328:, which began with construction sounds, such as sawing. Grooms recalls, "The curtains were opened by me, playing a fireman wearing a simple costume of white pants and T-shirt with a poncholike cloak and a Smokey Stoverish fireman's helmet. Bill, the 'star' in a tall hat and black overcoat, walked back and forth across the stage with great wooden gestures. Yvonne sat on the floor by a suspended fire engine. She was a blind woman with tin-foil covered glasses and cup. Sylvia played a radio and pulled on hanging junk. For the finale, I hid behind a false door and shouted pop code words. Then the cast did a wild run around and it ended". Dubbing his 148 Delancey Street studio The Delancey Street Museum, Grooms staged three more happenings there,
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might begin to realize, is also organic and fertile, and everything including the visitors can grow a little into such circumstances." Happenings have no plot or philosophy, but rather are materialized in an improvisatory fashion. There is no direction thus the outcome is unpredictable. "It is generated in action by a headful of ideas...and it frequently has words but they may or may not make literal sense. If they do, their meaning is not representational of what the whole element conveys. Hence they carry a brief, detached quality. If they do not make sense, then they are acknowledgement of the sound of the word rather than the meaning conveyed by it."
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confinement, rather the tastes of the patrons (even if that may not be the intention on both ends). "The whole situation is corrosive, neither patrons nor artists comprehend their role...and out of this hidden discomfort comes a stillborn art, tight or merely repetitive and at worst, chic." Though the we may easily blame those offering the temptation, Kaprow reminds us that it is not the publicist's moral obligation to protect the artist's freedom, and artists themselves hold the ultimate power to reject fame if they do not want its responsibilities.
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134:, "The term 'happening' has been used to describe many performances and events, organized by Allan Kaprow and others during the 1950s and 1960s, including a number of theatrical productions that were traditionally scripted and invited only limited audience interaction." Another definition is, "a purposefully composed form of theatre in which diverse alogical elements, including nonmatrixed performing, are organized in a compartmented structure". However, Canadian theatre critic and playwright
429:, which also claims that "spectator is a bad word". Boal expected audience members to participate in the theater of the oppressed by becoming the actors. His goal was to allow the downtrodden to act out the forces oppressing them in order to mobilize the people into political action. Both Kaprow and Boal are reinventing theater to try to make plays more interactive and to abolish the traditional narrative form to make theater something more free-form and organic.
153:," wrote Botting, who also compared them to the "impermanent art" of Dada. "A happening explores negative space in the same way Cage explored silence. It is a form of symbolism: actions concerned with 'now' or fantasies derived from life, or organized structures of events appealing to archetypal symbolic associations." A "Happening" of the same performance will have different outcomes because each performance depends on the action of the audience.
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do and where it tells us to do it. For example, a user may look at a long list of slogans on the website database section, and may submit, in text, his or her take on the most literal way to act out the slogan/command. The iKatun team will then act out the slogan in a research-performance related way. This means of performance art draws on the collaboration of the web world and tangible reality to conduct a new, modern happening.
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180:. The idea was to break down the fourth wall between performer and spectator; with the involvement of the spectator as performer, objective criticism is transformed into subjective support. For some happenings, everyone present is included in the making of the art and even the form of the art depends on audience engagement, for they are a key factor in where the performers' spontaneity leads.
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frowns on the idea of spectators and stresses the importance of everyone being involved to create something amazing and unique. Both parties embody the "audience" and instead of creating something to show the people, the people become involved in helping create something incredible and spontaneous to
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presents a scrutinizing look at the super-saturating advertisements slogans, and "commands" of companies. "The
Institute for Infinitely Small Things" uses these commands to conduct research performances, performances in which we attempt to enact, as literally as possible, what the command tells us to
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Happenings emphasize the organic connection between art and its environment. Kaprow supports that "happenings invite us to cast aside for a moment these proper manners and partake wholly in the real nature of the art and life. It is a rough and sudden act, where one often feels "dirty", and dirt, we
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Kaprow explains that happenings are not a new style, but a moral act, a human stand of great urgency, whose professional status as art is less critical than their certainty as an ultimate existential commitment. He argues that once artists have been recognized and paid, they also surrender to the
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Due to the convention's nature, there is no such term as "failure" which can be applied. "For when something goes "wrong", something far more "right", more revelatory may emerge. This sort of sudden near-miracle presently is made more likely by chance procedures." As a conclusion, a happening is
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Later happenings had no set rules, only vague guidelines that the performers follow based on surrounding props. Unlike other forms of art, happenings that allow chance to enter are ever-changing. When chance determines the path the performance will follow, there is no room for failure. As Kaprow
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The non-profit, artist-run organization, iKatun, artist group, The
Institute of Infinitely Small Things, has reflected the use of "happenings" influence while incorporating the medium of internet. Their aim is one that "fosters public engagement in the politics of information". Their project
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wrote in his essay, "'Happenings' in the New York Scene", "Visitors to a
Happening are now and then not sure what has taken place, when it has ended, even when things have gone 'wrong". For when something goes 'wrong', something far more 'right,' more revelatory, has many times emerged".
