1327:
1307:). Before taking important actions, especially in battle, Romans conducted animal sacrifices to discover the will of the gods according to the information gathered through reading the animals' entrails. The entrails (most importantly the liver, but also the lungs and heart) contained a large number of signs that indicated the gods' approval or disapproval. These signs could be interpreted according to the appearance of the organs, for example, if the liver was "smooth, shiny and full" or "rough and shrunken". The Etruscans looked for the
1319:
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2500:
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1237:
The spread of hepatoscopy is one of the clearest examples of cultural contact in the orientalizing period. It must have been a case of East-West understanding on a relatively high, technical level. The mobility of migrant charismatics is the natural prerequisite for this diffusion, the international
1343:. In addition, a number of archeological artifacts depict Etruscan haruspicy. These include a bronze mirror with an image of a haruspex dressed in Etruscan priest's clothing, holding a liver while a crowd gathers near him. Another significant artifact relating to haruspicy in Ancient Italy is the
1347:. This bronze model of a sheep's liver was found by chance by a farmer in 1877. Names of gods are etched into the surface and organized into different sections. Artifacts depicting haruspicy exist from the ancient Roman world as well, such as stone relief carvings located in
1302:
Roman haruspicy was a form of communication with the gods. Rather than strictly predicting future events, this form of Roman divination allowed humans to discern the attitudes of the gods and react in a way that would maintain harmony between the human and divine worlds
1334:
Haruspicy in
Ancient Italy originated with the Etruscans. Textual evidence for Etruscan divination comes from an Etruscan inscription: the priest Laris Pulenas' (250–200 BCE) epitaph mentions a book he wrote on haruspicy. A collection of sacred texts called the
1238:
role of sought-after specialists, who were, as far as their art was concerned, nevertheless bound to their father-teachers. We cannot expect to find many archaeologically identifiable traces of such people, other than some exceptional instances.
1718:, translates the verse as follows: "For the king of Babylon stood at the parting of the way, at the head of the two ways, to use divination: he made his arrows bright, he consulted with images, he looked in the liver."
1711:
1311:, or "head of the liver". It was considered a bad omen if this part was missing from the animal's liver. The haruspex would then study the flat visceral side of the liver after examining the
2900:
1363:, a number of ethnic communities have had the practice of reading animal entrails to divine the future. Some of the groups that have been documented as having this practice include
1084:
2905:
1807:
Stevens, Natalie L. C. “A New
Reconstruction of the Etruscan Heaven.” American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 113, no. 2, Archaeological Institute of America, 2009
3055:
1129:. Various ancient cultures of the Near East, such as the Babylonians, also read omens specifically from the liver, a practice also known by the Greek term
2005:
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391:
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592:
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2011:
This source suggests that Greek and Roman haruspices used the entrails of human corpses; the victim should be "without spot or blemish".
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2014:
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1782:, 2nd ed., edited by Lindsay Jones, 2375–2378. Vol. 4. Detroit, Michigan: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005. Gale eBooks.
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2556:
1871:
Knighton, Ben. "The State as Raider among the
Karamojong:‘Where there are no Guns, they use the Threat of Guns’."
3248:
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1976:
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807:
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For the king of
Babylon standeth at the parting of the way, at the head of the two ways, to use divination; he
699:
551:
164:
48:
1318:
1290:. Of these, the majority are inscribed in Akkadian, but a few examples also have inscriptions in the native
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2815:
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1712:"The Meaning of bārēʾ (Ez 21,24) and the Prophecy Concerning Nebuchadnezzar at the Crossroads (Ez 21,23-29)"
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1339:, written in Etruscan, were essentially guides on different forms of divination, including haruspicy and
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One
Babylonian clay model of a sheep's liver, dated between 1900 and 1600 BC, is conserved in the
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1946:
The
Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age
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1348:
1344:
1248:
The
Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age
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119:
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Religious
Experience of the Kalenjin of Kerio-Valley Cultural Complex, Kenya, 1800-1965.
3483:
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3065:
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2668:
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1994:
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857:
790:
536:
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229:
224:
134:
2177:
1832:
Abbink, Jon. "Reading the entrails: analysis of an
African divination discourse."
