612:
stored data. Sometimes prior knowledge of the data stored and the error detection and correction codes can be used to recover even erroneous data. However, if the underlying physical drive is degraded badly enough, at least the hardware surrounding the data must be replaced, or it might even be necessary to apply laboratory techniques to the physical recording medium. Each of the approaches is progressively more expensive, and as such progressively more rarely sought.
504:
79:
2145:
461:
38:
181:
476:(generally a map of bad sectors and tuning parameters) and other information required to properly access data on the drive. Replacement boards often need this information to effectively recover all of the data. The replacement board may need to be reprogrammed. Some manufacturers (Seagate, for example) store this information on a serial
491:; this portion of the drive, which is not directly accessible to the end user, usually contains drive's firmware and adaptive data that helps the drive operate within normal parameters. One function of the system area is to log defective sectors within the drive; essentially telling the drive where it can and cannot write data.
368:" from a storage medium by the users. Typically, the contents of deleted files are not removed immediately from the physical drive; instead, references to them in the directory structure are removed, and thereafter space the deleted data occupy is made available for later data overwriting. In the mind of
657:
When a hard disk drive fails, the importance of getting the data off the drive is the top priority. The longer a faulty drive is used, the more likely further data loss is to occur. Creating an image of the drive will ensure that there is a secondary copy of the data on another device, on which it is
623:
Recovery experts do not always need to have physical access to the damaged hardware. When the lost data can be recovered by software techniques, they can often perform the recovery using remote access software over the
Internet, LAN or other connection to the physical location of the damaged media.
572:
Substantial criticism has followed, primarily dealing with the lack of any concrete examples of significant amounts of overwritten data being recovered. Gutmann's article contains a number of errors and inaccuracies, particularly regarding information about how data is encoded and processed on hard
494:
The sector lists are also stored on various chips attached to the PCB, and they are unique to each hard disk drive. If the data on the PCB do not match what is stored on the platter, then the drive will not calibrate properly. In most cases the drive heads will click because they are unable to find
360:
or drive recovery techniques ranging from software-based recovery of corrupted data, to hardware- and software-based recovery of damaged service areas (also known as the hard disk drive's "firmware"), to hardware replacement on a physically damaged drive which allows for the extraction of data to a
451:
Recovering data from physically damaged hardware can involve multiple techniques. Some damage can be repaired by replacing parts in the hard disk. This alone may make the disk usable, but there may still be logical damage. A specialized disk-imaging procedure is used to recover every readable bit
699:
operating system can be reinstalled on a computer that is already licensed for it. The reinstallation can be done by downloading the operating system or by using a "restore disk" provided by the computer manufacturer. Eric
Lundgren was fined and sentenced to U.S. federal prison in April 2018 for
685:
Data damage can be caused when, for example, a file is written to a sector on the drive that has been damaged. This is the most common cause in a failing drive, meaning that data needs to be reconstructed to become readable. Corrupted documents can be recovered by several software methods or by
645:
The hard drive is repaired in order to get it running in some form, or at least in a state suitable for reading the data from it. For example, if heads are bad they need to be changed; if the PCB is faulty then it needs to be fixed or replaced; if the spindle motor is bad the platters and heads
611:
In the list of logical failures of hard disks, a logical bad sector is the most common fault leading data not to be readable. Sometimes it is possible to sidestep error detection even in software, and perhaps with repeated reading and statistical analysis recover at least some of the underlying
434:
above the platter surface, and the average dust particles found in a normal environment are typically around 30,000 nanometers in diameter. When these dust particles get caught between the read/write heads and the platter, they can cause new head crashes that further damage the platter and thus
414:
Physical damage to a hard drive, even in cases where a head crash has occurred, does not necessarily mean there will be a permanent loss of data. The techniques employed by many professional data recovery companies can typically salvage most, if not all, of the data that had been lost when the
303:
Logical failures occur when the hard drive devices are functional but the user or automated-OS cannot retrieve or access data stored on them. Logical failures can occur due to corruption of the engineering chip, lost partitions, firmware failure, or failures during formatting/re-installation.
