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reproductive lives there was a persistent view that Cuba was built by a brotherhood of men. This saw women as "revolutionary mothers" who were subalterns of the state. The idea that gender equality was surface level can be shown in the Codigo de la
Familia which called for men to take a more active role in the household, but was rarely enforced. Another example of this surface level equality is shown in Guevara's book, "El hombre Nuevo"(1965). Women are first and foremost depicted as wives of revolutionaries, however they also have the additional roles of militants and volunteer workers. Guevara was connecting traditional Latin American gender concepts of femininity to the socialist revolution by stating that women's commitment to the revolution was not important for the outcome of the revolution but rather for their overall desirability to men. Guevara's book continues to outline the role of women in society by dictating how they should look for men in addition to what to look for in a man. The desirable Cuban man was seen as industrious and willing to serve the state when he was called upon. The Cuban man often had to participate in voluntary agricultural work to help the agricultural production of the state. This was tied to the idea that the Cuban "new man" was essential for the survival of a socialist state. The depiction of women and men in Cuban media influenced gender relations in Cuban society as a whole. The outcomes of the depictions and legislations brought forth by Guevara's "New Man" are shown in the role of women in revolutionary society which saw their role in the domestic sphere mostly unchanged and pre existing notions of masculinity and femininity still being dominant in the political theatre. While there are 48.9% of women in
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public to question how gender-based violence was handled within Puerto Rico's judicial system. Andrea Ruiz Costas filed three court cases before her murder, all of them were denied. The judicial system accepts that, like every institution it lacks in some instances. One of those factors is the judicial system's difficult process for filling a complaint. Many times this process is difficult for the victim due the lengthy process of filling the complaint and understanding the legal implications this process entails. After the government declared a state of emergency, conversations emerged about the root of gender based violence and the need for gender perspective learning to be included in Puerto Rico's
Department of Education Curriculum. On 26 October 2022, the Department of Education announced a curriculum called Equity and Respect for All Human Beings which will take place every fourth Wednesday of the month during homeroom period. The program intends to encourage respect and equity but supporters for gender perspective learning clarify that it lacks in acknowledging terms involving gender equity and identity.
1714:. which is the idea that women are meant to be pure and wholesome. Marianismo derives its origins from Spanish Colonization, as many social constructs from Latin America do. It emphasizes the perfect femininity of a woman and her virginity. One could argue that in the similar manner of Patriarchy, the man is the head of the household while the "fragile" woman is submissive and tends to remain behind the scenes. This brings to focus the idea that women are inferior and are thus dependent on their husbands. As a result, they not only rely on their husbands for financial support, but in the social realm are put at the same level as "children under age 12, mentally ill persons, and spendthrifts" (265). By way of tradition, not only are women given limited opportunities in what they are able to do and to be, but they are also viewed as people that cannot even take care of themselves. Getting married provides a woman with security under her husband's success, but also entails a lifelong commitment towards serving her husband and her children.
2013:"Machismo ideology is as beneficial to women in that it encourages their husbands to provide for and protect them and their children. Further, by subordinating their needs to those of their family, women earn a lifetime of support from their husbands and children and in this way gain some control in the family". Because fathers are typically more invested in paid labor, mothers typically spend more time with the children and thus gain credibility in important decisions such as a child's schooling or a child's health care. Nevertheless, in these machist households the fathers will have the last word whenever they choose to, as they are the breadwinners, and all the family ultimately depends on them for survival. In case of a separation or divorce, it is typically the mothers who suffer the most, since they did not invest their time in their career, and will probably still have to provide and care for the children.
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smaller Jewish and Muslim communities. Due to changing times and influence from the United States, the LGBTQ+ movement has been a strong force for equality, which in Puerto Rico has not always been accepted, and even harmed in the process due to difference. One of these being the murder of Alexa Negrón
Luciano, a transgender woman who in 2020 was mocked and eventually shot. Alexa's murder, classified as a hate crime, provoked a conversation about transphobia on the island. In relation to these conversations and the hope for a more inclusive Puerto Rican society, new gender neutral identifying terms are being used in Puerto Rico like substituting the vowels (a) or (o) in Spanish (many times the (a) in a word signifies a female, the (o) a male) for the letter (e) which is considered gender neutral, though it has its own share of criticism from the locals as it promotes neocolonialism.
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man is expected to be the primary income contributor. In either case, part of the masculine identity and his self-respect is defined by his ability to provide for his family. If he is unable to do so, or if he brings home less money than that of his wife, his position as head of the family is challenged. In some cultures, this may mean ultimate shame for him if he cannot fulfill this role: "that being unable to find work meant that 'there is no recognition even to humanity ... Those who do not work are like dead people'" (212). Beyond providing economic support for his family, a man engaging in paid-work is seen as honorable because he is sacrificing time and energy that he could be spending with his family. These are costs that cannot be repaid and thus are a priceless investment on his part towards the well-being of his family unit.
2361:"responsibility, honor", and bravery which are not always seen. To further analyze this, for example with a man having responsibility, they portray their role to overlook their family and be their protection. They also have to continue the family legacy thus honoring their family through generations. This, however is a trait that could be diminished as could be the case when men seek respect and if they do obtain this respect, it could be that they potentially react with aggressiveness which leads into violence and abuse. This would then turn a positive characteristic to a negative characteristic of machismo since this act of aggression is externalized and men portray the power they seem to have over women. Because of this, it is usually the case that the negative perceptions of machismo outweigh the positives.
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Cuba, daily necessitates were no longer provided for by the government which meant money was needed for day-to-day life. This meant that women would often leave their partner for someone who was wealthy or foreign because migration became an important part of Cuban society. Machismo is still present at this point and is embodied in men's paranoia, women were often controlled by their partners to ensure their faithfulness. The impact of this shift in gender is seen in Cuban society as a whole. New class disparities emerge amongst poor Cuban men, wealthy Cuban men, and tourists. Cuban women are searching for wealthy men which in turn attracts more wealthy tourists to the island, leading to a further dominance of monetary exchange in Cuba which leads to a further class disparity between rich and poor Cubans.
2353:), refers to a connection to family and chivalry. However, the focus on the negative aspects and avoidance of the positive aspects of machismo coincides with the concept of marginalization and powerlessness of Iberian and Latin American, and more broadly Romance-speaking European culture-derived, narratives. This is because the focus on the negative aspects and the avoidance or ignorance of the positive creates a power dynamic that legitimizes the mainstream American hegemonic idea of masculinity as the correct or more righteous form of masculinity, and subjugates machismo as a degenerated form of abuse against women and backwardness. As a result, it can create a sense of powerlessness within Latino males in their expression of their masculinity.
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of machismo, such as "emotional availability, demonstrations of affection, desire to financially care for a female partner, responsibility in child-rearing, and/or to the community or friends", during conflict resolution scenarios. Furthermore, while
Mexican American adolescent males were found to have certain values and attitudes, such as caballerismo, passed down by their families, machismo was not one of them. Because families are not teaching machismo, this implies that it may be learned from sources separate from the family unit, such as peers and the media. Ultimately, these findings suggest that machismo is changing in terms of its prevalence, manifestation, and socialization.
1689:"Machismo as a cultural factor is substantially associated with crime, violence, and lawlessness independently of the structural control variables" (26-27). One key aspect of Machismo's association to violence is its influence in a man's behavior towards proving his strength (57). While strength and fortitude are recognized as key components to the stereotype of machismo, demonstrations of violence and aggressive actions have become almost expected of men and have been justified as desirable products of being tough and macho. It can be implied that "if you are violent, you are strong and thus more of a man than those who back down or do not fight".
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survive, machismo helped provide men with the courage to drive off potential threats to protect his land and his crop. Today, this contributes to the substantial gender gap in the makeup of military and armed forces around the world, even considering growing female representation in the military today. Beyond the realm of the armed forces, however, the machismo ideology can also drive a man to work towards service because he is in a "superior" position, which enables him to demonstrate his success by offering his own strengths to help others. Their dependence on him can validate his ego and help maintain this difference in power.
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partner, since it is a part of the machismo culture. As such, this puts populations at risk for transmitting STIs as men seek out multiple sexual partners with little interference from their wives or from society. The risk is further heightened by the lack of condom use by men who are both miseducated about the effectiveness of a condom's protection against STIs and the belief that this would not happen to them. This mentality also deters men from getting themselves tested to know if they are HIV-positive, which leads them to even spread STIs without even knowing it.
1514:, finds himself enamored with her tough attitudes, which are very different from those of women he has met before. However, as the movie goes on, we see Oscar increasingly find himself frustrated with Lina's free spirit and working-class "down-to-earth" personality. Oscar sees that this is not the kind of woman he is used to. Throughout the movie, although Oscar is having an affair with his wife, he finds himself being more empathetic to working-class struggles in a way that his friend Arturo is not. Arturo still believes that all working-class men are just "macho
1818:. These men are those that are deemed as effeminate because they do not live by the social construct of hegemonic masculinity and also publicize their homosexuality. As such, they receive little respect both in society in general and among the LGBT community. Many homosexual men resist being associated with the "loca" stereotype by either demonstrating overt masculinity or by ridiculing and distancing themselves from other "loca" men. A common Puerto Rican saying demonstrates this resistance: "mejor un drogadicto que un pato" (better a drug addict than a faggot).
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non-traditional genders than males. While the mean score of gender-equality attitudes was 49.83, with lower scores indicating less gender equality attitudes, Latin
American countries scored the following: Chile (51.554), Colombia (49.416), Dominican Republic (43.586), Guatemala (48.890), Mexico (45.596), Paraguay (48.370). Machismo is associated with gender inequality. Therefore, this study suggests that Latino individuals living in their native countries may support more machismo attitudes than Latino immigrants adopting U.S. values of gender equality.
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can adequately serve their families and avoid punishment and discipline by their authoritative husbands. Men exercise their authority with their demand for respect and power in the house. Thus, it could culturally be a norm to follow the rules of the man. As generations continue, the idea of machismo may diminish but will still be, to some extent, present. Further, research suggests that still in today's society, men continue to take roles that often leave women without a voice to express themselves or the power to portray.
891:" and self-reliant, a concept associated with "a strong sense of masculine pride: an exaggerated masculinity". Machismo is a term originating in the early 1930s and 1940s best defined as having pride in one's masculinity. While the term is associated with "a man's responsibility to provide for, protect, and defend his family", machismo is strongly and consistently associated with dominance, aggression, grandstanding, and an inability to nurture. The correlation to machismo is found to be deeply rooted in family dynamics and culture.
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community, or even leave the house. With little opportunity for attaining an income, minimal means to get an education, and the few people they have as a support system, many women become dependent on their husbands financially and emotionally. This leaves many women particularly vulnerable to domestic violence both because it is justified through this belief that men are superior and thus are free to express that superiority and because women cannot leave such an abusive relationship since they rely on their husbands to live.
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the 1980s, a field of white-collar women emerged, furthering the rise in women's employment. With their new contribution to the workforce, it was still under the woman's responsibility to continue domestic tasks and now also to contribute to household finances. This caused a shift in what was deemed acceptable in households. Before women would depend greatly on a man to provide for them, but as they acquired roles that required some extent of education and provided financial aid, they were able to become more independent.
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and courage, related to both individual and group interaction. Studies show that Latin
American men understand masculinity to involve considerable childcare responsibilities, politeness, respect for women's autonomy, and non-violent attitudes and behaviors. In this way, machismo comes to relate to both a positive and negative understanding of Latin American male identity within the immigrant context. Therefore, machismo, like all social constructions of identity, should be understood as having multiple layers.
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over decades, tried to mold them into a disciplined and self-reproducing work force. Workers across the copper industry look to mining as the ultimate test of physical strength and therefore manhood. The miners often speak of the mines themselves as a jealous and punishing woman, and express fear that their wives are unfaithful. Fistfights and lesser acts of protest regularly erupt with the management, and to a lesser extent with workers who cross the lines of solidarity.
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critical thinking, and the strive to excel. As these qualities and traits are highly valued by many, they are widely taught to children from a young age both at school and at home. Scholars also argue that men could be mentally harmed from competition, such as the one experienced by many at their job, as their impetus to rise above their peers and fulfill the breadwinner concept in many societies can cause stress, jealousy, and psychological strain.
2026:"somewhat unique population of college-educated students who have been heavily influence by egalitarian attitudes, values, and norms" may explain why ethnicity did not directly predict machismo attitudes in two studies. Because education and acculturation of American values in Latino individuals may result in the development of attitudes supporting gender-equality, this demonstrates how machismo may gradually decline over time in the United States.
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the belief that a true man would never act violent towards his wife or children, but would instead ensure that no harm come to them. Machismo, seen through this approach, inspires men to create "harmonious interpersonal relationships through respect for self and others". This allows fathers to maintain positive, intimate relationships with their children and share a more egalitarian relationship with their wives.
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pre-established ideals regarding sex-roles may be detrimental to people's way of regarding new changes in societal expectancies, fostering relationships, and physical and mental health. Professionals such as Thomas
Skovholt, psychology professor at the University of Minnesota, claim that more research needs to be done in order to have efficient mediation for men through counseling.