1646:
1212:
975:
1228:
clay sheep liver models written in a local dialect, recovered from the palace at
3435:
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1360:
1229:
970:
916:
847:
802:
451:
365:
348:
244:
214:
174:
1925:
The
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
1693:
1294:, indicating the adoption of haruspicy as part of the native, vernacular cult.
1255:
The Babylonians were famous for hepatoscopy. This practice is mentioned in the
3392:
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2638:
2405:
2390:
2380:
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817:
797:
778:
763:
308:
219:
129:
89:
3478:
2009:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–38.
1884:
Hazama, Itsuhiro. "A review of Kaori Kawai's works on Dodoth and raiding."
333:
17:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3593:
3573:
3405:
3400:
3191:
3040:
2784:
2721:
2662:
2566:
2385:
2339:
2314:
2244:
2152:
2137:
2132:
2107:
1951:
Derek Collins, "Mapping the Entrails: The Practice of Greek Hepatoscopy"
1268:
1004:
955:
945:
911:
906:
901:
889:
812:
743:
736:
724:
343:
303:
298:
64:
2938:
1923:
Barton, Juxon. "Notes on the Kipsikis or Lumbwa Tribe of Kenya Colony."
3553:
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3543:
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3528:
3523:
3513:
3488:
3186:
3015:
2440:
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1845:
Otto, Shako. "Traditional Konso culture and the missionary impact." In
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1026:
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768:
94:
1974:
55:
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2435:
2410:
2192:
2117:
1340:
965:
719:
704:
684:
338:
199:
179:
99:
1823:. London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central.
1778:
Johnston, Sarah Iles. "Divination: Greek and Roman Divination". In
3623:
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3493:
3473:
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3213:
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2212:
2157:
1439:
1325:
1317:
1220:
1118:
940:
928:
664:
323:
313:
239:
1998:
3598:
3498:
2617:
2470:
669:
328:
2942:
2043:
2279:
2017:, article in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
1714:, ZAW 128 (2016), 83-95. A more modern translation, from the
1627:
783:
1330:
Relief depicting a haruspex from the Roman Temple of Hercules
2498:
1417:
Haruspication has also been practiced in Kenya, such as the
2023:
Vatican Museums Online, Gregorian Etruscan Museum, Room III
1910:
Harris, Grace. "Possession “Hysteria” in a Kenya Tribe 1."
1858:
Todd, Dave M. "Herbalists, Diviners and Shamans in Dimam."
1597:
1557:
1527:
1492:
1471:
1286:. At least thirty-six liver-models have been excavated at
1618:
1606:
1548:
1536:
1480:
1636:
1624:
1621:
1612:
1569:
1560:
1554:
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1507:
1498:
1495:
1486:
1615:
1603:
1545:
1533:
1489:
1477:
1282:
The Assyro-Babylonian tradition was also adopted in
3459:
3391:
3315:
3247:
3088:
2976:
2888:
2850:
2824:
2793:
2752:
2680:
2596:
2575:
2509:
2373:
2081:
2027:l. Starr (1992). "Chapters 1 and 2 of the bārûtu".
1965:Hans Gustav Güterbock, 'Hittite liver models' in:
1600:
1594:
1530:
1524:
1474:
1468:
1798:. Oxford: Oxford University Press USA - OSO, 2019.
1794:Driediger-Murphy, Lindsay G, and Eidinow, Esther.
1819:MacIntosh Turfa, Jean, and Tambe, Ashwini, eds.
1756:Ancient Science Through the Golden Age of Greece
1746:547 II, KBo 9 67, KBo 25, KUB 4 72 (VAT 8320 in
1261:
1235:
27:Person trained to practise a form of divination
1969:(1987), 147–153, reprinted in Hoffner (ed.)