485:– Lebel invited the audience to attend a ceremony in formal dress. In a decorated room within a grand residence, a draped 'cadaver' rested on a plinth which was then ritually stabbed by an 'executioner' while a 'service' was read consisting of extracts from the French décadent writer
440:'s and other artists of the 1950s and 1960s that performed these happenings helped put "new media technology developments into context". The happenings allowed other artists to create performances that would attract attention to the issue they wanted to portray.
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the moment. Both of these events are happenings that are recreated and special each year and are always new and organic. These events draw crowds of close to 50,000 people each year and reach more people than just the attendees with their messages and ideals.
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has remarked, "I had the sense that I knew it was something. I knew it was something because I didn't know what it was. I think that's when you're at your best point. When you're really doing something, you're doing it all out, but you don't know what it is."
569:. She walked onto the stage draped in fabric, presented the audience with a pair of scissors, and instructed the audience to cut the fabric away gradually until the performer decided they should stop. This piece was presented again in 1966 at the
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2001–2021 |editor-last=Burnett |editor-first=D. Graham |editor2-last= Hansen |editor2-first=Catherine L. |editor-first=D. Graham |editor3-last= Smith |editor2-first=Justin E.|year=2021 |publisher=Strange
Attractor Press |location=London
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in which a "captive" audience was entangled in string emanating from a vacuum cleaner as it made its rounds (similar to Kaprow's "A Spring
Happening", where he used a power lawnmower and huge electric fan to similar effect);
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as early as 1952. Kaprow combined the theatrical and visual arts with discordant music. "His happenings incorporated the use of huge constructions or sculptures similar to those suggested by
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solicited an audience member for a light, since none of the cast had one, and this gesture of spontaneous theater recurred in eight subsequent performances. The
Japanese artist
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138:, who himself had "constructed" several happenings, wrote in 1972: "Happenings abandoned the matrix of story and plot for the equally complex matrix of incident and event."
462:; if the buyer wished, the piece could then be completed in an elaborate ritual in which the buyer would burn the cheque, and Klein would throw half of the gold into the
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293:(1966). Kaprow claimed that "some of us will become famous, and we will have proven once again that the only success occurred when there was a lack of it". In 1963
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had the performers drench each other with coloured water. "One girl squirmed between wet inner tubes, ultimately struggling through a large silver vulva."
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danced. All these things took place at the same time, among the audience rather than on a stage. Cage credited a collaborative close reading of
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ran the
Repassage gallery, which promoted performance art in Poland. Also, in the second half of the 1980s, a student-based happening movement
458:. The work involved the sale of documentation of ownership of empty space (the Immaterial Zone), taking the form of a cheque, in exchange for
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referred to Kaprow as "The
Happenings man", and an ad showing a woman floating in outer space declared, "I dreamt I was in a happening in my
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readings more similar to language happenings which involve a variety of interdisciplinary acts and performances occurring at the same time.
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became known for its much attended happenings (over 10 thousand participants at one time) aimed against the military regime led by
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Happenings can be a form of participatory new media art, emphasizing an interaction between the performer and the audience. In his
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on 4 June 1997, ahead of the handover from
British to Chinese rule on 1 July 1997, as a protest against China's crackdown of the
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emptying a bottle of soda water in the North Sea near Petten. Later on, he organized random walks in the
Amsterdam city centre.
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created or "constructed" happenings between 1969 (in St. John's, Newfoundland) and 1972 (in Edmonton, Alberta), including
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520:" on June 11, 1965, where an audience of 7,000 people witnessed and participated in performances by some of the leading
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191:(1959) is commonly cited as the first happening, although that distinction is sometimes given to a 1952 performance of
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along with others (Yvonne Andersen, Bill Barrell, Sylvia Small and Dominic Falcone) staged the non-narrative "play"
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in 1962, taking place during the Merseyside Arts Festival. The most important event in London was the Albert Hall "
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Art and music festivals play a large role in positive and successful happenings. Some of these festivals include
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344:). No wonder Kaprow called Grooms "a Charlie Chaplin forever dreaming about fire". On the opening night of
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where twenty sculptures were erected within 55 hours without the knowledge of the authorities all over
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held in the Edmonton Art Gallery; and "Pipe Dream," set in a men's washroom with an all-female "cast".
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1683:"Poetics collective OBJECT:PARADISE celebrates Žižkov » Prague Monitor / Czech News in English"
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in which the central icon was a huge rock with which the audience interacted in unpredictable ways;
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Happenings are difficult to describe, in part because each one is unique. One definition comes from
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The lack of plot as well as the expected audience participation can be likened to Augusto Boal's
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staged the first happenings starting in 1965. In the second half of 1970s painter and performer
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1497:. Catalogue of the exhibition edited by Grzegorz Kowalski and Maryla Sitkowska, Warsaw 2001
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30, no. 3 (September 2008): 81–93, citation on 81–82. doi:0.1162. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
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1305:"Scream Against the Sky: Yayoi Kusama's Self-Obliteration, avant garde weirdness, 1967"
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1871:, 1958–1972. New Brunswick, N.J., Mason Gross Art Galleries, Rutgers University, 2003.