472:(PCB) may be simply replaced during recovery procedures by an identical PCB from a healthy drive. While this may work in rare circumstances on hard disk drives manufactured before 2003, it will not work on newer drives. Electronics boards of modern drives usually contain drive-specific
535:
can image media despite intermittent errors, and image raw data when there is partition table or file system damage. This type of data recovery can be performed by people without expertise in drive hardware as it requires no special physical equipment or access to platters.
591:(FTL). When the FTL modifies a sector it writes the new data to another location and updates the map so the new data appear at the target LBA. This leaves the pre-modification data in place, with possibly many generations, and recoverable by data recovery software.
435:
compromise the recovery process. Furthermore, end users generally do not have the hardware or technical expertise required to make these repairs. Consequently, data recovery companies are often employed to salvage important data with the more reputable ones using
669:
After the drive has been cloned to a new drive, it is suitable to attempt the retrieval of lost data. If the drive has failed logically, there are a number of reasons for that. Using the clone it may be possible to repair the partition table or
328:
or a USB drive instead of the corrupted drive in question. Many Live CDs or DVDs provide a means to mount the system drive and backup drives or removable media, and to move the files from the system drive to the backup media with a
527:, or to (intermittent) media errors. In the majority of these cases, at least a portion of the original data can be recovered by repairing the damaged partition table or file system using specialized data recovery software such as
372:, deleted files cannot be discoverable through a standard file manager, but the deleted data still technically exists on the physical drive. In the meantime, the original file contents remain, often several disconnected
391:, hidden, or deleted, rather than damaged, are recovered. Sometimes data present in the computer gets encrypted or hidden due to reasons like virus attacks which can only be recovered by some computer forensic experts.
603:, etc.) gets lost, deleted and formatted due to circumstances like virus attack, accidental deletion or accidental use of SHIFT+DELETE. In these cases, data recovery software is used to recover/restore the data files.
315:
The most common data recovery scenarios involve an operating system failure, malfunction of a storage device, logical failure of storage devices, accidental damage or deletion, etc. (typically, on a single-drive,
425:
Most physical damage cannot be repaired by end users. For example, opening a hard disk drive in a normal environment can allow airborne dust to settle on the platter and become caught between the platter and the
452:
from the surface. Once this image is acquired and saved on a reliable medium, the image can be safely analyzed for logical damage and will possibly allow much of the original file system to be reconstructed.
573:
drives. Although
Gutmann's theory may be correct, there is no practical evidence that overwritten data can be recovered, while research has shown to support that overwritten data cannot be recovered.
565:. In 2001, he presented another paper on a similar topic. To guard against this type of data recovery, Gutmann and Colin Plumb designed a method of irreversibly scrubbing data, known as the
615:
Eventually, if the final, physical storage medium has indeed been disturbed badly enough, recovery will not be possible using any means; the information has irreversibly been lost.
361:
new drive. If a drive recovery is necessary, the drive itself has typically failed permanently, and the focus is rather on a one-time recovery, salvaging whatever data can be read.
352:. In any of these cases, the data is not easily read from the media devices. Depending on the situation, solutions involve repairing the logical file system, partition table, or
627:
Remote recovery requires a stable connection with an adequate bandwidth. However, it is not applicable where access to the hardware is required, as in cases of physical damage.
539:
Sometimes data can be recovered using relatively simple methods and tools; more serious cases can require expert intervention, particularly if parts of files are irrecoverable.
1609:
1721:
320:, single-OS system), in which case the ultimate goal is simply to copy all important files from the damaged media to another new drive. This can be accomplished using a
1352:
991:
422:
may have occurred. However, if the hard drive can be repaired and a full image or clone created, then the logical file structure can be rebuilt in most instances.
1022:: also known as TSK, a suite of forensic analysis tools developed by Brian Carrier for UNIX, Linux and Windows systems. TSK includes the Autopsy forensic browser.
635:
Usually, there are four phases when it comes to successful data recovery, though that can vary depending on the type of data corruption and recovery required.