1742:four specimens are known to Güterbock (1987):
2954:
2055:
1187:= "to watch, observe". The Greek ἡπατοσκοπία
1078:
8:
3056:Arruns Tarquinius (son of Tarquin the Proud)
1967:Language, Literature and History (FS Reiner)
1609:
1539:
1483:
1359:In southwest Ethiopia and adjacent area of
1140:The Roman concept is directly derived from
1105:was a person trained to practise a form of
2961:
2947:
2939:
2095:
2062:
2048:
2040:
1085:
1071:
39:
1764:Mantique babylonienne et mantique hittite
593:Anthropological Perspectives on Religion
63:Diagram of the sheep's liver found near
1973:, Assyriological Studies no. 26 (1997).
1685:
1456:
1322:Diagram of the bronze liver of Piacenza
1232:, dated to the 19th or 18th century BC.
1167:= "entrails, intestines" (cognate with
47:
1815:
1813:
1144:, as one of the three branches of the
1901:PhD Diss., Kenyatta University. 2023.
1790:
1788:
1774:
1772:
7:
2021:Figurine of Haruspex, 4th Cent. B.C.
1113:, the inspection of the entrails of
282:Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
1960:Les haruspices dans le monde romain
71:inscriptions on the bronze sheep's
2029:State Archives of Assyria Bulletin
1849:vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 149-180. 2004.
412:Archaeology of religion and ritual
25:
1962:(Bordeaux : Ausonius, 2003).
1796:Ancient Divination and Experience
3634:
3383:English words of Etruscan origin
3257:Battle of Alalia (540 BC–535 BC)
3079:
1590:
1520:
1464:
1267:to and fro, he inquireth of the
3336:Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum
3137:Etruscan names for Greek heroes
1748:Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin
125:Evolutionary origin of religion
3297:Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)
3272:Battle of the Cremera (477 BC)
1948:(Thames and Hudson), pp 46–51.
280:Treatise on the Apparitions of
30:For the genus of beetles, see
1:
1953:American Journal of Philology
730:Traditional African religions
275:Coral Gardens and Their Magic
3302:Battle of Populonia (282 BC)
3127:Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum
1914:59, no. 6 (1957): 1046-1066.
3287:Capture of Fidenae (435 BC)
1250:(Thames and Hudson), p. 51.
1171:= "protruding viscera" and
3695:
3292:Battle of Veii (c. 396 BC)
3282:Battle of Fidenae (437 BC)
3208:Sarcophagus of the Spouses
3051:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
2557:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
2496:
1888:14, no. 2 (2010): 164-167.
1875:73, no. 3 (2003): 427-455.
1762:, citing Alfred Boissier,
1271:, he looketh in the liver.
1210:
1163:are from an archaic word,
29:
3679:Ancient Roman occupations
3632:
3229:Tomb of the Roaring Lions
3077:
3071:Titus Vestricius Spurinna
3036:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
2552:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
2098:
808:Armenian Apostolic Church
3674:Middle Eastern mythology
3426:National Etruscan Museum
3277:Battle of Cumae (474 BC)
2811:Rape of the Sabine Women
1780:Encyclopedia of Religion
1720:New English Bible online
1710:See also: Darshan, Guy,
1099:religion of ancient Rome
700:Native American religion
355:Revitalization movements
210:Sacred–profane dichotomy
49:Anthropology of religion
3446:Tumulus of Montefortini
2816:Battle of Lacus Curtius
2006:Encyclopædia Britannica
1912:American Anthropologist
1897:Karani, Shiyuka Elvis.