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Women's commitment to the revolution directly influenced their desirability to men. This led to hypersexualized depictions of women who abided by the revolution while showing non-revolutionary women as undesirable to men in mass media. Cuban cartoons depict desirable Cuban women as revolutionary, sexual, and voluptuous while depicting the undesirable Cuban man as
Americanized.
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2010:"Within each of our memories there is the image of a father who worked long hours, suffered to keep his family alive, united, and who struggled to maintain his dignity. Such a man had little time for concern over his "masculinity". Certainly he did not have ten children because of his machismo, but because he was a human being, poor, and without "access" to birth control."
2298:, to mean only the positive characteristics of machismo, is imbued with feudal and colonial connotations relating to colonial power relations. This is because the origin of the word resides in feudal Spanish/Portuguese descriptions of landlords that reached through and into the colonial era, exalts European culture in comparison to the so-called Latin American machismo.
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said to not be ready to carry out the task of being a young mother. Young women may even lack support from their own household families and are blamed for not being properly educated. Puerto Rican families influenced by
American culture may express or bend these traditional rules whether they educated their children based on the values and morals that they were taught.
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strength to others. A man's insecurities can be fueled by a number of pressures. These range from societal pressures to "be a man" to internal pressures of overcoming an inferiority complex, (59). This can translate into actions that devalue feminine characteristics and overemphasize the characteristics of strength and superiority attributed to masculinity, (59).
2332:: nurturance, protection of the family and its honor, dignity, wisdom, hard work, responsibility, spirituality, and emotional connectedness. Latin American scholars propose there are really two different constructs within machismo, one positive and one negative. The negative construct of machismo is based on the traditional Western concept of hyper-masculinity.
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925:(literally, "to be a macho") was an aspiration for all boys. As history shows, men were often in powerful and dominating roles thus portrayed the stereotype of a violent macho man. Thus the origin of machismo serves as an illustration of past history, the struggles that colonial Latin America faced and the evolution of gender stereotypes with time.
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agency and the ultimate respect of her children. With the rise of female power, decisions in the household can take on a more egalitarian approach, where mothers can have equal say in the household. Meanwhile, the machismo mentality in men as a provider and protector of the family can inspire him to persevere through challenges introduced by work.
1254:, which is made up of only 7% of women. In many cases, women who do have professional jobs are often funded by the Cuban state meaning they only receive about $ 30 a month. This means that women are employed but do not and cannot hold positions of power due to the men in power who benefit from staying in power. Machismo is mostly ingrained in
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marry someone who demonstrated they could be financially stable. This was something that brought a lot of tension and inner conflict with the concept of the machismo culture. In present-day society, this machismo culture is still repressed - in 2016, Puerto Rico was the only place where women made more than men, at $ 1.03 for every $ 1.
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aspects set up the environment through which the ideology perpetuates itself. It creates a sense of inferiority that drives boys to reach an unattainable level of masculinity, a pursuit often validated by the aggressive and apathetic behavior they observe in the men around them and ultimately leading them to continue the cycle.
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owners consider themselves obligated to cater to the customers' preferences by hiring young and attractive waitresses, and the waitresses must defend against the customers' constant attention. Miners symbolize the ideal of the male worker, hostile to the bosses and to the moral authorities that have,
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regions of northern Chile. In these venues women are effectively barred as customers, and the men who work in the mines cultivate a sense of masculinity that tends to be more boisterous than their work conduct. Socializing is facilitated by alcohol consumption and the men, many of whom live away from
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In many cultures in the world, there is a long-standing tradition that the man is the head of the household and is responsible for providing for the family. In some cases, this may mean he is the only parent working in paid-work while in other conditions this may mean both parents are working but the
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One implication of the
Machismo concept is the pressure for a man to be sexually experienced. Male infidelity is of common practice in many cultures, as men are not as expected to hold nearly the same level of chastity as women are. Meanwhile, girls are oftentimes brought up to tolerate an unfaithful
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construct, this ideology is also taught to girls as they grow up. They learn the importance of performing domestic labor and household chores, such as cooking and cleaning, because this will be the role they will play in their future families. They are taught that these must be done well so that they
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While Puerto Ricans may be motivated by the progressive movements of the mainland, they base their movements on their unique situation in Puerto Rico. In the 1950s, industrialization caused men's employment rates to decline while women's employment rates began to rise. Additionally, from the 1950s to
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environments, so while 89% of women over 25 have received a secondary education, if a woman is a doctor, or a lawyer even after all the work she has done during the day, at home she is still expected to cook and clean and be the primary caretaker of the children. Many feminist scholars have described
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Masuda also studied self-reported measures of sexual relationship power among 40 recently immigrated Latino couples found data against machismo attitudes since women perceived themselves to have greater control and decision-making roles in their relationships. This serves as a stark contrast because
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Machismo can also pressure a man to defend the well-being of his loved ones, his community, and his country. It allows them to perform altruistic acts in order to provide protection to others. In the past, and even in many current societies where people rely on subsistence agriculture and economy to
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are considered psychologically harmful for men. Competition is a widely talked about subject in this area, as studies show that there are both positive and negative connotations to it. Many benefits arise from healthy competition such as team-building abilities, active engagement, pressure handling,
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Similarly, a well-documented disparity notes Latino adolescents reporting higher levels of depression than other ethnic backgrounds. Research suggests this may be associated to adolescent perceived gender role discrepancies which challenge the traditional perceptions of gender role (i.e., machismo).
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Some people identify that machismo is perpetuated through the pressure to raise children a certain way and instill social constructions of gender throughout a child's development. This is complemented by the distant father-son relationship in which intimacy and affection are typically avoided. These
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In terms of tourism, Puerto Rico was seen as one of the best places to visit for LGBTQ+ tourists. However, the LGBTQ+ community is also a conflicting issue to the machismo culture. Puerto Rico is known for its strong Christian community, specifically Roman Catholic and Pentecostal, along with having
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Rules enforced by Latin families that teach that young women should not be influenced by the dangers of the outside world, portray young women as vulnerable or in danger of being sexualized. Many times these strict rules are emphasized as some women experience pregnancy at a young age where they are
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Scholars argue that examples like these where women move toward an independent life by being a single mother, prove that machismo and/ or marianismo cannot be concretely defined. Rather, it depends on a person's decision or circumstances in society rather than a belief they were taught and followed.
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and a middle-class pale teacher. The plot, "exposes and subverts the traditional notion of spectator identification and thus posits a truly 'revolutionary' and potentially subversive character representation." The revolutionary notions of the film can be seen through a romantic relationship sparking
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From a Mexican-Chicano cultural and psychological perspective, the psycho-social traits can be summarized as: emotional invulnerability, patriarchal dominance, aggressive or controlling responses to stimuli, and ambivalence toward women. These traits have been seen as a Mexican masculine response to
982:". This meaning is derived from the concept of being one who follows a code of honor like knights used to do, or shares certain values and ideals associated with them. These include a particular pride in honor, especially when in context of treating women kindly with especial delicacy and attention.
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their families, demonstrate their heterosexual legitimacy by talking about women's bodies and sexual availability or boasting about their sexual achievements. The shyer customers find that they are able to interact with friends and women in ways that they could not do outside for fear of rejection.
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There is controversy surrounding the concept of machismo as being originally from Spanish or Portuguese descent. The use of Spanish and Portuguese produces historical colonial connotations through its promotion of Spanish and Portuguese masculine social construction, when the term should be used to
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who pressured the organization's leadership to reject machismo during their East Coast Regional Central Committee retreat in May 1970. At this retreat the group studied and theorized, formally denouncing machismo because if power was to be transferred to the people, it would have to be the hands of
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and community control of institutions and land, the organization's leaders made a distinct choice to denounce machismo in their revised 13-Point Program and Platform. Previously reading, "We want equality for women. Machismo must be revolutionary... Not oppressive.", the organization moved toward a
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Acculturation has not only been associated with a decline in machismo, it has appeared to affect how it manifests and how it is transferred through generations. Recently, Mexican American adolescents in romantic relationships demonstrated "adaptive machismo", which consist of the positive qualities
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are associated with feminine attributes, they are perceived with lower level of masculinity, and as a result, they receive less respect than heterosexual men in society. This, in turn, can limit their "ability to achieve upward social mobility, to be taken seriously, or to hold positions of power".
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When evaluating Puerto Rico's machismo culture it's important to relate it to Puerto Rico's colonial status, first to Spain and then to the United States. When becoming a colony of Spain, Puerto Rico gained the machismo principles Spain instilled. When Puerto Rico became a United States colony, the
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code. This practice is also followed by Puerto Rican Americans outside of the island. Nonetheless, this is not the only aspect to Puerto Rican machismo. Machismo can be seen in various ways in Puerto Rico from the island's colonial history to the high cases of gender based violence that occurred in
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The aftermath of Guevara's "new man" ideology can be seen in the dynamics of post-revolutionary romantic relationships and society. In post-revolutionary Cuban society, men were in constant fear of infidelity as the importance of capitalism increased in Cuba. Now that monetary exchange had value in
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man over 'the other'. In this case 'the other' refers to women of all races and economic status, whom the macho sees as an object to protect. in contrast effeminate and gay men are not seen as worthy of protection but as objects to ridicule and punish sometimes with violence. Men who do not perform
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Machismo is a source of pride for men and they must prove their manliness by upholding their dominance in their reputation and their household. Machismo comes from the assertion of male dominance in everyday life. Examples of this would be men dominating their wives, controlling their children, and
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Another approach to machismo is that of the "caballerismo" ideology, that because a man is the head of the household, he is responsible for the well-being of the members of his family. This describes the call for a man to be chivalrous, nurturing, and protective of his loved ones. It translates to
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with negative cognitive-emotional factors may prove invaluable to mental health professionals. According to Fragoso and Kashubeck, "if a therapist notes that a client seems to endorse high levels of machismo, that therapist might explore whether the client is experiencing high levels of stress and
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In 2021, gender-based violence rose. So much so that Governor Pedro Pierluisi declared a state of emergency on the island due to an increase in gender-based violence from 6,603 cases in 2020 to 7,876 in 2021. Out of the many cases, the murders of Andrea Ruiz Costas and Keishla Rodriguez caused the
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In the 1960s when many Puerto Ricans were moving to New York, many women were forced toward single motherhood with values that encouraged traditions like marriage. However, women still emphasized the importance of independence and final success. As an example, a mother would advise her children to
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Latin American scholars have noted that positive descriptors of machismo resemble the characteristics associated with the concept of caballerosidad. Understandings of machismo in Latin American cultures are not all negative; they also involve characteristics of honor, responsibility, perseverance,
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Since 2007, every July the Red Chilena Contra la Violencia hacia las Mujeres (Chilean Network Against Violence Towards Women) implements its campaign "¡Cuidado! El Machismo Mata" (translating to "Beware! Machismo Kills") to raise awareness about violence against women, intrafamilial violence, and
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In the traditional household, the man is expected to work and provide for his family while his wife stays home to care for the children. As such, fathers are seen as a distant authority figure to his children while mothers assume the majority of responsibility in this domestic realm and thus gain
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on the island and provided children with protection under the law so that child begging and homelessness amongst children was practically eradicated. The law also stated that it was required for both sexes to participate in domestic chores But just because the law was passed, does not mean it was
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Because Machismo is so entrenched into the very systems that keep women oppressed, women in Cuba do not hold political or monetary positions of power. The role of women in revolutionary society were as subjects. Although the revolution allowed women control over their personal, professional, and
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Acculturation and education have been proposed to be a factor in how machismo is passed down through Iberian and Latin American generations in the United States. According to researchers who measured self-reported levels of machismo among 72 university students, 37 whom identified as Latino, the
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Researchers argue that machismo in Russia can be seen when an individual exaggerated masculine pride. This is something that is seen on an everyday basis in Russia, which is emphasized through magazines that promote the idealization of what a "real man" is. The characteristics of a masculine man
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In terms of the presence of machismo in Puerto Rican society, men were to work outside the home, manage finances, and make decisions. Women were to be subordinate to their husbands and be the homemakers. Women would often have to be dependent on men for everything. Growing up, boys are taught to
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challenge the idea of Machismo, but depict the male view as dominant and instead depict the illusion of change. The abandonment of machismo is present in Cuban film although some scholars argue that it was merely surface level and represent the views of gender roles in Cuban society as a whole.
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Moreover, researchers analyzed a large cross-sectional survey among 36 countries, including 6 Latin American countries, from 2009 and discovered countries with less gender inequality had adolescents that supported attitudes of gender-equality, though females were more likely to support LGBT and
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are considered homosexual while men who are the sexual penetrators during sex can maintain their heterosexual identity. Also, in many Latin American countries, the media portrayal of homosexual men often play into the stereotype of an effeminate, flamboyant male role. As a result, the idea of a
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which is an idea in Latin cultures that ties an individual with a commitment to his or her family, and homophobia can sometimes cause in homosexual individuals the repression of sexual identity, family separation, and to hide their sexuality. Such situations may hinder personal shame and secret
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and repress their homosexual identity, to assimilate towards masculine ideals and practices while maintaining their homosexual identity in private, or to openly express their homosexuality and suffer ostracization from society. This creates a hierarchy of homosexuality corresponding to how much
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depicted in American literature are not representative of all the different layers of machismo. Although machismo can be portrayed as violent and aggressive throughout popular literature, scholars argue that the positive side of machismo, which includes its positive aspects is often not shown.