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A Critical Introduction to Twentieth-Century American Drama: Volume 3 Beyond Broadway
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1448:, edited by Mariellen R. Sandford, (London and New York: Routledge, 1995): p. 368.
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Critical Mass: Happenings, Fluxus, Performance, Intermedia and Rutgers University
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In Search of The Third Bird: Exemplary Essays from The Proceedings of ESTAR(SER)
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GĂĽnter Berghaus, "Happenings in Europe: Trends, Events and Leading Figures", in
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first coined the term "happening" in the spring of 1959 at an art picnic at
1849:. Materialien zusammengestellt von Hans Sohm, Kölnischer Kunstverein, 1970.
1843:. Materialien zusammengestellt von Hans Sohm, Kölnischer Kunstverein, 1970.
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in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Key contributors to the form included
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99:. The form was imitated and the term was adopted by artists across the
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in London, this time allowing the cutting away of her street cloths.
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Beuys Brock Vostell. Aktion Demonstration Partizipation 1949–1983
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is a series of Galschiøt's sculptures. The first was erected in
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Wardrip-Fruin, Noah; Montfort, Nick, eds. (14 February 2003).
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M.C. Richards : centering : life + art -- 100 years
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claimed to have organized the first happenings in England in
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Cultural Revolution?: The Challenge of the Arts in the 1960s
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during the 1950s to describe a range of art-related events.
1253:(Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 1985)
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289:. Some of their work is documented in Michael Kirby's book
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showed some of his paintings and played wax cylinders of
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Essays on the Blurring of Art and Life: Expanded Edition
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and Jeff Milton. The collective has since aimed to make
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Jean-Jacques Lebel – at Exhibition Beat Generation, 2013
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housed 24-hour happenings throughout the early 1970s.
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Allan Kaprow, Assemblage, Environments and Happenings
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Nie wieder störungsfrei! Aachen Avantgarde seit 1964
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and the fear blocking the Polish society ever since
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oversaw and partook in the first European happening
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1824:. Eine Dokumentation. Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbek 1965.
1878:. University of California Press, Berkeley, 2004,
1854:Aktionen, Happenings und Demonstrationen seit 1965
1582:"The International Database of Corporate Commands"
360:happenings during the late '60s in New York City.
1924:. ZKM – Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie,
524:young British and American poets of the day (see
1289:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1065:Oxford Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art
788:Starting around 2010, a world-wide group called
782:The International Database of Corporate Commands
1831:. E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., New York, 1965.
414:fresh while it lasts and cannot be reproduced.
1359:. University of California Press. p. 19.
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483:Happening Funeral Ceremony of the Anti-Process
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1822:Happenings, Fluxus, Pop Art, Nouveau RĂ©alisme
1379:Augusto Boal, "Theater of the Oppressed", in
1271:. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016
8:
1249:Judith Stein, "The Early Years: 1937–1960",
1204:"Media Art Net – Vostell, Wolf: TV Burying"
883:A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art
744:has made political happenings all over the
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2014:
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1970:Happenings by Orange Alternative in Poland
915:. Cambridge University Press. p. 45.
455:Zone de Sensibilité Picturale Immatérielle
1479:: From Text to Performance and Back Again
1353:"Happenings in the New York Scene (1961)"
1026:. Edmonton: Harden House. pp. 12–17.
748:. In November 1993 he made the happening
628:organized happenings around the a statue
1847:Happening. Die Geschichte einer Bewegung
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885:. Oxford University Press. p. 358.
497:– was ceremonially slid into the canal.
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988:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
944:Off Limits: Rutgers University and the
877:Chilvers, I.; Glaves-Smith, J. (2009).
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632:on the Spui, a square in the centre of
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559:created a happening by performing her
1409:Immersive Ideals / Critical Distances
1395:Yves Klein, Stich, Cantz 1995, p. 156
1265:"The world according to Yayoi Kusama"
481:. For his performance there – called
7:
3496:List of books and other publications
1829:Happenings: An Illustrated Anthology
1558:. kanarinka projects. Archived from
1483:PAJ—A Journal of Performance and Art
1202:Net, Media Art (25 September 2017).
1190:Happenings: An Illustrated Anthology
1022:Botting, Gary (1972). "Happenings".
1010:Happenings: An Illustrated Anthology
1876:Childsplay. The Art of Allan Kaprow
1118:The End of the American Avant Garde
942:Joan M. Marter and Simon Anderson,
737:had been imposed in December 1981.
2996:Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters
2975:Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro
1939:"Beuys Brock Vostell – 2016 – ZKM"
1786:"Music News & Concert Reviews"
1263:Pilling, David (20 January 2012).
