476:(Romaine, 1994), especially in Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi which holds the largest population of the islands. This is due to capitalism and economic changes on the islands that were implemented by the United States. Furthermore, tourism and technology have made the English language more utilized in Hawaiʻi, which has led to the endangerment of Hawaiian Pidgin. Hawaiian Pidgin was also not taught in public education nor does it have its own writing system. Consequently, Hawaiian Pidgin was thought of as a "low social status" and is only a memory of the plantations that many want to forget. This brought upon racial discrimination to those who spoke the language, which excluded children from school who spoke Hawaiian Pidgin. Even though people were against Hawaiian Pidgin, the language has since been strengthened and supported by young people who honor Hawaiian Pidgin and its origins.
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different purposes and different situations. It is this concept of 'appropriateness' which is a form of prescriptivism; a newer, more subtle form." These
Hawaiian Pidgin advocates believe that by claiming there are only certain, less public contexts in which Hawaiian Pidgin is only appropriate, rather than explicitly stating that Hawaiian Pidgin is lesser than Standard English, masks the issue of refusing to recognize Hawaiian Pidgin as a legitimate language. In contrast, other researchers have found that many believe that, since Hawaiian Pidgin does not have a standardized writing form, it cannot be classified as a language. Many
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their classmates and parents. Living in a community mixed with various cultures led to the daily usage of
Hawaiian Pidgin, which caused the language to expand. It was easier for school children of different ethnic backgrounds to speak Hawaiian Pidgin than to learn another language. Children who grew up learning and speaking this language expanded Hawaiian Pidgin as it was their first language, or mother tongue. For this reason,
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are preferred. Many researchers believe the continued delegitimization of this creole is rooted in the language’s origin story and colonial past, as it was once a plantation language. Therefore, its usage is typically reserved for everyday casual conversations. Studies have proven that children in
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In the 19th and 20th centuries, Hawaiian Pidgin started to be used outside the plantation between ethnic groups. In the 1980s, two educational programs were established which were taught in
Hawaiian Pidgin to help students learn Standard English. Public school children learned Hawaiian Pidgin from
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of
English. "Due to the hegemony of English, a lack of equal status between these two languages can only mean a scenario in which the non-dominant language is relatively marginalized. Marginalization occurs when people hold the commonplace view that HCE and English differ in being appropriate for
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settlers in Hawaiʻi. As there were eventually more immigrant families who brought their children to the plantations, these children learned the language from their parents as well as
English at school. Over time, a new pidgin language developed from all of the different language backgrounds which
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Hawaiian Pidgin was created mainly to provide communication and facilitate cooperation between the foreign laborers and the
English-speaking Americans in order to do business on the plantations. Even today, Hawaiian Pidgin retains some influences from these languages. For example, the word
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These constructions also mimic the grammar of the
Hawaiian language. In Hawaiian, "nani ka pēpē" is literally "beautiful the baby" retaining that specific syntactic form, and is perfectly correct Hawaiian grammar with equivalent meaning in English, "The baby is beautiful."
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preferred
Hawaiian Pidgin, but once they were in grade one and more socially conditioned they preferred Standard English. Hawaiian Pidgin is often criticized in business, educational, family, social, and community situations as it might be construed as rude, crude, or
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As of March 2008, Hawaiian Pidgin has started to become more popular in local television advertisements as well as other media. When
Hawaiian Pidgin is used in advertisements, it is often changed to better fit the targeted audience of the
2756:, a center devoted to pidgin, creole, and dialect studies at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Hawaiʻi. Also home of the Pidgin Coup, a group of academics and community members interested in Hawaiʻi Pidgin related research and education
1311:, a film that depicts the story of a brother and sister duo from Brooklyn who embark on a journey to reconnect with their Hawaiian heritage, this includes learning about Hawaiian Pidgin, as it was integral to their family history.