1698:Hebrew Bible in English
614:The Journal of Religion
235:Theories about religion
3267:Siege of Rome (508 BC)
3262:Siege of Rome (509 BC)
2503:
2071:Ancient Roman religion
1958:Marie-Laurence Haack,
1750:), for which see also
1731:The Liver tablet 92668
1331:
1323:
1273:
1253:
1233:
660:Alaska Native religion
655:Afro-American religion
250:Veneration of the dead
60:
3177:Monterozzi necropolis
2970:Etruscan civilization
2502:
1329:
1321:
1224:
1211:Further information:
1181:) and from the root
1061:cultural anthropology
680:Chinese folk religion
572:Anthony F. C. Wallace
567:Daniel Martin Varisco
492:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
394:of the Religious Life
59:
3659:Ancient Roman augury
3509:Civita di Bagnoregio
3182:Mythological figures
2696:Interpretatio graeca
1217:Orientalizing period
715:Shamanism in Siberia
562:Edward Burnett Tylor
392:The Elementary Forms
160:Magic (supernatural)
110:Comparative religion
3378:Tyrsenian languages
3307:Roman-Etruscan Wars
3219:Terracotta warriors
2896:Classical mythology
2717:Theology of victory
2562:Kings of Alba Longa
1847:Annales d'Ethiopie,
1175:= "empty gut"; PIE
897:Hindu denominations
838:Ethiopian Orthodoxy
607:The Hibbert Journal
517:Claude Lévi-Strauss
502:Fustel de Coulanges
43:Part of a series on
3421:Monteleone Chariot
3372:Tabula Cortonensis
3152:Haruspex/Extispicy
2991:Villanovan culture
2504:
2000:"Haruspices"
1979:2013-10-29 at the
1821:The Etruscan World
1664:—hence also
1337:Etrusca disciplina
1332:
1324:
1265:shaketh the arrows
1234:
1226:Akkadian language
1147:disciplina Etrusca
1115:sacrificed animals
951:Non-denominational
863:Oriental Orthodoxy
417:Poles in mythology
150:Laying on of hands
61:
3669:Etruscan religion
3646:
3645:
3416:Impasto (pottery)
3167:Liver of Piacenza
3117:Chimera of Arezzo
2936:
2935:
2913:Etruscan religion
2527:Romulus and Remus
2510:Legendary figures
2494:
2493:
2143:Castor and Pollux
1971:Selected Writings
1927:53 (1923): 42-78.
1716:New English Bible
1207:Ancient Near East
1142:Etruscan religion
1117:, especially the
1095:
1094:
883:Russian Orthodoxy
833:Eastern Orthodoxy
482:Arnold van Gennep
401:Purity and Danger
73:Liver of Piacenza
16:(Redirected from
3686:
3638:
3359:Lemnian language
3330:Cippus Perusinus
3249:Military history
3083:
3001:Founding of Rome
2996:Padanian Etruria
2963:
2956:
2949:
2940:
2806:Founding of Rome
2576:Legendary beings
2537:Tullus Hostilius
2374:Abstract deities
2233:Lares Familiares
2096:
2064:
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2002:
1928:
1921:
1915:
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1895:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1869:
1863:
1862:(1977): 189-204.
1856:
1850:
1843:
1837:
1836:(1993): 705-726.
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1461:
1355:Northeast Africa
1292:Hittite language
1284:Hittite religion
1251:
1153:The Latin terms
1087:
1080:
1073:
828:Coptic Orthodoxy
542:Marshall Sahlins
384:Related articles
40:
21:
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3687:
3685:
3684:
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3648:
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3642:
3628:
3455:
3387:
3354:Raetic language
3311:
3243:
3147:Fanum Voltumnae
3142:Tiburtine Sibyl
3132:Etruscan League
3084:
3075:
3046:Servius Tullius
3026:Caelius Vibenna
2972:
2967:
2937:
2932:
2928:Myth and ritual
2923:Greek mythology
2884:
2846:
2842:Pignora imperii
2837:Parabiago Plate
2820:
2789:
2748:
2682:
2676:
2658:Sibylline Books
2592:
2571:
2542:Servius Tullius
2505:
2490:
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1993:
1990:
1985:
1981:Wayback Machine
1937:
1932:
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1886:Nomadic Peoples
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1700:. Mechon-Mamre.
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1413:Kalenjin people
1357:
1313:caput iocineris
1309:caput iocineris
1300:
1257:Book of Ezekiel
1252:
1242:
1219:
1209:
1202:= "to examine".
1091:
1051:
1050:
843:Greek Orthodoxy
823:Catholic Church
639:
638:
627:
626:
587:
586:
577:
576:
552:Stanley Tambiah
507:Clifford Geertz
462:Joseph Campbell
447:Augustin Calmet
442:
441:
440:Major theorists
432:
431:
407:Myth and ritual
393:
386:
385:
376:
375:
281:
265:
264:
255:
254:
205:Sacred language
195:Rite of passage
120:Divine language
85:
84:
75:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3692:
3690:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3651:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3368:
3365:Tabula Capuana
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3102:Apollo of Veii
3098:
3096:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3066:Lars Tolumnius
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2780:Pythagoreanism
2777:
2775:Peripateticism
2772:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:The Golden Ass
2660:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2588:Barnacle goose
2585:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2532:Numa Pompilius
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2079:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2024:
2018:
2012:
1997:, ed. (1911).
