Happiness economics - Knowledge (XXG)

1441:(SWB) as an appropriate measure of happiness. Research has demonstrated a wide variety of contributing and resulting factors in the relationship between leisure and happiness. These include psychological mechanisms, and the types and characteristics of leisure activities that result in the greatest levels of subjective happiness. Specifically, leisure may trigger five core psychological mechanisms including detachment-recovery from work, autonomy in leisure, mastery of leisure activities, meaning-making in leisure activities, and social affiliation in leisure (DRAMMA). Leisure activities that are physical, relational, and performed outdoors are correlated with greater feelings of satisfaction with free time. Research across 33 different countries shows that individuals who feel they strengthen social relationships and work on personal development during leisure time are happier than others. Furthermore, shopping, reading books, attending cultural events, getting together with relatives, listening to music and attending sporting events is associated with higher levels of happiness. Spending time on the internet or watching TV is not associated with higher levels of happiness as compared to these other activities. 1529:"The right to participate in the political process, measured by the extent of direct democratic rights across regions, is strongly correlated with subjective well-being (Frey and Stutzer, 2002) ... a potential mechanism that explains this relationship is the perception of procedural fairness and social mobility." Institutions and well-being, democracy and federalism are associated with a happier population. Correspondingly, political engagement and activism have associated health benefits. On the other hand, some non-democratic countries such as China and Saudi Arabia top the Ipsos list of countries where the citizenry is most happy with their government's direction. That suggests that voting preferences may not translate well into overall satisfaction with the government's direction. In any case, both of these factors revealed preference and domain specific satisfaction rather than overall subjective well being. 1468:. This bi-directional effect is stronger in retired individuals than in working individuals. Furthermore, it appears that satisfaction with our leisure at least partially explains the relationship between our engagement in leisure and our SWB. Broadly speaking, researchers classify leisure into active (e.g. volunteering, socializing, sports and fitness) and passive leisure (e.g. watching television and listening to the radio). Among older adults, passive leisure activities and personal leisure activities (e.g. sleeping, eating, and bathing) correlate with higher levels of SWB and feelings of relaxation than active leisure activities. Thus, although significant evidence has demonstrated that active leisure is associated with higher levels of SWB, or happiness, this may not be the case with older populations. 1541:. More robust research has identified that there is a link between economic development and the wellbeing of the population. A <2017 meta-analysis shows that the impact of infrastructure expenditure on economic growth varies considerably. So, one cannot assume an infrastructure project will yield welfare benefits. The paper doesn't investigate or elaborate on any modifiable variables that might predict the value of a project. However, government spending on roads and primary industries is the best value target for transport spending, according to a 2013 meta-analysis. 7%+/−3% per annum discount rates are typically applied as the discount rate on public infrastructure projects in Australia. Smaller real discount rates are used internationally to calculate the social return on investment by governments. 1457:) beyond what QOL is able to measure. There seem to be some differences in leisure preference cross-culturally. Within the Croatian culture, family related leisure activities may enhance SWB across a large spectrum of ages ranging from adolescent to older adults, in both women and men. Active socializing and visiting cultural events are also associated with high levels of SWB across varying age and gender. Italians seem to prefer social conceptions of leisure as opposed to individualistic conceptions. Although different groups of individuals may prefer varying types and amount of leisure activity, this variability is likely due to the differing motivations and goals that an individual intends to fulfill with their leisure time. 1264:

happiness and the maximum amount of income at $ 75,000. Experienced happiness is the happiness received on a daily basis-"the frequency and intensity of experiences of joy, fascination, anxiety, sadness, anger, and affection that make one's life pleasant or unpleasant." The other finding from Kahneman and Deaton is there is no evidence supporting a maximum income to what is called reflective happiness. This data is supported by the use of the Cantrill Ladder, which revealed that there is a direct relationship between income and reflective happiness. This can conclude, to a point, that money does buy happiness.

1633:. North Korea itself came in second, behind #1 China. Canada released the Canadian Index of Wellbeing (CIW) in 2011 to track changes in wellbeing. The CIW has adopted the following working definition of wellbeing: The presence of the highest possible quality of life in its full breadth of expression focused on but not necessarily exclusive to good living standards, robust health, a sustainable environment, vital communities, an educated populace, balanced time use, high levels of democratic participation, and access to and participation in leisure and culture 42: 1339:(over-employed) is more detrimental, but some found that working less (under-employed) is more detrimental. Most individuals' levels of subjective well-being returned to "normal" (level previous to time mismatch) within one year. Levels remained lower only when individuals worked more hours than preferred for a period of two years or more, which may indicate that it is more detrimental to be over-employed than under-employed in the long-term. 1559: 869: 1521:). The balance of evidence is trending in favour of the hypothesis that living in poor neighbourhoods makes one less happy, and living in rich neighbourhoods actually makes one happier, in the United States. While social status matters, a balance of factors like amenities, safe areas, well maintained housing, turn the tide in favour of the argument that richer neighbours are happier neighbours. 857: 1343:

underemployed. When both partners are underemployed, the life-satisfaction of men is more greatly diminished than women. However, just being in a relationship reduces the impact unemployment has on the subjective well-being of an individual. On a broad scale, high rates of unemployment negatively affect the subjective well-being of the employed.

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limited to happiness." The researchers findings revealed that people living in metropolitan areas where lower levels of happiness are reported are receiving higher real wages, and they suggest in their conclusion that "humans are quite understandably willing to sacrifice both happiness and life satisfaction if the price is right."

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Even on the individual level, there is discussion on how much effect external forces can have on happiness. Less than 3% of an individual's level of happiness comes from external sources such as employment, education level, marital status, and socioeconomic status. To go along with this, four of the

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Poverty alleviation are associated with happier populations. According to the latest systematic review of the economic literature on life satisfaction: Volatile or high inflation is bad for a population's well-being, particularly those with a right-wing political orientation. That suggests the impact

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and involvement with the activity. Leisure activities, such as meeting with friends, participating in sports, and going on vacation trips, positively correlate with life satisfaction. It may also be true that going on a vacation makes our lives seem better, but does not necessarily make us happier in

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Employment status effects are not confined to the individual. Being unemployed can have detrimental effects on a spouse's subjective well-being, compared to being employed or not working (and not looking for work). Partner life satisfaction is inversely related to the number of hours their partner is

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Historically, economists have said that well-being is a simple function of income. However, it has been found that once wealth reaches a subsistence level, its effectiveness as a generator of well-being is greatly diminished. Happiness economists hope to change the way governments view well-being and