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Despite machismo's documented history in Iberian and Latin American communities, research throughout the years has shown a shift in prevalence among younger generations. In Brazil, researchers found that while the majority of young men interviewed held traditional attitudes on gender roles and
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is sociocultural term associated with male and female socialization in Latin American cultures; it is a set of values, attitudes and beliefs about masculinity. Although the construct of machismo holds both positive and negative aspects of masculinity, emerging research suggests the gender role
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Violent encounters can stem from the desire to protect his family, friends, and particularly his female relatives that are vulnerable to the machismo actions of other men, (59). However, through jealousy, competitiveness, and pride, violent encounters are also often pursued to demonstrate his
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The young man laughs and says in the movie, "Oh, they've managed to change my attitudes on that score; I'm certainly changed up to a certain point. I've probably changed up to 80% now. Maybe they can work on me and change me to 87%. But they will never, never get me up to 100%, no way!" These
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Many counseling psychologists are interested in further studies for comprehending the connection between counseling for males and topics such as sex-role conflicts and male socialization. This high demand stems from such psychologists' abilities to make patients aware how some inflexible and
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In many cases, a man's position of superiority over a female partner can lead him to gain control over different aspects of her life. Since women are viewed as subservient to men in many cultures, men often have power to decide whether his wife can work, study, socialize, participate in the
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The characteristics that are usually captured by society within man often do include aggressiveness, power, dominance and more. However researchers point out that there are positive aspects that are also portrayed in machismo but are often excluded or hidden; these would include
1722:. The power of machismo in shaping gender roles can not only make these issues more robust to address, but also change the nature with which they must be addressed, requiring a shift from a legal focus to a focus on changing the gender norms regarding machismo in Latin America.
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by the same name. Cuban males see no problem in leaving all the housework to their wives while they are allowed to go out for drinks with their friends. Machismo characteristics in men have given them power over women in the home, which leaves certain women more vulnerable to
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developed out of a medieval socio-historical class system in which people of wealth and status owned horses and other forms of horsepower for transportation, whereas the lower classes did not. It was also associated with the class of knights in the feudal system. In Spanish,
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would include being heterosexual, homophobic, and having the ability to accomplish an erection. There is a strong correlation between being sexually potent and masculine as the ability to reach an orgasm is commonly used to claim the right over a woman or power over them.
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Also, because homosexuality is seen as taboo or even sinful in many Christian denominations, homosexual men tend to lack a support system, leaving many unable to express their true sexuality. To deal with such oppression, they must make the choice either to conform to
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to use as research for their film. This is where they meet Lina, a working-class woman who is in charge of the dock workers. At the beginning of the film she is represented to be tough on her workers and is well respected amongst all the men she works with. Oscar, the
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Even as some researchers have discussed the distinction between positive and negative aspects of machismo, something interesting to note is that often when positive characteristics are described, those of caballerismo are brought up, which is different from machismo.
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machismo traditionally creates a relationship dynamic that relegates women to submissive roles and men to dominant roles. Again, acculturation may play a role in this dynamic shift because the couples averaged about 8 years since immigrating to the United States.
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The model was developed around the idea that these six patterns are all influenced by men's fear of femininity. This theory was then partially supported by a study done by five professionals. Some tools already created to measure gender-role attitudes include the
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but it's less important for the male to be one. During colonial times, a female's chastity and demureness were linked to the family's societal standings , while the males were expected and sometimes pressured into proving their sexual prowess by having multiple
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Researchers are concerned regarding the unbalanced representation of machismo within Latin American cultures, and are now focused on creating a balanced representation. They have repeatedly pointed out the positive characteristics consistent with machismo, or
1128:, are what is to blame for Cuban machismo, as it established the ideology of the "leadership of the strongman" which proved to be successful in Castro becoming victorious in his revolution. Thus furthering that a male dominated political society is superior.
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all the people; and if this were to be possible, the Young Lords must reject "attitudes of superiority that brothers had towards sisters" and the "passivity of sisters toward brothers (allowing brothers to come out of a macho or chauvinist, superior bag)".
1997:
Machismo changes some dynamics of life in a way have both positive and negative effects. For example, machismo grants women authority in the home but at the expense of a man's relationship to his children and work related stress having worked long hours.
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Machismo has negative impacts when it is used to emphasize a man’s power and dominance in relation to the submission of the women in their lives. This dominance can be used to justify abuse, which is seen in the high rates of violence against women, and
2445:, socially and physically dominating and imposing his will upon his wife and her sister, Blanche Dubois. Bound up with Stanley's aggressive and occasionally misogynistic views is a strong sense of pride and honor which leads to his hatred of Blanche.
2085:, to perpetuate the marginalization of women. They also understood the sexual objectification of women to be problematic and damaging to potentially revolutionary leaders. Moving toward this platform, however, would not have been possible without the
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Aside from Latin America, machismo is often thought to be a big part of Russian culture. The macho attitude is widely accepted by Russian society and even considered desirable. Russian men often engage in masculine activities such as sports including
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sexual actions that increases HIV and STI risk in Latino homosexuals. Regularly experiencing homophobia and low self-esteem have a connection with sexual risk. A survey conducted by the Virginia Commonwealth University found that men who had high
1501:. The film that Oscar was meant to write for is directed by his friend Arturo. Both are well-educated men with stable careers in their fields, wives, cars, and other luxuries. However, Arturo believes that the issue of Machismo is most directly a
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nation wanted to remedy the poverty Puerto Rico was in. This was done by situating poverty as the main effect of overpopulation. Thus, women's ability to reproduce was one of the ways the United States changed Puerto Rico's "culture of poverty".
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heavily reinforced, particularly in the domestic sphere. One of the aspects of the new family law was not only to create equality outside of the home but inside of it as well. This new family law was not received well by many people in
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were an organization of Puerto Rican revolutionary nationalists in Chicago and New York City. Working toward the liberation of all oppressed people, the Young Lords opposed racism, capitalism, and assimilationist ideologies. Seeking
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Barker, Gary; Loewenstein, Irene (December 1997). "Where the Boys are: Attitudes Related to Masculinity, Fatherhood, and Violence Toward Women among Low-Income Adolescent and Young Adult Males in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil".
1957:. They paired themselves as their modern incarnation, nearly a millennium after the Trojan War. Later, the Roman Empire shared a degree of homosexuality alongside the virtues of masculinity. In 19BC, Virgil's epic poem
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editorial, it serves to divide members of their movement. Further, the organization believed machismo serves as an extension of capitalism, a system they opposed. They understood the division of labor, including both
917:, which means "male". It was originally associated with the ideal societal role men were expected to play in their communities, most particularly Iberian language-speaking societies and countries. In addition, due to
1845:
Because of the negative connotations that come with identifying as homosexual, the definition of homosexuality has become ambiguous. By genderizing sexual practices, only men who are sexually penetrated during sex,
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establishes a need for the abandonment of machismo in order for Cuba to be a true socialist state. Although subversive films like these were released to cement the ideal "new man" in Cuban culture, some films like
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2021. Because of this, new conversations about machismo are emerging specifically the discussion of how to handle it, what ways in which the next generation can learn about it, and the effects it has on society.
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Padula, Alfred (1996). Orlandini, Alberto; Arenas, Reinaldo; Clavijo, Uva de Aragon; Fuentes, Ileana; Morera, Lisette; Ortega, Victor Joaquin; Cabale, Manolo; Nacianceno, Alfonso; Montesinos, Enrique (eds.).
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Arciniega, G. Miguel; Anderson, Thomas C.; Tovar-Blank, Zoila G.; Tracey, Terence J. G. (January 2008). "Toward a fuller conception of Machismo: Development of a traditional Machismo and Caballerismo Scale".
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4398:Особенности репрезентации концепта "мачизм" в произведениях Габриэля Гарсиа Маркеса "Полковнику никто не пишет", "Хроника объявленной смерти" и "Вспоминая моих грустных шлюх" и их переводах на русский язык
2458:, one of the main characters, Eddie, is a classic type who displays machismo. He wants to be the best of the men around him and when beaten, becomes very agitated and increasingly irrational. The negative
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Academics have noted that there are consequences of only having a negative definition for Iberian and Latin American masculinity in popular literature. Researchers have suggested that, according to the
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is prevalent to suffer high levels of anxiety and low self-esteem. Additionally, studies found that many males facing such conflicts are subject to experience anger, depression, and substance abuse.
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Blazina, Chris; Watkins, C. Edward (October 1996). "Masculine gender role conflict: Effects on college men's psychological well-being, chemical substance usage, and attitudes towards help-seeking".
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conceptualization of machismo has associations with negative cognitive-emotional factors (i.e., depression symptoms; trait anxiety and anger; cynical hostility) among Latin American populations.
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There is accumulating evidence that supports the relation between the way men are traditionally socialized to be masculine and its harmful mental and physical health consequences. Respectively,
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Tracey, Terence; G. Miguel Arciniega; Thomas C. Anderson; Zoila G. Tovar-Blank (2008). "Toward a Fuller Conception of Machismo: Development of a Traditional Machismo and Caballerismo Scale".
1432:
In revolutionary Cuba where public political discourse was limited, films provided a platform for political discourse in Cuba by tackling controversial issues in a complex manner. Films like
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1032:, their characteristics are quite familiar. Machismo is based on biological, historical, cultural, psycho-social, and interpersonal traits or behaviors. Some of the well known traits are;
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There was a duality in the expression of love. Men were supposed to express between physical loves, while women were expected to only express spiritual love and romantic love. Even after
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Nuñez, Alicia; González, Patricia; Talavera, Gregory A.; Sanchez-Johnsen, Lisa; Roesch, Scott C.; Davis, Sonia M.; Arguelles, William; Womack, Veronica Y.; Ostrovsky, Natania W. (2016).
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Intindola, Melissa L.; Jacobson, Ryan P.; Jacobson, Kathryn J. L.; DelCampo, Robert G. (June 2016). "Machismo in Organizations: Individual Predictors & Context-Dependent Outcomes".
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refers to a chivalric masculine code of behavior. (Note that the English term also stems from the Latin root caballus, through the French chevalier). Like the English chivalric code,
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was an elite fighting unit composed of 150 homosexual male pairs. They were credited with helping remove Sparta's military domination, and their actions were linked to the spread of
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depression". Therefore, "conducting a gender role assessment would help a therapist assess a client's level of machismo and whether aspects of gender role conflict are present".
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Some experts hypothesize, since there is a lack of empirical research on gender-role conflicts, that men might suffer from such conflicts because of their fear of femininity.
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women can file claims against their abusers at the Office of Victim Rights. They are also now able to get access to sexual abuse therapies. This by no way solves the issue of
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1202:, but little is done criminally to solve the problem. Domestic Abuse cases or other violent crimes committed against women, are very rarely reported on by the media, and the
2224:
2653:
Morales, Edward. S. (1996). "Gender roles among Latino gay and bisexual men: Implications for family and couple relationships". In Laird, Joan; Green, Robert-Jay (eds.).
1910:, and according to National Geographic, "Archaeology shows that these fierce women also smoked pot, got tattoos, killed and loved men." Homosexual-machismo helped thwart
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Although culture may present homophobia, misogyny and masculinity as innately bundled together, history presents different models of masculinity. Masculinity was part of
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The power difference in the relationship between a man and a woman not only creates the social norm of machismo, but by consequence also creates the social concept of
1230:, a national group whose purpose is to study and find measures on how to get help for the women who fall victim to domestic violence. With the help of the FMC and the
2416:. Authors from various disciplines typified macho men as domineering through intimidation, seducing and controlling women, and controlling children through violence.
921:'s history of conquest, battles and constant bureaucratic struggles, it was expected of men to possess and display bravery, courage, strength, wisdom and leadership.
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values or characteristics were more than five times more probable to participate in activities or behave in a way to put them at risk for contracting HIV or an STI.
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5744:"Actor–Partner Interdependence Model Analysis of Sexual Communication and Relationship/Family Planning Factors Among Immigrant Latino Couples in the United States"
3559:
4681:"Machismo, marianismo, and negative cognitive-emotional factors: Findings from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study"
5479:
3534:
5244:
3680:
MacBean, James Roy; Alea, Tomás Gutiérrez (1 April 1985). "A Dialogue with Tomás Gutiérrez Alea on the Dialectics of the Spectator in 'Hasta Cierto Punto'".
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machismo, there was a small sample of men that did not agree with these views. Macho attitudes still prevail, the values place women into a lower standard.
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Socialized control, power, and competition: The desire for the authority of being in charge of the situation, commanding others, and to excel above others.