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Hawaiian Pidgin has distinct pronunciation differences from standard
American English (SAE). Long vowels are not pronounced in Hawaiian Pidgin if the speaker is using Hawaiian loanwords. Some key differences include the following:
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conducted in Hawaiʻi revealed that many people spoke Hawaiian Pidgin as an additional language. As a result of this, the U.S. Census Bureau in 2015 added Hawaiian Pidgin to the list of official languages in the state of Hawaiʻi.
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among some Standard English speakers. However, many tourists find Hawaiian Pidgin appealing – and local travel companies favor those who speak Hawaiian Pidgin and hire them as speakers or customer service agents.
324:– "hard taro language". Hawaiian Pidgin was first recognized as a language by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2015. However, Hawaiian Pidgin is still thought of as lower status than the Hawaiian and English languages.
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of the state of Hawaiʻi, Hawaiian Pidgin is spoken by many residents of Hawaiʻi in everyday conversation and is often used in advertising targeted toward locals in Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaiian language, it is called
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The Pidgin Coup, a group of Hawaiian Pidgin advocates, claims that Hawaiian Pidgin should be classified as a language. The group believes that the only reason it is not considered a language is due to the
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was needed in order for the plantation workers to communicate effectively with each other and their supervisors. Hawaiian Pidgin has been influenced by many different languages, including
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Speidel, G. E.; Tharp, R. G.; Kobayashi, L. (1985). "Is there a comprehension problem for children who speak nonstandard English? A study of children with Hawaiian English backgrounds".
1208:. Other linguists argue that this "standard" form of the language is also a dialect. Based on this definition, a language is primarily the "standard" form of the language, but also an
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Hawaiian Pidgin has distinct grammatical forms not found in SAE, although some of them are shared with other dialectal forms of English or may derive from other linguistic influences.
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In the last few decades, many residents of Hawaiʻi have moved to the US mainland due to economic issues. As a result, thousands of Pidgin speakers can be found in the other 49 states.
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Murphy, Kelley Erin. (2013). Melodies of Hawai'i: The Relationship Between Hawai'i Creole English and 'Olelo Hawai'i Prosody Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations Publishing (NR96756)
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became many of the children's first language. This was the origin of Hawaiian Pidgin, which was used and is still used by many Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian people who live there.
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that Native Hawaiians already used on plantations and elsewhere in Hawaiʻi. Since such sugarcane plantations often hired workers from many different countries, a
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Ohama, Mary Lynn Fiore; Gotay, Carolyn C.; Pagano, Ian S.; Boles, Larry; Craven, Dorothy D. (2000). "Evaluations of Hawaii Creole English and Standard English".
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Murphy, Kelly (2013). Melodies of Hawaiʻi: The relationship between Hawaiʻi Creole English and ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi prosody. University of Calgary PhD dissertation.
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Murphy, Kelly (2013). Melodies of Hawaiʻi: The relationship between Hawaiʻi Creole English and ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi prosody. University of Calgary PhD dissertation.
1204:, as a creole refers to the linguistic form "spoken by the native-born children of pidgin-speaking parents". However, many locals view Hawaiian Pidgin as a
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and demographically stable creole language. It did, however, evolve from various real pidgins spoken as common languages between ethnic groups in Hawaiʻi.
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contains several characters, particularly the surfing gang Da Hui, that speak Hawaiian Pidgin. This leads to humorous misunderstandings between the
619:(this pattern is not found in yes/no question intonation in American English). This particular falling intonation pattern is shared with some other
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Historically, teachers and policymakers have debated whether growing up speaking Hawaiʻi Creole English hinders the learning of Standard English.
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2573:"Pidgin: The Voice of Hawai'i". (2009) Documentary film. Directed by Marlene Booth, produced by Kanalu Young and Marlene Booth. New Day Films.
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397:. As people of other backgrounds were brought in to work on the plantations, Hawaiian Pidgin acquired even more words from languages such as
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Marlow, Mikaela L.; Giles, Howard (2010). "'We won't get ahead speaking like that!' Expressing and managing language criticism in Hawai'i".