25:
1711:"FAQs « Oregon Country Fair"
1381:Wardrip-Fruin & Montfort 2003
1067:. Oxford University. p. 546.
1024:The Theatre of Protest in America
766:Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
433:Contribution toward digital media
95:undergraduate literary magazine,
3325:List of jam band music festivals
1856:. Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbek 1970,
1820:JĂĽrgen Becker und Wolf Vostell,
1815:Happenings in the New York Scene
518:International Poetry Incarnation
381:
372:
3330:List of historic rock festivals
3058:The Brotherhood of Eternal Love
1623:from the original on 2024-04-29
1413:LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
3540:Legend of the Rainbow Warriors
713:, artist and theater director
696:Yellow House Artist Collective
667:staged happenings in Germany.
247:as the impetus for the event.
74:Survival Research Laboratories
1:
1697:"Manifesto — OBJECT:PARADISE"
1611:Heller, Nathan (2024-05-06).
1507:Subcomandante Marcos (2005).
1327:"HAPPENINGS AND PERFORMANCES"
582:Beuys Felt TV performance by
52:. The term was first used by
1907:www.gerda-henkel-stiftung.de
1232:, Great Neck, New York, 1964
772:was set up on the ZĂłcalo in
572:Destruction in Art Symposium
532:). One of the participants,
399:, in which she got into the
217:on an Edison horn recorder,
41:is a performance, event, or
3033:Haight Ashbury Free Clinics
2880:Counterculture of the 1960s
1996:Report on a Happening, 1963
1251:Red Grooms: A Retrospective
1120:, NYU Press, 1997, p. 109.
879:"Kaprow, Allan (1927–2006)"
819:was established by writers
790:The Order of the Third Bird
640:often raided these events.
530:Poetry of the United States
320:During the summer of 1959,
27:Type of performance artwork
3965:
3129:Turn on, tune in, drop out
3038:Haight-Ashbury Switchboard
2774:Situationist International
1613:"The Battle for Attention"
1428:, Routledge, 1992, p. 90.
448:In 1959 the French artist
309:and in 1964 the happening
236:The Theatre and Its Double
209:read from another ladder,
32:Happening (disambiguation)
29:
3750:San Francisco Mime Troupe
3172:Hippie exploitation films
3079:Back-to-the-land movement
2900:Sunset Strip curfew riots
1736:"Event FAQ – Burning Man"
1715:www.oregoncountryfair.org
1669:"About — OBJECT:PARADISE"
1510:Conversations with Durito
1446:Happenings and Other Acts
1137:Richards, Mary Caroline.
475:L'enterrement de la Chose
305:in coproduction with the
250:Happenings flourished in
1170:Performance Descriptions
852:. Along with the famous
427:Theater of the Oppressed
189:18 Happenings in 6 Parts
141:Kaprow was a student of
76:Performance in L.A. 2006
2945:Sky River Rock Festival
2284:Experimental literature
1903:"Gerda Henkel Stiftung"
1892:, Kerber Verlag, 2011,
1179:Retrieved July 10, 2010
840:Festivals as happenings
636:, from 1966 till 1968.
3675:Semiological guerrilla
2550:Second Viennese School
2181:Neue Slowenische Kunst
2052:Abstract expressionism
1841:Happening & Fluxus
1550:D'Ignazio, Catherine.
1351:Kaprow, Allan (2003).
1208:www.medienkunstnetz.de
740:Since 1993 the artist
586:
526:British Poetry Revival
505:
417:Regarding happenings,
403:wrapped in newspapers.
199:Black Mountain College
147:Black Mountain College
77:
3785:Theatre of Situations
3600:Second Summer of Love
3555:Civil rights movement
3207:Intentional community
3089:Anti-authoritarianism
2935:Monterey Pop Festival
2657:Theatre of the Absurd
2580:Twelve-tone technique
2459:Electroacoustic music
1991:Interview with Kaprow
1965:Happenings in Belgium
1817:. Art News, May, 1961
1424:B. J. Moore-Gilbert,
907:Christopher W. Bigsby
581:
503:
395:in a 1965 happening,
364:Difference from plays
72:
3691:Guerrilla television
3575:New social movements
3545:Free Speech Movement
3027:San Francisco Oracle
2960:Glastonbury Festival
2940:Newport Pop Festival
2642:Postdramatic theatre
2627:Experimental theatre
2164:Multidimensional art
2001:Happenings Worldwide
1867:Geoffrey Hendricks,
1552:"Corporate Commands"
985:The New Media Reader
954:Press, 1999, p. 10.
