supporting material from a 2010 study by Behar

512: 280: 8765: 6656: 5487:

Haak W, Balanovsky O, Sanchez JJ, Koshel S, Zaporozhchenko V, Adler CJ, et al. (November 2010). Penny D (ed.).

1799:, 2.5% (1/40) of Kyrgyz from central Kyrgyzstan, 2.1% (2/97) of Mongols from northwest Mongolia, and 1.4% (1/74) of 6891: 6767:"Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes" 6262:"Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences" 7436:"Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe" 4627:

Flores et al. (2005) found that 20 out of all 146 men tested (13.7%) – including 20 out of 45 men tested from the

4546:

Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

1852: 932: 876: 497: 5307:"Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia" 8424:

Mathieson I, Alpaslan-Roodenberg S, Posth C, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Rohland N, Mallick S, et al. (March 2018).

4068: 3842: 1872:

in Europe. Specifically the R-Z2103 subclade has been found to be prevalent in ancient DNA associated with the

535: 31: 8070:"Limited Effect of Y Chromosome Variation on Coronary Artery Disease and Mortality in UK Biobank—Brief Report" 1988:

males. (The table below lists in more detail the frequencies of M269 in regions in Asia, Europe, and Africa.)

7008:"The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages" 5873:"The case of the unreliable SNP: recurrent back-mutation of Y-chromosomal marker P25 through gene conversion" 4008: 2392:

alleles have also been identified in African populations that carry R1b-V88 at a high frequency, such as the

1891:

Distribution of R-M269 in Europe increases in frequency from east to west. It peaks at the national level in

8172:

González-Fortes G, Jones ER, Lightfoot E, Bonsall C, Lazar C, Grandal-d'Anglade A, et al. (June 2017).

6434:

Balaresque P, Bowden GR, Adams SM, Leung HY, King TE, Rosser ZH, et al. (January 2010). Penny D (ed.).

6002:"Ancient links between Siberians and Native Americans revealed by subtyping the Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a" 4592:

Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

4271: 3998: 1869: 516: 348: 333: 302: 260: 8640:

Sánchez-Quinto F, Malmström H, Fraser M, Girdland-Flink L, Svensson EM, Simões LG, et al. (May 2019).

5814:"Ancient migratory events in the Middle East: new clues from the Y-chromosome variation of modern Iranians" 5244:

de Barros Damgaard P, Martiniano R, Kamm J, Moreno-Mayar JV, Kroonen G, Peyrot M, et al. (June 2018).

4601:

Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

4095: 4078: 1880:

Age, and the distribution of subclades within Europe is substantially due to the various migrations of the

527:, which would have been introduced with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as Indo-European languages. 5976:

Population History of the Dniester-Carpathians: evidence from Alu insertion and Y-chromosome polymorphisms

5812:

Grugni V, Battaglia V, Hooshiar Kashani B, Parolo S, Al-Zahery N, Achilli A, et al. (July 18, 2012).

4260: 4252: 3992: 3857: 2385: 628: 600: 557: 485: 8475:

Narasimhan VM, Patterson N, Moorjani P, Rohland N, Bernardos R, Mallick S, et al. (September 2019).

6354:

Ashirbekov EE, Botbaev DM, Belkozhaev AM, Abayldaev AO, Neupokoeva AS, Mukhataev JE, et al. (2017).

4086: 8760: 4322: 4168: 3847: 3790: 2365: 1992: 1822:

A Kazakhstani paper published in 2017 found haplogroup R1b-M478 Y-DNA in 3.17% (41/1294) of a sample of

646: 493: 325: 4245: 4238: 4231: 1968:(or Bimape), a subgroup of the Guanche. In living males, it peaks in parts of North Africa, especially 1635:

amongst 1173 Italians, 1 out of 328 West Asians and 1 out of 156 East Asians. Varzari found 3 cases in

7503:"Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan" 7006:

D'Atanasio E, Trombetta B, Bonito M, Finocchio A, Di Vito G, Seghizzi M, et al. (February 2018).

6910:"Neolithic patrilineal signals indicate that the Armenian plateau was repopulated by agriculturalists" 3824:, which has ruled as kings in France, Spain, and other European countries, have the R1b1b haplogroup. 1951:

region (84.0%). This marker is present in China and India at frequencies of less than one percent. In

1868:

R-M269 has received significant scientific and popular interest due to its possible connection to the

8706: 8653: 8600: 8592: 8531: 8437: 8386: 8335: 8246: 8185: 8134: 7924: 7846:"Ladakh, India: the land of high passes and genetic heterogeneity reveals a confluence of migrations" 7708: 7447: 7389: 7181: 7070: 6691: 6556:"Reconstructing the genetic history of Italians: new insights from a male (Y-chromosome) perspective" 6214: 6107: 6000:

Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Denisova G, Maksimov A, Wozniak M, Grzybowski T, et al. (August 2011).

5825: 5551: 5441: 5368: 4966:"New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree" 4862: 4773: 4682: 4361: 4280: 4215: 4159: 4144: 4130: 4051: 4023: 2377: 2086: 1644: 666: 636: 596: 588: 481: 473: 7970:

Larmuseau, Maarten H D; Delorme, Philippe; Germain, Patrick; Vanderheyden, Nancy (October 9, 2013).

6356:"Распределение гаплогрупп И-хромосомы казахов Южно-Казахстанской, Жамбылской и Алматинской областей" 4849:

Cassidy LM, Martiniano R, Murphy EM, Teasdale MD, Mallory J, Hartwell B, Bradley DG (January 2016).

4760:

Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, et al. (June 2015).

4354: 4349: 7228:"Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations" 5925:

Cruciani F, Trombetta B, Sellitto D, Massaia A, Destro-Bisol G, Watson E, et al. (July 2010).

3872: 3764: 2389: 2011: 908: 549: 538:

from c. 4000 to 1000 BC according to the Kurgan model. The magenta area corresponds to the assumed

4908:

Martiniano R, Cassidy LM, Ó'Maoldúin R, McLaughlin R, Silva NM, Manco L, et al. (July 2017).

1831:. A Chinese paper published in 2018 found haplogroup R1b-M478 Y-DNA in 9.2% (7/76) of a sample of 1005:, but are also found at lower levels in many other parts of Western Eurasia and the Mediterranean. 8582: 8310: 8236: 7897: 7532: 7268: 6908:

Herrera KJ, Lowery RK, Hadden L, Calderon S, Chiou C, Yepiskoposyan L, et al. (March 2012).

6839: 6831: 6796: 6742: 6637: 6591: 6336: 6131: 6031: 5625: 5410: 4831: 4797: 4452: 4290: 3964: 3947: 3802: 916: 828: 420: 8322:

Lipson M, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mallick S, Pósa A, Stégmár B, Keerl V, et al. (November 2017).

8123:"The Neolithic Transition in the Baltic Was Not Driven by Admixture with Early European Farmers" 6149:

Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Mehdi SQ, Edmonds CA, Chow CE, et al. (February 2006).

4851:"Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome" 2081:

In 2009, DNA extracted from the femur bones of 6 skeletons in an early-medieval burial place in

8746: 6049:

Dulik MC, Zhadanov SI, Osipova LP, Askapuli A, Gau L, Gokcumen O, et al. (February 2012).

5765:"A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe" 8732: 8681: 8628: 8557: 8506: 8463: 8412: 8375:"Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia" 8361: 8302: 8272: 8211: 8160: 8121:

Jones ER, Zarina G, Moiseyev V, Lightfoot E, Nigst PR, Manica A, et al. (February 2017).

8099: 8050: 8001: 7952: 7875: 7826: 7785: 7736: 7676: 7627: 7609: 7567: 7524: 7483: 7465: 7415: 7358: 7307: 7260: 7207: 7150: 7096: 7059:"Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia" 7039: 6988: 6939: 6788: 6734: 6629: 6583: 6575: 6535: 6490: 6467: 6328: 6293: 6242: 6180: 6123: 6080: 6023: 5956: 5902: 5872: 5853: 5794: 5617: 5577: 5520: 5469: 5402: 5394: 5336: 5275: 4995: 4941: 4890: 4789: 4716: 4521: 4502:

F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89.

4444: 4382: 4377: 4368: 4311: 4302: 4222: 4193: 4153: 4111: 4063: 3981: 1848: 656: 619: 578: 504: 477: 298: 3778:

A filmmaker named Artem Lukichev created (circa 2009) a 14-minute animated film based on a

8722: 8714: 8671: 8661: 8642:"Megalithic tombs in western and northern Neolithic Europe were linked to a kindred society" 8618: 8610: 8547: 8539: 8518:

Olalde I, Brace S, Allentoft ME, Armit I, Kristiansen K, Booth T, et al. (March 2018).