311:. An estimated 600,000 residents of Hawaiʻi speak Hawaiian Pidgin natively and 400,000 speak it as a second language. Although English and
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The grammar and vocabulary of Hawaiian Pidgin is largely uniform though there are slight changes depending on the region it’s spoken in.
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between or mix the language with standard English. This has led to a distinction between pure "heavy Pidgin" and mixed "light Pidgin".
1329:; two of the major characters speak predominately in Pidgin and some chapters are narrated in it. The novel also includes examples of
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Grama, James M., (2015). Variation and change in Hawai'i Creole Vowels. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations Publishing (3717176)
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107:
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Speidel, Gisela E. (1981). "Language and reading: bridging the language difference for children who speak Hawaiian English".
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argue for the need to destigmatize Pidgin. One way to do so, linguists argue, includes the use of Pidgin in the classroom.
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protagonist Rick Kane and several Hawaiian locals, including Rick's best friend Turtle, who speaks Hawaiian Pidgin.
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companies in Hawaiʻi produce plays written and performed in Hawaiian Pidgin. The most notable of these companies is
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lists some of those words originally from Japanese. Hawaiian Pidgin has also been influenced to a lesser degree by
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Fishman, Joshua A. (1977). ""Standard" versus "Dialect" in Bilingual Education: An Old Problem in a New Context".
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residents, English speaking residents, and foreign immigrants. It supplanted, and was influenced by, the existing
53:
977:(ficar is literally translated to English as 'to stay', but often used in place of "to be" e.g. "ele fica feliz"
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1998:"African American Vernacular English and Hawai'i Creole English: A Comparison of Two School Board Controversies"
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can also mean "never" as in Standard English usage; context sometimes, but not always, makes the meaning clear.
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1302:), speaks Hawaiian Pidgin. The show frequently displays Hawaiian culture and is filmed at Hawaiʻi locations.
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1463:. Vol. 1: English-based and Dutch-based languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 252–261.
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as the protagonists frequently interact with locals. A recurring character, Kamekona Tupuola (portrayed by
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in questions. In yes/no questions, falling intonation is striking and appears to be a lasting imprint of
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have written poems, short stories, and other works in Hawaiian Pidgin. A Hawaiian Pidgin translation of
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Drager, Katie (2012). Pidgin and Hawai'i English: An Overview Retrieved from E. Journals Publishing
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is also used. The number of Hawaiian Pidgin speakers with rhotic English has also been increasing.
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2017:
1903:
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342:, Hawaiian Pidgin retains a high degree of mutual intelligibility with it compared to some other
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2047:
Hiramoto, Mie (2011). "Consuming the consumers: Semiotics of Hawai'i Creole in advertisements".
1923:"Where the Other Half Live: The Hawaiian Diaspora in the US [Part 1] | Kamamaluula News"
907:) are omitted when referring to inherent qualities of an object or person, forming in essence a
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2009:
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1108:(for) in place of the infinitive particle "to". Cf. dialectal form "Going for carry me home."
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Odo, Carol. (1971). Variation in Hawaiian English: Underlying R. Retrieved from Eric.ed.gov
350:, in part due to its relatively recent emergence. Some speakers of Hawaiian Pidgin tend to
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was used in Hawaiian Pidgin earlier in its history, and may have been dropped in favor of
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2417:, Creole Language Library, vol. 20, John Benjamins Publishing Company, p. 287,
1972:
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is used (see above). This may be influenced by other Pacific creoles, which use the word
457:", which mean "to be" but are used only when referring to a temporary state or location.
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Suein Hwang "Long Dismissed, Hawaii Pidgin Finds A Place in Classroom" (Cover story)
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2447:"Linguist explores if Pidgin speakers have an advantage in learning ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi"
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New pocket Hawaiian dictionary: with a concise grammar and given names in Hawaiian
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International Journal of Language, Translation and Intercultural Communication
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For instance, while standard Pidgin uses “wen” as a past tense verb marker,
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230:
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1948:"Hawaii Isn't The Only Place Where Local-Born People Are Leaving In Droves"
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221:
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2422:
2413:
Romaine, Suzanne (1999), "Changing Attitudes to Hawai'i Creole English",
2371:"Internasjonal engelsk - Languages, Dialects, Pidgins and Creoles - NDLA"
1217:
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He didn't want that. (or) He never wanted that. (or) He didn't like that.
