606:). This is caused by the growing level of dysfunction in the many sewage works that drain the city of Johannesburg, which, unusually for a large city, straddles a continental watershed instead of being located on a lake, river or seafront. Hartbeespoort Dam has become a robust example of the unintended consequence when an aquatic ecosystem flips from a stable but desirable state, into a stable but undesirable state, defying the best scientific interventions for decades. This is driven to a certain extent by the decline of data capture and processing systems that underpin water resource management in South Africa. The
556:
47:
416:
accepted by
Parliament. As early as 1909 there were test holes drilled at the bottom of the river to determine whether the rock formation was suitable for building such a huge dam. The size of the catchment area was calculated, the water flow was measured and estimates made of the potentially irrigable land. Downstream claims to the existing water stream were established. The topography of the riverbank and rock formations were examined to evaluate the viability of the port for the construction project.
420:
to facilitate the expropriation. In his book "Agter die
Magalies", Bertus de Beer argues that the government acted in a heavy-handed manner to resolve a number of issues surrounding the construction of the dam. Mother Nature caused further delays due to flooding. In 1914 and again in 1918, huge amounts of construction wood washed down the river and were never recovered. During 1915, the wall of the Geldenhuysdam further up the river broke and the flooding of the site also caused a delay.
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31:
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618:) programme to find solutions to the water quality problems. Budgeted government expenditure from 2004 to 2015 for the clean-up and rehabilitation of the dam and its catchment, and for related community projects, amounted to R900 million. Some biomanipulation methods applied to dams such as Hartbeespoort have come under scientific scrutiny.
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424:
project and appointed an engineer, F. W. Scott, who tackled the project with renewed energy. In April 1923, after all the setbacks and political upheaval, the project was completed. In
September of that same year the road over the wall of the Dam and through the tunnel was opened to traffic. The dam first overflowed in March 1925.
431:(1840–1901). The farm and adjacent land were acquired by the State, mainly through the facilitation of his son, Johan Schoeman (1887–1967), around 1912. The completion of the dam made the agricultural land north of the Magaliesberg much more valuable, especially land close to canals and the Crocodile River.
419:
The construction of the dam officially started in August 1916. Initially, work was delayed pending a court judgment with
General Hendrik Schoeman and a certain Mr. Marshevin about the expropriation of their properties. The dispute was later resolved but discontent remained after a hastily passed law
415:
In 1906, the government ordered a public inquiry into the feasibility of building an irrigation dam in the
Hartbeespoort of the Magaliesberg. The engineer of the Department of Irrigation that led the inquiry, submitted a favorable report to the government and the Hartebeestpoort Act. 32 of 1914 was
423:
The disruption caused by the First World War, and the complications brought on by the
Rebellion of a group of Afrikaners, brought further delays to the building. Then the first company was liquidated due to financial losses resulting from the floods and delays. In 1921 a second company took on the
862:
Van
Blommestein, S. D.; Pais Madeira, A. M.; Mitchell, R. F.; Hills, M. J.; Herbst, H. M.; Grimbeek, L. M.; Fenn, T. A.; Combrink, S.; Bostock, L. B.; Zohary, T.; Twinch, A. J.; Thornton, J. A.; Scott, W. E.; Robarts, R. D.; Jarvis, A. C.; Hely-Hutchinson, J. R.; De Moor, F. C.; Cochrane, K. L.;
455:
and covers approximately 18.83 square kilometres (7.27 sq mi), with a mean depth of 9.6 metres (31 ft) and maximum depth of 45.1 metres (148 ft). It has a surface area of 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi), and its normal range of annual water level fluctuation is 0.8
1077:
Van Ginkel CE, Silberbauer MJ. Temporal trends in total phosphorus, temperature, oxygen, chlorophyll a and phytoplankton populations in
Hartbeespoort Dam and Roodeplaat Dam, South Africa, between 1980 and 2000. African Journal of Aquatic Science 32. 2007;1:63–70. Online:
1120:
303:, Melodie, Ifafi, Meerhof and The Coves, Pecanwood, Westlake and several other estates can be found alongside its shores. The town of Schoemansville was named after General Hendrik Schoeman, owner of the land during the 19th century.