8496: 8488: 8453: 8445: 8402: 8394: 8351: 8343: 8294: 8262: 8254: 8201: 8193: 8150: 8142: 8089: 8081: 8040: 8032: 7991: 7983: 7942: 7932: 7865: 7857: 7816: 7775: 7767: 7726: 7716: 7666: 7658: 7645:

Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P, Macaulay V, Moral P, Olckers A, et al. (May 2002).

7617: 7601: 7559: 7514: 7473: 7455: 7405: 7397: 7348: 7338: 7299: 7250: 7242: 7197: 7189: 7140: 7130: 7086: 7078: 7029: 7019: 6978: 6970: 6929: 6921: 6858: 6823: 6778: 6726: 6699: 6621: 6567: 6527: 6519: 6457: 6447: 6408: 6404: 6320: 6283: 6273: 6232: 6222: 6170: 6162: 6115: 6070: 6062: 6013: 5979: 5946: 5938: 5892: 5884: 5843: 5833: 5784: 5776: 5609: 5567: 5559: 5538:

Olalde I, Brace S, Allentoft ME, Armit I, Kristiansen K, Booth T, et al. (March 2018).

5510: 5500: 5459: 5449: 5384: 5376: 5326: 5318: 5265: 5257: 4985: 4977: 4931: 4921: 4880: 4870: 4823: 4781: 4706: 4698: 4690: 4436: 4344: 4102: 4056: 3821: 3798: 3794: 3779: 2369: 1749: 592: 524: 461: 271: 8324:"Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers" 8223:

Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, et al. (June 2015).

7913:"Mystery solved: the identification of the two missing Romanov children using DNA analysis" 6884:

Mitochondrial DNA variation and the Y-chromosome in the population of the Volga-Ural Region

6765:

Wood ET, Stover DA, Ehret C, Destro-Bisol G, Spedini G, McLeod H, et al. (July 2005).

6485:

Arredi B, Poloni ES, Tyler-Smith C (2007). "The peopling of Europe". In Crawford MH (ed.).

5428:

Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX, Brucato N, Duranthon F, Guilaine J, et al. (June 2011).

1093:

The population believed to have the highest proportion of R-M343 (xM73, M269, V88) are the

599:(P295), which is also known as haplogroup K2b2. R-M207 is therefore a secondary branch of 556:

Analysis of ancient Y-DNA from the remains from early Neolithic Central and North European

8373:

Marcus JH, Posth C, Ringbauer H, Lai L, Skeates R, Sidore C, et al. (February 2020).

7227: 7057:

Marcus JH, Posth C, Ringbauer H, Lai L, Skeates R, Sidore C, et al. (February 2020).

6201:

Di Cristofaro J, Pennarun E, Mazières S, Myres NM, Lin AA, Temori SA, et al. (2013).

4116: 3772: 2078:

belonged to R-M269(xL23) and 36 to R-L23*, with none belonging to known subclades of L23.

2046: 1981: 1791:

from southwest Kyrgyzstan, 4.3% (1/23) of Mongols from southeast Mongolia, 4.3% (4/94) of

904: 508: 457: 445: 427: 287:

The age of R1 was estimated by Tatiana Karafet et al. (2008) at between 12,500 and 25,700

5708: 5489:"Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities" 8710: 8657: 8596: 8535: 8441: 8390: 8339: 8250: 8189: 8138: 7928: 7754:

Zalloua PA, Xue Y, Khalife J, Makhoul N, Debiane L, Platt DE, et al. (April 2008).

7712: 7451: 7410: 7393: 7377: 7202: 7185: 7169: 7074: 6695: 6218: 6111: 5829: 5555: 5445: 5372: 5246:"The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia" 4866: 4777: 4686: 3918:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1716:

While early research into R-M73 claimed that it was significantly represented among the

8727: 8694: 8676: 8641: 8623: 8570: 8552: 8519: 8501: 8476: 8458: 8425: 8407: 8374: 8356: 8323: 8267: 8224: 8206: 8173: 8155: 8122: 8094: 8069: 8045: 8020: 8019:

Maan AA, Eales J, Akbarov A, Rowland J, Xu X, Jobling MA, et al. (November 2017).

7996: 7971: 7947: 7912: 7870: 7845: 7780: 7755: 7731: 7696: 7622: 7589: 7478: 7435: 7353: 7326: 7255: 7145: 7118: 7091: 7058: 7034: 7007: 6983: 6958: 6934: 6909: 6462: 6435: 6288: 6261: 6237: 6202: 6175: 6150: 6075: 6050: 5951: 5926: 5848: 5813: 5789: 5764: 5572: 5539: 5515: 5488: 5464: 5429: 5331: 5306: 5270: 5245: 4990: 4965: 4936: 4909: 4885: 4850: 4711: 4670: 4332: 4125: 3958: 3865: 3783: 2031: 1995:

R-M269* which has not diverged, there are (as of 2017) two primary branches of R-M269:

1985: 1961: 1002: 1001:

Subclades of R-M269 (R1b1a1b; previously R1b1a1a2) are now extremely common throughout

682: 615: 561: 545: 469: 318: 288: 189: 146: 130: 46: 8225:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe" 7911:

Coble MD, Loreille OM, Wadhams MJ, Edson SM, Maynard K, Meyer CE, et al. (2009).

7671: 7646: 4469: 3658:

Two branches of R-V88, R-M18 and R-V35, are found almost exclusively on the island of

17: 8754: 8693:

Fu Q, Posth C, Hajdinjak M, Petr M, Mallick S, Fernandes D, et al. (June 2016).

8571:"Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe" 8314: 6879:Изменчивость Митохондриальной ДНК и Y-Хромосомы в Популяциях Волго-Уральского Региона 6843: 5414: 4669:

Fu Q, Posth C, Hajdinjak M, Petr M, Mallick S, Fernandes D, et al. (June 2016).

4525: 4207: 4201: 4187: 4176: 4139: 4042: 4037: 4028: 4014: 3975: 3775:

name "Ruisko" in honour of what Oppenheimer believed to be the Iberian origin of R1b.

2419: 2397: 2066: 2015: 1977: 1873: 1828: 1788: 1660: 1078: 967:

Subclades of R-M73 (R1b1a1a) are rare overall, with most cases being observed in the

676: 611: 604: 465: 464:(F-M89). Karafet T. et al. (2014) suggested that a "rapid diversification process of 434: 344: 340: 306: 276: 256: 245: 76: 7272: 6800: 6746: 6641: 6595: 6340: 6035: 5888: 5763:

Myres NM, Rootsi S, Lin AA, Järve M, King RJ, Kutuev I, et al. (January 2011).

5629: 5356: 4964:

Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (May 2008).

4456: 1659:", who lived circa 14,000 years BP (north east Italy). Villabruna 1 belonged to the 7536: 6135: 5646: 4835: 4801: 2101: 2093: 2071: 2019: 1952: 1948: 1876:. All seven individuals in one were determined to belong to the R1b-M269 subclade. 1832: 1656: 1105:, revealed R-M343 (xV88, M73, M269) as high as 4.3% among Iranian sub-populations. 976: 900: 709: 438: 373: 209: 201: 197: 193: 182: 65: 6571: 5697: 7937: 7721: 7695:

Contu D, Morelli L, Santoni F, Foster JW, Francalacci P, Cucca F (January 2008).

7501:

Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Karadsheh N, Gonzalez AM (2005).

6523: 6452: 6227: 5838: 5505: 4926: 4633: 3786:, relating the epic to the emergence and geographical expansion of R1a and R1b. 3750: 2393: 2097: 2006:

R-L23 (Z2105/Z2103; a.k.a. R1b1a1b1) has been reported among the peoples of the

1924: 1836: 912: 406: 8646:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

8398: 8085: 7771: 7401: 7246: 7193: 7082: 6827: 6066: 5434:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4855:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4761: 496:

has been found in another Ancient North Eurasian sample from northern Siberia (

8197: 8146: 7893: 7756:"Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events" 7519: 7502: 7343: 7024: 6730: 6703: 5613: 5430:"Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route" 5380: 3730: 3710: 1881: 1773: 1109:

negative ancestral state, and hence constitute undocumented subclades of R1b.