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http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3159
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When the verb "to be" refers to a temporary state or location, the word
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In certain words, the sound /ts/ assimilates to /s/. Examples include:
524:
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1997:
1346:, humorously portray Hawaiian Pidgin through prose and illustrations.
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2743:
2157:
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328:
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Hawaiian Pidgin column written by Tita, alter-ego of Kathy Collins.
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2303:(1985), "Linguistic Inequality in Hawaii: The Post-Creole Dilemma",
2173:
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in Hawaiian Pidgin has a form and use similar to the Hawaiian verb
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2518:
Pidgin Grammar: An Introduction to the Creole Language of Hawaiʻi.
2394:
Hargrove, Ermile; Sakoda, Kent (1999). "The Hegemony of English".
1286:
1135:
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after a vowel is often omitted, similar to many dialects, such as
369:
in 1835 as a form of communication used between Hawaiian speaking
2158:"Who You Tink You, Talkin Propah? Hawaiian Pidgin Demarginalised"
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The language is highly stigmatized in formal settings, for which
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1010:
434:
273:
There is a video of Hawaiian Pidgin English on this news report
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2805:
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The Charlene Sato Center for Pidgin, Creole and Dialect Studies
1623:
Pidgin Grammar An Introduction to the Creole English of Hawai'i
1973:"Hawaiian Creole Language - Dialects & Structure - MustGo"
1212:
used to encapsulate the "inferior" dialects of that language.
36:
2764:
2726:
1524:, Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
519:
are pronounced as or respectively—that is, changed from a
3116:(Franch Guiana and Suriname; English and Portuguese based)
1757:"Eye of Hawaii – Pidgin, The Unofficial Language of Hawaii"
1325:
employs it extensively in his semi-autobiographical novel
2472:"Theater Review: 'Twelf Nite' a New Twist on Shakespeare"
1305:
Another film that features Hawaiian Pidgin is Netflix’s
541:
becomes . An example is "Broke da mout" (tasted good).
2238:
Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development
1522:
Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online
1081:
To express past tense negative, Hawaiian Pidgin uses
923:
construction of English and other Western languages.)
1848:
1265:, titled in Hawaiian Pidgin "twelf nite o' WATEVA!"
958:, to denote a temporary state or location. In fact,
3231:
3157:
3035:
3028:
2968:
2887:
2860:
2839:
2744:Pidgins and Creoles in Education (PACE) Newsletter
1825:"Talking Story about Pidgin : What is Pidgin?"
338:Although not completely mutually intelligible with
262:
244:
228:
212:
207:
177:
165:
151:
141:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1292:Hawaiian Pidgin has occasionally been featured on
919:languages use stative verbs instead of the copula-
2749:e-Hawaii.com Searchable Pidgin English Dictionary
1446:
1444:
1061:common in informal varieties of American English.
2662:. Lonely Planet Publications. pp. 262–266.
1076:God is going to do a lot of good things for him.
446:
1876:"Hawai'i Creole English as a literary language"
1711:"Substrate influence in Hawai'i Creole English"
1652:www.mauinokaoimag.com – Maui nō ka ʻoi Magazine
1321:uses Hawaiʻi Pidgin in the title of the novel.
2611:Hargrove, Ermile; Sakoda, Kent; Siegel, Jeff.
2580:, August 2005, retrieved on November 18, 2014.
1823:Department of Second Language Studies (2010).
1567:Pukui, Mary Kawena; Elbert, Samuel H. (1991).