676:The Aeolian Stringer
346:The Burning Building
334:The Burning Building
315:Great Neck, New York
279:Robert Delford Brown
132:The New Media Reader
30:For other uses, see
3844:Jay Conrad Levinson
3707:Guerrilla marketing
3365:Psilocybin mushroom
3150:Culture and fashion
3072:Politics and ethics
2890:San Francisco sound
2875:Central Park be-ins
2144:Lyrical Abstraction
1928:, Karlsruhe, 2014,
1116:Stuart Dale Hobbs,
850:Oregon Country Fair
768:. On 1 May 1999, a
487:Joris-Karl Huysmans
340:(originally titled
338:The Magic Trainride
297:made the happening
287:Robert Rauschenberg
211:Robert Rauschenberg
194:Theater Piece No. 1
3793:Situationist prank
3448:New Age travellers
3285:Psychedelic trance
3124:Make love, not war
2905:Love Pageant Rally
2885:Red Dog Experience
2757:Postmodernist film
2662:Theatre of Cruelty
2545:Rock in Opposition
2486:Free improvisation
2129:Post-Impressionism
2062:Art & Language
1975:2006-04-09 at the
1740:www.burningman.com
1592:on 6 February 2018
1473:Kevin Concannon, "
1175:2010-07-09 at the
952:Rutgers University
731:General Jaruzelski
723:Orange Alternative
587:
567:Sogetsu Art Center
506:
471:Jean-Jacques Lebel
256:Carolee Schneemann
93:Rutgers University
78:
3911:
3910:
3879:(1938–1994)
3871:(1943–1978)
3855:(1936–1989)
3839:(1932–2016)
3831:(1931–1994)
3823:(1905–1980)
3815:(1891–1995)
3699:Invisible theater
3667:Guerrilla theatre
3652:Guerrilla theatre
3618:
3617:
3595:Sexual revolution
3590:Hungry generation
3550:Anti-war movement
3523:Underground press
3260:Psychedelic music
2989:People and groups
2920:Mantra-Rock Dance
2809:
2808:
2799:Russian symbolism
2784:Socialist realism
2622:Experimental film
2588:
2587:
2294:Hungry generation
2269:Conceptual poetry
2124:Neo-Impressionism
1934:978-3-7757-3864-4
1898:978-3-86678-602-8
1383:, pp. 341–52
1366:978-0-520-24079-7
1331:Marta-minujin.com
1148:978-1-5323-0998-4
995:978-0-262-23227-2
892:978-0-19-923965-8
792:started creating
725:founded by Major
681:Zen Rock Festival
657:Charlotte Moorman
508:Poet and painter
391:Argentine artist
16:(Redirected from
3956:
3934:Contemporary art
3904:
3896:
3892:Michael Shamberg
3888:
3880:
3872:
3864:
3856:
3848:
3840:
3832:
3824:
3820:Jean-Paul Sartre
3816:
3797:
3789:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3622:
3560:Protests of 1968
3506:Cannabis culture
3470:Woodstock Nation
3300:Progressive rock
3275:Psychedelic soul
3270:Psychedelic rock
3265:Psychedelic folk
3099:Environmentalism
2836:
2829:
2822:
2813:
2703:Russian Futurism
2647:Remodernist film
2565:Stochastic music
2520:Musique concrète
2498:Microtonal music
2476:Experimental pop
2469:Industrial music
2464:Electronic music
2369:
2191:Nouveau réalisme
2099:Grosvenor School
2030:
2023:
2016:
2007:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1802:
1801:
1799:
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1765:Khatt Foundation
1757:
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1632:
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1628:
1608:
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1601:
1599:
1597:
1588:. Archived from
1578:
1572:
1571:
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1567:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1504:
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1471:
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1405:Joseph Nechvatal
1402:
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1108:
1107:, p. 12-17.
1102:
1093:
1092:, p. 16-17.
1087:
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1069:
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1061:
1055:
1054:, p. 12–13.
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1000:
999:
979:
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931:
929:
903:
897:
896:
874:
798:art appreciation
727:Waldemar Fydrych
622:Wim T. Schippers
546:performance poet
452:first performed
444:Around the world
397:Reading the news
385:
376:
227:Merce Cunningham
21:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3939:Avant-garde art
3929:Hippie movement
3924:Performance art
3914:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
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3800:
3795:
3787:
3773:
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3752:
3738:
3733:
3725:
3717:
3715:Culture jamming
3709:
3701:
3693:
3685:
3677:
3669:
3655:
3654:and derivations
3649:
3619:
3614:
3605:Neo-psychedelia
3580:Postmaterialism
3528:press syndicate
3479:
3455:Radical Faeries
3385:
3379:
3343:and other drugs
3342:
3334:
3280:Psychedelic pop
3233:
3212:communal living
3145:
3067:
2984:
2866:Beat Generation
2853:hippie movement
2852:
2851:History of the
2845:
2840:
2810:
2805:
2666:
2652:Structural film
2594:
2584:
2439:Aleatoric music
2427:
2358:
2246:
2240:
2201:Performance art
2040:
2034:
1977:Wayback Machine
1961:
1947:
1945:
1937:
1911:
1909:
1901:
1827:Michael Kirby,
1810:
1808:Further reading
1805:
1795:
1793:
1792:. 15 March 2015
1784:
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1563:
1562:on 2 April 2015
1549:
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1539:
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1525:
1523:
1521:
1513:. Autonomedia.