291:
since the early 1970s. Mismanagement of waste water treatment from urban zones within the
Hartbeespoort Dam catchment area is largely to blame, having distorted the food web with over 280 tons of phosphate and nitrate deposits.
1369:
571:, in 2003 resulting from high phosphate and nitrate concentrations in the Crocodile River, the major inflow. The primary pollution sources are industrial and domestic effluent from Gauteng. The catchment area includes
813:
Turton, A.R., Meissner, R., Mampane, P.M. & Sereno. 2004. A Hydropolitical
History of South Africa’s International River Basins. Report No. 1220/1/04 to the Water Research Commission. Pretoria: Water Research
1364:
1105:
Turton, A.R., Schultz, C., Buckle, H, Kgomongoe, M., Malungani, T. & Drackner, M. 2006. Gold, Scorched Earth and Water: The Hydropolitics of Johannesburg. In Water Resources Development, Vol. 22., No. 2;
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Turton, A.R. 2015. Sitting on the Horns of a Dilemma: Water as a Strategic Resource in South Africa. In @Liberty, No 6, Issue 22. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations. Available online
1024:
Harding WR, Thornton JA, Steyn G, Panuska J, Morrison IR. Hartbeespoort Dam Remediation Project (Phase 1) Action Plan Final Report (Volume II). North West Province DACE; 2004. Available from:
1117:
1202:"Impacts of fish on phosphorus budget dynamics of some SA reservoirs: evaluating prospects of 'bottom up' phosphorus reduction in eutrophic systems through fish removal (biomanipulation)"
970:
Allanson, B. R.; Gieskes, J. M. T. M. (1961). "Part II An introduction to the limnology of Hartbeespoort Dam with special reference to the effect of industrial and domestic pollution".
885:
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The dam wall is 149.5 metres (163.5 yd) long and 59.4 metres (195 ft) high, built across a gorge cutting through the Magaliesberg. The reservoir is fed by the waters of the
607:
1235:"Bioremediation of South Africa's hypertrophic Hartbeespoort Dam: evaluating its effects by comparative analysis of a decade of MERIS satellite data in six control reservoirs"
868:
1384:
1118:
http://irr.org.za/reports-and-publications/atLiberty/files/liberty-2013-sitting-on-the-horns-of-a-dilemma-2013-water-as-a-strategic-resource-in-south-africa
1287:
661:
46:
1012:
Zohary, T., Jarvis, A. C., Chutter, F. M., Ashton, P. J., Robarts, R. D., 1988. The Hartbeespoort Dam ecosystem programme. Tech. rep., CSIR, WRC. URL
283:. This "poort" in the Magaliesberg was a popular spot for hunters, where they cornered and shot the hartebeest. The dam was originally designed for
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road skirts the water's edge on the north side; along its route it passes through a 56.6 m long tunnel and also crosses the dam wall.
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Cholnoky, B. J. (1958). "Hydrobiologische untersuchungen in transvaal II. Selbstreinigung im Jukskei-Crocodile Flusssystem".
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Hartbeespoort Dam has been renowned for its poor water quality since the mid twentieth century. The Dam suffers severe
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881:
Turton, A.R. 2015. Water Pollution and South Africa’s Poor. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations.
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Turton, A.R. 2016. South Africa and the Drought that Exposed a Young Democracy. In Water Policy (18); 210 – 227.