1428:
1426:
1424:
1233:In recent years, writers from Hawaiʻi such as
1053:To express future tense, Hawaiian Pidgin uses
903:Generally, forms of English "to be" (i.e. the
440:
2946:
2817:
2760:Position Paper on Pidgin by the "Pidgin Coup"
2502:(2000). Orlando: Wycliffe Bible Translators.
2156:Marlow, Mikaela; Giles, Howard (2008-12-01).
452:
8:
2642:http://www.to-hawaii.com/hawaiian-pidgin.php
2598:http://www.eyeofhawaii.com/Pidgin/pidgin.htm
2280:"Hawaiian pidgin – Hawaiʻi's third language"
1704:
1702:
1435:"Toward a writing system for Hawaiʻi Creole"
1021:To express past tense, Hawaiian Pidgin uses
472:Hawaiian Pidgin is said to have since been
465:generally consider Hawaiian Pidgin to be a
327:Despite its name, Hawaiian Pidgin is not a
3032:
2953:
2939:
2931:
2824:
2810:
2802:
2658:Sally Stewart (2001). "Hawaiian English".
2008:(1/2). Journal of Negro Education: 17–30.
1067:God goin do plenny good kine stuff fo him.
138:
2212:
2197:"Pidgin and Hawai'i English: An overview"
1782:Journal of Language and Social Psychology
1481:– via Google Books partial preview.
1461:The Survey of Pidgin and Creole Languages
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2632:Emergence of Pidgin and Creole Languages
1646:Collins, Kathy (January–February 2008).
1571:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii press.
883:
776:
657:
551:is often pronounced or . For instance,
2516:Sakoda, Kent & Jeff Siegel (2003).
2415:Creole Genesis, Attitudes and Discourse
1399:
1138:speakers are more likely to use “had”.
2396:Journal of Hawai'i Literature and Arts
2131:"The great Big Island ice shave crawl"
2049:Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages
2042:
2040:
2038:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
915:order may be used for emphasis. (Many
259:
27:English-based creole spoken in Hawaiʻi
2590:2014, retrieved on November 18, 2014.
2578:Wall Street Journal – Eastern Edition
2088:
2086:
1775:
1773:
1251:) has also been created, in 2020, by
7:
1616:
1614:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
2634:(Oxford University Press, 2008), 3.
2162:Journal of Multicultural Discourses
652:African-American Vernacular English
2470:F. Kathleen Foley (May 31, 1995).
2349:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1977.tb05146.x
1849:Hargrove, Sakoda & Siegel 2017
1518:"Hawaiʻi Creole structure dataset"
25:
3348:Languages attested from the 1830s
3333:English-based pidgins and creoles
2596:Pidgin, The Unofficial Language,
2535:Simonson, Douglas et al. (1981).
2445:Hiraishi, Kuʻuwehi (2024-03-28).
1599:from the original on 9 March 2015
2913:
2912:
2793:Hawaii Creole English recordings
2727:"Hawaii Pidgin Bible Ministries"
2307:, De Gruyter, pp. 255–272,
2129:Laitinen, Denise (May 8, 2019).
1831:. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
1366:
1200:categorize Hawaiian Pidgin as a
888:Inscription in Hawaiian Pidgin (
650:. This feature is also found in
268:
41:
2644:retrieved on November 18, 2014.
2607:retrieved on November 18, 2014.
1262:Twelfth Night, or What You Will
52:needs additional citations for
2962:English-based creole languages
2731:Hawaii Pidgin Bible Ministries
2002:The Journal of Negro Education
1229:Literature and performing arts
362:Hawaiian Pidgin originated on
1:
3102:(French Guiana and Suriname)
2787:"Liddo Bitta Tita" audio file
1255:, Inc. Also an adaptation of
987:Da book stay on top da table.
331:, but rather a full-fledged,
3108:(French Guiana and Suriname)
2895:American Sign Language (ASL)
2660:Lonely Planet USA Phrasebook
2195:Drager, Katie (2012-01-01).
899:Forms used for SAE "to be":
611:Hawaiian Pidgin has falling
484:A five-year survey that the
418:Japanese loanwords in Hawaii
2900:Hawaiʻi Sign Language (HSL)
2783:Vol.12 No.1 (January 2008).