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exemplify these shifts in Cuban society through its use of a female director and subversive plot. The film sees a relationship blossom between a low-class
760:
1336:, "A deviation of that nature clashes with the concept we have of what a militant communist should be." That same year gay men in Cuba were being sent to
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the Spanish conquistador conquering of the Americas. It has been noted by some scholars that machismo was adopted as a form of control for the male body.
4782:
O'Neil, James M. (1981). "Male Sex Role Conflicts, Sexism, and Masculinity: Psychological Implications for Men, Women, and the Counseling Psychologist".
5121:
Sharpe, Mark J.; Heppner, P. Paul; Dixon, Wayne A. (July 1995). "Gender role conflict, instrumentality, expressiveness, and well-being in adult men".
4190:
4059:
Pérez, Gina (28 June 2008). "'Puertorriqueñas Rencorosas y Mejicanas Sufridas': Gendered Ethnic Identity Formation in Chicago's Latino Communities".
1851:
masculine homosexual man remains almost unheard of and privatized by the community and by society, which allows this stereotype of homosexual men as
1803:"respect, power, and social standing" a homosexual man can expect to receive. The more a man acts in accordance with the stereotypical heterosexual
625:
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society stems from the fact that Spain has had a history of using brutal war tactics and humiliation as a means to keep and establish their power.
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Marsiglia, Flavio Franciso; Holleran, Lori (1999). "I've Learned So Much from My Mother: Narrative from a Group of Chicana High School Students".
1381:
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1120:. Even though he represented a revolution, he was still a powerful and dominating man who ruled over the people. In the point of view of Clavijo,
1793:
For men in many Latin American countries, their perceived level of masculinity determines the amount of respect they receive in society. Because
6494:
5694:
Dotti Sani, Giulia M.; Quaranta, Mario (July 2017). "The Best Is Yet to Come? Attitudes Toward Gender Roles Among Adolescents in 36 Countries".
1981:. Gradually, the Septuagint would be expanded with new Greek books, eventually forming Christian Bibles, the earliest extant versions being the
2722:
1768:, the Attitudes Toward Women Scale, and the Attitudes Toward the Male's Role Scale. Evidence suggests that gender-roles conflicts inflicted by
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Owen, Jesse; Glass, Jon (2010). "Latino fathers: The relationship among machismo, acculturation, ethnic identity, and paternal involvement".
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problem and that it is up to educated men such as himself and Oscar, to raise consciousness on the issue. Oscar and Arturo use working-class
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Cabranes-Grant, Leo (July 2010). "Possession, Gender and Performance in Revolutionary Cuba: Eugenio Hernández Espinosa's María Antonia".
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Obsession with achievement and success: having an ongoing complex that accomplishment, work, and illustriousness constitutes one's value.
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was credited with the Hellenization of Persia, Egypt and Jerusalem in 332 BC. The Greeks had the Hebrew scriptures translated into the
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Professionals from several universities in the United States developed a model around this hypothesis with six behavioral patterns:
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Klubock, Thomas Miller (1996). "Working-Class Masculinity, Middle-Class Morality, and Labor Politics in the Chilean Copper Mines".
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was frowned upon if the woman expressed it too vigorously, instead she was more delighted by the romantic expression of the love.
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6110:. In Adams, Maurianne; Blumenfeld, Warren J.; Castaneda, Rosie; Hackman, Heather W.; Peters, Madeline L.; Zuniga, Ximena (eds.).
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Hardin, Michael (January 2002). "Altering Masculinities: The Spanish Conquest and the Evolution of the Latin American Machismo".
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Homophobia: the fear of homosexuals or the fear of being a homosexual, not limited to all the stereotypes associated with that.
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5828:"Familial ethnic socialization, gender role attitudes, and ethnic identity development in Mexican-origin early adolescents"
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communities to be reluctant about being open about their sexuality because of the negative connotation associated with it.
1222:, Castro's sister in law, helped women establish themselves better into the working world and in women's right issues. The
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must settle all differences, verbal or physical abuse, challenges, or disagreements with violence as opposed to diplomacy.
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Fragoso, Jose M.; Kashubeck, Susan (2000). "Machismo, gender role conflict, and mental health in Mexican American men".
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wrote of Lesbian love. In ancient times, women too had their share of machismo-like vices, and virtues. The lore of the
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Restrictive emotionality: restraining oneself from expressing feelings or not allowing others to express their feelings.
552:
506:
299:
5791:
Rueda, Heidi Adams; Williams, Lela Rankin (2016). "Mexican American Adolescent Couples Communicating About Conflict".
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4294:"El brutal asesinato de una mujer transgénero conmociona a Puerto Rico y renueva una conversación sobre la transfobia"
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Throughout popular literature, the term has continued to be associated with negative characteristics, such as sexism,
2384:
views dominant in American culture, Latin American manifestations of machismo represent "all that is wrong in a man".
1931:
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4551:
Oleinik, Anton (1 July 2010). "Uses and Abuses of Sexuality in Social Interactions: Empirical Evidence from Russia".
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does resemble words in Spanish and Portuguese language which is why it is often associated with Spain and Portugal.
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in Portuguese, or the English mixture of both (but not a proper word in any of the previously mentioned languages),
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4296:[The brutal murder of a transgender woman shocks Puerto Rico and renews a conversation about transphobia].
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and refers to male oppression over women. Moreover, machismo is an all-encompassing term for the dominion of the
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72:
31:
6422:
Barrientos Delgado, Jaime; Salinas Meruane, Paulina; Rojas Varas, Pablo; Meza Opazo, Patricio (1 October 2011).
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in his own words saw that the women were going through 'a revolution within the revolution, and established the
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2086:
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482:
2774:
Torres, José B. (1998). "Masculinity and gender roles among Puerto Rican men: Machismo on the U.S. mainland".
1320:. Many of the anti-LGBT acceptance stems from The Cuban Revolution and Fidel Castro who had strong views over
304:
2971:"Gender Labels and Gender Identity as Predictors of Drug Use among Ethnically Diverse Middle School Students"
5886:
Mosher, D.; Tompkins, S. (1988). "Scripting the macho man: Hypermasculine socialization and enculturation".
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2466:
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Perilla, Julia L. (May 1999). "Domestic Violence as a Human Rights Issue: The Case of Immigrant Latinos".
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1954:
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38:
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Arciniega, G. Miguel; Anderson, Thomas C.; Tovar-Blank, Zoila G.; Tracey, Terence J. G. (January 2008).
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referred to a land-owning colonial gentleman of high station who was master of estates and/or ranches.
6359:"Toward a fuller conception of Machismo: Development of a traditional Machismo and Caballerismo Scale"
4242:
The Politics of Sexuality in Latin America: A Reader on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights
3367:"Swans in Sugarcane Fields: Proletarian Ballet Dancers and the Cuban Revolution's Industrious New Man"
1488:. In the opening scene of this movie, there is an interview with a young black man who is asked about
1348:. Machismo has not only been a tool used to control women but also to punish men who do not adhere to
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6490:
3738:"Negotiating desirability and material resources: changing expectations on men in post-Soviet Havana"
3168:
Kirk, Emily J. (January 2011). "Setting the Agenda for Cuban Sexuality: The Role of Cuba's Cenesex".
2760:
Latino Youth and Machismo: Working Towards a More Complex Understanding of Marginalized Masculinities
2338:'s characteristics are exalted, while machismo's characteristics are seen as predominantly negative.
2065:". This revised version of the organization's ideological platform was published in their newspaper,
1927:
1116:, Clavijo claims that Cubans feel more power from the genital organs of past male Cuban leaders like
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Baron, Guy (1 March 2010). "The Illusion of Equality: Machismo and Cuban Cinema of the Revolution".
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Restrictive sexual and affectional behavior: Showing little to no affection or sexuality to others.
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Walker, Julian (2005). "The Maudsley Violence Questionnaire: initial validation and reliability".
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The phenomena of gender-based belief systems having negative and positive effects is described as
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in November 1970 - thirteen months following the original platform's publication in October 1969.
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in Cuba by increasing sexual awareness by holding social gatherings like anti-homophobic rallies.
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committed against them. Cubans are now beginning to leave state employment, to search for jobs in
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because of the wealthy tourists that visit the island and leave good tips. Cubans who were once
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Warren, Alice Colón (2010). "Women's Employment and Changing Gender Relations in Puerto Rico".
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can more readily accept sexual diversity of all kinds, especially in terms of the LGBT people.
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demanding the utmost respect from others in the household. Machismo has become deeply woven in
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has a long history both in Spain and Portugal, including the Spanish and Portuguese languages.
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men who believe they are intellectually above everyone else, including issues on machismo and
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6424:"Gender relations and masculinity in northern Chile mining areas: ethnography in schoperías"
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The Young Lords opposed machismo because, as member Gloria González articulated in her 1971
1986:
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The idea of the male ego, where the male is symbolized as "hyper-masculine, virile, strong,
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Protecting one's honor or pride: believing in protecting the ego in spite of potential risk.
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Treating their wife as a display of an aloof lord-protector: women are loving, men conquer.
4994:"HIV Prevention and Low-Income Chilean Women: Machismo, Marianismo and HIV Misconceptions"
4844:
Helms, Barbara J. (1986). "Gender-Role Conflict Scale: College Men's Fear of Femininity".
3822:
Moreno, Marisel C. (2012). "Patriarchal Foundations: Contesting Gender/Sexual Paradigms".
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1982:
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Posturing: assuming a certain, often unusual or exaggerated body posture or attitude. The
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Resnick, R.P.; Yolanda Quinones Mayo (1996). "The Impact of Machismo on Hispanic Women".
3560:"In Cuba, a Government-Backed LGBT Rights Movement Battles Against a Culture of Machismo"
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1109:, used degrading and humiliating forms of torture to get information out of prisoners.
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Alcoff, Linda Martín (June 2005). "Latino vs. Hispanic: The politics of ethnic names".
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Vangipurapu, Ira (2016). "Gender Revolution in Socialist Cuba: Up to a Certain Point".
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1135:, sexually dominant, and the financial provider" is reinforced by the teachings of the
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and have created barriers for women to reach full equality. The reason for this is the
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570:
6162:
Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledges, and Border Thinking
6023:
Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledges, and Border Thinking
5548:
Mirande, Alredo (1979). "A Reinterpretation of Male Dominance in the Chicano Family".
4146:. Oficina de Estadísticas del Negociado de la Policía de Puerto Rico. 27 January 2021.
3468:
2589:
1973:, was celebrated in the public. In Hebrew culture circa 1006 BC, the covenant between
1356:(National Centre for Sexual Education) has been established so that the population of
6527:
6211:
6067:
5812:
5725:
5677:
5612:
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5221:
5142:
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4534:
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4045:
3882:
3793:
3663:
3628:
3590:
3390:
3189:
3147:
3082:"International Body Image and the Issues with Purely Quantitative Marketing Research"
3066:
2955:
2609:
2524:
2484:
2455:
2123:
1772:
can lead males who were raised with this mentality and or live in a society in which
1659:
Enhanced understanding on associations between the gender role conceptualizations of
1519:
1502:
1329:
1144:
938:
918:
487:
78:
45:
6246:
5869:
5100:"FEMICIDE IN LATIN AMERICA:REIMAGINING CATHOLIC SYMBOLISM IN THE PURSUIT OF JUSTICE"
4002:
3737:
2505:
Italian men also exhibit machismo ideals which favor a patriarchal power structure.
1259:
this phenomenon, which takes place in other cultures, as the second shift, based on
4271:
3845:
3181:
2061:
more radical position, stating "We want equality for women. Down with machismo and
1725:
While social pressures and expectations play huge roles in the perpetuation of the
1618:
1511:
1377:
1333:
1211:
1117:
539:
408:
403:
372:
186:
5759:
3693:
970:, is the Latin American understanding of manliness that focuses more on honor and
5406:
4564:
3894:
3892:
3533:. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs at Georgetown University.
2691:
1961:
contributed to the folklore of Rome, while depicting the love of fellow warriors
1421:. And many people lashed back against the law. These grievances reflected in the
1352:, should behave as well. However, in the more recent years, the establishment of
3933:
3321:
2986:
2947:
2514:
2409:
2318:
2306:
2052:
1946:
1923:
1531:
1530:
and how class reflects on the attitudes towards machismo. It also problematizes
1523:
1506:
1349:
1321:
1239:
1148:
1132:
1125:
1056:
Sexual prowess: being sexually assertive. Shyness is a collective issue for men.
888:
562:
530:
525:
477:
279:
5596:
5169:
5071:
4965:
4795:
4745:
4311:
3366:
3229:
Ferguson, Ann (1997). "Review of Sex and Revolution: Women in Socialist Cuba".
2639:
1206:
does not release statistics that show the people the extent of the crimes. The
6374:
5899:
5826:
Sanchez, Delida; Whittaker, Tiffany A.; Hamilton, Emma; Arango, Sarah (2017).