1636:
557:
After data has been physically overwritten on a hard disk drive, it is generally assumed that the previous data are no longer possible to recover. In 1996,
1299:
256:, when the data stored in them cannot be accessed in a usual way. The data is most often salvaged from storage media such as internal or external
2077:
1404:
1690:
791:(WinPE): A customizable Windows Boot DVD (made by Microsoft and distributed for free). Can be modified to boot to any of the programs listed.
2127:
1007:
1587:
511:
The term "logical damage" refers to situations in which the error is not a problem in the hardware and requires software-level solutions.
1554:
1511:
788:
307:
Data recovery can be a very simple or technical challenge. This is why there are specific software companies specialized in this field.
1321:
1659:
579:(SSD) overwrite data differently from hard disk drives (HDD) which makes at least some of their data easier to recover. Most SSDs use
558:
1471:
403:
can have their metallic substrate or dye layer scratched off; hard disks can suffer from a multitude of mechanical failures, such as
1239:
223:
162:
65:
1617:
700:
producing 28,000 restore disks and intending to distribute them for about 25 cents each as a convenience to computer repair shops.
1059:: an open-source tool similar to dd but with the ability to skip over and subsequently retry bad blocks on failing storage devices
1269:
1136:
399:
A wide variety of failures can cause physical damage to storage media, which may result from human errors and natural disasters.
341:
and consistently storing valuable data files (or copies of them) on a different partition from the replaceable OS system files.
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749:, similar to a Windows Preinstallation Environment, which can be run from a live CD or live USB drive. Discontinued.
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Media that has suffered a catastrophic electronic failure requires data recovery in order to salvage its contents.
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561:, a computer scientist, presented a paper that suggested overwritten data could be recovered through the use of
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based live CD, useful for repairing unbootable computer systems and retrieving data after a system crash
469:
967:: a command-line utility from Microsoft to recover deleted files for Windows 10 version 2004 and later
2024:
1575:
1412:
1964:
1949:
1877:
983:
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is a process of retrieving deleted, inaccessible, lost, corrupted, damaged, or formatted data from
1682:
288:. Recovery may be required due to physical damage to the storage devices or logical damage to the
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1595:
1091:
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671:
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934:: freeware and shareware tools plus online services for various Windows 2000 and later programs
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Of course, there are exceptions to this, such as cases where severe damage to the hard drive
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The process is essentially no different from what the end user could perform by themselves.
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1016:: a suite of utilities for assisting in forensic analysis of a UNIX system after a break-in
136:
2192:
2034:
1969:
1959:
1929:
1872:
1843:
1833:
1714:"Electronics-recycling innovator is going to prison for trying to extend computers' lives"
1536:
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900:: Mac OS X data recovery program which works on USB sticks, optical media, and hard drives
600:
520:
473:
427:
265:
257:
249:
1231:
759:-based Live CD with a focus on being small and fast, useful for computer and data rescue
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2004:
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2009:
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2019:
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856:
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330:
961:: a suite of utilities that has a file recovery component for Windows XP and later
460:
27:
Process of salvaging inaccessible data from corrupted or damaged secondary storage
17:
1446:
674:(MBR) in order to read the file system's data structure and retrieve stored data.
1939:
1899:
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1201:
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524:
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In some cases, data on a hard disk drive can be unreadable due to damage to the
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78:
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is the recovery of parts of damaged files using knowledge of their structure.
408:
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388:
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Sometimes, data present in the physical drives (Internal/External Hard disk,
2029:
1924:
1121:
1081:
1050:
1047:: a free disk cloning, disk imaging, data recovery, and deployment boot disk
894:: recovers data from optical discs, USB sticks, flash drives and hard drives
891:
720:
440:
436:
431:
384:
237:
658:
safe to perform testing and recovery procedures without harming the source.
1823:
1056:
949:
915:
852:
815:
766:
728:
532:
528:
369:
357:
1610:"Disk Wiping – One Pass is Enough – Part 2 (this time with screenshots)"
1551:"Can Intelligence Agencies Read Overwritten Data? A response to Gutmann"
731:, or any other type of live distro contains a minimal operating system.