2617:Language Varieties Web Site
2337:The Modern Language Journal
1794:10.1177/0261927x00019003005
1625:. Bess Press. p. 108.
1542:"Hawaii State Constitution"
1516:Velupillai, Viveka (2013),
1451:Velupillai, Viveka (2013).
1319:All I asking for is my body
3364:
1996:Tamura, Eileen H. (2002).
1387:Maritime Polynesian Pidgin
1344:Pidgin to Da Max: Hana Hou
1253:Wycliffe Bible Translators
1057:(going), derived from the
781:
29:
2908:
2704:10.1017/S0142716400006020
2692:Applied Psycholinguistics
2451:Hawai'i Public Radio
2313:10.1515/9783110857320.255
2250:10.1080/01434630903582714
1892:10.1017/s0047404500018182
1874:Romaine, Suzanne (1994).
1727:10.1017/s0047404500002025
1162:being “ice shave” on the
991:The book is on the table.
662:
340:Standard American English
267:
146:
2679:Educational Perspectives
2613:"Hawai'i Creole English"
1686:"Hawai'i Creole English"
1457:Michaelis, Susanne Maria
30:Not to be confused with
2780:Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine
2765:Da Hawaiʻi Pidgin Bible
2619:. University of Hawai'i
2061:10.1075/jpcl.26.2.02hir
1621:Sakoda; Siegel (2003).
1417:(subscription required)
480:Demographics and status
441:
435:
3213:San Andrés–Providencia
2554:Tonouchi, Lee (2001).
2305:Language of Inequality
1433:Sasaoka, Kyle (2019).
1248:Da Good an Spesho Book
966:due to influence from
893:
558:is often pronounced ;
527:(stop). For instance,
453:
447:
289:Hawaiʻi Creole English
147:Hawaiʻi Creole English
3302:Torres Strait Islands
1709:SIEGEL, JEFF (2000).
1029:form of the modified
887:
795:Postalveolar/Palatal
344:English-based creoles
3343:Languages of Oceania
3239:Australian Aborginal
3232:Asia and the Pacific
3081:Afro-Seminole Creole
2640:Hawaii Travel Guide
2423:10.1075/cll.20.20rom
1654:. Wailuku, HI, USA.
1122:I'm trying to think.
911:form. Additionally,
880:Grammatical features
782:Pulmonic consonants
592:is often pronounced
61:improve this article
3338:Languages of Hawaii
3043:Antigua and Barbuda
3019:(Equatorial Guinea)
2833:Languages of Hawaii
2137:. Honolulu Magazine
1952:Honolulu Civil Beat
1880:Language in Society
1715:Language in Society
1257:William Shakespeare
1158:Another example is
1149:She wen go awready.
1143:She had go awready.
997:Da watah stay cold.
778:
659:
575:Eastern New England
565:Hawaiian Pidgin is
295:, known locally as
173:400,000 L2 speakers
171:600,000 (2015)
3276:(Papua New Guinea)
2840:Official languages
2795:available through
2775:"Liddo Bitta Tita"
2603:2018-10-28 at the
2214:10.12681/ijltic.10
1829:www.sls.hawaii.edu
1648:"Da Muddah Tongue"
1274:Kumu Kahua Theater
1127:Regional varieties
1025:(went) before the
1001:The water is cold.
894:
777:
658:
631:(Murphy, K. 2013).
579:Australian English
486:U.S. Census Bureau
445:, Portuguese verb
317:official languages
3310:
3309:
3270:(Solomon Islands)
3227:
3226:
2928:
2927:
2669:978-1-86450-182-7
2586:Digital History,
2537:Pidgin to da Max.
2476:Los Angeles Times
2301:Sato, Charlene J.
1578:978-0-8248-1392-5
1470:978-0-19-969140-1
1415:(18th ed., 2015)
1323:R. Zamora Linmark
1237:, Joe Balaz, and
1235:Lois-Ann Yamanaka
1180:Hawaiian language
1154:She went already.