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suggested that democracy and federalism bring well-being to individuals. It concluded that the more direct political participation possibilities available to citizens raises their subjective well-being. Two reasons were given for this finding. First, a more active role for citizens enables better

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Becoming self-employed can increase subjective well-being, given the right conditions. Those who leave work to become self-employed report greater life satisfaction than those who work for others or become self-employed after unemployment; this effect increases over time. Those who are self-employed

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An alternative perspective focuses on the role of the welfare state as an institution that improves quality of life not only by increasing the extent to which basic human needs are met, but also by promoting greater control of one's life by limiting the degree to which individuals find themselves at

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While the mainstream happiness economics has focused on identifying the determinants of happiness, an alternative approach in the discipline examines instead what are the economic consequences of happiness. Happiness may act as a determinant of economic outcomes: it increases productivity, predicts

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Generally, the well-being of those who are employed is higher than those who are unemployed. Employment itself may not increase subjective well-being, but facilitates activities that do (such as supporting a family, philanthropy, and education). While work does increase well-being through providing

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claimed that social security payments do not seem to add to happiness. This may be due to the fact that non-self-earned income (e.g., from a lottery) does not add to happiness in general either. Happiness may be the mind's reward for a useful action. However, Johan Norberg of CIS, a free enterprise

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of people's responses to happiness surveys. Objective measures such as lifespan, income, and education are often used as well as or instead of subjectively reported happiness, though this assumes that they generally produce happiness, which while plausible may not necessarily be the case. The terms

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average. This would not be the case if the happiness of both groups would be normally distributed with the same variance, but that is usually not the case, based on their results. For some not-implausible log-normal assumptions on the scale, typical results can be reversed to the opposite results.

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but does not necessarily contribute to decreases in aggregate well-being or subjective well-being at the population level. In fact, income inequality enhances global well-being. There is some debate over whether living in poor neighbours make one happier. And, living among rich neighbours can dull

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They also show that the "reporting function" seems to be different for different groups and even for the same individual at different times. For example, when a person becomes disabled, they soon start to lower their threshold for a given answer (e.g., "pretty happy"). That is, they give a higher

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With such strong internal forces on happiness, it is hard to have an effect on a person's happiness externally. This in turn lends itself back to the idea that establishing a happiness metric is only for political gain and has little other use. To support this even further it is believed that a

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Some have suggested that establishing happiness as a metric is only meant to serve political goals. Recently there has been concern that happiness research could be used to advance authoritarian aims. As a result, some participants at a happiness conference in Rome have suggested that happiness

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is an attempt to show the average self-reported happiness in different nations. This is an example of a recent trend to use direct measures of happiness, such as surveys asking people how happy they are, as an alternative to traditional measures of policy success such as GDP or GNP. Some studies

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What has the most influence over happiness are internal factors such as genetics, personality traits, and internal locus of control. It is theorized that 50% of the variation in happiness levels is from genetic sources and is known as the genetic set point. The genetic set point is assumed to be

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Scholars at the University of Virginia, University of British Columbia and Harvard University released a study in 2011 after examining numerous academic papers in response to an apparent contradiction: "When asked to take stock of their lives, people with more money report being a good deal more

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Given its very nature, reported happiness is subjective. It is difficult to compare one person's happiness with another's. It can be especially difficult to compare happiness across cultures. However, many happiness economists believe they have solved this comparison problem. Cross-sections of

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According to Bond and Lang (2018), the results are skewed due to the fact that the respondents have to "round" their true happiness to the scale of, e.g., 3 or 7 alternatives (e.g., very happy, pretty happy, not too happy). This "rounding error" may cause a less happy group seem happier, in the

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When personal preference and the amount of time spent working do not align, both men and women experience a decrease in subjective well-being. The negative effect of working more or working less than preferred has been found across multiple studies, most finding that working more than preferred

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is to make the Thai people not only richer but happier as well. Much like GDP results, Thailand releases monthly GNH data. The Thai GNH index is based on a 1–10 scale with 10 being the happiest. As of 13 May 2007, the Thai GNH measured 5.1 points. The index uses poll data from the population

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In their "Unhappy Cities" paper, Edward Glaeser, Joshua Gottlieb and Oren Ziv examined the self-reported subjective well-being of people living in American metropolitan areas, particularly in relation to the notion that "individuals make trade-offs among competing objectives, including but not

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found that higher earners generally reported better life satisfaction, but people's day-to-day emotional well-being only rose with earnings until a threshold annual household pre-tax income of $ 75,000. This particular study by Kahneman and Deaton showed the relationship between experienced

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The effects of retirement on subjective well-being vary depending on personal and cultural factors. Subjective well-being can remain stable for those who retire from work voluntarily, but declines for those who are involuntarily retired. In countries with an average social norm to work, the

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in 1972 as an alternative to GDP. Several countries have already developed or are in the process of developing such an index. Bhutan's index has led that country to limit the amount of deforestation it will allow and to require that all tourists to its nation must spend US$ 200.

1475:, correlates with personal growth and a sense of happiness. Additionally, more irregular (e.g. seasonal) sports activities, such as skiing, are also correlated with high SWB. Furthermore, the relationship between pleasure and skiing is thought to be caused in part by a sense of 1550:

one's future income and affects labour market performance. There is a growing number of studies justifying the so-called "happy-productive worker" thesis. The positive and causal impact of happiness on an individual's productivity has been established in experimental studies.

1235:(GNP), have been used as a measure of successful policy. There is a significant association between GDP and happiness, with citizens in wealthier nations being happier than those in poorer nations. In 2002, researchers argued that this relationship extends only to an average 951:

and related concepts, as well as quality of life. Happiness findings have been described as a challenge to the theory and practice of economics. Nevertheless, furthering gross national happiness, as well as a specified Index to measure it, has been adopted explicitly in the

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The Voxeu analysis of the economic determinants of happiness found that life satisfaction explains the largest share of an existing government's vote share, followed by economic growth, which itself explains six times as much as employment and twice as much as inflation.

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well-being of men increases after retirement, and the well-being of retired women is at the same level as women who are homemakers or work outside the home. In countries with a strong social norm to work, retirement negatively impacts the well-being of men and women.

1449:(QOL) may be a better measure of happiness and leisure in Asian countries, especially Korea. Countries such as China and Japan may require a different measurement of happiness, as societal differences may influence the concept of happiness (i.e. economic variables, 1365:

Glaeser, Gottlieb and Ziv suggest in their conclusion that the happiness trade-offs that individuals seem willing to make aligns with the tendency of parents to report less happiness, as they sacrifice their personal well-being for the "price" of having children.