1098: 788: 453: 387: 237: 205: 162: 7613: 7469: 6579: 5398: 4577: 3757:, gives the members – and the notional founding patriarch – of R1b the name " 1101:

with 13%. However, more recently, a large study of Y-chromosome variation in

8666: 8492: 7821: 7804: 7460: 7287: 6974: 6783: 6766: 6555: 5669: 5454: 5261: 4875: 3793:

found that he belonged to R1b. This may suggest that the later Czars of the

2082: 2027: 2007: 1957: 1864:

Projected spatial frequency distribution within Europe of haplogroup R-M269.

1765: 618:, with subsequent westward expansions of the ancestors of haplogroups R and 402: 398: 391: 8736: 8685: 8632: 8561: 8510: 8467: 8416: 8365: 8306: 8276: 8215: 8164: 8103: 8054: 8005: 7956: 7879: 7830: 7803:

Zhong H, Shi H, Qi XB, Duan ZY, Tan PP, Jin L, et al. (January 2011).

7789: 7740: 7680: 7631: 7571: 7528: 7487: 7419: 7362: 7311: 7264: 7211: 7154: 7100: 7043: 6992: 6943: 6792: 6738: 6633: 6587: 6539: 6471: 6332: 6297: 6278: 6246: 6184: 6127: 6084: 6027: 5960: 5906: 5857: 5798: 5621: 5581: 5524: 5473: 5406: 5340: 5279: 4999: 4945: 4894: 4793: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4720: 4448: 8520:"The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe" 8036: 7987: 7378:"Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant" 6925: 5942: 5780: 5540:"The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe" 5322: 4702: 530: 7861: 7135: 6665: 6364:

Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan

4628: 3758: 3714: 3682: 3666: 3659: 2062: 2023: 1965: 1944: 1916: 1912: 1900: 1885: 1800: 1721: 1705: 1640: 980: 968: 868: 540: 520: 413: 359: 150: 138: 8718: 8614: 8543: 8449: 8347: 8258: 6531: 6119: 6018: 6001: 5563: 5389: 4785: 4694: 4484:

Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).

3725:(2022) cites two primary branches: R-M335 (R1b2a) and R-PH200 (R1b2b). 1760:

also reported finding R-M73 in the following samples: 10.3% (14/136) of

827:

R-V88 (R1b1b): the most common forms of R1b found among males native to

8298: 7605: 7563: 7303: 6835: 6324: 4981: 4440: 3698: 3686: 3670: 2075: 2038: 1973: 1969: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1920: 1896: 1823: 1784: 1769: 1761: 1717: 1636: 972: 936: 924: 888: 872: 780: 366: 329: 217: 178: 174: 7112: 7110: 6260:

Lippold S, Xu H, Ko A, Li M, Renaud G, Butthof A, et al. (2014).

5983: 5720: 5686: 5357:"The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene" 4570: 4524:

was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to

472:, with subsequent westward expansions of the ancestors of haplogroups 6203:"Afghan Hindu Kush: where Eurasian sub-continent gene flows converge" 5305:

Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Sudoyo H, Lansing JS, Hammer MF (March 2015).

4581:, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" 3817:, DNA testing on his remains suggests that his Y-haplogroup was R1b. 3738: 3734: 3718: 3706: 3702: 2404: 2058: 2054: 2053:

4.4%. Unlike most other areas with significant percentages of R-L23,

2050: 2042: 1972:, at a rate of 10%. In Sub-Saharan Africa, R-M269 appears to peak in 1908: 1792: 928: 920: 892: 880: 792: 784: 380: 352: 314: 310: 241: 233: 229: 158: 134: 5897: 8605: 8587: 8241: 7662: 6166: 4827: 4537:

Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.

3665:

As can be seen in the above data table, R-V88 is found in northern

6625: 3722: 2412: 2408: 2105: 1928: 1904: 1892: 1859: 1808:(2012). This cluster's most distinctive Y-STR value is DYS390=19. 1796: 1094: 896: 864: 716:

mutations: for example, R-M343 is equivalent to R1b. Phylogenetic

529: 270: 225: 221: 170: 142: 6436:"A predominantly neolithic origin for European paternal lineages" 1102: 884: 614:, according to Karafet et al. (2014), which "likely occurred in 448:

were all found to belong to the M269 subclade of haplogroup R1b.

166: 154: 3861: 523:

component present in modern Europeans which was not present in

8477:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia" 3898: 252: 30:"M343" redirects here. For the state highway in Michigan, see 5183: 5171: 5159: 4744: 8747:

https://www.dotyk.cz/magazin/premyslovci-dna-30000216.html}}

7900:

from the original on 2021-12-15 – via www.youtube.com.

7894:"About R1a and R1b from Ural epic story. Artem Lukichev (c)" 1779:

Besides the aforementioned Pakistani Hazaras, Di Cristofaro

723: 275:

Genetic studies performed since 2015 have revealed that the

1980:

males. In western Asia, R-M269 has been reported in 40% of

779:

R-PH155 (R1b2) has been found in individuals from Albania,

6489:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 394. 6487:

Anthropological genetics: theory, methods and applications

4470:

International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015),

188:

The clade is also present at lower frequencies throughout

185:

and among the Chadic-speaking ethnic groups of Cameroon).

181:(concentrated in parts of Chad with concentration in the 6890:(Biological Sciences thesis) (in Russian). Archived from 4511:

Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.

57:

Probably soon after R1, possibly between 18,000-14,000 BC

1795:

from Jawzjan, Afghanistan, 3.7% (1/27) of Iranians from

216:

any conclusions about its origins. It has been found in

129:

It is the most frequently occurring paternal lineage in

5099: 5087: 3789:

DNA tests that assisted in the identification of Czar

1704:(2012) found R-M73 in 35.3% (6/17) of a sample of the 1631:

ancients carried the mutations that define subclades.

405:, Spain c. 7178-7066 BP, who may have belonged to the 7588:

Shriner, Daniel; Rotimi, Charles N. (December 2018).

7170:"Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia" 5222:, Supplementary Data 1, A Master Table, Row 25, MA89. 5111: 2403:

Studies in 2005–08 reported "R1b*" at high levels in

6658:

Structure of the Gene Pool of Bashkir Subpopulations

5758: 5756: 5754: 5035: 5033: 2010:(by Trofimova et al. 2015): 21 out of 58 (36.2%) of 1709:

Altaian whose Y-DNA has been analyzed by Malyarchuk

419:

An Early Copper Age male buried in Cannas di Sotto,

6196: 6194: 5871:Adams SM, King TE, Bosch E, Jobling MA (May 2006). 5752: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5698:

Phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R-V1636 at 23mofang

3940: 97: 82: 72: 61: 53: 39: 8074:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 5978:(Thesis). Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. 503:Three genetic studies in 2015 gave support to the 430:in Central Europe buried c. 5600 BP carried R1b1a. 8021:"The Y chromosome: a blueprint for men's health?" 5995: 5993: 2111:The phylogeny of R-M269 according to ISOGG 2017: 358:Several Mesolithic and Neolithic males buried at 6607: 6605: 863:R-V1636 (R1b1a2) is rare, but has been found in 610:There was "an initial rapid diversification" of 294:Early human remains found to carry R1b include: 7440:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5920: 5918: 5916: 3833:health is far from established scientifically. 1943:, but with relatively high frequency among the 4583:(Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017) 255:and R1b lineages would have expanded from the 6429: 6427: 5219: 3873: 8: 8426:"The genomic history of southeastern Europe" 5709:Haplogroup R on the Y-DNA Haplotree at FTDNA 5641: 5639: 4813: 4811: 4755: 4753: 1752:(Q1a1b) rather than R1b; contra this, Myres 751:R-M343* (R1b*). No cases have been reported. 441:buried c. 5500 BP carried R1b1a1 (R1b-M478). 7292:American Journal of Biological Anthropology 7123:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 6760: 6758: 6756: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5292: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4762:"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia" 4555:Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2. 1783:(2013) found R-M478/M73 in 11.1% (2/18) of 787:, China, Germany, India, Italy, Singapore, 591:(M207) is a primary subclade of haplogroup 409:culture, was found to be a carrier of R1b1. 3880: 3866: 3858: 3853:Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe 2424: 1115: 45: 8726: 8675: 8665: 8622: 8604: 8586: 8551: 8500: 8457: 8406: 8355: 8287:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 8266: 8240: 8205: 8154: 8093: 8044: 7995: 7946: 7936: 7869: 7820: 7779: 7730: 7720: 7670: 7621: 7594:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 7552:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 7518: 7477: 7459: 7409: 7352: 7342: 7254: 7201: 7180:(7994): Supplementary Information, p.48. 7144: 7134: 7090: 7033: 7023: 6982: 6933: 6782: 6461: 6451: 6287: 6277: 6236: 6226: 6174: 6074: 6017: 5950: 5896: 5847: 5837: 5788: 5571: 5514: 5504: 5463: 5453: 5388: 5330: 5269: 5231: 5207: 5195: 5147: 5135: 5123: 5075: 5063: 5051: 5024: 5012: 4989: 4935: 4925: 4884: 4874: 4710: 6957:Vanek D, Saskova L, Koch H (June 2009). 6512:Forensic Science International. Genetics 5664: 5662: 5660: 5234:, Supplementary Table 1, Row 128, I0559. 5150:, Supplementary Table 1, Row 375, I0122. 5138:, Supplementary Table 1, Row 153, I0124. 5126:, Supplementary Table 1, Row 298, I4666. 4664: 4662: 4660: 4493:Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4. 1964:. These remains have been linked to the 8695:"The genetic history of Ice Age Europe" 6719:International Journal of Legal Medicine 5210:, Supplementary Table 1, Row 73, I2430. 5186:, Supplementary Information, pp. 44-45. 5162:, Supplementary Information, pp. 26-27. 4671:"The genetic history of Ice Age Europe" 4656: 4620: 4419: 3797:, descended in the male line from the 3737:, China and in a sample of people from 492:, 24,000 years ago), and its precursor 394:, Russia c. 7200-6000 BP carried R1b1a. 376:, Serbia c. 8200-7900 BP carried R1b1a. 365:A WHG male buried at Ostrovul Corbuli, 279:, thought to have spoken some stage of 251:According to ancient DNA studies, most 7235:The American Journal of Human Genetics 5054:, Supplementary Table 1, Rows 205-245. 5027:, Supplementary Table 1, Rows 251-272. 1787:from central Mongolia, 5.0% (1/20) of 1117:Distribution of R-V88, R-M73 and M269 708:Names such as R1b, R1b1 and so on are 36: 6409:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2017.0067 5039: 1999:R-L23 (R1b1a1b1; L23/PF6534/S141) and 7: 7325:Vicente, Mario; et al. (2019). 7286:Kulichova, Iva; et al. (2017). 4406:Y-DNA haplogroups of historic people 4381: 4376: 4367: 4365: 4360: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4337: 4330: 4320: 4318: 4308: 4300: 4288: 4286: 4277: 4269: 4227: 4220: 4214: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4174: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4143: 4138: 4129: 4124: 4115: 4110: 4074: 4060: 3943: 1639:, in a study of 322 people from the 452:R1b is a subclade within the "macro- 416:, Bulgaria c. 6500 BP carried R1b1a. 7117:Grugni, Viola; et al. (2019). 4048: 3988: 3971: 3587: 3579: 2217:R-U106/R-M405/R-S21 (R1b1a1b1a1a1) 2210: 2189: 2168: 2143: 2122: 2114: 2002:R-PF7558 (R1b1a1b2; PF7558/PF7562.) 956: 852: 816: 768: 743: 733: 603:(P331), and a direct descendant of 500:) dating from c. 31,600 years ago. 412:A Late Chalcolithic male buried in 8068:Timmers P, Wilson JF (July 2022). 8025:European Journal of Human Genetics 7850:European Journal of Human Genetics 7760:American Journal of Human Genetics 7651:American Journal of Human Genetics 7376:Simões, L.G.; et al. (2023). 6914:European Journal of Human Genetics 6771:European Journal of Human Genetics 6155:American Journal of Human Genetics 6055:American Journal of Human Genetics 5931:European Journal of Human Genetics 5769:European Journal of Human Genetics 5311:European Journal of Human Genetics 2014:Bashkirs, 11 out of 52 (21.2%) of 25: 6684:Journal of Archaeological Science 6313:American Journal of Human Biology 5015:, Supplementary Table 1, Row 467. 4475:. (Access date: 1 February 2015.) 907:), Italy (including one from the 718:names change with new discoveries 595:(M45) itself a primary branch of 480:". However the oldest example of 383:, Russia 7500 BP carried R1b1a1a. 68:, North Eurasia or Eastern Europe 3903: 444:7 males that were tested of the 339:Several males of the Mesolithic 317:, Italy), who lived circa 14000 88:R1b1a (L754, PF6269, YSC0000022) 7809:Molecular Biology and Evolution 5889:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.06.003 5670:"ISOGG 2017 Y-DNA Haplogroup R" 5647:"ISOGG 2016 Y-DNA Haplogroup R" 5198:, Supplementary Table 1, I0410. 5174:, Extended Data Table 2, I0410. 5102:, p. 4, Table 1, OC1_Meso. 4528:, the sibling of Haplogroup LT. 1835:Uyghurs from Horiqol township, 726:Basic phylogenetic tree for R1b 583:Structure of Y-DNA Haplogroup K 6876:Vadimovna TN (February 2015). 5877:Forensic Science International 3771:, gives the R1b patriarch the 2426:Distribution of R1b in Africa 1685:relatively high detail below. 831:, also found rarely elsewhere. 639:P295/PF5866/S8 (also known as 1: 6572:10.1080/03014460.2017.1409801 124:human Y-chromosome haplogroup 7938:10.1371/journal.pone.0004838 7722:10.1371/journal.pone.0001430 6524:10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.07.006 6453:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000285 6370:(316): 85–95. Archived from 6228:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748 5839:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252 5506:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000536 5114:, Extended Dataset 1.3, OC1. 4927:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006852 3890:Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups 3815:Spytihněv I, Duke of Bohemia 2175:R-L51*/R-M412* (R1b1a1b1a*) 1895:at a rate of 92%, at 82% in 513:Proto-Indo-European homeland 5100:González-Fortes et al. 2017 5088:González-Fortes et al. 2017 3888:Phylogenetic tree of human 133:, as well as some parts of 8787: 8399:10.1038/s41467-020-14523-6 8086:10.1161/ATVBAHA.122.317664 7772:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020 7402:10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6 7247:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012 7194:10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0 7083:10.1038/s41467-020-14523-6 6828:10.1163/157338406780345899 6397:Acta Anthropologica Sinica 6067:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.014 5112:Sánchez-Quinto et al. 2019 4472:Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015 4374: 4341: 4298: 4267: 4258: 4250: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4184: 4150: 4136: 4122: 4108: 4092: 4076: 3945: 3805:) are also members of R1b. 2030:and 1 out of 43 (2.3%) of 1846: 576: 423:c. 6450 BP carried R1b1b2. 