1095:He neva like dat.
937:The baby is cute.
913:inverted sentence
877:
876:
744:
743:
621:Oceanic languages
282:
281:
258:
257:
137:
136:
129:
111:
76:"Hawaiian Pidgin"
16:(Redirected from
3355:
3282:Ngatikese Creole
3219:Turks and Caicos
3077:(United States)
3033:
2981:Aku (The Gambia)
2955:
2948:
2941:
2932:
2916:
2915:
2866:Creole languages
2826:
2819:
2812:
2803:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2715:
2686:
2673:
2638:Hawaiian Pidgin,
2627:
2625:
2624:
2584:Digital History,
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2216:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2044:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1925:. Archived from
1918:
1912:
1911:
1871:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1662:. Archived from
1643:
1637:
1636:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1593:"Hawai'i Pidgin"
1589:
1583:
1582:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1544:. Archived from
1538:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1453:"Hawaiʻi Creole"
1448:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1419:
1418:
1404:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1339:Pidgin to Da Max
1176:American English
1170:Sociolinguistics
1114:I tryin fo tink.
933:Cute, da behbeh.
779:
773:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
753:
749:
746:Others include:
737:
730:
718:
711:
706:
694:
685:
660:
588:. For instance,
557:
540:
533:
518:
514:
456:
450:
444:
438:
391:American English
272:
271:
260:
254:
240:
224:
217:
183:
139:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3323:Hawaiian Pidgin
3313:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3249:Hawaiian Pidgin
3223:
3191:Limonese Creole
3180:Jamaican Patois
3175:Jamaican Maroon
3153:
3083:(United States)
3024:
2978:(Sierra Leone)
2964:
2959:
2929:
2924:
2904:
2883:
2879:Pidgin Hawaiian
2874:Hawaiian Pidgin
2856:
2835:
2830:
2735:
2733:
2725:
2722:
2689:
2676:
2670:
2657:
2651:
2649:Further reading
2622:
2620:
2610:
2605:Wayback Machine
2496:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2455:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2379:
2377:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2174:10.2167/md060.0
2155:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2046:
2045:
2036:
2026:
2024:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1930:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1873:
1872:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1834:
1832:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1666:on June 5, 2013
1645:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1620:
1619:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1525:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1499:
1493:"Hawaii Pidgin"
1491:
1490:
1486:
1471:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1432:
1431:
1422:
1416:
1407:Hawaiian Pidgin
1405:
1401:
1396:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1327:Rolling the R's
1315:Milton Murayama
1231:
1172:
1129:
1071:"Da Jesus Book"
1059:going-to future
1043:"Da Jesus Book"
1015:auxiliary verbs
929:Da behbeh cute.
882:
728:
716:
704:
692:
683:
583:British English
562:is pronounced .
501:
482:
467:creole language
379:common language
371:Native Hawaiian
360:
348:Jamaican Patois
322:ʻōlelo paʻi ʻai
305:creole language
285:Hawaiian Pidgin
269:
250:
236:
220:
213:
203:
197:Hawaiian Pidgin
184:
181:Language family
179:
172:
168:
167:Native speakers
142:Hawaiian Pidgin
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
32:Pidgin Hawaiian
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3361:
3359:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3328:Hawaii culture
3325:
3315:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3185:Bocas del Toro
3177:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3149:Virgin Islands
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3097:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3039:
3037:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2888:Sign languages
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2791:Collection of
2789:
2784:
2772:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2721:
2720:External links
2718:
2717:
2716:
2687:
2674:
2668:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2635:
2628:
2608:
2594:Eye of Hawaii,
2591:
2581:
2574:
2571:
2552:
2533:
2514:
2511:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2462:
2437:
2431:
2405:
2386:
2362:
2343:(7): 315–325.
2327:
2321:
2292:
2271:
2244:(3): 237–251.
2228:
2187:
2148:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2082:
2055:(2): 247–275.