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1302:
1298:
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1274:
1272:
1269:Financial Times
1262:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1237:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1188:Michael Kirby,
1187:
1183:
1177:Wayback Machine
1168:
1164:
1149:
1136:
1135:
1131:
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1111:
1103:
1096:
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1076:
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1058:
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1021:
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1016:
1008:Michael Kirby,
1007:
1003:
996:
981:
980:
965:
941:
937:
927:
925:
923:
905:
904:
900:
893:
876:
875:
871:
867:
842:
833:
817:OBJECT:PARADISE
770:Pillar of Shame
758:Pillar of Shame
491:Marquis de Sade
446:
435:
407:
406:
405:
404:
401:RĂo de La Plata
388:
387:
386:
378:
377:
366:
342:Fireman's Dream
275:Claes Oldenburg
221:performed on a
187:Kaprow's piece
174:World's Fair II
166:Claes Oldenburg
89:Jackson Pollock
67:
62:
50:performance art
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3962:
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3897:
3889:
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3857:
3849:
3841:
3833:
3825:
3817:
3812:Edward Bernays
3808:
3806:
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3799:
3798:
3790:
3781:
3779:
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3774:
3772:
3771:
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3737:
3736:
3728:
3723:Tactical media
3720:
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3696:
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3672:
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3650:
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3508:
3498:
3493:
3487:
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3477:
3472:
3467:
3465:UK underground
3462:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3384:Hippie related
3381:
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3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
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3257:
3252:
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3231:
3226:
3224:Music festival
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3199:
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3126:
3121:
3116:
3114:Counterculture
3111:
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3073:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3063:Rainbow Family
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3023:
3018:
3016:Electrohippies
3013:
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3003:
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2986:
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2977:
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2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2925:Summer of Love
2922:
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2912:
2910:Haight-Ashbury
2907:
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2897:
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2877:
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2824:
2816:
2807:
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2804:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2779:Social realism
2776:
2771:
2766:
2764:Late modernism
2761:
2760:
2759:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2737:Neo-minimalism
2734:
2732:Postminimalism
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2678:Constructivism
2674:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2637:Poetic realism
2634:
2632:Modernist film
2629:
2624:
2619:
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2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
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2572:
2570:Textural music
2567:
2562:
2560:Spectral music
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2525:New Complexity
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2311:
2309:Language poets
2306:
2301:
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2264:Asemic writing
2261:
2259:Angry Penguins
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2067:Conceptual art
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2018:
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1959:External links
1957:
1956:
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1887:
1872:
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1852:Wolf Vostell,
1850:
1844:
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1832:
1825:
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1813:Allan Kaprow,
1809:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1777:
1752:
1727:
1702:
1688:
1685:. 9 June 2021.
1674:
1660:
1653:978-1913689360
1634:
1617:The New Yorker
1603:
1586:www.ikatun.org
1573:
1542:
1533:
1519:
1499:
1495:Krzysztof Jung
1487:
1466:
1437:
1417:
1415:, 2009. p. 323
1397:
1385:
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1307:. 15 July 2013
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838:
832:
829:
750:my inner beast
742:Jens Galschiøt
719:Krzysztof Jung
715:Tadeusz Kantor
685:Black on Black
445:
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390:
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307:Smolin Gallery
264:Robert Whitman
231:Antonin Artaud
223:prepared piano
162:Robert Whitman
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3949:Social events
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3903:(1959–)
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3898:
3895:(1945–)
3893:
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3887:(1943–)
3885:
3882:
3877:
3874:
3869:
3868:Emmett Grogan
3866:
3863:(1941–)
3861:
3858:
3853:
3852:Abbie Hoffman
3850:
3847:(1933–)
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3805:Theoreticians
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3681:
3676:
3673:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3634:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:Chicago Seven
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3531:
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3526:
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3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:List of films
3489:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3449:
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3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
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3391:
3390:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3315:New-age music
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:Free festival
3217:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:Peace symbols
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3134:Vegetarianism
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:Simple living
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2950:People's Park
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
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2913:
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2908:
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2903:
2901:
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2867:
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2800:
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2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2752:Postmodernism
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2708:Cubo-Futurism
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:Expressionism
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
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2648:
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2640:
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2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
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2568:
2566:
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2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:Music theatre
2513:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2503:Minimal music
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2449:Ars subtilior
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
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2390:
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2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:Visual poetry
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2324:Nouveau roman
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
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2287:
2285:
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2280:
2277:
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2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2231:Temporary art
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:Nonconformism
2184:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:Neoplasticism
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2159:Mir iskusstva
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:Impressionism
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:Functionalism
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1884:0-520-23671-8
1881:
1877:
1874:Jeff Kelley,
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1862:3-498-07053-3
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1741:
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1731:
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1716:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1604:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1522:
1520:9781570271182
1516:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1462:0-415-09936-6
1459:
1455:
1454:0-415-09935-8
1451:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:0-415-07824-5
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1126:0-8147-3539-8
1123:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1080:, p. 17.
1079:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1042:, p. 13.