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income, income level is not as indicative of subjective well-being as other benefits related to employment. Feelings of autonomy and mastery, found in higher levels in the employed than unemployed, are stronger predictors of subjective well-being than wealth.

1718:, some specific events such as an increase in income, disability, unemployment, and loss (bereavement) only have short-term (about a year) effects on a person's overall happiness and after a while happiness may return to levels similar to unaffected peers. 1382:

monitoring of professional politicians by citizens, which leads to greater satisfaction with government output. Second, the ability for citizens to get involved in and have control over the political process, independently increases well-being.

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Australia, China, France and the United Kingdom are also coming up with indexes to measure national happiness. The UK began to measure national wellbeing in 2012. North Korea also announced an international Happiness Index in 2011 through

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and have employees of their own report higher life-satisfaction than those who are self-employed without employees, and women who are self-employed without employees report a higher life satisfaction than men in the same condition.

1200:'s 1972 introduction of the measure, and by others as a Genuine Wealth index. Anielski in 2008 wrote a reference definition on how to measure five types of capital: (1) human; (2) social; (3) natural; (4) built; and (5) financial. 1480:

the long term. Research regarding vacationing or taking a holiday trip is mixed. Although the reported effects are mostly small, some evidence points to higher levels of SWB, or happiness, after taking a holiday.

1326:, who has presented a series of papers in peer-reviewed scholarly journals demonstrating that a more generous welfare state contributes to higher levels of life satisfaction, and does so to rich and poor alike. 4603: 944:, as well as physical health. It typically treats subjective happiness-related measures, as well as more objective quality of life indices, rather than wealth, income or profit, as something to be maximized. 1267:

Other factors have been suggested as making people happier than money. A short term course of psychological therapy is 32 times more cost effective at increasing happiness than simply increasing income.

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Research has shown that culture influences how we measure happiness and leisure. While SWB is a commonly used measure of happiness in North America and Europe, this may not be the case internationally.

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was the first person who organized large surveys in order to explicitly measure welfare derived from income. He did this with the Income Evaluation Question (IEQ). This approach is called the

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satisfied. But when asked how happy they are at the moment, people with more money are barely different than those with less." The study included the following eight general recommendations:

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Some scientists claim that happiness can be measured both subjectively and objectively by observing the joy center of the brain lit up with advanced imaging, although this raises

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Kelley, Jonathan; Evans, M.D.R. (1 February 2017). "Societal Inequality and individual subjective well-being: Results from 68 societies and over 200,000 individuals, 1981–2008".

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surveying various satisfaction factors such as security, public utilities, good governance, trade, social justice, allocation of resources, education and community problems.

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In rich societies, where a rise in income doesn't equate to an increase in levels of subjective well-being, personal relationships are the determining factors of happiness.

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Liang, J.; Yamashita, T.; Brown, J. S. (2013). "Leisure satisfaction and quality of life in China, Japan, and South Korea: A comparative study using AsiaBarometer 2006".

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economy think tank, presents a hypothesis that as people who think that they themselves control their lives are happier, paternalist institutions may decrease happiness.

2846:"What is the relationship between long working hours, over-employment, under-employment and the subjective well-being of workers? Longitudinal evidence from the UK" 3783: 1471:

Both regular and irregular involvement in sports leisure can result in heightened SWB. Serious, or systematic involvement in certain leisure activities, such as

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Lee, H.; Shin, S.; Bunds, K. S.; Kim, M.; Cho, K. M. (2014). "Rediscovering the positive psychology of sport participation: Happiness in a ski resort context".

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Brajša-Žganec, A.; Merkaš, M.; Šverko, I. (2011). "Quality of life and leisure activities: How do leisure activities contribute to subjective well-being?".

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country aggregate level of SWB can account for more variance in government vote share than standard macroeconomic variables, such as income and employment.

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Hagler, M.; Hamby, S.; Grych, J.; Banyard, V. (2016). "Working for well-being: Uncovering the protective benefits of work through mixed methods analysis".

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Alvarez-Diaz, A.; Gonzalez, L.; Radcliff, B. (2010). "The Politics of Happiness: On the Political Determinants of Quality of Life in the American States".

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In the 1970s, women typically reported higher subjective well-being than did men. By 2009, declines in reported female happiness had eroded a gender gap.

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stable over time, fixed, and immune to influence or control. This goes along with findings that well-being surveys have a naturally positive baseline.

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the mercy of impersonal market forces that are indifferent to the fate of individuals. This is the argument suggested by the U.S. political scientist

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Carol Graham, 2010. "The Challenges of Incorporating Empowerment into the HDI: Some Lessons from Happiness Economics and Quality of Life Research,"

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Happiness is typically measured using subjective measures – e.g. self-reported surveys – and/or objective measures. One concern has always been the

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Dunn, Elizabeth W.; Gilbert, Daniel T.; Wilson, Timothy D. (2011). "If money doesn't make you happy, then you probably aren't spending it right".

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Stam, K.; Sieben, I.; Verbakel, E.; de Graaf, P. M. (2016). "Employment status and subjective well-being: the role of the social norm to work".

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although the original goal was to increase the happiness of the people. Classical and neoclassical economics are stages in the development of

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Klar, Malte; Kasser, Tim (14 April 2018). "Some Benefits of Being an Activist: Measuring Activism and Its Role in Psychological Well-Being".

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across nations and time (in addition to objective measures like lifespan, wealth, security etc.) marks the beginning of happiness economics.

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Newman, D. B.; Tay, L.; Diener, E. (2014). "Leisure and subjective well-being: A model of psychological mechanisms as mediating factors".

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The subject may be categorized in various ways, depending on specificity, intersection, and cross-classification. For example, within the

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The field has grown substantially since the late 20th century, for example by the development of methods, surveys and indices to measure

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and are characterized by mathematical modeling. Happiness economics represents a radical break with this tradition. The measurement of

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Denny, Katherine G.; Steiner, Hans (March 2009). "External and Internal Factors Influencing Happiness in Elite Collegiate Athletes".

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are substantially associated with life satisfaction, openness to experience is not associated. Having high levels of internal

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Heller, D; Watson, D; Ilies, R (2004). "The role of person versus situation in life satisfaction: a critical examination".

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Zelenski, John M.; Murphy, Steven A.; Jenkins, David A. (1 December 2008). "The Happy-Productive Worker Thesis Revisited".

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Kim, J.; Heo, J.; Lee, I. H.; Kim, J. (2015). "Predicting personal growth and happiness by using serious leisure model".

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Historically, economists thought economic growth was unrelated to population level well-being, a phenomenon labelled the

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Meer, P (2014). "Gender, Unemployment and Subjective Well-Being: Why Being Unemployed Is Worse for Men than for Women".