719:
Data recovery cannot always be done on a running system. As a result, a
1518:, Peter Gutmann, Department of Computer Science, University of Auckland
1488:
835:
772:
724:
344:
Another scenario involves a drive-level failure, such as a compromised
321:
1756:
1472:"Data Recovery Report - Read Before Choosing A Data Recovery Company"
1076:
937:
805:
801:
756:
752:
735:
480:
chip, which can be removed and transferred to the replacement board.
477:
400:
1375:"Hard Drive Circuit Board Replacement Guide or How To Swap HDD PCB"
928:: proprietary software for Windows 2000 and later—FAT, NTFS and HFS
666:
Logical recovery of files, partition, MBR and filesystem structures
502:
459:
1576:
https://kaleron.edu.pl/throwing-Gutmanns-algorithm-into-the-trash
376:, and may be recoverable if not overwritten by other data files.
867:
829:
281:
2059:
2055:
1765:
940:: proprietary software for Windows 2000 and later—FAT and NTFS
277:
174:
72:
31:
1053:: common byte-to-byte cloning tool found on Unix-like systems
1508:
Secure
Deletion of Data from Magnetic and Solid-State Memory
1065:: a free and open-source recovery system for Android devices
998:
Center for
Information Systems Security Studies and Research
952:: free, open source, multi-platform. recover files and lost
273:
912:: a suite of utilities that has a file recovery component
430:. During normal operation, read/write heads float 3 to 6
686:
manually reconstructing the document using a hex editor.
507:
Result of a failed data recovery from a hard disk drive.
379:
The term "data recovery" is also used in the context of
1761:
198:
1262:"What Happens When Drives Experience Logical Failure?"
569:
and used by several disk-scrubbing software packages.
1683:"[Infographic] Four Phases Of Data Recovery"
870:: multi-platform data recovery and disk editing tool
864:: data recovery application for Mac OS X and Windows
990:file recovery program, originally developed by the
876:: generates error-correction data for optical discs
842:, the GNU partition editor, capable of calling fsck
654:
Image the drive to a new drive or a disk image file
364:
In a third scenario, files have been accidentally "
103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
775:: contains utilities for data recovery under Linux
906:: for Windows 7 and later; includes data recovery
583:to store data in pages and blocks, referenced by
515:Corrupt partitions and file systems, media errors
1539:, Peter Gutmann, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
992:U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations
2071:
1777:
1747:Operating Systems: Design And Implementation,
946:: data recovery utility for Windows and macOS
495:the data matching what is stored on the PCB.
8:
1745:Tanenbaum, A. & Woodhull, A. S. (1997).
1236:Disklabs Digital Forensics and Data Recovery
1436:"Hiding Data in Hard Drive's Service Areas"
1322:"Data Recovery On A 3TB Seagate Hard Drive"
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2144:
2078:
2064:
2056:
1784:
1770:
1762:
483:Each hard disk drive has what is called a
715:List of live CDs § Rescue and repair
468:A common misconception is that a damaged
224:Learn how and when to remove this message
163:Learn how and when to remove this message
1553:. National Bureau of Economic Research.
1405:"Firmware Adaptation Service - ROM Swap"
1345:"DIY data recovery could mean "bye-bye""
1004:: by AccessData, used by law enforcement
682:Repair damaged files that were retrieved
1529:Data Remanence in Semiconductor Devices
1163:
918:: advanced multi-platform program with
337:. Such cases can often be mitigated by
1631:Wright, Dr. Craig (15 January 2009).
7:
1302:from the original on 1 December 2022
1272:from the original on 1 December 2022
1242:from the original on 1 December 2022
1008:Open Computer Forensics Architecture
324:, or DVD by booting directly from a
101:adding citations to reliable sources
1681:Stanley Morgan (28 December 2012).