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1002:
997:
991:
987:
986:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
964:
961:
960:0-8135-2610-8
957:
953:
949:
947:
939:
936:
924:
922:9780521278966
918:
914:
913:
908:
902:
899:
894:
888:
884:
880:
873:
870:
864:
862:
859:
855:
851:
847:
839:
837:
830:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
786:
783:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
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751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:Nam June Paik
650:
646:
643:In the 1960s
641:
639:
635:
631:
630:Het Lieverdje
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
585:
584:Lothar Wolleh
580:
576:
574:
573:
568:
564:
563:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
502:
498:
496:
495:Jean Tinguely
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
456:
451:
443:
441:
439:
432:
430:
428:
423:
420:
415:
411:
402:
398:
394:
393:Marta MinujĂn
384:
375:
363:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:Lucas Samaras
280:
276:
272:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:New York City
248:
246:
242:
241:M.C. Richards
238:
237:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:Charles Olson
204:
200:
196:
195:
190:
185:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
124:Wardrip-Fruin
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
75:
71:
64:
59:
57:
55:
51:
48:, usually as
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3860:Peter Coyote
3683:SpaĂźguerilla
3610:Baby boomers
3585:Neotribalism
3433:Lebensreform
3413:Housetrucker
3403:Flower child
3340:Psychedelics
3255:Protest song
3229:Flower child
3187:Bell-bottoms
3176:
3167:Hippie trail
3162:Flower power
3025:
3006:
2930:Fantasy Fair
2617:Epic theatre
2454:Atonal music
2289:Flarf poetry
2279:Ego-Futurism
2077:Proto-Cubism
1982:Allan Kaprow
1948:25 September
1946:. Retrieved
1942:
1921:
1912:25 September
1910:. Retrieved
1906:
1889:
1875:
1868:
1853:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1796:25 September
1794:. Retrieved
1789:
1780:
1770:25 September
1768:. Retrieved
1764:
1755:
1745:25 September
1743:. Retrieved
1739:
1730:
1720:25 September
1718:. Retrieved
1714:
1705:
1691:
1677:
1663:
1642:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1616:
1606:
1596:25 September
1594:. Retrieved
1590:the original
1585:
1576:
1564:. Retrieved
1560:the original
1555:
1545:
1536:
1524:. Retrieved
1509:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1476:
1469:
1445:
1440:
1425:
1420:
1408:
1400:
1375:
1356:
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1330:
1321:
1311:25 September
1309:. Retrieved
1299:
1275:25 September
1273:. Retrieved
1268:
1258:
1250:
1229:
1223:
1213:25 September
1211:. Retrieved
1207:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1165:
1138:
1132:
1117:
1112:
1105:Botting 1972
1090:Botting 1972
1085:
1078:Botting 1972
1073:
1064:
1059:
1052:Botting 1972
1047:
1040:Botting 1972
1023:
1017:
1009:
1004:
984:
943:
938:
928:September 5,
926:. Retrieved
911:
901:
882:
872:
854:Allan Kaprow
843:
834:
803:In 2018 the
802:
800:happenings.
787:
781:
778:
739:
707:Iron Curtain
704:
689:
684:
680:
675:
672:Gary Botting
669:
661:Dick Higgins
649:Wolf Vostell
645:Joseph Beuys
642:
629:
615:
607:Hugo Heyrman
588:
570:
560:
550:
534:Jeff Nuttall
521:
510:Adrian Henri
507:
482:
474:
468:
453:
447:
438:Allan Kaprow
436:
424:
416:
412:
408:
396:
354:Yayoi Kusama
350:Bob Thompson
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
319:
310:
303:Yam Festival
298:
295:Wolf Vostell
290:
270:
249:
234:
192:
188:
186:
182:
177:
173:
169:
157:
155:
140:
136:Gary Botting
131:
121:
119:brassiere".