29: 8198:10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.023 8147:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.060 7590:"Genetic History of Chad" 7520:10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4 7507:Journal of Human Genetics 7344:10.1186/s12864-019-6296-7 7025:10.1186/s13059-018-1393-5 6859:"Haplogrouop R1b (Y-DNA)" 6731:10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5 6704:10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.004 6006:Journal of Human Genetics 5614:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4 5381:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z 4395: 4173: 4166: 4100: 4083: 4067: 4062: 4055: 4050: 4041: 4036: 4034: 4027: 4022: 4020: 4013: 4006: 4004: 3997: 3990: 3980: 3973: 3963: 3956: 3954: 3938: 3912:This article needs to be 3896: 3799:House of Holstein-Gottorp 3635: 3621: 3607: 3593: 3585: 3559: 2335: 2312: 2289: 2266: 2252: 2238: 2215: 2208: 2194: 2187: 2173: 2166: 2148: 2141: 2127: 2120: 1853:Genetic history of Europe 1605: 1068:Geographical distribution 998: 964: 954: 860: 850: 824: 814: 776: 766: 748: 741: 704:Internal structure of R1b 573:External phylogeny of R1b 369:c. 8700 BP carried R1b1c. 44: 7168:Allentoft, M.E. (2024). 6963:Croatian Medical Journal 5066:, Supplementary Table 1. 4636:who were M173+ and P25-. 3843:Atlantic modal haplotype 2026:, 2 out of 53 (3.8%) of 2022:, 4 out of 59 (6.8%) of 1976:, at a rate of 8% among 1728:suggested that Sengupta 1085:R-M343 (xM73, M269, V88) 536:Indo-European migrations 519:; they also detected an 62:Possible place of origin 32:M-343 (Michigan highway) 27:Type of paternal lineage 8771:Human Y-DNA haplogroups 8667:10.1073/pnas.1818037116 8493:10.1126/science.aat7487 7461:10.1073/pnas.1800851115 6975:10.3325/cmj.2009.50.286 6784:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408 6560:Annals of Human Biology 5455:10.1073/pnas.1100723108 5262:10.1126/science.aar7711 4876:10.1073/pnas.1518445113 4520:Between 2002 and 2008, 2268:R-A8051 (R1b1a1b1a1a4) 2254:R-S1194 (R1b1a1b1a1a3) 2196:R-L151* (R1b1a1b1a1a*) 1870:Indo-European expansion 1720:of Afghanistan and the 1375:North Eastern Europeans 995: M269/PF6517 951: P297/PF6398 738: M343/PF6242 587:The broader haplogroup 517:Indo-European languages 349:Zvejnieki burial ground 334:Eastern Hunter-Gatherer 309:culture setting in the 303:Western Hunter-Gatherer 261:Indo-European languages 114:), previously known as 54:Possible time of origin 6279:10.1186/2041-2223-5-13 6266:Investigative Genetics 3769:Origins of the British 2291:R-PF7589 (R1b1a1b1a2) 2240:R-P312 (R1b1a1b1a1a2) 2018:, 4 out of 50 (8%) of 1984:males and over 35% in 1865: 1740:(2011), Di Cristofaro 903:, Russia (including a 809:L754/PF6269/YSC0000022 795:, the UK, and the USA. 558:Linear Pottery culture 553: 486:Ancient North Eurasian 321:and belonged to R1b1a. 301:(individual I9030), a 284: 18:Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA) 8379:Nature Communications 8184:(12): 1801–1810.e10. 8037:10.1038/ejhg.2017.128 7988:10.1038/ejhg.2013.211 7822:10.1093/molbev/msq247 7063:Nature Communications 6926:10.1038/ejhg.2011.192 6816:Iran and the Caucasus 5943:10.1038/ejhg.2009.231 5781:10.1038/ejhg.2010.146 5687:YFull YTree v10.00.00 5323:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106 3848:Genealogical DNA test 3801:(which originated in 3791:Nicholas II of Russia 2366:Afroasiatic languages 1863: 533: 488:sample from Siberia ( 484:has been found in an 326:Iron Gates Mesolithic 324:Several males of the 274: 7862:10.1038/ejhg.2015.80 7136:10.3390/ijms20225763 2337:R-PF7558 (R1b1a1b2) 2314:R-Z2103 (R1b1a1b1b) 2162:L51/M412/PF6536/S167 2104:as far as China and 1744:(2013), and Lippold 1645:Carpathian Mountains 1453:South-east Europeans 1323:North-west Europeans 1193:Central Sahel Region 267:Origin and dispersal 200:as well as parts of 8719:10.1038/nature17993 8711:2016Natur.534..200F 8658:2019PNAS..116.9469S 8615:10.1038/NATURE14317 8597:2015Natur.522..207H 8544:10.1038/nature25738 8536:2018Natur.555..190O 8450:10.1038/nature25778 8442:2018Natur.555..197M 8391:2020NatCo..11..939M 8348:10.1038/nature24476 8340:2017Natur.551..368L 8259:10.1038/nature14317 8251:2015Natur.522..207H 8190:2017CBio...27E1801G 8139:2017CBio...27..576J 7929:2009PLoSO...4.4838C 7713:2008PLoSO...3.1430C 7452:2018PNAS..115.6774F 7394:2023Natur.618..550S 7186:2024Natur.625..301A 7075:2020NatCo..11..939M 6696:2017JArSc..78...20O 6219:2013PLoSO...876748D 6120:10.1038/nature09103 6112:2010Natur.466..238B 6019:10.1038/jhg.2011.64 5830:2012PLoSO...741252G 5564:10.1038/nature25738 5556:2018Natur.555..190O 5446:2011PNAS..108.9788L 5373:2019Natur.570..182S 4867:2016PNAS..113..368C 4786:10.1038/nature14507 4778:2015Natur.522..167A 4695:10.1038/nature17993 4687:2016Natur.534..200F 4401:Y-DNA by population 4316: 3767:, in his 2007 book 3765:Stephen Oppenheimer 3753:, in his 2006 book 3637:R-V69 (R1b1b2a2a1) 2427: 2390:lactase persistence 2150:R-L23* (R1b1a1b1*) 2129:R-M269* (R1b1a1b*) 2012:Burzyansky District 1118: 909:Province of Salerno 728: 550:Sredny Stog culture 525:Neolithic Europeans 468:likely occurred in 379:An EHG buried near 305:(WHG), found in an 281:Proto-Indo-European 8766:Pre-Indo-Europeans 8487:(6457): eaat7487. 8299:10.1002/ajpa.23607 7606:10.1002/ajpa.23711 7564:10.1002/ajpa.20876 7304:10.1002/ajpa.23285 6325:10.1002/ajhb.23194 5974:Varzari A (2006). 5256:(6396): eaar7711. 5220:Marcus et al. 2020 4982:10.1101/gr.7172008 4441:10.1002/humu.22468 4167: 3948:Y-chromosomal Adam 3803:Schleswig-Holstein 3755:Blood of the Isles 3745:In popular culture 2670:Southern Egyptians 2542:Northern Egyptians 2425: 1866: 1116: 917:Dominican Republic 829:Sub-Saharan Africa 724: 554: 421:Carbonia, Sardinia 285: 283:, carried R1b-L23. 98:Defining mutations 8652:(19): 9469–9474. 8581:(7555): 207–211. 8530:(7695): 190–196. 8436:(7695): 197–203. 8334:(7680): 368–372. 8235:(7555): 207–211. 8031:(11): 1181–1188. 7896:. 5 August 2014. 7446:(26): 6774–6779. 7388:(7965): 550–556. 6655:Lobov AS (2009). 6496:978-0-521-54697-3 5984:10.5282/edoc.5868 5550:(7695): 190–196. 5367:(7760): 182–188. 4612: 4611: 4574:, 2017, "K-M2335" 4572:YFull YTree v5.08 4522:Haplogroup T-M184 4390: 4389: 4335: 4325: 4315: 4306: 4294: 4283: 4275: 4263: 4255: 4248: 4241: 4234: 4179: 4098: 4090: 4081: 4011: 3995: 3978: 3961: 3933: 3932: 3655: 3654: 3646: 3645: 3623:R-V35 (R1b1b2a1) 3577: 3576: 2574:Berbers from Siwa 2386:Neolithic farmers 2355: 2354: 2346: 2345: 2323: 2322: 2300: 2299: 2277: 2276: 2236:P312/PF6547/S116 2226: 2225: 1931:, 45% in Eastern 1849:Haplogroup R-M269 1623: 1622: 1557:North-east Asians 1531:South-east Asians 1427:Eastern Europeans 1349:Central Europeans 1297:Western Europeans 1144: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1051: 1050: 1042: 1041: 1033: 1032: 1024: 1023: 1015: 1014: 1006: 996: 984: 962: 952: 940: 858: 847: 832: 822: 811: 796: 774: 764: 752: 739: 626:Phylogeny within 579:Haplogroup P-P295 505:Kurgan hypothesis 372:A male buried at 141:) and across the 105: 104: 16:(Redirected from 8778: 8740: 8730: 8689: 8679: 8669: 8636: 8626: 8608: 8590: 8565: 8555: 8514: 8504: 8471: 8461: 8420: 8410: 8369: 8359: 8318: 8280: 8270: 8244: 8219: 8209: 8168: 8158: 8108: 8107: 8097: 8080:(9): 1198–1206. 8065: 8059: 8058: 8048: 8016: 8010: 8009: 7999: 7967: 7961: 7960: 7950: 7940: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7890: 7884: 7883: 7873: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7824: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7783: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7734: 7724: 7692: 7686: 7684: 7674: 7642: 7636: 7635: 7625: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7522: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7481: 7463: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7413: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7356: 7346: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7258: 7241:(6): 1316–1324. 7232: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7205: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7148: 7138: 7114: 7105: 7104: 7094: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7037: 7027: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6986: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6937: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6889: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6786: 6762: 6751: 6750: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6663: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6609: 6600: 6599: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6465: 6455: 6431: 6422: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6382: 6376: 6361: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6291: 6281: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6240: 6230: 6198: 6189: 6188: 6178: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6106:(7303): 238–42. 6095: 6089: 6088: 6078: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6021: 5997: 5988: 5987: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5954: 5922: 5911: 5910: 5900: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5851: 5841: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5792: 5760: 5729: 5728: 5717: 5711: 5706: 5700: 5695: 5689: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5666: 5655: 5654: 5643: 5634: 5633: 5597: 5586: 5585: 5575: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5518: 5508: 5499:(11): e1000536. 