1292:"Data Recovery – Backup Technology"
1212:from the original on 28 August 2022
1182:from the original on 28 August 2022
789:Windows Preinstallation Environment
1650:Barton, Andre (17 December 2012).
1588:"Disk Wiping – One Pass is Enough"
1434:Ariel Berkman (14 February 2013).
1010:: An open-source program for Linux
407:, PCB failure, and failed motors;
25:
1712:Washington Post (26 April 2018).
1693:from the original on 2 April 2015
1652:"Data Recovery Over the Internet"
1639:from the original on 23 May 2010.
1355:from the original on 26 July 2019
595:Lost, deleted, and formatted data
201:and remove advice or instruction.
47:This article has multiple issues.
2143:
1749:2nd ed. New York: Prentice Hall.
1662:from the original on 27 May 2015
1549:Feenberg, Daniel (14 May 2004).
1137:Hidden file and hidden directory
832:: a consistency checker for UNIX
179:
77:
36:
1724:from the original on 2 May 2018
1616:. 18 March 2009. Archived from
1594:. 17 March 2009. Archived from
1557:from the original on 9 May 2008
1474:. 16 April 2013. Archived from
765:: capable of creating bootable
646:should be moved to a new drive.
587:(LBA) which are managed by the
335:optical disc authoring software
88:needs additional citations for
55:or discuss these issues on the
1349:The Ontrack Data Recovery Blog
1147:List of data recovery software
1127:Error detection and correction
888:: data drive recovery solution
704:List of data recovery software
1:
2149:List of data-erasing software
2133:Physical information security
1633:"Overwriting Hard Drive Data"
1152:List of data-erasing software
1033:List of disk cloning software
387:, where data which have been
882:: a Windows recovery program
823:: a consistency checker for
814:: a consistency checker for
804:: a consistency checker for
769:USB drives for data recovery
631:Four phases of data recovery
292:that prevents it from being
738:: a lightweight variant of
2209:
1232:"What is logical failure?"
1097:Continuous data protection
1087:Comparison of file systems
1036:
1030:
975:
712:
642:Repair the hard disk drive
550:
2141:
2093:
1799:
1351:. Ontrack Data Recovery.
1202:"Data Recovery Explained"
1172:"Data Recovery Explained"
1063:Team Win Recovery Project
920:text-based user interface
904:MiniTool Partition Wizard
886:Hetman Partition Recovery
563:magnetic force microscopy
348:or drive partition, or a
1535:21 February 2007 at the
747:32-bit operating systems
2098:Anti–computer forensics
1514:9 December 2007 at the
1494:17 October 2016 at the
1266:www.streetdirectory.com
589:flash translation layer
585:logical block addresses
350:hard disk drive failure
2183:Transaction processing
1489:Data Recovery Software
898:Mac Data Recovery Guru
508:
465:
439:dust- and static-free
284:subsystems, and other
1014:The Coroner's Toolkit
965:Windows File Recovery
944:Stellar Data Recovery
922:used to recover files
855:: recovers data from
506:
470:printed circuit board
463:
1965:Protection (privacy)
1656:Data Recovery Digest
1620:on 27 November 2012.
1598:on 2 September 2012.
1343:Vasconcelos, Pedro.
1332:on 13 February 2017.
796:Consistency checkers
740:Microsoft Windows XP
619:Remote data recovery
199:rewrite this article
97:improve this article
1452:on 26 February 2015
808:and Windows systems
744:Windows Server 2003
447:Recovery techniques
2188:Hard disk software
1687:dolphindatalab.com
1614:anti-forensics.com
1592:anti-forensics.com
1092:Computer forensics
978:Computer forensics
672:master boot record
607:Logical bad sector
577:Solid-state drives
509:
466:
415:failure occurred.
411:can simply break.
356:, or updating the
354:master boot record
286:electronic devices
262:solid-state drives
18:Hard disk recovery
2155:
2154:
2053:
2052:
2045:Wrangling/munging
1895:Format management
1478:on 16 April 2013.