1995:Chisholm, Hugh
1989:
1988:External links
1986:
1984:
1983:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:Walter Burkert
1938:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1916:
1903:
1890:
1877:
1864:
1851:
1838:
1825:
1809:
1800:
1784:
1768:
1758:(1952, 1970),
1735:
1723:
1703:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1652:
1582:
1577:, also called
1455:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1356:
1353:
1349:Trajan's Forum
1345:Piacenza Liver
1299:
1296:
1277:British Museum
1244:Walter Burkert
1240:
1208:
1205:
1197:= "liver" and
1121:of sacrificed
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
986:
985:
979:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
932:
931:
925:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
893:
892:
886:
885:
880:
875:
870:
868:Pentecostalism
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
794:
793:
787:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
740:
739:
733:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
651:
650:
648:folk religions
640:
634:
633:
632:
629:
628:
625:
624:
617:
610:
603:
596:
588:
584:
583:
582:
579:
578:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
472:Émile Durkheim
469:
464:
459:
454:
452:Akbar S. Ahmed
449:
443:
439:
438:
437:
434:
433:
430:
429:
427:Elite religion
424:
422:Lived religion
419:
414:
409:
404:
397:
387:
383:
382:
381:
378:
377:
374:
373:
368:
363:
357:
356:
352:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
295:
294:
290:
289:
284:
277:
271:
270:
266:
262:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
86:
83:Basic concepts
82:
81:
80:
77:
76:
62:
52:
51:
45:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3691:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3579:San Giovenale
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3441:Tomb of Orcus
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:Pyrgi Tablets
3347:
3345:
3344:
3343:Liber Linteus
3340:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:Titus Larcius
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:Aulus Vibenna
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2702:Imperial cult
2700:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:and practices
2679:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2631:Metamorphoses
2628:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2547:Ancus Marcius
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2476:Tranquillitas
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:Dii Consentes
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1955:129 : 319-345
1954:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1752:George Sarton
1749:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1460:
1457:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1435:Anthropomancy
1433:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1298:Ancient Italy
1297:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
984:
981:
980:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
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873:Protestantism
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581:
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560:
558:
557:Victor Turner
555:
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548:
547:Melford Spiro
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
532:Roy Rappaport
530:
528:
527:Steven Ozment
525:
523:
522:Robert Marett
520:
518:
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477:Mircea Eliade
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372:
371:Handsome Lake
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42:
41:
36:
34:
19:
3559:Poggio Colla
3451:Vicus Tuscus
3431:Negau helmet
3370:
3363:
3341:
3334:
3206:
3151:
3107:Architecture
