617:). This is caused by the growing level of dysfunction in the many sewage works that drain the city of Johannesburg, which, unusually for a large city, straddles a continental watershed instead of being located on a lake, river or seafront. Hartbeespoort Dam has become a robust example of the unintended consequence when an aquatic ecosystem flips from a stable but desirable state, into a stable but undesirable state, defying the best scientific interventions for decades. This is driven to a certain extent by the decline of data capture and processing systems that underpin water resource management in South Africa. The
567:
58:
427:
accepted by
Parliament. As early as 1909 there were test holes drilled at the bottom of the river to determine whether the rock formation was suitable for building such a huge dam. The size of the catchment area was calculated, the water flow was measured and estimates made of the potentially irrigable land. Downstream claims to the existing water stream were established. The topography of the riverbank and rock formations were examined to evaluate the viability of the port for the construction project.
431:
to facilitate the expropriation. In his book "Agter die
Magalies", Bertus de Beer argues that the government acted in a heavy-handed manner to resolve a number of issues surrounding the construction of the dam. Mother Nature caused further delays due to flooding. In 1914 and again in 1918, huge amounts of construction wood washed down the river and were never recovered. During 1915, the wall of the Geldenhuysdam further up the river broke and the flooding of the site also caused a delay.
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42:
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65:
629:) programme to find solutions to the water quality problems. Budgeted government expenditure from 2004 to 2015 for the clean-up and rehabilitation of the dam and its catchment, and for related community projects, amounted to R900 million. Some biomanipulation methods applied to dams such as Hartbeespoort have come under scientific scrutiny.
1189:
435:
project and appointed an engineer, F. W. Scott, who tackled the project with renewed energy. In April 1923, after all the setbacks and political upheaval, the project was completed. In
September of that same year the road over the wall of the Dam and through the tunnel was opened to traffic. The dam first overflowed in March 1925.
442:(1840–1901). The farm and adjacent land were acquired by the State, mainly through the facilitation of his son, Johan Schoeman (1887–1967), around 1912. The completion of the dam made the agricultural land north of the Magaliesberg much more valuable, especially land close to canals and the Crocodile River.
430:
The construction of the dam officially started in August 1916. Initially, work was delayed pending a court judgment with
General Hendrik Schoeman and a certain Mr. Marshevin about the expropriation of their properties. The dispute was later resolved but discontent remained after a hastily passed law
426:
In 1906, the government ordered a public inquiry into the feasibility of building an irrigation dam in the
Hartbeespoort of the Magaliesberg. The engineer of the Department of Irrigation that led the inquiry, submitted a favorable report to the government and the Hartebeestpoort Act. 32 of 1914 was
434:
The disruption caused by the First World War, and the complications brought on by the
Rebellion of a group of Afrikaners, brought further delays to the building. Then the first company was liquidated due to financial losses resulting from the floods and delays. In 1921 a second company took on the
873:
Van
Blommestein, S. D.; Pais Madeira, A. M.; Mitchell, R. F.; Hills, M. J.; Herbst, H. M.; Grimbeek, L. M.; Fenn, T. A.; Combrink, S.; Bostock, L. B.; Zohary, T.; Twinch, A. J.; Thornton, J. A.; Scott, W. E.; Robarts, R. D.; Jarvis, A. C.; Hely-Hutchinson, J. R.; De Moor, F. C.; Cochrane, K. L.;
466:
and covers approximately 18.83 square kilometres (7.27 sq mi), with a mean depth of 9.6 metres (31 ft) and maximum depth of 45.1 metres (148 ft). It has a surface area of 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi), and its normal range of annual water level fluctuation is 0.8
1088:
Van Ginkel CE, Silberbauer MJ. Temporal trends in total phosphorus, temperature, oxygen, chlorophyll a and phytoplankton populations in
Hartbeespoort Dam and Roodeplaat Dam, South Africa, between 1980 and 2000. African Journal of Aquatic Science 32. 2007;1:63–70. Online:
1131:
314:, Melodie, Ifafi, Meerhof and The Coves, Pecanwood, Westlake and several other estates can be found alongside its shores. The town of Schoemansville was named after General Hendrik Schoeman, owner of the land during the 19th century.