5484: 5478: 5477: 5467: 5457: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5392: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5334: 5302: 5296: 5293:Haak et al. 2015 5290: 5284: 5283: 5273: 5241: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5184:Haak et al. 2015 5181: 5175: 5172:Haak et al. 2015 5169: 5163: 5160:Haak et al. 2015 5157: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4993: 4961: 4950: 4949: 4939: 4929: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4888: 4878: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4815: 4806: 4805: 4772:(7555): 167–72. 4757: 4748: 4745:Haak et al. 2015 4742: 4725: 4724: 4714: 4666: 4646: 4643: 4637: 4625: 4602: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4584: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4529: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4503: 4500: 4494: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4476: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4424: 4331: 4321: 4309: 4301: 4289: 4279: 4270: 4259: 4251: 4244: 4237: 4230: 4175: 4094: 4085: 4077: 4007: 3991: 3974: 3957: 3941: 3928: 3925: 3919: 3907: 3906: 3899: 3882: 3875: 3868: 3859: 3822:House of Bourbon 3795:House of Romanov 3595:R-V88* (R1b1b*) 3588: 3580: 2510:Mozabite Berbers 2428: 2211: 2190: 2169: 2163: 2144: 2139:L23/PF6534/S141 2123: 2115: 1915:), about 60% in 1843:R1b1a1b (R-M269) 1750:Haplogroup Q-M25 1138: 1119: 1097:of southeastern 1000: 994: 966: 960: 957: 950: 877:Southern Finland 862: 856: 853: 846: 843: 826: 820: 817: 810: 807: 778: 772: 769: 763: L278 762: 750: 744: 737: 734: 729: 336:(EHG) admixture. 49: 37: 21: 8786: 8785: 8781: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8776: 8775: 8751: 8750: 8743: 8705:(7606): 200–5. 8692: 8639: 8568: 8517: 8474: 8423: 8372: 8321: 8283: 8222: 8178:Current Biology 8171: 8127:Current Biology 8120: 8116: 8111: 8067: 8066: 8062: 8018: 8017: 8013: 7976:Eur J Hum Genet 7969: 7968: 7964: 7910: 7909: 7905: 7892: 7891: 7887: 7843: 7842: 7838: 7802: 7801: 7797: 7753: 7752: 7748: 7694: 7693: 7689: 7657:(5): 1197–214. 7644: 7643: 7639: 7587: 7586: 7582: 7549: 7548: 7544: 7500: 7499: 7495: 7432: 7431: 7427: 7375: 7374: 7370: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7285: 7284: 7280: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7167: 7166: 7162: 7116: 7115: 7108: 7056: 7055: 7051: 7005: 7004: 7000: 6956: 6955: 6951: 6907: 6906: 6902: 6894: 6887: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6856: 6855: 6851: 6813: 6812: 6808: 6764: 6763: 6754: 6716: 6715: 6711: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6614:Nature Genetics 6611: 6610: 6603: 6552: 6551: 6547: 6509: 6508: 6504: 6497: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6446:(1): e1000285. 6433: 6432: 6425: 6420: 6416: 6394: 6393: 6389: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6348: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6200: 6199: 6192: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6097: 6096: 6092: 6048: 6047: 6043: 5999: 5998: 5991: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5924: 5923: 5914: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5811: 5810: 5806: 5762: 5761: 5732: 5721:"R-V1636 YTree" 5719: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5703: 5696: 5692: 5685: 5681: 5668: 5667: 5658: 5645: 5644: 5637: 5599: 5598: 5589: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5440:(24): 9788–91. 5427: 5426: 5422: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5230: 5226: 5218: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5194: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5170: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5146: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5110: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5090:, pp. 8–9. 5086: 5082: 5078:, pp. 2–3. 5074: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5038: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4970:Genome Research 4963: 4962: 4953: 4920:(7): e1006852. 4907: 4906: 4902: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4817: 4816: 4809: 4759: 4758: 4751: 4743: 4728: 4681:(7606): 200–5. 4668: 4667: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4468: 4464: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4410: 4391: 3934: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3908: 3904: 3892: 3886: 3839: 3830: 3812: 3747: 3695: 3679: 3656: 3647: 3609:R-M18 (R1b1b1) 2897:Nigeria (South) 2865:Nigeria (North) 2833:Nigeria (North) 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2361: 2356: 2347: 2324: 2301: 2278: 2227: 2164: 2161: 2047:North Macedonia 1855: 1847:Main articles: 1845: 1691: 1689:R1b1a1a (R-M73) 1678: 1676:R1b1a1 (R-P297) 1669: 1653: 1628: 1271:Southern Africa 1167:Northern Africa 1158: 1153: 1148: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1129: 1075: 1070: 1061: 1052: 1043: 1034: 1025: 1016: 961: M73 848: 844: 812: 808: 706: 585: 577:Main articles: 575: 570: 509:Marija Gimbutas 446:Yamnaya culture 428:Baalberge group 401:male buried at 390:male buried at 313:valley (modern 269: 259:along with the 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8784: 8782: 8774: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8753: 8752: 8742: 8741: 8690: 8637: 8606:10.1101/013433 8566: 8515: 8472: 8421: 8370: 8319: 8281: 8220: 8169: 8133:(4): 576–582. 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8060: 8011: 7982:(5): 681–687. 7962: 7903: 7885: 7836: 7795: 7766:(4): 873–882. 7746: 7687: 7663:10.1086/340257 7637: 7600:(4): 804–812. 7580: 7558:(3): 316–323. 7542: 7513:(9): 435–441. 7493: 7425: 7368: 7317: 7298:(2): 424–434. 7278: 7217: 7160: 7129:(5763): 5763. 7106: 7049: 7012:Genome Biology 6998: 6949: 6900: 6897:on 2017-04-02. 6868: 6849: 6822:(2): 191–208. 6806: 6752: 6709: 6674: 6671:on 2011-08-16. 6647: 6620:(3): 358–361. 6601: 6545: 6502: 6495: 6477: 6423: 6414: 6387: 6366:(in Russian). 6346: 6303: 6252: 6213:(10): e76748. 6190: 6167:10.1086/499411 6141: 6090: 6041: 5989: 5966: 5912: 5863: 5804: 5730: 5712: 5701: 5690: 5679: 5656: 5635: 5602:Human Genetics 5587: 5530: 5479: 5420: 5346: 5297: 5285: 5236: 5232:Mathieson 2018 5224: 5212: 5208:Mathieson 2018 5200: 5196:Mathieson 2018 5188: 5176: 5164: 5152: 5148:Mathieson 2018 5140: 5136:Mathieson 2018 5128: 5124:Mathieson 2018 5116: 5104: 5092: 5080: 5076:Mathieson 2018 5068: 5064:Mathieson 2018 5056: 5052:Mathieson 2018 5044: 5029: 5025:Mathieson 2018 5017: 5013:Mathieson 2018 5005: 4951: 4900: 4841: 4828:10.1101/016477 4807: 4749: 4726: 4703:10211.3/198594 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4638: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4604: 4603: 4594: 4585: 4557: 4548: 4539: 4530: 4513: 4504: 4495: 4486: 4477: 4462: 4429:Human Mutation 4418: 4417: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4359: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4329: 4327: 4319: 4317: 4307: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4287: 4285: 4276: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4257: 4249: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4226: 4219: 4213: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4172: 4165: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4099: 4091: 4082: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3979: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3962: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3944: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3911: 3909: 3902: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3887: 3885: 3884: 3877: 3870: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3838: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3811: 3810:Notable People 3808: 3807: 3806: 3787: 3784:Ural Mountains 3782:epic from the 3776: 3762: 3746: 3743: 3694: 3693:R1b2 (R-PH155) 3691: 3678: 3677:R1b1b1 (R-M18) 3675: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3592: 3586: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3409:Cameroon (Sth) 3407: 3404: 3400: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3377:Cameroon (Nth) 3375: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3345:Cameroon (Nth) 3343: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3313:Cameroon (Nth) 3311: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3281:Cameroon (Nth) 3279: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3249:Cameroon (Nth) 3247: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3217:Cameroon (Nth) 3215: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3185:Cameroon (Nth) 3183: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3153:Cameroon (Nth) 3151: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3121:Cameroon (Nth) 3119: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3089:Cameroon (Nth) 3087: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3057:Cameroon (Nth) 3055: 3052: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3025:Cameroon (Nth) 3023: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2993:Cameroon (Nth) 2991: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2961:Cameroon (Nth) 2959: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2929:Cameroon (Nth) 2927: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2310:CTS1078/Z2103 2307: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2250:AM01876/S1194 2247: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2206:M405/U106/S21 2203: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2113: 2087:Haplogroup G2a 2065:of south-east 2034:were R1b-L23. 