3061:Lars Porsena
2832:Gubernaculum
2801:Golden Bough
2770:Neoplatonism
2765:Epicureanism
2694:
2667:
2648:
2629:
2622:
2608:
2113:Anna Perenna
2087:
2032:
2028:
2004:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1935:Bibliography
1924:
1919:
1911:
1906:
1898:
1893:
1885:
1880:
1872:
1867:
1859:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1833:
1828:
1820:
1803:
1795:
1779:
1763:
1755:
1738:
1726:
1706:
1697:
1694:"Ezekiel 21"
1688:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1585:
1578:
1516:
1459:
1416:
1358:
1336:
1333:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1281:
1274:
1262:
1254:
1247:
1236:
1198:
1192:
1189:hēpatoskōpia
1188:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1145:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1110:
1102:
1096:
990:Conservative
858:Nestorianism
791:Christianity
619:
612:
605:
598:
591:
537:Saba Mahmood
512:Robin Horton
497:James Frazer
467:Mary Douglas
399:
390:
287:Neo-Paganism
263:Case studies
230:Superstition
225:Soul dualism
135:Great Spirit
32:
3436:Portonaccio
3411:Etruscology
3011:Tyrrhenians
2906:Persecution
2858:Gallo-Roman
2650:Res divinae
2522:Rhea Silvia
1670:extispicium
1647:haruspicina
1361:South Sudan
1161:haruspicina
1135:hepatomancy
1131:hepatoscopy
917:Vaishnavism
848:Lutheranism
803:Anglicanism
487:René Girard
366:Ghost Dance
245:Transtheism
215:Sacred site
175:Nympholepsy
3664:Divination
3653:Categories
3469:Acquarossa
3393:Archeology
2851:Variations
2753:Philosophy
2732:Capitolium
2639:Propertius
2406:Averruncus
2391:Aeternitas
2381:Abundantia
2310:Proserpina
2015:Haruspices
1680:References
1574:-spih-sees
1517:haruspices
1405:Karamojong
1305:pax deorum
1107:divination
1039:Śvetāmbara
675:Böö mörgöl
457:Talal Asad
361:Cargo cult
190:Polytheism
185:Pilgrimage
170:Monotheism
155:Liminality
145:Initiation
140:Henotheism
115:Divination
105:Communitas
18:Haruspices
3604:Vetulonia
3589:Tarquinia
3564:Populonia
3534:Fescennia
3504:Cerveteri
3461:Key sites
3172:Mezentius
3006:Tyrrhenus
2878:Mithraism
2863:Mysteries
2712:Palladium
2690:Festivals
2466:Securitas
2416:Concordia
2360:Vertumnus
2178:Dīs Pater
2075:mythology
1666:extispicy
1641:-speh-see
1515:, plural
1377:Nyangatom
1111:haruspicy
1034:Digambara
976:Yazdânism
956:Quranists
936:Ahmadiyya
922:Ayyavazhi
853:Methodism
818:Calvinism
798:Adventism
779:Vajrayana
764:Theravada
754:Pure Land
636:Religions
309:Bobohizan
220:Shamanism
130:Fetishism
90:Afterlife
3619:Volterra
3614:Volsinii
3609:Vie Cave
3594:Tuscania
3574:Rusellae
3406:Cuniculi
3401:Bucchero
3325:Alphabet
3317:Language
3202:Religion
3192:Poppilia
3041:Tanaquil
2918:Glossary
2889:See also
2785:Stoicism
2760:Cynicism
2722:Pomerium
2681:Concepts
2663:Apuleius
2583:She-wolf
2567:Hersilia
2486:Victoria
2386:Aequitas
2340:Summanus
2330:Silvanus
2315:Quirinus
2245:Libertas
2208:Hercules
2153:Cloacina
2138:Carmenta
2133:Bona Dea
2108:Angerona
2103:Agenoria
2035:: 45–53.
1977:Archived
1944:, 1992.
1860:Paideuma
1429:See also
1423:Kipsikis
1421:and the
1269:teraphim
1246:, 1992.
1241:—
1191:is from
1156:haruspex
1103:haruspex
1015:Orthodox
1005:Haymanot
946:Mahdavia
912:Smartism
907:Shaktism
902:Shaivism
890:Hinduism
813:Baptists
749:Nichiren
744:Mahayana
737:Buddhism
725:Tengrism
600:Folklore
585:Journals
344:Slametan
304:Babaylan
299:Angakkuq
69:Etruscan
65:Piacenza
35:(beetle)
33:Haruspex
3554:Perusia
3549:Orvieto
3544:Norchia
3539:Fidenae
3529:Falerii
3524:Etruria
3514:Clusium
3489:Bologna
3484:Baratti
3187:Persius
3157:Jewelry
3094:society
3090:Culture
3016:Tarchon
2986:Origins
2978:History
2901:Decline
2825:Objects
2727:Temples
2707:Charity
2441:Laverna
2431:Fortuna
2421:Feronia
2350:Veritas
2320:Salacia
2305:Priapus
2290:Penates
2270:Neptune
2265:Minerva
2260:Mercury
2223:Jupiter
2163:Dea Dia
2128:Bellona
2083:Deities
1766:(1935).