302:
since the early 1970s. Mismanagement of waste water treatment from urban zones within the
Hartbeespoort Dam catchment area is largely to blame, having distorted the food web with over 280 tons of phosphate and nitrate deposits.
1380:
582:, in 2003 resulting from high phosphate and nitrate concentrations in the Crocodile River, the major inflow. The primary pollution sources are industrial and domestic effluent from Gauteng. The catchment area includes
824:
Turton, A.R., Meissner, R., Mampane, P.M. & Sereno. 2004. A Hydropolitical
History of South Africa’s International River Basins. Report No. 1220/1/04 to the Water Research Commission. Pretoria: Water Research
1375:
1116:
Turton, A.R., Schultz, C., Buckle, H, Kgomongoe, M., Malungani, T. & Drackner, M. 2006. Gold, Scorched Earth and Water: The Hydropolitics of Johannesburg. In Water Resources Development, Vol. 22., No. 2;
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Turton, A.R. 2015. Sitting on the Horns of a Dilemma: Water as a Strategic Resource in South Africa. In @Liberty, No 6, Issue 22. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations. Available online
1035:
Harding WR, Thornton JA, Steyn G, Panuska J, Morrison IR. Hartbeespoort Dam Remediation Project (Phase 1) Action Plan Final Report (Volume II). North West Province DACE; 2004. Available from:
1128:
1213:"Impacts of fish on phosphorus budget dynamics of some SA reservoirs: evaluating prospects of 'bottom up' phosphorus reduction in eutrophic systems through fish removal (biomanipulation)"
981:
Allanson, B. R.; Gieskes, J. M. T. M. (1961). "Part II An introduction to the limnology of Hartbeespoort Dam with special reference to the effect of industrial and domestic pollution".
896:
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The dam wall is 149.5 metres (163.5 yd) long and 59.4 metres (195 ft) high, built across a gorge cutting through the Magaliesberg. The reservoir is fed by the waters of the
618:
1246:"Bioremediation of South Africa's hypertrophic Hartbeespoort Dam: evaluating its effects by comparative analysis of a decade of MERIS satellite data in six control reservoirs"
879:
1395:
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http://irr.org.za/reports-and-publications/atLiberty/files/liberty-2013-sitting-on-the-horns-of-a-dilemma-2013-water-as-a-strategic-resource-in-south-africa
1298:
672:
57:
1023:
Zohary, T., Jarvis, A. C., Chutter, F. M., Ashton, P. J., Robarts, R. D., 1988. The Hartbeespoort Dam ecosystem programme. Tech. rep., CSIR, WRC. URL
294:. This "poort" in the Magaliesberg was a popular spot for hunters, where they cornered and shot the hartebeest. The dam was originally designed for
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road skirts the water's edge on the north side; along its route it passes through a 56.6 m long tunnel and also crosses the dam wall.
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711:
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Cholnoky, B. J. (1958). "Hydrobiologische untersuchungen in transvaal II. Selbstreinigung im Jukskei-Crocodile Flusssystem".
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Hartbeespoort Dam has been renowned for its poor water quality since the mid twentieth century. The Dam suffers severe
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892:
Turton, A.R. 2015. Water Pollution and South Africa’s Poor. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations.
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Turton, A.R. 2016. South Africa and the Drought that Exposed a Young Democracy. In Water Policy (18); 210 – 227.