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Schmiedeberg, C.; Schröder, J. (2016). "Leisure activities and life satisfaction: An analysis with German panel data".

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Heo, J.; Lee, Y.; Kim, B.; Chun, S. (2012). "Contribution of relaxation on the subjective well-being of older adults".

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Happiness, well-being, or satisfaction with life, was seen as unmeasurable in classical and neo-classical economics.

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Kim, M.; Do, Y. K. (2013). "Effect of husbands' employment status on their wives' subjective well-being in Korea".

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the happiness that comes from wealth. This is purported to work by way of an upward or downward comparison effect (

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Rather than buying products that provide the "best deal," make purchases based on what will facilitate well-being.

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Wang, M.; Wong, M. S. (2014). "Happiness and leisure across countries: Evidence from international survey data".

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Individualistic societies have happier populations. Institutes of economic freedom are associated with increases

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large data samples across nations and time demonstrate consistent patterns in the determinants of happiness.

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Van Praag, Bernard (1 March 1971). "The welfare function of income in Belgium: An empirical investigation".

2061:"The Relationship Between Happiness, Health, and Socio-economic Factors: Results Based on Swedish Microdata" 517: 325: 315: 275: 265: 172: 95: 5229: 3808: 1579:(IDB), published in November 2008 a major study on happiness economics in Latin America and the Caribbean. 6360: 6205: 6065: 6008: 5964: 5927: 5679: 5619: 5594: 5564: 5549: 5356: 5256: 5099: 5011: 4966:

CEP Discussion Papers, CEPDP1343. Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, London, UK.

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Kuykendall, L.; Tay, L.; Ng, V. (2015). "Leisure engagement and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis".

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of disruptions to economic security are in part mediated or modified by beliefs about economic security.

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Clark, Andrew; Fleche, Sarah; Layard, Richard; Powdthavee, Nattavudh; Ward, George (12 December 2016).

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Radcliff, Benjamin; Pacek, Alexander (2008). "Assessing the Welfare State: the Politics of Happiness".

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There is a significant correlation between feeling in control of one's own life and happiness levels.

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Spend small amounts of money on many small, temporary pleasures rather than less often on larger ones.

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Mingo, I.; Montecolle, S. (2014). "Subjective and objective aspects of free time: The Italian case".

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between religious diversity and happiness, possibly by facilitating more bonding (and less bridging)

1412: 1408: 1378: 1218:, for example about whether this can be treated as more reliable than reported subjective happiness. 572: 394: 345: 310: 250: 215: 119: 109: 56: 5361: 4851: 4679: 3862: 3164:"Subjective Well-Being among the Self-Employed in Europe: Macroeconomy, Gender and Immigrant Status" 2113: 6471: 6280: 6140: 6099: 5999: 5939: 5895: 5880: 5836: 5777: 5694: 5664: 5587: 5261: 4826: 4747:

Pursuit of happiness: Discovering the pathway to fulfillment, well-being, and enduring personal joy

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is a vector of known variables, which include socio-demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.

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There are also several examples of measures that include self-reported happiness as one variable.

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Seek out the opinions of other people who have prior experience of a product before purchasing it.

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Seligman, Martin E. P.; Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (2000). "Positive psychology: An introduction".

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research should not be used as a matter of public policy but rather used to inform individuals.

5164: 4893:; Sheldon, K; Schkade, D (2005). "Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change". 4829:; Schwarz, N; Stone, A (2006). "Would you be happier if you were richer? A focusing illusion". 2179: 6571: 6390: 6365: 6315: 6275: 6155: 6043: 5846: 5782: 5747: 5737: 5609: 5168: 5134: 5111: 5095: 5085: 5063: 5038: 5015: 4890: 4864: 4777: 4727: 4504: 4401: 4366: 4316: 4244: 4185:"Infrastructure and economic growth from a meta-analysis approach: do all roads lead to Rome?" 4161: 4138: 4028: 3979: 3875: 3568: 3305: 3075: 2582: 2528: 2458: 2450: 2374: 2356: 2302: 2256: 2236: 1919: 1914: 1879: 1865: 1839: 1829: 1789: 1683: 1675: 1621: 1538: 1513: 1489: 1476: 1460:

Research suggests that specific leisure interventions enhance feelings of SWB. This is both a

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Kroesen, M.; Handy, S. (2014). "The influence of holiday-taking on affect and contentment".

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of about $ 15,000. In the 2000s, several studies have obtained the opposite result, so this

1215: 767: 712: 697: 682: 667: 647: 597: 577: 557: 512: 385: 335: 305: 300: 4343: 2930:"Working Time Preferences, Hours Mismatch and Well-Being of Couples: Are There Spillovers?" 1643:'s new constitutions state the indigenous concept of "good life" ("buen vivir" in Spanish, 41: 6551: 6445: 6410: 6375: 6310: 6235: 6220: 6114: 6070: 5907: 5841: 5816: 5811: 5787: 5532: 5517: 4980: 4822: 4818: 4542: 4439: 3163: 2606: 2100: 1819: 1687: 1652: 1591: 1446: 1256: 1026: 937: 921: 861: 772: 737: 702: 637: 562: 547: 434: 409: 404: 380: 152: 147: 4234:

Dobes, Leo; Argyrous, George; Leung, Joanne (2016). "Appendix 4: Social discount rates".

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answer than they would have given at the same happiness state before becoming disabled.

1395:

that too many consumer and lifestyle choices can produce anxiety and unhappiness due to

6465: 6450: 6415: 6400: 6380: 6350: 6200: 6170: 5821: 5544: 5512: 4941: 4688: 4219: 4202: 4023: 3998: 2599: 2577: 2550: 2369: 2336: 2039: 1924: 1454: 1416: 1314: 1279:

Donate money to others, including charities, rather than spending it solely on oneself.

1197: 1172: 1152: 1132: 1112: 792: 777: 742: 727: 707: 677: 527: 497: 414: 104: 100: 2297: 2270: 2079: 1288:

Adjust one's mindset to "pay now, consume later," instead of "consume now, pay later."