1117:Data preservation
986:: an open-source
339:disk partitioning
246:secondary storage
234:
233:
226:
216:
215:
192:a manual or guide
173:
172:
165:
147:
70:
16:(Redirected from
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2146:
2080:
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2057:
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1504:
1498:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1445:. Archived from
1440:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1415:on 29 March 2013
1411:. Archived from
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1381:. Archived from
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1328:. Archived from
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1288:
1282:
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1279:
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1258:
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1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1168:
1107:Data archaeology
1102:Crypto-shredding
1002:Forensic Toolkit
959:TuneUp Utilities
932:Recovery Toolbox
926:Recover My Files
910:Norton Utilities
862:Disk Drill Basic
763:Disk Drill Basic
547:Overwritten data
531:; software like
383:applications or
298:operating system
266:USB flash drives
258:hard disk drives
229:
222:
211:
208:
202:
190:is written like
183:
182:
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105:
81:
73:
62:
40:
39:
32:
21:
2208:
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2201:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2178:Data management
2158:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2137:
2089:
2084:
2054:
2049:
2025:Synchronization
1795:
1790:
1742:
1740:Further reading
1737:
1727:
1725:
1718:Washington Post
1711:
1710:
1706:
1696:
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1680:
1679:
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1665:
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1603:
1586:
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1570:
1560:
1558:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1537:Wayback Machine
1526:
1522:
1516:Wayback Machine
1505:
1501:
1496:Wayback Machine
1487:
1483:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1418:
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1403:
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1398:
1388:
1386:
1379:donordrives.com
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474:adaptation data
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112:"Data recovery"
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2123:Gutmann method
2120:
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2108:Data remanence
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1385:on 27 May 2015
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1031:Main article:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1020:The Sleuth Kit
1017:
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779:SystemRescueCD
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567:Gutmann method
548:
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500:
499:Logical damage
497:
457:
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312:
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270:magnetic tapes
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2173:Computer data
2171:
2169:
2168:Data recovery
2166:
2165:
2163:
2150:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:DoD 5220.22-M
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2118:File deletion
2116:
2114:
2113:Factory reset
2111:
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2103:Data recovery
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1112:Data curation
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1027:Imaging tools
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847:File recovery
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559:Peter Gutmann
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242:data recovery
239:
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210:
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195:
193:
188:This article
186:
177:
176:
167:
164:
156:
153:February 2012
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114: –
113:
109:
108:Find sources:
102:
98:
92:
91:
86:This article
84:
80:
75:
74:
69:
67:
60:
59:
54:
53:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2102:
2087:Data erasure