5707:
5669:
5445:
5349:
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4267:
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3413:
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2841:
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2519:
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2438:
2413:
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1939:
1907:
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1711:
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1422:
1405:
1385:
1337:
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1309:
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882:
874:
515:
367:
6440:
6423:
6382:
6203:
6059:
5804:
5213:
4660:
4572:
4526:
4072:
4029:
4016:
Warren, Alice E. Colón (2003). "Puerto Rico: Feminism and Feminist Studies".
3918:
3841:
3763:
3754:
3242:
2969:
Kulis, Stephen; Marsiglia, Flavio Francisco; Hecht, Michael L. (March 2002).
2279:
describe specific Latin American historical masculinities. However, the word
6279:
5651:
5649:
4607:
Ingoldsby, Bron (1991). "The Latin American Family: Familism vs. Machismo".
4339:
3351:
The New New Man: (Re)Articulations of Masculinity in Post-Revolutionary Cuba
2880:
2559:
2442:
1966:
1397:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1152:
979:
907:
520:
247:
6493:[Caution campaign! machismo kills] (in Spanish). 7 September 2017.
6468:
5861:
5777:
5408:
Migrant Men: Critical studies of masculinities and the migration experience
5053:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5035:
4763:
4714:
4370:
4249:
3994:
3865:
Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico
3707:
Härkönen, Heidi (2013). "Love, Jealousy and Gender in Post-Soviet Havana".
3438:"Study: Cubans don't make much, but it's more than state salaries indicate"
3004:
6315:
Ingoldsby, B. (1991). "The Latin American Family: Familism vs. Machismo".
5266:
5264:
5262:
3978:
3031:
2795:
6328:
5980:
The Young Lords: A Reader. New York and London: New York University Press
5935:
The Young Lords: A Reader. New York and London: New York University Press
5914:
The Young Lords: A Reader. New York and London: New York University Press
5331:
5329:
4620:
3901:
Matters of Choice: Puerto Rican Women's Struggle for Reproductive Freedom
3824:
Family Matters: Puerto Rican Women Authors on the Island and the Mainland
3298:
2610:"Machismo - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"
2569:
2393:
1161:
1140:
971:
723:
353:
5319:
5017:
4628:
3986:
3721:
1621:, which is elevated to the state of national aspiration among many men.
17:
6476:
6225:
Glick, Peter; Fiske, Susan T. (1997). "Hostile and Benevolent Sexism".
5843:
5716:
5629:
The changing realities of work and family: a multidisciplinary approach
5292:
5134:
4857:
4696:
4191:"Educadoras cuentan cómo integran la perspectiva de género en el salón"
4037:
3250:
3139:
2419:
For example, in American literature, an example of machismo comes from
1970:
1903:
1439:
5604:
5569:
5271:
Paredes, Americo (1979). "The United States, Mexico, and "Machismo"".
5237:"Machismo as a Determinant for HIV/STD Risk Behavior Among Latino MSM"
4730:"Depression in Latino adolescents: A cultural discrepancy perspective"
4275:
3934:"Here's the One Place in America Where the Gender Pay Gap Is Reversed"
3849:
3742:
Etnográfica. Revista do Centro em Rede de Investigação em Antropologia
3285:
De La Torre, Miguel A. (1999). "Beyond Machismo: A Cuban Case Study".
1232:
Grupo Nacional para la Prevencion y Atencion de la Violencia Familiar,
5376:
3610:
3608:
2787:
2369:
1958:
1911:
1899:
1228:
Grupo Nacional para la Prevencion y Atencion de la Violencia Familiar
1165:
1029:
6270:
6083:
Exalted Subjects: Studies in the Making of Race and Nation in Canada
5284:
2708:
Intervention Research: Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Funding
2655:
Lesbians and Gays in Couples and Families: A Handbook for Therapists
1308:
their gender in the "normalized" way are referred to as maricon, (a
128:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
5561:
4518:
3421:
3406:
The Education of Cuban Women: An Analysis of the Politics of Gender
1226:
has continually advocated for women rights and in 1997 created the
2465:
2305:
1950:
1313:
1304:
932:
772:
5689:
5687:
4144:
Oficina de la Procuradora de las Mujeres, Gobierno de Puerto Rico
4111:"Gobernador declara Estado de Emergencia por Violencia de Género"
4097:
Gobierno de Puerto Rico, Oficina de la Procuradora de las Mujeres
2928:
2926:
2678:
Zinn, Maxine Baca (Summer 1982). "Chicano Men and Masculinity".
1930:
military tactics and diplomacy used to reunify the Greeks under
1494:
1418:
1357:
1255:
1090:
468:
4401:(Thesis) (in Russian). Научный Корреспондент. 29 January 2018.
1906:, which tells of women heroically fighting as defenders in the
1187:
is often ignored when women decide to seek help from the police
5440:, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 17–30,
5432:
Masterson, Mark (15 November 2013), Hubbard, Thomas K. (ed.),
5200:
Asencio, Marysol (2011). ""Locas," Respect, and Masculinity".
2199:
2138:
2097:
1829:
extols. This often leads homosexual or bisexual men living in
1755:
Health problems: unhealthy diet, stress levels, and lifestyle.
1408:). It was put into effect on 8 March 1975, 15 years after the
1049:
Social dominance: a socio-culturally defined dominance; macho
808:
155:
93:
52:
4992:
Cianelli, Rosina; Ferrer, Lilian; McElmurry, Beverly (2008).
4137:"Incidentes de Violencia Doméstica por Área Policia Año 2020"
835:
826:
805:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4215:
Departamento de Educación de Puerto Rico (26 October 2022).
1914:'s power hold over ancient Greek city-states: In 371 BC the
4320:] (in Spanish). Mentes Puertorriqueñas en Acción. 2021.
3899:
Lopez, Iris (2008). "Gender Awareness across Generations".
1894:. Neither was it all misogyny. Goddesses were worshiped in
817:
799:
4336:"Война из-за Никольской: а ну-ка, девушки, а ну-ка, парни"
1825:
ideal. It does not fit into the masculine attributes that
1821:
Homosexuality is perceived as negative or weak within the
1210:
changed some of the ways the people of Cuba viewed women.
182:
3863:
Briggs, Laura (2002). "Colonialism: Familiar Territory".
1942:, fostering the spread of Judaism throughout the region.
1447:
challenged the Latin American idea of Machismo. The Film
1028:
The depictions of machismo vary, but not unlike like the
838:
3213:"Gender Equality and the Role of Women in Cuban Society"
3170:
Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies
2907:
Gendered Transitions: Mexican Experiences of Immigration
1284:
are now leaving their old jobs to become bartenders and
6085:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 2–29, 257–266.
2822:
2820:
2818:
2220:
2163:
117:
2408:. Scholars characterize "macho men" as violent, rude,
1555:
adhere to the machismo code, and girls are taught the
1242:
who are now no longer feeling powerless in the fight.
4919:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.
4240:
Rapp, Linda (2010). "Puerto Rico and the Caribbean".
3047:
International Journal of Sexuality and Gender Studies
2388:
Negative depictions of machismo in popular literature
1443:
across racial and class lines. Subversive films like
841:
811:
5583:
Riddell, Sosa (1974). "Chicanos and el movimiento".
4427:П5: прощальные песни политических пигмеев пиндостана
4244:. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 135–143.
2812:
Berkeley and London: University of California Press.
6508:Ruffa, Chiara; Raffaelli, Rosa (18 February 2011).
5476:"Amazon Warriors Did Indeed Fight and die Like Men"
2470:
Graffiti on the street expressing "Machismo Kills".
2215:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
1250:, the political group that holds the most power is
832:
823:
814:
802:
796:
6003:. New York and London: New York University Press.
5411:. New York: Routledge. pp. 122–123, 210–213.
3826:. University of Virginia Press. pp. 130–168.
3591:"General Overview of Cuban Family Law Legislation"
3436:
2810:The Meanings of Macho: Being a Man in Mexico City.
2636:"Un Modelo de Vida (A role model in his lifetime)"
5832:Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology
5632:. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons. p. 90.
5104:Mystērion: The Theology Journal of Boston College
4987:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4734:Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology
3867:. University of California Press. pp. 1–20.
3498:Hochschild, Arlie Russell; Machung, Anne (1990).
1484:who writes a movie on the effects of machismo in
1425:that was made in Cuba, particularly, during the "
1001:, which is the Spanish equivalent of "a knight".
6291:
6289:
5306:Ryder, Richard (1993). "Violence and machismo".
3589:Álvarez-Tabío Albo, Ana María (23 August 2017).
2348:
2293:
2017:Prevalence and acculturation in the 21st century
1493:attitudes on-screen reflect that of many men in
961:
6296:Anders, G. (1993). "Machismo: Dead or alive?".
6185:
6183:
6181:
4728:Céspedes, Yolanda M.; Huey, Stanley J. (2008).
4189:Torres Nieves, Valeria María (11 August 2022).
4099:. Negociado de la Policia de Puerto Rico. 2021.
3404:Hutchens, Rex R.; Chilcott, John (March 1989).
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
2317:who helped internationalize the concept of the
1807:, the higher on the social hierarchy they are.
6510:"Opinion | Enough Machismo Italian Style"
5737:
5735:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5394:
3709:Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society
2302:Consequences of a one-sided negative depiction
3521:
3519:
3287:The Annual of the Society of Christian Ethics
3263:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
2342:
2333:
2327:
2287:
2274:Controversy surrounding colonial connotations
2172:that contextualizes different points of view.
2158:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
1412:. The new Family Law of 1975 helped a lot of
1332:in a 1965 interview with American journalist
1291:From the inception of machismo from both the
1046:Bravado: outrageous boasting, overconfidence.
1015:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
955:
901:
895:
754:
8:
5658:Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal
4292:Kaur, Harmeet; Rivera, Rafy (2 March 2020).
4090:"Incidentes de Violencia de Género año 2021"
3903:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 20–42.
1603:LGBTQ+ tourism, discrimination, and violence
37:"Macho" redirects here. For other uses, see
3114:"Gender, Sexuality, and Revolution in Cuba"
2132:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1499:women having more equality in everyday life
1480:is a movie that follows Oscar, an educated
87:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5438:A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities
4884:"Healthy competition Is Good For Children"
3779:"The Evolution of Machismo in Puerto Rico"
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
1953:, particularly the masculine love between
1810:On the lower end of the hierarchy are the
761:
747:
707:
661:
595:
324:
268:
234:
185:. Please do not remove this message until
6439:
6269:
6112:Readings for Diversity and Social Justice
5851:
5767:
5715:
5025:
4753:
4704:
4503:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia
4464:"Главные качки российского кинематографа"
4313:Guía de Lenguaje Inclusivo y Antirracista
4117:. Oficina del Gobernador. 24 January 2021
3968:
3753:
3720:
3527:"The Truth About Gender Equality in Cuba"
3129:
2994:
2856:"EBSCO Publishing Service Selection Page"
2261:Learn how and when to remove this message
2243:Learn how and when to remove this message
2227:, without removing the technical details.
2188:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
205:Learn how and when to remove this message
144:Learn how and when to remove this message
5195:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5179:
4493:"Lessons in On-Line Reference Publishing
4318:Inclusive and Anti-Racist Language Guide
4160:Quiles, Cristina del Mar (7 July 2022).
1101:, who ruled as a grand inquisitor under
906:in Portuguese and Spanish is a strictly
181:Relevant discussion may be found on the
6192:Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences
4916:Violence and the prevention of violence
4495:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
4329:
4327:
3944:from the original on 27 September 2020.
2581:
1949:had been heavily influenced by Homer's
1376:, 16th president of Cuba, and niece to
614:
598:
418:
327:
246:
6398:"Top 10 books about toxic masculinity"
5093:
5091:
5089:
4954:Personality and Individual Differences
4839:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4499:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Thesaurus
4287:
4285:
4184:
4182:
4155:
4153:
4084:
4082:
4061:Journal of Latin American Anthropology
3554:
3552:
3343:
3341:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3256:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
2711:. Springer Publishing Co. p. 68.
2427:, an egotistical brother-in-law, from
1318:maleness is being called into question
6317:Journal of Comparative Family Studies
5881:
5879:
5515:from the original on 15 February 2019
5247:from the original on 28 February 2018
5098:Wright, Alejandra (18 January 2022).
4894:from the original on 28 February 2018
4877:
4875:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4609:Journal of Comparative Family Studies
4546:
4544:
3675:
3673:
2616:from the original on 24 December 2013
2225:make it understandable to non-experts
1564:Colonial history and ties to machismo
1344:made them "un-fit" to be involved in
1272:. These jobs produce a great deal of
862:
853:
7:
6491:"Campaña ¡cuidado! el machismo mata"
6114:. Psychology Press. pp. 35–49.
4933:from the original on 17 October 2021
4474:from the original on 17 October 2021
4444:from the original on 17 October 2021
4424:Пелевин, Виктор (13 February 2020).
4405:from the original on 17 October 2021
4377:from the original on 17 October 2021
3595:Florida Journal of International Law
3537:from the original on 5 December 2018
3314:Transcultural Negotiations of Gender
2905:Hondagneu-Sotelo, Pierrette (1994).