6565: 6430: 6420: 6395: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6305: 6295: 6265: 6255: 6160: 6060: 6033: 5797: 5432: 5399: 5391: 5337: 5153: 5148: 4949: 4328: 4285: 4112: 3975: 3715: 3680: 3645: 3610: 3537: 3499: 3464: 3426: 3351: 3304:(466). Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, University of Zurich: 918–938. 3187: 3018: 2911: 2903: 2869: 2827: 2789: 2710: 2673: 2215: 1909: 1814: 1000: 757: 747: 722: 662: 657: 652: 632: 622: 592: 582: 487: 390: 5324: 4876: 4789: 4696: 4073: 3887: 3386: 3148: 3109: 3060: 2060: 1558: 936:

and related concepts – typically tying economics more closely than usual with other

6460: 6405: 6300: 6290: 6285: 6210: 6055: 5582: 5522: 5278: 5225: 4914: 4587: 3926: 2470: 1984: 1587: 1285:

Don't spend money on "extended warranties and other forms of overpriced insurance."

1260: 873: 787: 732: 627: 617: 612: 537: 85: 4378: 1292: 5155:

Happiness and Economics: How the Economy and Institutions Affect Human Well-Being

4642: 3769: 3742: 3602: 3343: 2948: 6435: 6425: 6215: 6094: 6038: 5527: 5082:

Bonheur et économie. Le capitalisme est-il soluble dans la recherche du bonheur?

4723: 2492:. Harvard Kennedy School's Shorenstein Center and the Carnegie-Knight Initiative 1231:

Typically national financial measures, such as gross domestic product (GDP) and

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Gilbert, D.; Abdullah, J. (2004). "Holidaytaking and the Sense of Well-Being".

3218: 2628: 2524: 6345: 6145: 5922: 4906: 4773: 4604:"[ARCHIVED CONTENT] UK Government Web Archive – The National Archives" 4312: 4162:"Economic Growth and Subjective Well-Being: Reassessing the Easterlin Paradox" 3707: 3672: 3637: 3529: 3491: 3456: 3418: 3378: 3179: 3140: 3091: 3010: 2819: 2739: 2702: 2665: 2486:"If money doesn't make you happy, then you probably aren't spending it rightf" 2436: 1884: 1844: 1464:, in that leisure satisfaction causally affects SWB, and SWB causally affects 1030: 941: 929: 672: 472: 5424: 4508: 4405: 4370: 4320: 4277: 4201:

Melo, Patricia C.; Graham, Daniel J.; Brage-Ardao, Ruben (1 September 2013).

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Piekałkiewicz, Marcin (29 June 2017). "Why do economists study happiness?".

2352: 2287: 1899: 1889: 1472: 1428: 989:– General Welfare; Basic needs; Living standards; Quality of life; Happiness 948: 522: 453: 33: 4868: 4781: 4731: 4467: 4032: 3983: 3879: 3572: 3330:

Okulicz-Kozaryn, Adam (2011). "Does Religious Diversity Make Us Unhappy?".

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how to most effectively govern and allocate resources given this paradox.

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also instituted an index. The stated promise of the new Prime Minister

920:

is the theoretical, qualitative and quantitative study of happiness and

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Lykken, D; Tellegen, A (1996). "Happiness is a stochastic phenomenon".

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Radcliff, Benjamin (2001). "Politics, Markets, and Life Satisfaction".

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Oswald, Andrew J.; Proto, Eugenio; Sgroi, Daniel (26 September 2015).

3906:

Bennett, Daniel L.; Nikolaev, Boris; Aidt, Toke S. (1 December 2016).

2445: 2337:"High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being" 2042:, 2006. "Happiness and Public Policy: A Challenge to the Profession," 4644:

2012 CIW composite index reveals Canadian wellbeing is on the decline

4064: 3564: 3162:

Johansson Seva, I.; Vinberg, S.; Nordenmark, M.; Strandh, M. (2016).

1714:

Even when happiness can be affected by external sources, it has high

1609: 2103:, Human Development Reports Research Paper, 2010/13, United Nations. 5240:

Di Tella, Rafael; MacCulloch, Robert J.; Oswald, Andrew J. (2003).

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MacKerron, George (2012). "Happiness Economics from 35,000 Feet".

1590:

sociologist Ruut Veenhoven, combines self-reported happiness with

3941: 3940:

Brandts, Jordi; Riedl, Arno; van Winden, Frans (September 2005).

1946:"Making personal happiness and wellbeing a goal of public policy" 5469: 1437:

Much of the research regarding happiness and leisure relies on

5189:

Clark, Andrew E.; Frijters, Paul; Shields, Michael A. (2008).

2394:"Money does not make you happy 'but therapy does' - Telegraph" 1036:

Micro-econometric happiness equations have the standard form:

5465: 5449:"A Non-Technical Introduction to the Economics of Happiness" 3076:"Life satisfaction and self-employment: a matching approach" 1102:{\displaystyle W_{it}=\alpha +\beta {x_{it}}+\epsilon _{it}} 3997:

Firebaugh, Glenn; Schroeder, Matthew B. (1 November 2009).

2549:

Glaeser, Edward L.; Gottlieb, Joshua D.; Ziv, Oren (2016).

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about the day-to-day consequences of a purchase beforehand.

1033:

are often used to encompass these more objective measures.

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Layard, R (2007). "Setting happiness as a national goal".

2322:

A Non-Technical Introduction to the Economics of Happiness

4497:"A New Measure of Well-Being From a Happy Little Kingdom" 4237:

Social cost-benefit analysis in Australia and New Zealand

3125:"How Satisfied are the Self-Employed? A Life Domain View" 1575:

suggest that happiness can be measured effectively. The

3835:"Origins of happiness: Evidence and policy implications" 1545:

Alternative approach: economic consequences of happiness

1192:

Macro-econometric happiness has been gauged by some as

5104:

Happiness Quantified: A Satisfaction Calculus Approach

4928:

Diener, E; Diener, C (1996). "Most People are Happy".

2419:

Boyce, Christopher J.; Wood, Alex M. (October 2010).

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Kahneman, Daniel; Deaton, Angus (21 September 2010).