1974:
1955:Preservation
1945:Philanthropy
1809:Augmentation
1746:
1726:. Retrieved
1717:
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1686:
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1655:
1645:
1626:
1618:the original
1613:
1604:
1596:the original
1591:
1582:
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1544:
1528:
1523:
1507:
1502:
1484:
1476:the original
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1447:the original
1442:
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1413:the original
1408:
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1383:the original
1378:
1369:
1357:. Retrieved
1348:
1338:
1330:the original
1325:
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1296:www.dell.com
1295:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1265:
1256:
1244:. Retrieved
1235:
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1205:
1196:
1184:. Retrieved
1175:
1166:
1132:File carving
988:command-line
857:optical disc
838:: a GUI for
821:Disk Utility
718:
694:
691:Restore disk
634:
626:
622:
614:
610:
598:
581:flash memory
575:
571:
556:
553:Data erasure
541:Data carving
538:
518:
510:
493:
489:service area
488:
484:
482:
467:
450:
424:
417:
413:
405:head crashes
398:
378:
363:
343:
331:file manager
314:
306:
302:
296:by the host
241:
235:
220:
204:
197:Please help
189:
159:
150:
140:
133:
126:
119:
107:
95:Please help
90:verification
87:
63:
56:
50:
49:Please help
46:
29:
2015:Stewardship
1905:Integration
1854:Degradation
1839:Compression
1819:Archaeology
1804:Acquisition
1409:pcb4you.com
1326:acsdata.com
1206:www.ibm.com
1176:www.ibm.com
880:GetDataBack
525:file system
485:system area
346:file system
290:file system
2162:Categories
2035:Validation
1970:Publishing
1960:Processing
1930:Management
1844:Corruption
1834:Collection
1456:23 January
1306:1 December
1276:1 December
1246:1 December
1216:1 December
1159:References
1142:Undeletion
1045:Clonezilla
1039:Disk image
1037:See also:
976:See also:
954:partitions
874:dvdisaster
840:GNU parted
783:Arch Linux
713:See also:
551:See also:
441:cleanrooms
432:nanometers
207:April 2016
123:newspapers
52:improve it
2040:Warehouse
2005:Scrubbing
1985:Retention
1980:Reduction
1935:Migration
1910:Integrity
1878:Transform
1829:Cleansing
1186:28 August
1122:Data loss
1082:Cleanroom
972:Forensics
892:IsoBuster
721:boot disk
601:Pen Drive
437:class 100
389:encrypted
385:espionage
374:fragments
370:end users
318:partition
238:computing
58:talk page
2010:Security
2000:Scraping
1975:Recovery
1849:Curation
1814:Analysis
1722:Archived
1697:23 March
1691:Archived
1666:29 April
1660:Archived
1637:Archived
1555:Archived
1533:Archived
1512:Archived
1492:Archived
1353:Archived
1300:Archived
1270:Archived
1240:Archived
1210:Archived
1180:Archived
1070:See also
1057:ddrescue
984:Foremost
950:TestDisk
916:PhotoRec
853:CDRoller
825:Mac OS X
816:Mac OS 9
767:Mac OS X
729:live USB
709:Bootable
533:ddrescue
529:Testdisk
420:platters
381:forensic
358:firmware
264:(SSDs),
260:(HDDs),
2020:Storage
1995:Science
1990:Quality
1920:Lineage
1915:Library
1890:Farming
1873:Extract
1859:Editing
1359:26 July
836:gparted
773:Knoppix
725:live CD
697:Windows
679:Phase 4
663:Phase 3
651:Phase 2
639:Phase 1
401:CD-ROMs
366:deleted
322:Live CD
316:single-
294:mounted
137:scholar
2193:Backup
1940:Mining
1900:Fusion
1757:Curlie
1561:21 May
1419:27 May
1389:27 May
1077:Backup
938:Recuva
802:CHKDSK
757:Debian
753:Finnix
736:BartPE
478:EEPROM
300:(OS).
139:
132:
125:
118:
110:
1728:2 May
1450:(PDF)
1439:(PDF)
781:: an
409:tapes
311:About
254:files
144:JSTOR
130:books
2030:Type
1925:Loss
1883:Load
1793:Data
1730:2018
1699:2015
1668:2015
1563:2008
1458:2015
1421:2015
1391:2015
1361:2019
1308:2022
1278:2022
1248:2022
1218:2022
1188:2022
994:and
868:DMDE
830:fsck
755:: a
695:The
282:RAID
278:DVDs
116:news
1868:ELT
1864:ETL
1824:Big
1755:at
996:NPS
806:DOS
742:or
523:or
487:or
333:or
326:ROM
274:CDs
252:or
236:In
99:by
2164::
1720:.
1716:.
1689:.
1685:.
1658:.
1654:.
1635:.
1612:.
1590:.
1441:.
1407:.
1377:.
1347:.
1324:.
1298:.
1294:.
1268:.
1264:.
1238:.
1234:.
1208:.
1204:.
1178:.
1174:.
1051:dd
727:,
723:,
443:.
280:,
276:,
272:,
268:,
248:,
240:,
61:.
2079:e
2072:t
2065:v
1866:/
1785:e
1778:t
1771:v
1732:.
1701:.
1670:.
1565:.
1460:.
1423:.
1393:.
1363:.
1310:.
1280:.
1250:.
1220:.
1190:.
227:)
221:(
209:)
205:(
194:.
166:)
160:(
155:)
151:(
141:·
134:·
127:·
120:·
93:.
68:)
64:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