2725:from the original on 25 January 2021
1238:, but it is a turning point for the
6497:from the original on 6 August 2020.
5365:Psychology of Men & Masculinity
4882:Pandel, Hannah (10 February 2016).
4649:Psychology of Men & Masculinity
4369:Goncharova, Marina (27 June 2018).
4350:from the original on 18 August 2018
3617:Bulletin of Latin American Research
2776:American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
6239:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00104.x
6139:. University of California Press.
4195:Centro de Periodismo Investigativo
4166:Centro de Periodismo Investigativo
3932:Mulhere, Kaitlin (10 April 2018).
3570:from the original on 28 March 2019
3479:from the original on 16 April 2018
3348:Zaviezo, Gabriela (21 July 2016).
2909:. University of California Press.
1261:a book by Arlie Russell Hochschild
1112:In Uva de Aragon Clavijo's, novel
25:
6048:Philosophy & Social Criticism
5503:"Chronology of King David's Life"
5478:. 29 October 2014. Archived from
4162:"Los tribunales ante el machismo"
3449:from the original on 1 April 2019
3435:Whitefield, Mimi (12 July 2016).
3080:Murekian, Octavio (28 May 2018).
2757:Meza Opazo, Ramon (23 May 2021).
2479:Machismo has been studied in the
2437:), Stanley epitomizes the tough,
2113:This section has multiple issues.
2002:Female respect and responsibility
1762:Personal Attributes Questionnaire
1541:Lasting effects of Cuban machismo
1364:has grown in part because of the
1191:Domestic abuse victims are given
995:originates from the Spanish word
778:The Crowning of the Virtuous Hero
68:This article has multiple issues.
6363:Journal of Counseling Psychology
6262:Machismo and geographies of hope
5969:, June 1971, volume 2, number 11
5434:"Studies of Ancient Masculinity"
5338:Journal of Counseling Psychology
5158:Journal of Counseling Psychology
3803:from the original on 17 May 2018
3629:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2010.00383.x
2830:Journal of Counseling Psychology
2204:
2143:
2102:
1789:Sexuality and sexual orientation
792:
688:Category:Men's organizations
254:
160:
98:
57:
27:Pride in exaggerated masculinity
4998:Culture, Health & Sexuality
3736:Härkönen, Heidi (1 June 2015).
2881:"Machismo #1 | Irisol Gonzalez"
2341:The positive side of machismo (
2121:or discuss these issues on the
1892:homosexuality in ancient Greece
1780:Sexually-transmitted infections
1594:2021 gender-based violence rise
1218:. This organization, headed by
1216:Federation of Cuban Women (FMC)
76:or discuss these issues on the
6164:. Princeton University Press.
6025:. Princeton University Press.
5957:8 May 1970, volume 2, number 2
5793:Journal of Adolescent Research
5533:1 Samuel 8.3 and 2 Samuel 1.26
4685:Journal of Latina/o Psychology
4334:Leleim, Artem (30 June 2018).
3644:Theatre Research International
3182:10.1080/08263663.2011.10817018
3118:Latin American Research Review
2595:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1324:and how it fit in his idea of
1299:, machismo translates to mean
1:
6227:Psychology of Women Quarterly
5760:10.1080/10410236.2016.1160317
5235:Sears, Jacqueline L. (2006).
3694:10.1525/fq.1985.38.3.04a00050
2705:Me lanky, Bernadette (2012).
1172:Cuban machismo and its effect
1062:A willingness to face danger.
6396:Katz, Ani (8 January 2020).
5999:Enck-Wanzer, Darrel (2010).
5978:Enck-Wanzer, Darrel (2010).
5933:Enck-Wanzer, Darrel (2010).
5912:Enck-Wanzer, Darrel (2010).
4913:Adler, Leonore Loeb (1995).
4565:10.1080/09668136.2010.481385
4373:(in Russian). NaNevskom.ru.
3531:berkleycenter.georgetown.edu
3365:Tomé, Lester (August 2017).
1697:Domestic and sexual violence
1526:machismo is very telling of
1497:and their attitudes towards
1328:. Fidel Castro once said on
1198:as a way to cope with their
553:Paternal rights and abortion
507:Violence against LGBT people
6106:Young, Iris Marion (2000).
5742:Matsuda, Yui (4 May 2017).
4888:IPA - The Voice For Freedom
4784:The Counseling Psychologist
3777:Ortiz, Gabriela S. (2013).
3322:10.1007/978-81-322-2437-2_9
2987:10.1177/0044118X02033003005
2948:10.1177/0044118X97029002002
2657:. Wiley. pp. 272–297.
2501:Machismo in Italian culture
2368:, which is made of hostile
1427:Golden Age of Cuban Cinema"
1392:Cuban machismo in the media
683:Category:Men's movement
187:conditions to do so are met
124:the claims made and adding
6570:
6108:"Five Faces of Oppression"
5597:10.1525/azt.1974.5.1-2.155
5170:10.1037/0022-0167.43.4.461
5072:10.1177/088610999601100301
4966:10.1016/j.paid.2004.04.001
4796:10.1177/001100008100900213
4746:10.1037/1099-9809.14.2.168
4217:"Carta núm. 015-2022-2023"
1400:came onto the island: the
446:Circumcision controversies
428:Discrimination against men
295:Mythopoetic men's movement
43:
36:
29:
6457:Journal of Social History
6375:10.1037/0022-0167.55.1.19
6001:The Young Lords: A Reader
5900:10.1080/00224498809551445
5708:10.1007/s11199-016-0698-7
5670:10.1007/s10672-015-9274-5
5501:William H. Gross (2005).
5446:10.1002/9781118610657.ch2
5350:10.1037/0022-0167.55.1.19
5010:10.1080/13691050701861439
4513:(3): 392–399. July 2001.
3656:10.1017/S0307883310000040
3564:Social Justice News Nexus
3383:10.1017/S0149767717000171
3245:(inactive 8 April 2024).
3131:10.1017/S0023879100018033
2842:10.1037/0022-0167.55.1.19
2808:Gutmann, Matthew (1996).
2680:Journal of Ethnic Studies
2540:Men's liberation movement
2094:Criticism and controversy
1720:Femicide in Latin America
1252:The Cuban Communist Party
1151:, the female should be a
1149:Catholic Church teachings
1147:in general. According to
887:) is the sense of being "
879: 'male' and
668:Index of masculism topics
336:Sex differences in humans
300:Men's liberation movement
32:Machismo (disambiguation)
6539:Culture of Latin America
6441:10.4000/etnografica.1013
6204:10.1177/0739986399212001
6160:Mignolo, Walter (2000).
6081:Thobani, Sunera (2007).
6060:10.1177/0191453705052972
6021:Mignolo, Walter (2000).
5805:10.1177/0743558415584999
5405:Donaldson, Mike (2009).
5214:10.1177/0891243211409214
4661:10.1037/1524-9220.1.2.87
4397:
4073:10.1525/jlca.2003.8.2.96
4030:10.1177/0891243203256024
3755:10.4000/etnografica.4032
3473:datatopics.worldbank.org
3243:10.2979/NWS.1997.9.2.193
3020:Social Work in Education
2430:A Streetcar Named Desire
2286:For example, the use of
2087:Women of the Young Lords
2042:Activism around machismo
1573:Mid to late 20th century
1518:" The film's dynamic on
1114:El Caiman Ante El Espejo
1107:Queen Elizabeth of Spain
948:A Streetcar Named Desire
483:False accusation of rape
275:Fathers' rights movement
44:Not to be confused with
6554:Sexism in Latin America
6135:Connell, R. W. (1995).
5888:Journal of Sex Research
3059:10.1023/A:1013050829597
2372:and benevolent sexism.
1550:Machismo in Puerto Rico
1384:has sought to decrease
1316:or fag), because their
910:term, derived from the
714:International Men's Day
6549:Psychological attitude
6260:Adams, Carlos (2006).
5550:The Family Coordinator
4430:(in Russian). Litres.
4250:10.2307/j.ctt5vkfk6.13
3371:Dance Research Journal
3086:www.toucaninsights.com
2471:
2451:A View from the Bridge
2349:
2343:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2294:
2288:
1955:Achilles and Patroclus
1898:, and the female poet
1766:Bem Sex-Role Inventory
1143:practiced in Cuba and
1016:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
962:
956:
951:
902:
896:
881:
873:
784:
39:Macho (disambiguation)
6346:. Miami: 3L Graphics.
5626:Newhall, Amy (2009).
4507:The Library Quarterly
3979:10.1353/crb.2010.0058
3883:10.1525/j.ctt1pncqs.5
2469:
2406:hegemonic masculinity
2309:
2166:by rewriting it in a
2051:Founded in 1969, the
1916:Sacred Band of Thebes
1859:Positive implications
1805:hegemonic masculinity
1680:Negative implications
1450:Up to a Certain Point
1368:and with the help of
936:
776:
359:Hegemonic masculinity
305:Men's rights movement
6469:10.1353/jsh/30.2.435
6329:10.3138/jcfs.22.1.57
5748:Health Communication
5241:VCU Scholars Compass
4621:10.3138/jcfs.22.1.57
4505:. Merriam-Webster".
4371:"Мачизм как он есть"
3786:Gabriela Sofía Ortiz
3469:"Gender Data Portal"
3299:10.5840/asce19991912
2570:Closet homosexuality
2435:1951 film adaptation
1989:from 300 AD-360 AD.
1977:was recorded in the
1969:the love of Emperor
1928:Philip II of Macedon
1671:Several elements of
1478:Tomás Gutiérrez Alea
1402:Codigo de la Familia
1370:Mariela Castro-Espin
658:Lists and categories
433:Violence against men
341:Human male sexuality
30:For other uses, see
4553:Europe-Asia Studies
4344:Rambler Media Group
4276:chapter 370586
3850:chapter 582074
3316:. pp. 93–101.
3032:10.1093/cs/21.4.220
2975:Youth & Society
2936:Youth & Society
2860:web.p.ebscohost.com
2433:. In the play (and
1936:Alexander the Great
1099:Tomas de Torquemada
855:[maˈtʃismo]
678:Category:Masculists
548:Reproductive rights
460:Forced circumcision
174:of this article is
6514:The New York Times
5844:10.1037/cdp0000142
5202:Gender and Society
5135:10.1007/BF01547932
4858:10.1007/bf00287583
4697:10.1037/lat0000050
4018:Gender and Society
2472:
2441:(hyper-masculine)
2421:Tennessee Williams
2323:
2079:reproductive labor
2058:self-determination
1975:David and Jonathan
1963:Nisus and Euryalus
1634:Generational cycle
1612:Machismo in Russia
1473:Hasta Cierto Punto
1466:Hasta Cierto Punto
1089:that runs high in
952:
864:[maˈʃiʒmu]
785:
673:Category:Masculism
455:Genital mutilation
438:Male expendability
109:possibly contains
6342:Mhof, D. (1979).
6171:978-0-691-00140-1
6146:978-0-520-08999-0
6121:978-0-415-92634-8
6092:978-1-4426-9152-0
6032:978-0-691-00140-1
6009:978-0-8147-2242-8
5988:978-0-8147-2242-8
5943:978-0-8147-2242-8
5922:978-0-8147-2242-8
5639:978-1-4443-0528-9
5455:978-1-118-61065-7
5418:978-1-135-84624-4
5314:(5443): 706–717.
4926:978-0-275-94873-3
4501:. Merriam-Webster
4497:. Merriam-Webster
4437:978-5-457-07366-1
4272:Project MUSE
4259:978-0-8229-6062-1
3957:Caribbean Studies
3910:978-0-8135-4372-7
3874:978-0-520-22255-7
3846:Project MUSE
3833:978-0-8139-3333-7
3566:. 10 March 2017.
3509:978-0-380-71157-4
3331:978-81-322-2436-5
2916:978-0-520-07513-9
2718:978-0-8261-0957-6
2664:978-0-7879-0222-3
2598:. Merriam-Webster
2555:Toxic masculinity
2530:Identity politics
2483:(taverns) of the
2475:Machismo in Chile
2402:hyper-masculinity
2366:ambivalent sexism
2311:Porfirio Rubirosa
2271:
2270:
2263:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2152:This article may
2136:
1922:: Theban General
1800:heteronormativity
1536:women's equality.