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298:, which is currently its primary use, as well as for domestic and industrial use. The dam has suffered from a
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894:
http://irr.org.za/reports-and-publications/occasional-reports/files/water-pollution-and-south-africas-poor
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1186:"Development of a Resource Management Plan (RMP) for Hartbeespoort Dam is nearing its final stages"
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http://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/eutrophication/Zohary_1988_The_Hartbeespoort_Dam_ecosystem_programme.pdf
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Hartbeespoort Dam supplies irrigation water through a 544 kilometres (338 mi) long network of
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mountain range and north of the Witwatersberg mountain range, about 35 kilometres north west of
1245:
1299:"CBC releases status and future expectations for its Hartbeespoort Dam water hyacinth project"
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Hartbeespoort has become a very popular holiday and weekend resort for the inhabitants of
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to 159.76 square kilometres (61.68 sq mi) of farmland on which tobacco, wheat,
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Water flowing into the Crocodile River from the service spillway for downstream use.
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The extreme level of eutrophication is evident in excessive growth of microscopic
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The dam was built on the farm Hartebeestpoort, once owned by the Boer General
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1188:. South African Government Information. 19 May 2008. Archived from
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321:
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http://wp.iwaponline.com/content/ppiwawaterpol/18/S2/210.full.pdf
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inland stations and provides a water rescue service at the dam.
543:
326:
Plaque located at the dam wall gives a short history of the dam.
1381:
Buildings and structures in North West (South African province)
540:
has been operating at the dam since its construction in 1923.
175:
712:"Hartbeespoort Dam Integrated Biological Remediation Program"
717:. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. 4 September 2008
1376:
Tourist attractions in North West (South African province)
1162:. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Archived from
467:
metres (2.6 ft). The mixing type of the reservoir is
528:; it is the principal water recreation area of northern
513:
are produced. Deteriorating water quality, most notably
619:
South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
310:
is situated close to the dam wall and the villages of
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Station 25, located at the dam, is one of only three
537:
278:. The name of the dam means "dam at the gorge of the
783:. Department of Water and Sanitation. Archived from
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deteriorating the water quality of Hartbeespoort Dam
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663:in South Africa, including the Hartbeespoort Dam.
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880:Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
72:Location of Hartbeespoort Dam in South Africa
8:
673:List of reservoirs and dams in South Africa
332:
31:
1228:
1160:"Hartbeespoort Dam Remediation Programme"
64:
814:: Southern Book Publishers. p. 333.
756:"SA's Water History – Taming the poort"
694:
655:en masse for biological control of the
1058:Tempelhoff, Elise (27 December 2012).
915:. Transvaal Yacht Club. Archived from
874:Chutter, P. M.; Ashton, P. J. (1985).
761:. Water Research Commission. June 2008
258:) is an arch type dam situated in the
1053:
1051:
1037:http://www.dwa.gov.za/Harties/dam.asp
454:Top of the dam wall and the motorway.
7:
1211:Hart, R. C.; Harding, W. R. (2015).
1396:1923 establishments in South Africa
1244:Hart, Rob; Matthews, Mark (2018).
1091:Van Ginkel, Carin (3 March 2019).
876:The Limnology of Hartbeespoort Dam
862:: Postma Publikasies. p. 405.
843:: Postma Publikasies. p. 387.
25:
1060:"Miljoene, maar dam bly nog vuil"
744:: Postma Publikasie. p. 381.
1326:
63:
56:
40:
632:In 2020, the Rhodes University
262:of South Africa. It lies in a
1:
1270:10.1080/20442041.2018.1429068
683:Hartbeespoort Aerial Cableway
634:Centre for Biological Control
548:National Sea Rescue Institute
46:The crest gates added in 1970
806:Carruthers, Vincent (1990).
536:are enjoyed on the dam. The
1351:Department of Water Affairs
219:Hartbeespoort Dam Reservoir
165:Department of Water Affairs
141:Irrigation and domestic use
1412:
1391:Irrigation in South Africa
609:, and macrophytes such as
274:and 20 kilometres west of
29:Dam in North West Province
1386:Crocodile River (Limpopo)
678:Crocodile River (Limpopo)
420:
51:
39:
337:Hartbeespoort Dam bridge
854:de Beer, B. K. (1975).
835:de Beer, B. K. (1975).
736:de Beer, B. K. (1975).