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The Economics of Happiness: Building Genuine Wealth

3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 5333:is devoted to happiness and may repay exploration. 4583:"Happiness index to gauge Britain's national mood" 4160:Stevenson, Betsey; Wolfers, Justin (Spring 2008). 2229:Frey, Bruno S.; Stutzer, Alois (2 December 2001). 2010:(indicated there as adapted from previous source). 1181: 1161: 1141: 1121: 1101: 5127:Well-being: the foundations of hedonic psychology 2885:"Working Time Mismatch And Subjective Well-Being" 2147:"Money vs. Happiness: Nations Rethink Priorities" 4046:Barker, Chris; Martin, Brian (19 October 2011). 5052:Bruni, Luigino (2008). Pier Luigi Porta (ed.). 4536:Thailand's Gross Domestic Happiness Index Falls 3207:Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 2341:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2275:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1276:Spend money on "experiences" rather than goods. 1711:leads to higher reported levels of happiness. 5481: 5084:L'Harmattan, collection L'esprit économique. 5031:Economics and Happiness: Framing the Analysis 4964:Is happiness a predictor of election results? 4490: 4488: 4453:"Beyond Facts: Understanding Quality of Life" 1608:(GNH) is a concept introduced by the King of 893: 8: 3400: 3398: 3396: 1948:. London School of Economics. Archived from 4807:. Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 302–29. 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 3438: 3436: 956:in 2008, to guide its economic governance. 5488: 5474: 5466: 4803:Frederick, S; Loewenstein, George (1999). 3584: 3582: 2883:Wooden, M.; Warren, D.; Drago, R. 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(December 2004). 2653:American Political Science Review 2392:Devlin, Kate (24 November 2009). 1616:After the military coup of 2006, 971:, it has been categorized under: 6009:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis 5392:10.1111/j.1467-6419.2010.00672.x 4113:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00724.x 3976:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.04.020 3949:Institute for the Study of Labor 2972:Journal of Marriage & Family 2928:Wunder, C.; Heineck, G. (2013). 2904:10.1111/j.1467-8543.2008.00705.x 2425:Health Economics, Policy and Law 2059:Ulf-G, Gerdtham; Magnus (2001). 867: 855: 40: 5447:Andrew Oswald (December 1999). 4986:. pp. 3–4, 10, A–47, A–50. 4464:Inter-American Development Bank 3201:Bonsang, E.; Klein, T. (2012). 2145:Foroohar, Rana (4 April 2007). 2016:, 2008. 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(2016). 2080:10.1016/S1053-5357(01)00118-4 1765:Disability-adjusted life year 1462:top-down and bottom-up effect 5291:"The Economics of Happiness" 4895:Review of General Psychology 4545:, Monsters and Critics, 2007 4344:"Happiness and Productivity" 4301:Journal of Happiness Studies 4190:. BBVA Research. 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A. (2003). 1780:Gross National Well-being 1631:Korean Central Television 1377:A study conducted at the 5425:10.1177/1035304617717130 5151:; Alois Stutzer (2002). 5080:Gaucher, Renaud (2009). 4438:29 December 2006 at the 4278:10.1177/1035304617717130 3872:10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.5 3168:Small Business Economics 3082:(Submitted manuscript). 3080:Small Business Economics 2862:10.1177/0018726714559752 2852:(Submitted manuscript). 2772:10.1177/0950017014564602 2690:Perspectives on Politics 2605:23 February 2010 at the 2204:European Economic Review 1800:Legatum Prosperity Index 1785:Gender Development Index 1775:Gross National Happiness 1606:Gross National Happiness 1194:Gross National Happiness 130:JEL classification codes 5723:Industrial organization 5555:Computational economics 5131:Russell Sage Foundation 5108:Oxford University Press 5060:Edward Elgar Publishing 5035:Oxford University Press 5006:Anielski, Mark (2007). 4861:10.1126/science.1129688 4541:7 February 2012 at the 3964:Social Science Research 2727:The Journal of Politics 2353:10.1073/pnas.1011492107 2288:10.1073/pnas.1633144100 2232:Happiness and Economics 1682:happiness respectively 1651:, and "suma qamaña" in 1586:, a concept brought by 960:Subject classifications 316:Industrial organization 173:Computational economics 5928:Modern monetary theory 5595:Experimental economics 5565:Pluralism in economics 5550:Mathematical economics 5100:Ada Ferrer-i-Carbonell 5012:New Society Publishers 4712:Psychological Bulletin 3802:"Linköping University" 3553:Psychological Bulletin 2271:"Explaining happiness" 2178:. 2018. Archived from 1855:World Happiness Report 1805:OECD Better Life Index 1659:Neoclassical economics 1567: 1385:American psychologist 1233:gross national product 1183: 1163: 1143: 1123: 1103: 954:Constitution of Bhutan 914:economics of happiness 168:Experimental economics 5287:Easterlin, Richard A. 4930:Psychological Science 4667:Psychological Science 3850:American Psychologist 2490:Journalist's Resource 2014:David G. Blanchflower 1835:Subjective well-being 1760:Common Good Economics 1750:Affective forecasting 1561: 1439:subjective well-being 1423:Happiness and leisure 1392:The Paradox of Choice 1184: 1164: 1144: 1124: 1104: 993:Demographic economics 940:, like sociology and 5802:Social choice theory 5560:Behavioral economics 5371:10.1257/jel.40.2.402 5329:The entire issue of 4962:Ward, George (2015) 4749:. Harper Paperbacks. 4101:Political Psychology 3298:The Economic Journal 1932:References and notes 1905:Jan-Emmanuel De Neve 1825:Relative deprivation 1795:Humanistic economics 1600:ecological footprint 1533:Economic development 1466:leisure satisfaction 1413:inverse relationship 1409:cross-sectional data 1379:University of Zurich 1216:philosophical issues 1173: 1153: 1133: 1113: 1040: 969:classification codes 395:Social choice theory 6602:Positive psychology 6587:Economic indicators 6577:Economic ideologies 5886:American (National) 5588:Economic statistics 5235:on 29 October 2013. 5210:10.1257/jel.46.1.95 4843:2006Sci...312.1908K 4591:. 15 November 2010. 4412:on 24 November 2004 2400:on 24 November 2009 2347:(38): 16489–16493. 2099:12 May 2013 at the 1861:World Values Survey 1770:Economic inequality 1672:happiness economics 1668:classical economics 1499:Political stability 1403:Religious diversity 1389:argues in his book 1370:Freedom and control 1109:. In this equation 918:happiness economics 862:Business portal 183:Operations research 163:National accounting 5096:Van Praag, Bernard 4805:Hedonic adaptation 4501:The New York Times 3788:poverty-action.org 3319:on 4 January 2006. 3053:10.1111/ecin.12093 2984:10.1111/jomf.12004 2182:on 27 August 2018. 1716:hedonic adaptation 1596:Happy Planet Index 1568: 1451:cultural practices 1397:analysis paralysis 1243:is controversial. 1179: 1159: 1139: 1119: 1099: 193:Industrial complex 188:Middle income trap 6597:Welfare economics 6592:Happiness indices 6559: 6558: 6090:New institutional 5174:978-0-69106-998-2 5117:978-0-19-828654-7 5069:978-1-84376-826-5 5044:978-0-19-928628-7 5021:978-0-86571-596-7 4837:(5782): 1908–10. 4745:Myers, D (1993). 2563:(S2): S129–S182. 