113:Jack Kerouac
96:
85:George Segal
81:Allan Kaprow
79:
54:Allan Kaprow
38:
36:
3944:Arts events
3876:Jerry Rubin
3836:Umberto Eco
3660:Derivations
3418:Jesus freak
3408:Freak scene
3386:subcultures
3310:World music
3157:Psychedelia
3119:Bohemianism
3109:Communalism
2970:Piedra Roja
2915:Human Be-In
2769:Primitivism
2595:and theatre
2535:Noise music
2508:Drone music
2339:Slam poetry
2226:Suprematism
2211:Process art
2139:Incoherents
2134:Color Field
2109:Divisionism
2057:Art Nouveau
2037:Avant-garde
1926:Hatje Cantz
1475:Yoko Ono's
948:, 1957–1963
946:Avant-Garde
858:Burning Man
846:Burning Man
815:collective
809:performance
774:Mexico City
735:martial law
705:Behind the
670:In Canada,
618:Netherlands
611:Panamarenko
605:by artists
538:Bob Cobbing
522:avant-garde
326:Walking Man
245:David Tudor
219:David Tudor
178:AUT OBO DYS
97:Anthologist
3918:Categories
3828:Guy Debord
3778:Precursors
3511:Cyberdelic
3501:Subculture
3295:Space rock
3245:Folk music
3192:Love beads
3048:Wavy Gravy
3001:Acid Tests
2789:Surrealism
2727:Minimalism
2602:Cinéma pur
2247:and poetry
2245:Literature
2154:Minimalism
2045:Visual art
1657:1913689360
1556:ikatun.org
1540:ikatun.com
1526:29 January
1228:Happening
865:References
831:Philosophy
542:sound poet
450:Yves Klein
419:Red Grooms
322:Red Grooms
299:TV-Burying
291:Happenings
260:Red Grooms
215:Édith Piaf
117:Maidenform
18:Happenings
3900:Mark Dery
3884:Paul Ryan
3731:Flash mob
3516:Head shop
3423:Jipitecas
3370:Mescaline
3320:Jam bands
3305:Raga rock
3290:Acid rock
3250:Folk rock
3197:Long hair
3177:Happening
3084:Free love
2955:Woodstock
2895:Drop City
2861:Etymology
2794:Symbolism
2722:Modernism
2555:Serialism
2540:Post-rock
2481:Free jazz
2389:Free funk
2344:UltraĂsmo
2299:Imaginism
2274:Cyberpunk
2236:Vorticism
2039:movements
1477:Cut Piece
1456:(cloth);
1285:cite news
1157:958078561
780:entitled
762:Hong Kong
692:Australia
665:HA Schult
634:Amsterdam
562:Cut Piece
555:in 1964,
514:Liverpool
469:In 1960,
271:Car Crash
203:John Cage
143:John Cage
43:situation
39:happening
3570:New Left
3393:Deadhead
3350:Cannabis
3139:Veganism
3104:Pacifism
3053:Hog Farm
2980:Nambassa
2965:The Farm
2870:Beatniks
2742:Neo-Dada
2717:Lettrism
2698:Futurism
2612:Drop Art
2607:Dogme 95
2575:Totalism
2493:Futurism
2444:Ars nova
2372:By style
2319:Neoteric
2221:Rayonism
2174:De Stijl
2149:Mail art
2104:Devětsil
1973:Archived
1621:Archived
1173:Archived
909:(1985).
821:Tyko Say
794:flashmob
599:Brussels
557:Yoko Ono
330:A Garden
268:Jim Dine
128:Montfort
3766:Yippies
3758:Diggers
3484:Related
3443:New Age
3438:Mánička
3428:La Onda
3202:Tie-dye
3043:Yippies
3021:Diggers
3007:Furthur
2843:Hippies
2671:General
2530:No wave
2304:Imagism
2254:Acmeism
2206:Pop art
2196:Orphism
2114:Fauvism
2092:Bauhaus
1936:. (see
1900:. (see
1837:, 1966.
1790:JamBase
1566:7 March
1336:25 July
813:poetics
807:-based
616:In the
595:Antwerp
591:Belgium
565:at the
489:and le
356:staged
301:at the
105:Germany
65:Origins
60:History
3796:(1958)
3788:(1947)
3769:(1967)
3761:(1966)
3753:(1959)
3743:Groups
3734:(2003)
3726:(1996)
3718:(1985)
3710:(1984)
3702:(1974)
3694:(1971)
3686:(1967)
3678:(1967)
3670:(1965)
3475:Zippie
3375:Peyote
2747:Neoism
2693:Fluxus
2593:Cinema
2432:Others
2334:Oulipo
2329:Oberiu
2216:Purism
2082:Cubism
1986:Ubuweb
1943:zkm.de
1932:
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1627:May 2,
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825:poetry
805:Prague
796:style
754:Europe
711:Poland
700:Sydney
694:, the
663:, and
638:Police
603:Ostend
479:Venice
285:, and
151:Artaud
107:, and
3398:Feral
3238:Music
2421:Metal
2364:Music
746:world
709:, in
626:Provo
553:Tokyo
464:Seine
239:with
170:Injun
158:Water
109:Japan
3533:list
3460:Rave
2683:Dada
2416:Punk
2411:Prog
2406:Rock
2394:Yass
2384:Jazz
2379:Funk
2354:Zaum
1950:2017
1930:ISBN
1914:2017
1894:ISBN
1880:ISBN
1858:ISBN
1798:2017
1772:2017
1747:2017
1722:2017
1649:ISBN
1629:2024
1598:2017
1568:2015
1528:2010
1515:ISBN
1458:ISBN
1450:ISBN
1430:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1338:2013
1313:2017
1291:link
1277:2017
1215:2017
1153:OCLC
1143:ISBN
1122:ISBN
990:ISBN
956:ISBN
930:2012
917:ISBN
887:ISBN
848:and
811:and
609:and
601:and
544:and
528:and
460:gold
358:nude
336:and
243:and
225:and
176:and
126:and
101:U.S.
3360:LSD
3355:DMT
3009:bus
2401:Pop
1984:on
1230:You
698:in
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