642:and the water hyacinth
490:Sailing vessels at the
366:25.725631°S 27.848378°E
146:Construction began
1366:Dams completed in 1923
1340:Hartbeespoort Dam page
1134:4 October 2017 at the
647:Neochetina eichhorniae
575:
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494:
455:
327:
157:1923 (renovated: 1969)
1349:at the South African
1335:at Wikimedia Commons
1093:"Kryptic Environment"
899:12 March 2017 at the
639:Megamelus scutellaris
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489:
453:
385:Motor vehicle traffic
371:-25.725631; 27.848378
325:
176:Type of dam
122:25.72556°S 27.84833°E
1371:Dams in South Africa
1345:1 March 2012 at the
1230:10.4314/wsa.v41i4.01
1042:1 March 2012 at the
615:Eichhornia crassipes
492:Transvaal Yacht Club
266:to the south of the
1262:2018InWat...8...96H
1097:Kryptic Environment
1070:on 19 February 2013
362: /
260:North West Province
233:Catchment area
224:Total capacity
127:-25.72556; 27.84833
118: /
95:North West Province
995:10.1007/BF00731364
952:10.1007/BF00018693
919:on 5 December 2008
856:Agter die Magalies
837:Agter die Magalies
738:Agter die Magalies
623:Harties metsi a me
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570:Massive growth of
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532:and many types of
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300:hypertrophic state
18:Hartebeespoort Dam
1333:Hartbeespoort Dam
1331:Media related to
627:Harties, My Water
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252:Hartbeespoort Dam
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242:Surface area
203:Width (base)
170:Dam and spillways
154:Opening date
35:Hartbeespoort Dam
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1305:. 21 July 2011
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812:Johannesburg
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789:. Retrieved
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594:lake in the
586:lake in the
577:
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534:water sports
522:Johannesburg
519:
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473:
457:
446:Construction
437:
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429:
425:
306:The town of
305:
272:Johannesburg
268:Magaliesberg
255:
251:
250:
85:South Africa
26:
1309:13 February
825:Commission.
515:Microcystin
398:Single lane
369: /
344:Coordinates
125: /
101:Coordinates
1360:Categories
1196:2 December
1170:2 December
923:22 January
878:(Report).
765:23 October
721:2 December
689:References
469:monomictic
403:Statistics
357:27°50′54″E
354:25°43′32″S
296:irrigation
280:hartebeest
245:2 062.8 ha
113:27°50′54″E
110:25°43′32″S
1074:9 January
1003:0018-8158
960:0018-8158
913:"History"
652:N. bruchi
592:Centurion
292:Afrikaans
211:Reservoir
1343:Archived
1278:89931314
1217:Water SA
1132:Archived
1117:313-335.
1040:Archived
1011:26685178
968:19195279
897:Archived
667:See also
526:Pretoria
416:Location
288:antelope
276:Pretoria
181:Arch dam
162:Owner(s)
91:Location
1283:29 July
1258:Bibcode
1102:3 March
644:weevils
636:reared
530:Gauteng
517:toxin.
511:flowers
503:lucerne
382:Carries
318:History
284:species
256:Harties
216:Creates
198:149.5 m
138:Purpose
81:Country
1276:
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1001:
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958:
882:. 110.
791:1 July
499:canals
476:tarmac
330:Bridge
312:Kosmos
264:valley
195:Length
187:Height
1274:S2CID
1064:Beeld
1007:S2CID
964:S2CID
759:(PDF)
715:(PDF)
603:algae
584:Bruma
507:fruit
395:Width
290:) in
282:" (a
1311:2022
1285:2018
1198:2008
1172:2008
1104:2019
1076:2013
999:ISSN
956:ISSN
925:2009
793:2015
767:2010
723:2008
661:dams
649:and
605:and
590:and
544:NSRI
524:and
509:and
462:and
411:None
408:Toll
206:22 m
190:59 m
149:1921
1266:doi
1225:doi
991:doi
948:doi
659:at
482:Use
286:of
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