2257:Easterlin paradox 2242:978-0-691-06998-2 1920:Benjamin Radcliff 1915:Bernard van Praag 1880:Richard Easterlin 1866:Work-life balance 1840:Uneconomic growth 1830:Social inequality 1790:Happiness at work 1684:life satisfaction 1676:welfare economics 1622:Surayud Chulanont 1539:Easterlin paradox 1514:wealth inequality 1490:Economic security 1484:Economic security 1324:Benjamin Radcliff 1247:Individual income 1241:Easterlin paradox 1182:{\displaystyle x} 1162:{\displaystyle t} 1142:{\displaystyle i} 1122:{\displaystyle W} 976:Welfare economics 934:life satisfaction 910: 909: 6609: 5763:Natural resource 5600:Economic history 5538:Mechanism design 5490: 5483: 5476: 5467: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5453: 5436: 5403: 5374: 5364: 5346: 5328: 5310: 5282: 5264: 5246: 5236: 5234: 5228:. Archived from 5195: 5178: 5158: 5144: 5121: 5073: 5048: 5025: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4976: 4967: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4854: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4682: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4552: 4546: 4533: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4492: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4472: 4466:. Archived from 4457: 4449: 4443: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4408:. Archived from 4389: 4383: 4382: 4348: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4242: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4166: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4137:. Archived from 4131: 4125: 4124: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4076:. Archived from 4067: 4065:10.16997/jdd.120 4043: 4037: 4036: 4026: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3946: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3912: 3903: 3892: 3891: 3865: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3813: 3807:. Archived from 3806: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3586: 3577: 3576: 3565:10.1037/a0038508 3548: 3542: 3541: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3440: 3431: 3430: 3402: 3391: 3390: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3312:. Archived from 3295: 3286: 3273: 3272: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3103: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3041:Economic Inquiry 3038: 3029: 3023: 3022: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2937:Labour Economics 2934: 2925: 2916: 2915: 2889: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2841: 2832: 2831: 2803: 2794: 2793: 2783: 2755: 2744: 2743: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2627:. Archived from 2620: 2614: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2580: 2551:"Unhappy Cities" 2546: 2537: 2536: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2448: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2396:. Archived from 2389: 2383: 2382: 2372: 2332: 2326: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2300: 2290: 2281:(19): 11176–83. 2266: 2260: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2142: 2117: 2112:Ruut Veenhoven, 2110: 2104: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2065: 2056: 2050: 2044:Economic Journal 2037: 2031: 1981: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1942: 1730:Technical issues 1709:locus of control 1584:Happy Life Years 1508:Economic freedom 1188: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1168: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1148: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1128: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1108: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1097: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1055: 1054: 902: 895: 888: 874:Money portal 872: 871: 870: 860: 859: 356:Natural resource 148:Economic systems 44: 21: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6552:Business portal 6519: 6518: 6517: 6477: 6241:von Böhm-Bawerk 6129: 6128: 6119: 5891:Ancient thought 5869: 5868: 5862: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5604: 5569: 5533:Contract theory 5518:Decision theory 5499: 5494: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5446: 5443: 5406: 5377: 5362:10.1.1.318.8589 5344: 5336: 5285: 5244: 5239: 5232: 5193: 5188: 5175: 5147: 5141: 5124: 5118: 5110:. p. 352. 5094: 5070: 5062:. p. 640. 5051: 5045: 5037:. p. 384. 5028: 5022: 5014:. p. 288. 5005: 4997: 4992: 4991: 4983: 4978: 4977: 4970: 4961: 4957: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4852:10.1.1.373.2683 4817: 4816: 4812: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4680:10.1.1.613.4004 4664: 4663: 4659: 4650: 4648: 4647:, 16 March 2012 4641: 4640: 4636: 4627: 4625: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4566: 4564: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4543:Wayback Machine 4534: 4523: 4513: 4511: 4494: 4493: 4486: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4440:Wayback Machine 4429: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4346: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4251: 4240: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4164: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4141:on 16 June 2018 4133: 4132: 4128: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4045: 4044: 4040: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3944: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3910: 3905: 3904: 3895: 3863:10.1.1.183.6660 3847: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3814:on 12 June 2018 3811: 3804: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3790:. 20 July 2016. 3782: 3781: 3777: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3588: 3587: 3580: 3550: 3549: 3545: 3515: 3514: 3507: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3442: 3441: 3434: 3404: 3403: 3394: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3338:(10): 1063–76. 3329: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3293: 3288: 3287: 3276: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3047:(4): 1485–502. 3036: 3031: 3030: 3026: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2932: 2927: 2926: 2919: 2887: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2856:(9): 1491–515. 2850:Human Relations 2843: 2842: 2835: 2814:(4): 1493–510. 2805: 2804: 2797: 2757: 2756: 2747: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2634: 2632: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2607:Wayback Machine 2598: 2594: 2548: 2547: 2540: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2319:Andrew Oswald, 2318: 2314: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2155: 2153: 2144: 2143: 2120: 2111: 2107: 2101:Wayback Machine 2091: 2087: 2063: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2038: 2034: 2021:Reporter Online 2011: 2004:World Economics 2001: 1997:Prepublication 1993:, 2nd Edition. 1982: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1952:on 4 April 2018 1944: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1875: 1870: 1820:Quality of life 1745: 1732: 1696: 1688:survey research 1661: 1592:life expectancy 1556: 1554:Related studies 1547: 1535: 1527: 1510: 1501: 1492: 1486: 1455:social networks 1447:Quality of life 1435: 1425: 1405: 1372: 1357: 1332: 1312: 1310:Social security 1257:Daniel Kahneman 1249: 1229: 1224: 1171: 1170: 1151: 1150: 1131: 1130: 1111: 1110: 1086: 1069: 1043: 1038: 1037: 1027:quality of life 1010: 962: 938:social sciences 922:quality of life 906: 868: 866: 854: 847: 846: 817: 807: 806: 805: 804: 568:von Böhm-Bawerk 456: 445: 444: 206: 198: 197: 153:Economic growth 143: 135: 134: 76: 74:classifications 17: 12: 11: 5: 6615: 6613: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6564: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6500: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6132: 6130: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6017: 6012: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5955:Disequilibrium 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5872: 5870: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5768:Organizational 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5579: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5545:Macroeconomics 5542: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5513:Microeconomics 5509: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5485: 5478: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5442: 5441:External links 5439: 5438: 5437: 5404: 5375: 5338:Frey, Bruno S. 5334: 5283: 5262:10.1.1.11.3175 5237: 5180: 5179: 5173: 5149:Frey, Bruno S. 5145: 5140:978-0871544230 5139: 5122: 5116: 5092: 5090:978-2296069169 5078: 5068: 5049: 5043: 5026: 5020: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4968: 4955: 4920: 4891:Lyubomirsky, S 4882: 4810: 4795: 4752: 4737: 4718:(4): 574–600. 