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287:, which is currently its primary use, as well as for domestic and industrial use. The dam has suffered from a
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http://irr.org.za/reports-and-publications/occasional-reports/files/water-pollution-and-south-africas-poor
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1175:"Development of a Resource Management Plan (RMP) for Hartbeespoort Dam is nearing its final stages"
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http://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/eutrophication/Zohary_1988_The_Hartbeespoort_Dam_ecosystem_programme.pdf
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Hartbeespoort Dam supplies irrigation water through a 544 kilometres (338 mi) long network of
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mountain range and north of the Witwatersberg mountain range, about 35 kilometres north west of
1234:
1288:"CBC releases status and future expectations for its Hartbeespoort Dam water hyacinth project"
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Hartbeespoort has become a very popular holiday and weekend resort for the inhabitants of
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to 159.76 square kilometres (61.68 sq mi) of farmland on which tobacco, wheat,
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Water flowing into the Crocodile River from the service spillway for downstream use.
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The extreme level of eutrophication is evident in excessive growth of microscopic
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The dam was built on the farm Hartebeestpoort, once owned by the Boer General
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1177:. South African Government Information. 19 May 2008. Archived from
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1137:
http://wp.iwaponline.com/content/ppiwawaterpol/18/S2/210.full.pdf
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inland stations and provides a water rescue service at the dam.
532:
315:
Plaque located at the dam wall gives a short history of the dam.
1370:
Buildings and structures in North West (South African province)
529:
has been operating at the dam since its construction in 1923.
164:
701:"Hartbeespoort Dam Integrated Biological Remediation Program"
706:. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. 4 September 2008
1365:
Tourist attractions in North West (South African province)
1151:. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Archived from
456:
metres (2.6 ft). The mixing type of the reservoir is
517:; it is the principal water recreation area of northern
502:
are produced. Deteriorating water quality, most notably
608:
South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
299:
is situated close to the dam wall and the villages of
535:
Station 25, located at the dam, is one of only three
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267:. The name of the dam means "dam at the gorge of the
772:. Department of Water and Sanitation. Archived from
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deteriorating the water quality of Hartbeespoort Dam
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652:in South Africa, including the Hartbeespoort Dam.
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869:Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
61:Location of Hartbeespoort Dam in South Africa
8:
662:List of reservoirs and dams in South Africa
321:
20:
1217:
1149:"Hartbeespoort Dam Remediation Programme"
53:
803:: Southern Book Publishers. p. 333.
745:"SA's Water History – Taming the poort"
683:
644:en masse for biological control of the
1047:Tempelhoff, Elise (27 December 2012).
904:. Transvaal Yacht Club. Archived from
863:Chutter, P. M.; Ashton, P. J. (1985).
750:. Water Research Commission. June 2008
247:) is an arch type dam situated in the
1042:
1040:
1026:http://www.dwa.gov.za/Harties/dam.asp
443:Top of the dam wall and the motorway.
7:
1200:Hart, R. C.; Harding, W. R. (2015).
1385:1923 establishments in South Africa
1233:Hart, Rob; Matthews, Mark (2018).
1080:Van Ginkel, Carin (3 March 2019).
865:The Limnology of Hartbeespoort Dam
851:: Postma Publikasies. p. 405.
832:: Postma Publikasies. p. 387.
14:
1049:"Miljoene, maar dam bly nog vuil"
733:: Postma Publikasie. p. 381.
1315:
52:
45:
29:
621:In 2020, the Rhodes University
251:of South Africa. It lies in a
1:
1259:10.1080/20442041.2018.1429068
672:Hartbeespoort Aerial Cableway
623:Centre for Biological Control
537:National Sea Rescue Institute
35:The crest gates added in 1970
795:Carruthers, Vincent (1990).
525:are enjoyed on the dam. The
1340:Department of Water Affairs
208:Hartbeespoort Dam Reservoir
154:Department of Water Affairs
130:Irrigation and domestic use
1401:
1380:Irrigation in South Africa
598:, and macrophytes such as
263:and 20 kilometres west of
18:Dam in North West Province
1375:Crocodile River (Limpopo)
667:Crocodile River (Limpopo)
409:
40:
28:
326:Hartbeespoort Dam bridge
843:de Beer, B. K. (1975).
824:de Beer, B. K. (1975).
725:de Beer, B. K. (1975).