2004: 2003: 2000: 1962:Canary Islands 1844: 1841: 1690: 1687: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1667:R1b1a (R-L389) 1665: 1652: 1649: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1245:Eastern Africa 1243: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1219:Western Africa 1217: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1134: 1131: 1126: 1123: 1087: 1086: 1074: 1073:R1b* (R-M343*) 1071: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1003:Western Europe 997: 991: 990: 987: 986: 963: 955: 953: 947: 946: 943: 942: 859: 851: 849: 842: 839: 838: 835: 834: 823: 815: 813: 806: 803: 802: 799: 798: 775: 767: 765: 759: 758: 755: 754: 747: 742: 740: 732: 705: 702: 701: 700: 699: 698: 697: 696: 695: 694: 693: 692: 686: 664: 633: 632: 616:Southeast Asia 574: 571: 569: 566: 562:Beaker culture 546:Samara culture 511:regarding the 470:Southeast Asia 450: 449: 442: 433:A male of the 431: 426:A male of the 424: 417: 410: 395: 384: 377: 370: 363: 356: 351:in modern-day 347:buried in the 343:and Neolithic 337: 322: 268: 265: 190:Eastern Europe 147:Central Africa 131:Western Europe 108:Haplogroup R1b 103: 102: 99: 95: 94: 93: 92: 89: 84: 80: 79: 74: 70: 69: 63: 59: 58: 55: 51: 50: 42: 41: 40:Haplogroup R1b 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8783: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8749: 8748: 8738: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8293:(1): 97–107. 8292: 8288: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8119: 8118: 8113: 8105: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8064: 8061: 8056: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8015: 8012: 8007: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7966: 7963: 7958: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7907: 7904: 7899: 7895: 7889: 7886: 7881: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7840: 7837: 7832: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7815:(1): 717–27. 7814: 7810: 7806: 7799: 7796: 7791: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7750: 7747: 7742: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7691: 7688: 7682: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7641: 7638: 7633: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7546: 7543: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7497: 7494: 7489: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7429: 7426: 7421: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7372: 7369: 7364: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7321: 7318: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7282: 7279: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7229: 7221: 7218: 7213: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7164: 7161: 7156: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7102: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7053: 7050: 7045: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7002: 6999: 6994: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6969:(3): 286–95. 6968: 6964: 6960: 6953: 6950: 6945: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6920:(3): 313–20. 6919: 6915: 6911: 6904: 6901: 6893: 6885: 6881: 6880: 6872: 6869: 6864: 6860: 6857:Maciamo Hay. 6853: 6850: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6810: 6807: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6777:(7): 867–76. 6776: 6772: 6768: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6713: 6710: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6678: 6675: 6667: 6660: 6659: 6651: 6648: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6626:10.1038/81685 6623: 6619: 6615: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6549: 6546: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6518:(3): e49-52. 6517: 6513: 6506: 6503: 6498: 6492: 6488: 6481: 6478: 6473: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6415: 6410: 6406: 6403:(1): 146–56. 6402: 6398: 6391: 6388: 6377:on 2021-09-23 6373: 6369: 6365: 6357: 6350: 6347: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6319:(6): e23194. 6318: 6314: 6307: 6304: 6299: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6256: 6253: 6248: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6161:(2): 202–21. 6160: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6142: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6094: 6091: 6086: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6061:(2): 229–46. 6060: 6056: 6052: 6045: 6042: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5970: 5967: 5962: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5908: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5864: 5859: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5824:(7): e41252. 5823: 5819: 5815: 5808: 5805: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5775:(1): 95–101. 5774: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5726: 5725:www.yfull.com 5722: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5683: 5680: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5608:(2): 127–48. 5607: 5603: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5531: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5483: 5480: 5475: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5355:(June 2019). 5350: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5317:(3): 369–73. 5316: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5153: 5149: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5105: 5101: 5096: 5093: 5089: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4914:PLOS Genetics 4911: 4904: 4901: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4861:(2): 368–73. 4860: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4615: 4598: 4595: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4580: 4575: 4573: 4568: 4561: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4514: 4508: 4505: 4499: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4466: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4435:(2): 187–91. 4434: 4430: 4423: 4420: 4415: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4384: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4363: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4313: 4304: 4297: 4292: 4282: 4273: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4254: 4247: 4240: 4233: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4209: 4204: 4203: 4195: 4190: 4189: 4183: 4178: 4170: 4161: 4156: 4155: 4149: 4146: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4127: 4121: 4118: 4113: 4107: 4104: 4097: 4088: 4080: 4073: 4070: 4065: 4058: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4025: 4019: 4016: 4010: 4003: 4000: 3994: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3927: 3924:February 2021 3915: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3878: 3876: 3871: 3869: 3864: 3863: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3834: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3818: 3816: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3651: 3650: 3642: 3641: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3582: 3581: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3438:Biaka Pygmies 3437: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2423: 2421: 2420:Baggara Arabs 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2379: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2359:R1b1b (R-V88) 2358: 2351: 2350: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2287:PF7589/Z2118 2286: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2273: 2272: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2213: 2212: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2192: 2191: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2171: 2170: 2159: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2146: 2145: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2125: 2124: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2072:Ararat Valley 2068: 2067:Bashkortostan 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2041:, especially 2040: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1923:, 50% in the 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1875: 1874:Yamna culture 1871: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1675: 1673: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1661:Epigravettian 1658: 1651:R1b1 (R-L754) 1650: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1632: 1625: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1135: 1132: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1080: 1079:peer-reviewed 1072: 1067: 1056: 1055: 1047: 1046: 1038: 1037: 1029: 1028: 1020: 1019: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1004: 993: 992: 989: 988: 985: 982: 978: 974: 970: 959: 958: 949: 948: 945: 944: 941: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 855: 854: 841: 840: 837: 836: 833: 830: 819: 818: 805: 804: 801: 800: 797: 794: 790: 786: 782: 771: 770: 761: 760: 757: 756: 753: 746: 745: 736: 735: 731: 730: 727: 722: 719: 715: 711: 703: 690: 687: 684: 681: 680: 678: 675: 674: 672: 668: 665: 662: 658: 655: 654: 652: 648: 645: 644: 642: 638: 635: 634: 631: 630: 625: 624: 623: 621: 617: 613: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 584: 580: 572: 567: 565: 563: 559: 551: 547: 543: 542: 537: 532: 528: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 447: 443: 440: 436: 435:Botai culture 432: 429: 425: 422: 418: 415: 411: 408: 404: 400: 396: 393: 389: 385: 382: 378: 375: 371: 368: 364: 361: 357: 354: 350: 346: 345:Narva culture 342: 341:Kunda culture 338: 335: 331: 327: 323: 320: 316: 312: 308: 307:Epigravettian 304: 300: 297: 296: 295: 292: 290: 282: 278: 277:Yamna culture 273: 266: 264: 262: 258: 257:Pontic Steppe 254: 249: 247: 246:Western China 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 213: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 186: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 127: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 100: 96: 90: 87: 86: 85: 81: 78: 75: 71: 67: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 43: 38: 33: 19: 8761:Haplogroup R 8744: 8702: 8698: 8649: 8645: 8578: 8574: 8527: 8523: 8484: 8480: 8433: 8429: 8382: 8378: 8331: 8327: 8290: 8286: 8232: 8228: 8181: 8177: 8130: 8126: 8114:Bibliography 8077: 8073: 8063: 8028: 8024: 8014: 7979: 7975: 7965: 7923:(3): e4838. 7920: 7916: 7906: 7888: 7856:(3): 442–9. 7853: 7849: 7839: 7812: 7808: 7798: 7763: 7759: 7749: 7707:(1): e1430. 7704: 7700: 7690: 7654: 7650: 7640: 7597: 7593: 7583: 7575: 7555: 7551: 7545: 7510: 7506: 7496: 7443: 7439: 7428: 7385: 7381: 7371: 7334: 7331:BMC Genomics 7330: 7320: 7295: 7291: 7281: 7238: 7234: 7220: 7177: 7173: 7163: 7126: 7122: 7066: 7062: 7052: 7015: 7011: 7001: 6966: 6962: 6952: 6917: 6913: 6903: 6892:the original 6883: 6878: 6871: 6862: 6852: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6774: 6770: 6725:(3): 251–5. 6722: 6718: 6712: 6687: 6683: 6677: 6666:the original 6657: 6650: 6617: 6613: 6566:(1): 44–56. 6563: 6559: 6548: 6532:11573/226727 6515: 6511: 6505: 6486: 6480: 6443: 6440:PLOS Biology 6439: 6417: 6400: 6396: 6390: 6379:. Retrieved 6372:the original 6367: 6363: 6349: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6269: 6265: 6255: 6210: 6206: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6058: 6054: 6044: 6012:(8): 583–8. 6009: 6005: 5975: 5969: 5937:(7): 800–7. 5934: 5930: 5883:(1): 14–20. 5880: 5876: 5866: 5821: 5817: 5807: 5772: 5768: 5724: 5715: 5704: 5693: 5682: 5673: 5650: 5605: 5601: 5547: 5543: 5533: 5496: 5493:PLOS Biology 5492: 5482: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5390:1887/3198847 5364: 5360: 5349: 5314: 5310: 5300: 5295:, p. 5. 5288: 5253: 5249: 5239: 5227: 5215: 5203: 5191: 5179: 5167: 5155: 5143: 5131: 5119: 5107: 5095: 5083: 5071: 5059: 5047: 5020: 5008: 4976:(5): 830–8. 4973: 4969: 4917: 4913: 4903: 4858: 4854: 4844: 4819: 4769: 4765: 4678: 4674: 4641: 4623: 4597: 4588: 4578: 4571: 4566: 4560: 4551: 4542: 4533: 4516: 4507: 4498: 4489: 4480: 4471: 4465: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4413: 4278: 4221: 3921: 3913: 3831: 3819: 3813: 3768: 3754: 3727: 3696: 3680: 3664: 3657: 3636: 3622: 3608: 3594: 3150:Other Chadic 2417: 2402: 2382: 2378:Green Sahara 2374: 2362: 2336: 2313: 2290: 2267: 2253: 2239: 2216: 2195: 2185:L151/PF6542 2174: 2149: 2128: 2118:M269/PF6517 2110: 2102:Central Asia 2094:North Africa 2091: 2080: 2036: 2005: 1990: 1953:North Africa 1890: 1878: 1867: 1856: 1839:, Xinjiang. 1821: 1816: 1812: 1810: 1805: 1780: 1778: 1757: 1753: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1715: 1710: 1701: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1683: 1679: 1670: 1657:Villabruna 1 1654: 1633: 1629: 1626:R1b (R-L278) 1505:South Asians 1111: 1107: 1092: 1088: 1081:literature. 1076: 999: 977:Central Asia 965: 901:Saudi Arabia 861: 845:L389/PF6531 825: 777: 749: 725: 710:phylogenetic 707: 688: 670: 660: 650: 640: 627: 609: 586: 555: 539: 502: 451: 439:Central Asia 374:Lepenski Vir 299:Villabruna 1 293: 286: 250: 214: 210:Central Asia 202:North Africa 198:Central Asia 194:Western Asia 187: 128: 119: 115: 111: 107: 106: 91:R1b2 (PH155) 66:Western Asia 7685:, pp. 13–14 4634:Fula people 3751:Bryan Sykes 3252:NC/Atlantic 3182:Shuwa Arabs 2868:NC/Atlantic 2740:NC/Atlantic 2638:Gurna Oasis 2434:Population 2098:Middle East 2045:with 7.9%, 1991:Apart from 1935:and 42% in 1925:Netherlands 1837:Awat County 1693:Malyarchuk 1583:East Asians 1479:West Asians 1159:(R1b1a1a1) 1154:(R1b1a1a2) 1139:(unreliable 913:Puerto Rico 905:Tomsk Tatar 857: V1636 649:M45 (a.k.a. 407:Epi-Cardial 183:Hausa Tribe 83:Descendants 8755:Categories 8588:1502.02783 8385:(1): 939. 8242:1502.02783 7337:(1): 915. 7069:(1): 939. 6381:2021-11-20 5040:Jones 2017 4822:: 016477. 4652:References 3713:, Turkey, 3711:Tajikistan 3591:undefined 3380:NC/Adamawa 3348:NC/Adamawa 3316:NC/Adamawa 3284:NC/Adamawa 3220:NS/Saharan 3188:AA/Semitic 2804:NS/Sudanic 2708:NS/Songhai 2676:AA/Semitic 2644:AA/Semitic 2612:AA/Semitic 2548:AA/Semitic 2468:R1b1b2a2a1 1958:Punta Azul 1774:Kabardians 1141:marker for 1133:Total R1b 1122:Continent 1099:Kazakhstan 789:Tajikistan 490:Mal'ta boy 454:haplogroup 388:Eneolithic 238:Tajikistan 206:South Asia 163:Mauritania 149:, namely: 137:(e.g. the 8315:205337212 7614:0002-9483 7470:0027-8424 7018:(1): 20. 6844:162345193 6690:: 20–28. 6580:1464-5033 5674:isogg.org 5651:isogg.org 5415:174809069 5399:1476-4687 4579:PhyloTree 4414:Footnotes 3741:, India. 3534:Composite 3503:Composite 3472:Composite 3406:Composite 3156:AA/Chadic 3124:AA/Chadic 3092:AA/Chadic 3060:AA/Chadic 3028:AA/Chadic 2996:AA/Chadic 2964:AA/Chadic 2932:AA/Chadic 2900:NC/Defoid 2836:AA/Chadic 2772:AA/Berber 2580:AA/Berber 2516:AA/Berber 2478:Composite 2465:(R-V88*) 2460:(R-M269) 2440:Language 2083:Ergolding 2049:5.1% and 2028:Besermyan 2008:Idel-Ural 1960:, in the 1927:, 47% in 1919:, 50% in 1907:, 60% in 1903:, 68% in 1899:, 70% in 1766:Karachays 1663:culture. 568:Structure 521:autosomal 403:Els Trocs 399:Neolithic 392:Khvalynsk 8737:27135931 8686:30988179 8633:25731166 8562:29466337 8511:31488661 8468:29466330 8417:32094358 8366:29144465 8307:29900529 8277:25731166 8216:28552360 8165:28162894 8104:35861954 8055:28853720 8006:24105374 7957:19277206 7917:PLOS ONE 7898:Archived 7880:25966630 7831:20837606 7790:18374297 7741:18183308 7701:PLOS ONE 7681:11910562 7632:30259956 7572:18618658 7529:16142507 7488:29895688 7420:37286608 7411:10266975 7363:31791255 7312:28736914 7273:38169172 7265:27889059 7212:38200295 7203:10781627 7155:31744094 7101:32094358 7044:29433568 6993:19480023 6944:22085901 6801:20279122 6793:15856073 6747:11556974 6739:17909833 6642:12893406 6634:11062480 6596:43501209 6588:29382284 6540:20732840 6472:20087410 6341:53238849 6333:30408262 6298:25254093 6247:24204668 6207:PLOS ONE 6185:16400607 6128:20531471 6085:22281367 6036:12015336 6028:21677663 5961:20051990 5907:16026953 5898:2381/443 5858:22815981 5818:PLOS ONE 5799:20736979 5630:10763736 5622:14586639 5582:29466337 5525:21085689 5474:21628562 5407:31168093 5341:24896152 5280:29743352 5000:18385274 4946:28749934 4895:26712024 4794:26062507 4721:27135931 4629:Dead Sea 4576:, and; 4567:op. cit. 4457:23291764 4449:24166809 4087:F-Y27277 3837:See also 3715:Xinjiang 3683:Sardinia 3667:Cameroon 3660:Sardinia 3529:S Africa 3498:E Africa 3467:W Africa 3444:NC/Bantu 3435:C Africa 3412:NC/Bantu 3403:C Africa 3371:C Africa 3339:C Africa 3307:C Africa 3278:Moundang 3275:C Africa 3243:C Africa 3211:C Africa 3179:C Africa 3147:C Africa 3115:C Africa 3083:C Africa 3051:C Africa 3019:C Africa 2987:C Africa 2955:C Africa 2923:C Africa 2891:C Africa 2859:C Africa 2827:C Africa 2795:C Africa 2763:C Africa 2731:C Africa 2699:C Africa 2667:N Africa 2635:N Africa 2603:N Africa 2571:N Africa 2539:N Africa 2507:N Africa 2475:N Africa 2470:(R-V69) 2455:(R-V88) 2437:Country 2372:branch. 2063:Bashkirs 2061:and the 2024:Mordvins 1982:Armenian 1966:Bimbache 1945:Bashkirs 1917:Portugal 1913:Normandy 1911:(76% in 1901:Scotland 1886:Iron Age 1811:Karafet 1801:Turkmens 1722:Bashkirs 1706:Kumandin 1641:Dniester 1401:Russians 1149:(R1b1b) 981:Mongolia 969:Caucasus 869:Bulgaria 607:(M526). 541:urheimat 498:Yana RHS 414:Smyadovo 360:Deriivka 151:Cameroon 139:Bashkirs 73:Ancestor 8745:{{|url= 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