1579:aruspex
1512:-spehks
1445:Auspice
1393:Turkana
1381:Didinga
1288:Hattusa
1259:21:21:
1127:poultry
1109:called
1097:In the
1046:Sikhism
1027:Jainism
1010:Karaite
1000:Hasidic
983:Judaism
878:Quakers
774:Tibetan
769:Tiantai
759:Shingon
695:Kejawèn
621:Oceania
95:Animism
3640:Portal
3479:Aleria
3234:Vegoia
3162:Lausus
2868:Cybele
2794:Events
2742:Celtic
2610:Aeneid
2604:Virgil
2517:Aeneas
2451:Pietas
2436:Fontus
2411:Caelus
2401:Annona
2396:Africa
2365:Vulcan
2325:Saturn
2300:Pomona
2203:Genius
2193:Faunus
2183:Egeria
2123:Aurora
2118:Apollo
1873:Africa
1409:Dodoth
1373:Topsa
1369:Mursi
1341:augury
1213:Bārûtu
1178:*ǵʰer-
1169:hernia
1133:(also
1119:livers
1057:Social
1020:Reform
995:Haredi
966:Sufism
720:Shinto
710:Shindo
705:Noaidi
685:Hanitu
644:Ethnic
339:Pawang
334:Jhākri
293:Ritual
200:Ritual
180:Oracle
100:Augury
3624:Vulci
3584:Spina
3569:Pyrgi
3519:Cumae
3494:Caere
3474:Adria
3239:Vulca
3214:Tages
3197:Raeti
3122:Coins
3031:Capys
2737:Cella
2644:Varro
2624:Fasti
2597:Texts
2481:Terra
2461:Salus
2426:Fides
2355:Vesta
2345:Venus
2295:Pluto
2285:Orcus
2240:Liber
2228:Lares
2213:Janus
2198:Flora
2188:Fauna
2168:Diana
2158:Cupid
2148:Ceres
1760:p. 93
1451:Notes
1440:Augur
1419:Kamba
1397:Konso
1389:Me'en
1385:Murle
1200:skop-
1194:hēpar
1184:spec-
1123:sheep
971:Sunni
941:Ibadi
929:Islam
690:Hausa
665:Anito
324:Dukun
314:Bomoh
269:Magic
240:Totem
67:with
3599:Veii
3499:Ceri
3092:and
2873:Isis
2618:Ovid
2471:Spes
2456:Roma
2255:Mars
2250:Luna
2218:Juno
2173:Dies
2073:and
1668:(L.
1661:exta
1644:(L.
1401:Dime
1365:Suri
1230:Mari
1215:and
1173:hira
1165:hīra
1159:and
1125:and
1101:, a
1059:and
961:Shia
670:Atua
646:and
329:Miko
319:Bora
165:Mana
3112:Art
2446:Pax
2335:Sol
2280:Ops
2275:Nox
1834:Man
1744:CTH
1639:RUH
1637:hə-
1572:RUH
1570:hə-
1510:RUH
1508:hə-
1137:).
784:Zen
3655::
2031:.
2003:.
1812:^
1787:^
1771:^
1754:,
1696:.
1628:iː
1425:.
1411:,
1407:,
1403:,
1399:,
1395:,
1391:,
1387:,
1383:,
1379:,
1375:,
1371:,
1367:,
1351:.
1315:.
1279:.
1150:.
349:Wu
2962:e
2955:t
2948:v
2092:)
2086:(
2063:e
2056:t
2049:v
2033:6
1733:.
1672:)
1650:)
1631:/
1625:s
1622:ˌ
1619:ɪ
1616:p
1613:s
1610:.
1607:ʌ
1604:r
1601:ˈ
1598:ə
1595:h
1592:/
1564:/
1561:z
1558:i
1555:s
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1549:ɪ
1546:p
1543:s
1540:.
1537:ʌ
1534:r
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1522:/
1502:/
1499:s
1496:k
1493:ɛ
1490:p
1487:s
1484:.
1481:ʌ
1478:r
1475:ˈ
1472:ə
1469:h
1466:/
1303:(
1086:e
1079:t
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20:)
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