4702: 4657: 4634: 4609: 4594: 4574: 4547: 4521: 4484: 4473:on 18 May 2013 4444: 4423: 4384: 4363:10.1086/681096 4357:(4): 789–822. 4334: 4291: 4256: 4249: 4226: 4213:(5): 695–706. 4193: 4176: 4152: 4126: 4091: 4080:on 20 May 2014 4038: 4015:10.1086/603534 3989: 3954: 3932: 3893: 3840: 3825: 3793: 3775: 3748: 3721: 3686: 3651: 3616: 3578: 3559:(2): 364–403. 3543: 3505: 3470: 3432: 3392: 3357: 3322: 3274: 3255: 3234: 3193: 3154: 3135:(4): 1409–33. 3115: 3086:(4): 1009–33. 3066: 3024: 2989: 2962: 2917: 2875: 2833: 2795: 2745: 2734:(3): 894–905. 2716: 2679: 2642: 2631:on 29 May 2010 2615: 2613:, Spring 2005. 2592: 2569:10.1086/684044 2538: 2519:(2): 115–125. 2503: 2476: 2431:(4): 509–516. 2411: 2384: 2327: 2312: 2261: 2248: 2241: 2221: 2194: 2192:Anielski, 2008 2185: 2163: 2118: 2105: 2085: 2051: 2040:Richard Layard 2032: 1963: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1927: 1925:Ruut Veenhoven 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1895:Richard Layard 1892: 1887: 1882: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1731: 1728: 1695: 1692: 1660: 1657: 1645:"sumak kawsay" 1555: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1523: 1509: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1485: 1482: 1424: 1421: 1417:social capital 1404: 1401: 1387:Barry Schwartz 1371: 1368: 1356: 1353: 1331: 1328: 1315:Ruut Veenhoven 1311: 1308: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293:circumspection 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1248: 1245: 1237:GDP per capita 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1198:Sicco Mansholt 1178: 1158: 1138: 1118: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1004: 990: 983: 961: 958: 908: 907: 905: 904: 897: 890: 882: 879: 878: 877: 876: 864: 849: 848: 845: 844: 839: 829: 824: 818: 813: 812: 809: 808: 803: 802: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 459: 458: 457: 451: 450: 447: 446: 443: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 361:Organizational 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 207: 205:By application 204: 203: 200: 199: 196: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 144: 141: 140: 137: 136: 133: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 98: 93: 88: 83: 77: 71: 70: 67: 66: 65: 64: 59: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 30: 29: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6614: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6136:de Mandeville 6134: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6078:New classical 6076: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6034:Malthusianism 6032: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6006: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5995:Institutional 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5798:Public choice 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5773:Participation 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5733:Institutional 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5685:Expeditionary 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5675:Environmental 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5491: 5486: 5484: 5479: 5477: 5472: 5471: 5468: 5450: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5419:(3): 361–77. 5418: 5414: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5386:(4): 705–35. 5385: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5355:(2): 402–35. 5354: 5350: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5255:(4): 809–27. 5254: 5250: 5243: 5238: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5204:(1): 95–144. 5203: 5199: 5192: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5176: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5156: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5004: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4994: 4982: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4959: 4956: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4936:(3): 181–85. 4935: 4931: 4924: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4811: 4806: 4799: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4753: 4748: 4741: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4673:(3): 186–89. 4672: 4668: 4661: 4658: 4646: 4645: 4638: 4635: 4624:, 27 May 2011 4623: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4605: 4598: 4595: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4578: 4575: 4562: 4558: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4448: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4338: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4307:(4): 521–37. 4306: 4302: 4295: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4272:(3): 361–77. 4271: 4267: 4260: 4257: 4252: 4250:9781760460204 4246: 4243:. 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1700: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1666:, as well as 1665: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1632: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1573: 1565: 1560: 1553: 1551: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1532: 1530: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1515: 1507: 1505: 1498: 1496: 1491: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1442: 1440: 1434: 1430: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1380: 1375: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1319: 1316: 1309: 1307: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1209:Leyden School 1206: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1176: 1156: 1136: 1116: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1007: 1002: 1001:Public policy 998: 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Retrieved 2150: 2108: 2088: 2071: 2067: 2054: 2043: 2035: 2017: 2006:, 6(3), pp. 2003: 1988: 1985:Carol Graham 1954:. Retrieved 1950:the original 1940: 1737: 1733: 1724: 1720: 1713: 1701: 1697: 1686:by means of 1679: 1671: 1664:Neoclassical 1662: 1635: 1627: 1615: 1604: 1581: 1569: 1548: 1536: 1528: 1511: 1502: 1493: 1470: 1459: 1443: 1436: 1406: 1390: 1384: 1376: 1373: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1320: 1313: 1304: 1270: 1266: 1261:Angus Deaton 1254: 1250: 1230: 1222:Determinants 1213: 1202: 1196:, following 1191: 1035: 1015: 1011: 966: 963: 946: 917: 913: 911: 832:Publications 797: 420:Sociological 393: / 295: 291:Geographical 271:Evolutionary 246:Digitization 211:Agricultural 115:Mathematical 86:Econometrics 18: 6341:von Neumann 6110:Supply-side 6095:Physiocracy 6039:Marginalism 5728:Information 5670:Engineering 5650:Development 5645:Demographic 5528:Game theory 5505:Theoretical 5218:10419/34701 5163:. pp. 4819:Kahneman, D 4622:Chosun Ilbo 4477:22 November 3856:(1): 5–14. 3597:(1): 1–10. 3247:, May 2009" 3228:10419/51994 3101:10419/57547 2957:10419/62339 2781:2066/156242 2625:"About CIS" 2023:, (2), pp. 1873:Researchers 1411:suggest an 1227:GDP and GNP 1022:reliability 668:von Neumann 321:Information 261:Engineering 241:Development 236:Demographic 178:Game theory 120:Methodology 6566:Categories 6498:Economists 6371:Schumacher 6276:Schumpeter 6246:von Wieser 6166:von Thünen 6126:Economists 6025:Circuitism 5990:Humanistic 5985:Historical 5960:Ecological 5950:Democratic 5923:Chartalism 5913:Behavioral 5876:Mainstream 5837:Statistics 5832:Solidarity 5753:Managerial 5718:Humanistic 5713:Historical 5660:Ecological 5625:Behavioral 5010:. 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