1457:Retrato de Teresa
1297:Portuguese Empire
1266:domestic violence
1185:domestic violence
974:. The meaning of
782:Peter Paul Rubens
771:
770:
736:
735:
695:
694:
649:
648:
583:
582:
576:Toxic masculinity
497:Domestic violence
387:Gender neutrality
321:Topics and issues
312:
311:
233:
232:
225:
215:
214:
207:
154:
153:
146:
111:original research
91:
16:(Redirected from
6561:
6534:1930s neologisms
6518:
6517:
6505:
6499:
6498:
6487:
6481:
6480:
6452:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6393:
6387:
6386:
6354:
6348:
6347:
6344:Macho: Sit on It
6339:
6333:
6332:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6293:
6284:
6283:
6273:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6187:
6176:
6175:
6157:
6151:
6150:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6018:
6012:
5997:
5991:
5976:
5970:
5964:
5958:
5952:
5946:
5931:
5925:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5883:
5874:
5873:
5855:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5771:
5739:
5730:
5729:
5719:
5691:
5682:
5681:
5653:
5644:
5643:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5545:
5534:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5514:
5507:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5402:
5389:
5388:
5377:10.1037/a0021477
5360:
5354:
5353:
5333:
5324:
5323:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5268:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5197:
5174:
5173:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5095:
5084:
5083:
5055:
5040:
5039:
5029:
4989:
4970:
4969:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4879:
4870:
4869:
4841:
4808:
4807:
4779:
4768:
4767:
4757:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4708:
4676:
4665:
4664:
4644:
4633:
4632:
4604:
4585:
4584:
4548:
4539:
4538:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4331:
4322:
4321:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4289:
4280:
4279:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4221:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4186:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4157:
4148:
4147:
4141:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4094:
4086:
4077:
4076:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3972:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3802:
3783:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3757:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3677:
3668:
3667:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3612:
3603:
3602:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3523:
3514:
3513:
3500:The Second Shift
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3440:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3345:
3336:
3335:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3282:
3269:
3268:
3262:
3254:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3218:. February 2011.
3217:
3209:
3194:
3193:
3165:
3152:
3151:
3133:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3088:. Archived from
3077:
3071:
3070:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2998:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2930:
2921:
2920:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2824:
2813:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2788:10.1037/h0080266
2771:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2638:. Archived from
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2586:
2565:Radical feminism
2550:Hypermasculinity
2515:Bro (subculture)
2425:Stanley Kowalski
2352:
2346:
2337:
2331:
2297:
2291:
2266:
2259:
2248:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2169:balanced fashion
2147:
2146:
2139:
2128:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2083:productive labor
1987:Codex Sinaiticus
1445:De Cierta Manera
1435:De Cierta Manera
1410:Cuban Revolution
1366:Cuban government
1346:military service
1208:Cuban Revolution
1093:society. Cuba's
1076:Early beginnings
1071:Machismo in Cuba
1019:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
965:
959:
943:Stanley Kowalski
905:
899:
866:
861:
857:
852:
848:
847:
844:
843:
840:
837:
834:
829:
828:
825:
820:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
763:
756:
749:
719:Minister for Men
708:
662:
596:
558:No-fault divorce
325:
269:
258:
235:
228:
221:
210:
203:
199:
196:
190:
164:
163:
156:
149:
142:
138:
135:
129:
126:inline citations
102:
101:
94:
83:
61:
60:
53:
21:
6569:
6568:
6564:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6507:
6506:
6502:
6489:
6488:
6484:
6454:
6453:
6449:
6421:
6420:
6416:
6406:
6404:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6341:
6340:
6336:
6314:
6313:
6309:
6295:
6294:
6287:
6259:
6258:
6254:
6224:
6223:
6219:
6189:
6188:
6179:
6172:
6159:
6158:
6154:
6147:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6122:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6093:
6080:
6079:
6075:
6045:
6044:
6040:
6033:
6020:
6019:
6015:
5998:
5994:
5977:
5973:
5965:
5961:
5953:
5949:
5932:
5928:
5911:
5907:
5885:
5884:
5877:
5825:
5824:
5820:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5741:
5740:
5733:
5693:
5692:
5685:
5655:
5654:
5647:
5640:
5625:
5624:
5620:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5547:
5546:
5537:
5532:
5528:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5505:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5485:
5483:
5482:on 29 July 2019
5474:
5473:
5469:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5419:
5404:
5403:
5392:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5335:
5334:
5327:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5285:10.2307/3814061
5270:
5269:
5260:
5250:
5248:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5199:
5198:
5177:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5097:
5096:
5087:
5057:
5056:
5043:
4991:
4990:
4973:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4936:
4934:
4927:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4897:
4895:
4881:
4880:
4873:
4843:
4842:
4811:
4781:
4780:
4771:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4678:
4677:
4668:
4646:
4645:
4636:
4606:
4605:
4588:
4550:
4549:
4542:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4477:
4475:
4470:. 14 May 2020.
4462:
4461:
4457:
4447:
4445:
4438:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4408:
4406:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4380:
4378:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4291:
4290:
4283:
4260:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4199:
4197:
4188:
4187:
4180:
4170:
4168:
4159:
4158:
4151:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4118:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4080:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4015:
4014:
4010:
3970:10.1.1.865.3703
3954:
3953:
3949:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3911:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3875:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3834:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3679:
3678:
3671:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3558:
3557:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3347:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3284:
3283:
3272:
3255:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3197:
3176:(72): 143–163.
3167:
3166:
3155:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3092:on 30 June 2019
3079:
3078:
3074:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3017:
3016:
3012:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2826:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2803:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2756:
2755:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2719:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2642:on 12 May 2008.
2634:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2608:
2601:
2599:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2511:
2503:
2477:
2412:, and prone to
2390:
2304:
2276:
2267:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2221:help improve it
2218:
2209:
2205:
2194:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2164:help improve it
2161:
2148:
2144:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2063:male chauvinism
2049:
2044:
2019:
2004:
1995:
1983:Codex Vaticanus
1979:Books of Samuel
1920:Western culture
1888:
1886:Ancient history
1879:
1866:
1861:
1791:
1782:
1708:
1699:
1687:
1682:
1645:
1636:
1631:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1575:
1566:
1552:
1543:
1469:
1396:In 1975, a new
1394:
1178:objectification
1176:Because of the
1174:
1137:Catholic Church
1078:
1073:
1026:
931:
859:
850:
831:
822:
795:
791:
767:
738:
737:
705:
697:
696:
659:
651:
650:
645:
616:Fathers' rights
593:
585:
584:
567:
536:
493:
465:
442:
414:
395:Men in feminism
391:
382:
363:
346:Gender equality
322:
314:
313:
285:HimToo movement
266:
229:
218:
217:
216:
211:
200:
194:
191:
180:
165:
161:
150:
139:
133:
130:
115:
103:
99:
62:
58:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6567:
6565:
6557:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6519:
6500:
6482:
6463:(2): 435–463.
6447:
6434:(3): 413–440.
6414:
6388:
6349:
6334:
6307:
6285:
6252:
6217:
6198:(2): 107–133.
6177:
6170:
6152:
6145:
6127:
6120:
6098:
6091:
6073:
6054:(4): 395–407.
6038:
6031:
6013:
5992:
5971:
5959:
5947:
5926:
5905:
5875:
5838:(3): 335–347.
5818:
5799:(3): 375–403.
5783:
5754:(5): 612–620.
5731:
5702:(1–2): 30–45.
5683:
5664:(2): 113–131.
5645:
5638:
5618:
5591:(4): 155–165.
5575:
5562:10.2307/583507
5556:(4): 473–479.
5535:
5526:
5493:
5467:
5454:
5424:
5417:
5390:
5371:(4): 251–261.
5355:
5325:
5298:
5258:
5227:
5208:(3): 335–354.
5175:
5164:(4): 461–465.
5148:
5113:
5085:
5066:(3): 257–277.
5041:
5004:(3): 297–306.
4971:
4960:(1): 187–201.
4944:
4925:
4905:
4871:
4809:
4769:
4740:(2): 168–172.
4720:
4691:(4): 202–217.
4666:
4634:
4586:
4559:(5): 749–778.
4540:
4519:10.1086/603287
4485:
4466:(in Russian).
4455:
4436:
4416:
4388:
4361:
4338:(in Russian).
4323:
4303:
4281:
4268:j.ctt5vkfk6.13
4258:
4232:
4207:
4178:
4149:
4128:
4102:
4078:
4051:
4024:(5): 664–690.
4008:
3947:
3924:
3909:
3888:
3873:
3855:
3832:
3814:
3769:
3748:(2): 367–388.
3728:
3699:
3682:Film Quarterly
3669:
3650:(2): 126–138.
3634:
3623:(3): 354–366.
3604:
3581:
3548:
3515:
3508:
3502:. Avon Books.
3490:
3460:
3427:
3396:
3357:
3337:
3330:
3304:
3270:
3237:(2): 193–194.
3221:
3195:
3153:
3124:(2): 226–235.
3103:
3072:
3037:
3026:(4): 220–237.
3010:
2981:(3): 442–475.
2961:
2942:(2): 166–196.
2922:
2915:
2897:
2885:irisolgonzalez
2872:
2847:
2814:
2801:
2766:
2736:
2717:
2697:
2670:
2663:
2645:
2627:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2476:
2473:
2389:
2386:
2344:caballerosidad
2335:Caballerosidad
2329:caballerosidad
2313:, a Dominican
2303:
2300:
2289:caballerosidad
2275:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2251:
2250:
2212:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2195:
2151:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2018:
2015:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1945:Alexander and
1887:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1795:homosexual men
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1468:
1463:
1414:women get jobs
1393:
1390:
1372:, daughter of
1350:societal norms
1340:because their
1293:Spanish Empire
1248:Cuban Congress
1236:domestic abuse
1173:
1170:
1103:King Ferdinand
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1025:
1022:
1010:caballerosidad
1004:Caballerosidad
992:caballerosidad
960:" in Spanish,
957:Caballerosidad
930:
929:Caballerosidad
927:
769:
768:
766:
765:
758:
751:
743:
740:
739:
734:
733:
732:
731:
726:
721:
716:
706:
703:
702:
699:
698:
693:
692:
691:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
660:
657:
656:
653:
652:
647:
646:
644:
643:
638:
636:United Kingdom
633:
628:
622:
619:
618:
612:
611:
610:
609:
601:
600:
594:
591:
590:
587:
586:
581:
580:
579:
578:
573:
571:Reverse sexism
566:
565:
560:
555:
550:
544:
543:
542:
535:
534:
528:
523:
518:
511:
510:
509:
504:
492:
491:
485:
480:
473:
472:
471:
464:
463:
457:
450:
449:
448:
441:
440:
435:
430:
424:
421:
420:
416:
415:
413:
412:
406:
399:
398:
397:
390:
389:
383:
381:
380:
375:
370:
364:
362:
361:
356:
350:
349:
348:
343:
338:
330:
329:
323:
320:
319:
316:
315:
310:
309:
308:
307:
302:
297:
292:
290:Men's movement
287:
282:
277:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
251:
250:
244:
243:
231:
230:
213:
212:
168:
166:
159:
152:
151:
106:
104:
97:
92:
66:
65:
63:
56:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6566:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6515:
6511:
6504:
6501:
6496:
6492:
6486:
6483:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6451:
6448:
6442:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6418:
6415:
6403:
6399:
6392:
6389:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6353:
6350:
6345:
6338:
6335:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6311:
6308:
6303:
6299:
6292:
6290:
6286:
6281:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6263:
6256:
6253:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6221:
6218:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6173:
6167:
6163:
6156:
6153:
6148:
6142:
6138:
6137:Masculinities
6131:
6128:
6123:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6102:
6099:
6094:
6088:
6084:
6077:
6074:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6042:
6039:
6034:
6028:
6024:
6017:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5996:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5975:
5972:
5968:
5963:
5960:
5956:
5951:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5909:
5906:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5822:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5787:
5784:
5779:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5738:
5736:
5732:
5727:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5641:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5622:
5619:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5579:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5511:
5504:
5497:
5494:
5481:
5477:
5471:
5468:
5457:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5428:
5425:
5420:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5359:
5356:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5302:
5299:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5231:
5228:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5149:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5129:(1–2): 1–18.
5128:
5124:
5117:
5114:
5110:(2): 126–137.
5109:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4948:
4945:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4918:
4917:
4909:
4906:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4724:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4489:
4486:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4443:
4439:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4420:
4417:
4404:
4400:
4392:
4389:
4376:
4372:
4365:
4362:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4307:
4304:
4300:(in Spanish).
4299:
4295:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4233:
4218:
4211:
4208:
4196:
4192:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4167:
4163:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4098:
4091:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4067:(2): 96–124.