631:and the water hyacinth
479:Sailing vessels at the
355:25.725631°S 27.848378°E
135:Construction began
1355:Dams completed in 1923
1329:Hartbeespoort Dam page
1123:4 October 2017 at the
636:Neochetina eichhorniae
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483:
444:
316:
146:1923 (renovated: 1969)
1338:at the South African
1324:at Wikimedia Commons
1082:"Kryptic Environment"
888:12 March 2017 at the
628:Megamelus scutellaris
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550:
478:
442:
374:Motor vehicle traffic
360:-25.725631; 27.848378
314:
165:Type of dam
111:25.72556°S 27.84833°E
1360:Dams in South Africa
1334:1 March 2012 at the
1219:10.4314/wsa.v41i4.01
1031:1 March 2012 at the
604:Eichhornia crassipes
481:Transvaal Yacht Club
255:to the south of the
1251:2018InWat...8...96H
1086:Kryptic Environment
1059:on 19 February 2013
351: /
249:North West Province
222:Catchment area
213:Total capacity
116:-25.72556; 27.84833
107: /
84:North West Province
984:10.1007/BF00731364
941:10.1007/BF00018693
908:on 5 December 2008
845:Agter die Magalies
826:Agter die Magalies
727:Agter die Magalies
612:Harties metsi a me
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559:Massive growth of
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521:and many types of
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289:hypertrophic state
1322:Hartbeespoort Dam
1320:Media related to
616:Harties, My Water
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241:Hartbeespoort Dam
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231:Surface area
192:Width (base)
159:Dam and spillways
143:Opening date
24:Hartbeespoort Dam
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1055:. Archived from
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1294:. 21 July 2011
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561:water hyacinth
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1292:www.ru.ac.za
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583:lake in the
575:lake in the
566:
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523:water sports
511:Johannesburg
508:
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462:
446:
435:Construction
426:
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418:
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295:The town of
294:
261:Johannesburg
257:Magaliesberg
244:
240:
239:
74:South Africa
15:
1298:13 February
814:Commission.
504:Microcystin
387:Single lane
358: /
333:Coordinates
114: /
90:Coordinates
1349:Categories
1185:2 December
1159:2 December
912:22 January
867:(Report).
754:23 October
710:2 December
678:References
458:monomictic
392:Statistics
346:27°50′54″E
343:25°43′32″S
285:irrigation
269:hartebeest
234:2 062.8 ha
102:27°50′54″E
99:25°43′32″S
1063:9 January
992:0018-8158
949:0018-8158
902:"History"
641:N. bruchi
581:Centurion
281:Afrikaans
200:Reservoir
1332:Archived
1267:89931314
1206:Water SA
1121:Archived
1106:313-335.
1029:Archived
1000:26685178
957:19195279
886:Archived
656:See also
515:Pretoria
405:Location
277:antelope
265:Pretoria
170:Arch dam
151:Owner(s)
80:Location
1272:29 July
1247:Bibcode
1091:3 March
633:weevils
625:reared
519:Gauteng
506:toxin.
500:flowers
492:lucerne
371:Carries
307:History
273:species
245:Harties
205:Creates
187:149.5 m
127:Purpose
70:Country
1265:
998:
990:
955:
947:
871:. 110.
780:1 July
488:canals
465:tarmac
319:Bridge
301:Kosmos
253:valley
184:Length
176:Height
1263:S2CID
1053:Beeld
996:S2CID
953:S2CID
748:(PDF)
704:(PDF)
592:algae
573:Bruma
496:fruit
384:Width
279:) in
271:" (a
1300:2022
1274:2018
1187:2008
1161:2008
1093:2019
1065:2013
988:ISSN
945:ISSN
914:2009
782:2015
756:2010
712:2008
650:dams
638:and
594:and
579:and
533:NSRI
513:and
498:and
451:and
400:None
397:Toll
195:22 m
179:59 m
138:1921
1255:doi
1214:doi
980:doi
937:doi
648:at
471:Use
275:of
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