4066:
4062:
4055:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3948:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3925:
3920:
3919:j.ctt5hj277.6
3916:
3912:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3842:j.ctt6wrm20.8
3839:
3835:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3815:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3729:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3582:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3491:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3431:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3222:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3104:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2898:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2615:
2611:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2525:Androcentrism
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2485:copper mining
2482:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2456:Arthur Miller
2453:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2378:anti-Catholic
2373:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2350:cavalheirismo
2345:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:cavalheirismo
2290:
2284:
2282:
2273:
2265:
2262:
2247:
2244:
2236:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2213:This article
2211:
2202:
2201:
2192:
2189:
2181:
2178:December 2017
2171:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2114:
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2100:
2099:
2093:
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2068:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1965:. In 128 AD,
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
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1643:Mental health
1642:
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1593:
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1570:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1549:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:Cuban society
1525:
1521:
1520:working class
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1503:working class
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1486:Cuban Society
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
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1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:homosexuality
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1312:word meaning
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
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1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1193:psychological
1190:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:Latin America
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:paternalistic
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:Cuban society
1075:
1070:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
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1023:
1021:
1018:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
964:
963:cavalheirismo
958:
950:
949:
944:
940:
939:Marlon Brando
935:
928:
926:
924:
920:
919:Latin America
916:
913:
909:
904:
898:
892:
890:
886:
885:
884:
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877:
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870:
865:
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846:
789:
783:
779:
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764:
759:
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750:
745:
744:
742:
741:
730:
729:Men's studies
727:
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720:
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641:United States
639:
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629:
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527:
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508:
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498:
495:
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489:
488:Rape of males
486:
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475:
474:
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467:
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461:
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451:
447:
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434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
423:
422:
417:
410:
409:Anti-feminism
407:
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401:
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396:
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388:
385:
384:
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195:December 2021
188:
184:
178:
177:
173:
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158:
157:
148:
145:
137:
127:
123:
119:
113:
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107:This article
105:
96:
95:
90:
88:
81:
80:
75:
74:
69:
64:
55:
54:
51:
47:
40:
33:
19:
6513:
6503:
6485:
6460:
6456:
6450:
6431:
6427:
6417:
6405:. Retrieved
6402:The Guardian
6401:
6391:
6369:(1): 19–33.
6366:
6362:
6352:
6343:
6337:
6320:
6316:
6310:
6301:
6297:
6261:
6255:
6230:
6226:
6220:
6195:
6191:
6161:
6155:
6136:
6130:
6111:
6101:
6082:
6076:
6051:
6047:
6041:
6022:
6016:
6000:
5995:
5979:
5974:
5966:
5962:
5954:
5950:
5934:
5929:
5913:
5908:
5891:
5887:
5835:
5831:
5821:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5751:
5747:
5699:
5695:
5661:
5657:
5628:
5621:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5553:
5549:
5529:
5517:. Retrieved
5496:
5484:. Retrieved
5480:the original
5470:
5459:, retrieved
5437:
5427:
5407:
5368:
5364:
5358:
5341:
5337:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5279:(1): 17–37.
5276:
5272:
5249:. Retrieved
5240:
5230:
5205:
5201:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5107:
5103:
5063:
5059:
5001:
4997:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4935:. Retrieved
4915:
4908:
4896:. Retrieved
4887:
4849:
4845:
4790:(2): 61–80.
4787:
4783:
4737:
4733:
4723:
4688:
4684:
4655:(2): 87–97.
4652:
4648:
4615:(1): 57–62.
4612:
4608:
4556:
4552:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4476:. Retrieved
4458:
4446:. Retrieved
4426:
4419:
4407:. Retrieved
4391:
4379:. Retrieved
4364:
4352:. Retrieved
4317:
4312:
4306:
4297:
4241:
4235:
4223:. Retrieved
4210:
4198:. Retrieved
4194:
4171:22 September
4169:. Retrieved
4165:
4143:
4131:
4119:. Retrieved
4115:La Fortaleza
4114:
4105:
4096:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4021:
4017:
4011:
3963:(2): 59–91.
3960:
3956:
3950:
3937:
3927:
3900:
3864:
3858:
3823:
3817:
3805:. Retrieved
3785:
3772:
3745:
3741:
3731:
3722:10138/333143
3715:(3): 24–32.
3712:
3708:
3702:
3688:(3): 22–29.
3685:
3681:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3620:
3616:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3572:. Retrieved
3563:
3539:. Retrieved
3530:
3499:
3493:
3481:. Retrieved
3472:
3463:
3451:. Retrieved
3443:Miami Herald
3442:
3430:
3405:
3399:
3374:
3370:
3360:
3350:
3313:
3307:
3290:
3286:
3259:cite journal
3234:
3231:NWSA Journal
3230:
3224:
3173:
3169:
3121:
3117:
3106:
3094:. Retrieved
3090:the original
3085:
3075:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3023:
3019:
3013:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2939:
2935:
2906:
2900:
2888:. Retrieved
2884:
2875:
2865:17 September
2863:. Retrieved
2859:
2850:
2836:(1): 19–33.
2833:
2829:
2809:
2804:
2782:(1): 16–26.
2779:
2775:
2769:
2759:
2727:. Retrieved
2707:
2700:
2686:(2): 29–44.
2683:
2679:
2673:
2654:
2648:
2640:the original
2630:
2618:. Retrieved
2600:. Retrieved
2593:
2584:
2504:
2495:
2489:
2480:
2478:
2449:
2448:In the play
2447:
2428:
2423:' character
2418:
2391:
2374:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2340:
2324:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2257:
2239:
2230:
2214:
2184:
2175:
2167:
2156:undue weight
2153:
2129:
2122:
2116:
2115:Please help
2112:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2050:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2009:
2005:
1996:
1944:
1889:
1880:
1877:Men and work
1871:
1867:
1855:to persist.
1844:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1809:
1792:
1783:
1773:
1769:
1758:
1735:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1709:
1706:Gender roles
1700:
1691:
1688:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1629:Implications
1623:
1619:bodybuilding
1615:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1567:
1553:
1544:
1515:
1512:screenwriter
1507:dock-workers
1489:
1476:directed by
1471:
1470:
1465:
1455:
1448:
1444:
1433:
1428:
1401:
1395:
1378:Fidel Castro
1334:Lee Lockwood
1300:
1290:
1244:
1231:
1227:
1212:Fidel Castro
1188:
1181:
1175:
1157:
1130:
1118:Fidel Castro
1113:
1111:
1079:
1065:
1037:
1027:
988:
984:
975:
968:caballerismo
967:
953:
946:
937:Portrait of
922:
914:
893:
880:
872:
787:
786:
777:
599:Men's rights
540:Conscription
404:Pro-feminism
377:
373:Gender roles
219:
201:
192:
170:
140:
131:
108:
84:
77:
71:
70:Please help
67:
50:
6544:Masculinity
6428:Etnografica
6407:29 November
5717:2434/625843
5461:29 November
5308:RSA Journal
5251:27 February
4937:16 November
4898:27 February
3377:(2): 4–25.
3293:: 213–233.
3053:(1): 1–22.
2890:26 November
2729:16 November
2620:23 December
2460:stereotypes
2319:Latin Lover
2053:Young Lords
2047:Young Lords
1947:Hephaestion
1924:Epaminondas
1374:Raul Castro
1338:labor camps
1322:masculinity
1240:Cuban women
1220:Vilma Espin
1166:carnal love
1139:, the main
1126:caudillismo
1095:patriarchal
867:; from
860:Portuguese:
563:Sperm theft
531:Transphobia
526:Gay bashing
501:against men
478:Prison rape
280:Intactivism
6528:Categories
6264:(Thesis).
6233:: 119–35.
5945:. pg. 9-13
4468:Yandex Zen
4225:29 October
4200:29 October
3574:5 December
3541:4 December
3483:4 December
3453:4 December
3414:1064770566
2692:1300556081
2602:1 February
2590:"machismo"
2576:References
2545:Patriarchy
2535:Manosphere
2520:Girly girl
2497:femicide.
2481:schoperías
2439:alpha-male
2414:alcoholism
2410:womanizing
2398:chauvinism
2321:and Macho.
2118:improve it
1940:Septuagint
1934:. His son
1908:Trojan War
1835:Familismo,
1727:marianismo
1712:marianismo
1557:marianismo
1482:playwright
1406:Family Law
1386:homophobia
1326:militarism
1310:derogatory
1286:drive cabs
1278:professors
1204:government
1196:counseling
1122:militarism
1087:patriarchy
1024:Depictions
592:By country
516:Homophobia
368:Effeminacy
172:neutrality
134:April 2015
118:improve it
73:improve it
6383:1939-2168
6323:: 57–64.
6212:145554405
6068:144267416
5894:: 60–84.
5813:145457639
5726:151544032
5696:Sex Roles
5678:146571603
5613:140780115
5385:144489189
5344:: 19–33.
5273:RSA Journ
5222:144389570
5143:144209586
5123:Sex Roles
5080:144747251
4866:145208831
4846:Sex Roles
4804:145579181
4581:144286542
4573:0966-8136
4535:148183387
4527:0024-2519
4340:Gazeta.Ru
4121:8 October
4046:145397721
3965:CiteSeerX
3938:Money.com
3794:173170677
3764:0873-6561
3664:161059893
3391:194572775
3354:(Thesis).
3190:143910104
3148:252744664
3067:140349743
2956:144983048
2763:(Thesis).
2560:Masculism
2490:Schopería
2443:archetype
2382:Nordicist
2233:June 2019
2124:talk page
1993:Tradeoffs
1967:Antonious
1932:Macedonia
1816:maricones
1649:machismo,
1532:bourgeois
1524:bourgeois
1490:machismo.
1398:Cuban Law
1342:sexuality
1017:caballero
998:caballero
989:The word
980:gentleman
976:caballero
923:Ser macho
908:masculine
894:The word
626:Australia
521:Gayphobia
265:Movements
248:Masculism
183:talk page
122:verifying
79:talk page
46:Masochism
6495:Archived
6304:: 14–20.
6298:Hispanic
6280:71046468
6271:2376/548
6247:53683112
6011:. pg. 33
5990:. pg. 33
5924:. pg. 10
5870:20692587
5862:28230388
5853:10460534
5778:27367797
5510:Archived
5320:41376268
5245:Archived
5036:18432428
5018:20461006
4931:Archived
4892:Archived
4764:18426290
4715:27840779
4629:41602120
4478:18 March
4472:Archived
4448:18 March
4442:Archived
4409:18 March
4403:Archived
4381:18 March
4375:Archived
4354:18 March
4348:Archived
4003:24781585
3995:22073439
3987:41220536
3942:Archived
3798:Archived
3568:Archived
3535:Archived
3477:Archived
3447:Archived
3422:ED309129
3005:21359134
2723:Archived
2688:ProQuest
2614:Archived
2509:See also
2394:misogyny
2281:machismo
1864:Altruism
1840:machismo
1831:machista
1827:machismo
1823:machista
1774:machismo
1770:machismo
1685:Violence
1673:machismo
1661:machismo
1256:domestic
1180:of women
1162:marriage
1156:partners
1141:religion
972:chivalry
915:mascŭlus
851:Spanish:
788:Machismo
724:Movember
704:See also
378:Machismo
354:Misandry
240:a series
238:Part of
176:disputed
18:Hard man
6477:3789388
5967:Palante
5955:Palante
5769:5253322
5519:30 July
5486:29 July
5293:3814061
5060:Affilia
5027:2603075
4852:(5–6).
4755:2493609
4706:5102330
4038:3594704
3251:4316519
3140:2504037
3096:30 June
2996:3045088
2796:9494638
2380:and/or
2315:playboy
2219:Please
2162:Please
2074:Palante
2067:Palante
1971:Hadrian
1926:taught
1904:Amazons
1896:temples
1440:mulatto
1382:CENESEX
1362:CENESEX
1354:CENESEX
1282:doctors
1270:tourism
1051:swagger
869:Spanish
116:Please
6475:
6381:
6278:
6245:
6210:
6168:
6143:
6118:
6089:
6066:
6029:
6007:
5986:
5941:
5920:
5868:
5860:
5850:
5811:
5776:
5766:
5724:
5676:
5636:
5611:
5605:583507
5603:
5585:Aztlán
5570:583507
5568:
5452:
5415:
5383:
5318:
5291:
5220:
5141:
5078:
5034:
5024:
5016:
4923:
4864:
4802:
4762:
4752:
4713:
4703:
4627:
4579:
4571:
4533:
4525:
4434:
4274:
4266:
4256:
4044:
4036:
4001:
3993:
3985:
3967:
3917:
3907:
3881:
3871:
3848:
3840:
3830:
3807:16 May
3792:
3762:
3662:
3506:
3420:
3412:
3389:
3328:
3249:
3188:
3146:
3138:
3065:
3003:
2993:
2954:
2913:
2794:
2715:
2690:
2661:
2404:, and
2370:sexism
1959:Aeneid
1912:Sparta
1900:Sappho
1764:, the
1516:brutes
1274:profit
1200:trauma
1153:virgin
1030:gaucho
419:Issues
328:Topics
6473:JSTOR
6243:S2CID
6208:S2CID
6064:S2CID
5866:S2CID
5809:S2CID
5722:S2CID
5674:S2CID
5609:S2CID
5601:JSTOR
5566:JSTOR
5513:(PDF)
5506:(PDF)
5381:S2CID
5316:JSTOR
5289:JSTOR
5218:S2CID
5139:S2CID
5076:S2CID
5014:JSTOR
4862:S2CID
4800:S2CID
4625:JSTOR
4577:S2CID
4531:S2CID
4316:[
4264:JSTOR
4220:(PDF)
4140:(PDF)
4093:(PDF)
4042:S2CID
4034:JSTOR
3999:S2CID
3983:JSTOR
3915:JSTOR
3879:JSTOR
3838:JSTOR
3801:(PDF)
3790:S2CID
3782:(PDF)
3660:S2CID
3387:S2CID
3247:JSTOR
3216:(PDF)
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