2034:
1988:
1964:
1939:
1913:
1886:(4): 527–554.
1853:
1841:
1815:
1788:(3): 357–377.
1769:
1748:
1721:(2): 197–236.
1698:
1677:
1638:
1631:
1610:
1584:
1577:
1559:
1548:on 5 July 2007
1533:
1508:
1484:
1469:
1440:
1420:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1361:
1358:
1308:Finding ‘Ohana
1279:The 1987 film
1230:
1227:
1190:broken English
1171:
1168:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1118:I try fo tink.
1110:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1063:
1062:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1039:Jesus wen cry.
1035:
1034:
1017:are employed:
1003:
1002:
999:
993:
992:
989:
983:
982:
939:
938:
935:
925:
924:
890:Gospel of Mark
881:
878:
875:
874:
872:
869:
866:
863:
861:
857:
856:
854:
852:
849:
846:
843:
839:
838:
836:
834:
832:
829:
826:
822:
821:
818:
815:
813:
810:
807:
803:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
783:
742:
741:
738:
733:
731:
723:
722:
719:
712:
707:
699:
698:
695:
688:
686:
678:
677:
675:
672:
669:
665:
664:
656:
655:
632:
609:
600:is pronounced
563:
545:L-vocalization
542:
534:becomes , and
500:
497:
481:
478:
359:
356:
287:(alternately,
280:
279:
265:
264:
263:External audio
256:
255:
248:
242:
241:
234:
226:
225:
218:
210:
209:
208:Language codes
205:
204:
202:
201:
200:
199:
189:English Creole
187:
185:
178:
175:
174:
169:
166:
163:
162:
153:
152:Native to
149:
148:
144:
143:
135:
134:
117:September 2024
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3360:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:Bonin Islands
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:Miskito Coast
3197:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:Saint Vincent
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2921:
2920:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2769:Da Jesus Book
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:Jeff Siegel,
2629:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:0-910043-61-2
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2549:0-935848-41-X
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2530:1-57306-169-7
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2508:0-938978-21-7
2505:
2501:
2500:Da Jesus Book
2498:
2497:
2493:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2432:9789027252425
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2387:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2322:9783110857320
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2136:
2135:Frolic Hawaii
2132:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1929:on 2020-10-16
1928:
1924:
1921:kamamaluula.
1917:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1632:9781573061698
1628:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1498:
1494:
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547:: Word-final
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72:Find sources:
66:
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56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
18:Hawaii Pidgin
3284:(Micronesia)
3248:
3201:(Nicaragua)
3193:(Costa Rica)
3128:Sranan Tongo
2917:
2873:
2797:Kaipuleohone
2778:
2768:
2734:. Retrieved
2730:
2698:(1): 83–96.
2695:
2691:
2682:
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2659:
2637:
2631:
2621:. Retrieved
2616:
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2577:
2560:Bamboo Ridge
2555:
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2499:
2479:. Retrieved
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2465:
2454:. Retrieved
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2378:. Retrieved
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2283:. Retrieved
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2161:
2151:
2139:. Retrieved
2134:
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2115:
2106:
2097:
2052:
2048:
2025:. Retrieved
2005:
2001:
1991:
1980:. Retrieved
1976:
1967:
1956:. Retrieved
1954:. 2020-02-21
1951:
1942:
1931:. Retrieved
1927:the original
1916:
1883:
1879:
1844:
1833:. Retrieved
1828:
1818:
1785:
1781:
1760:. Retrieved
1751:
1718:
1714:
1689:. Retrieved
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1664:the original
1651:
1641:
1622:
1601:. Retrieved
1587:
1568:
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1546:the original
1536:
1526:, retrieved
1521:
1511:
1500:. Retrieved
1496:
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1410:
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1351:
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1318:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1300:Taylor Wiley
1293:
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1246:
1239:Lee Tonouchi
1232:
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1185:kindergarten
1173:
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1113:
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1094:
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1082:
1073:, Mark 11:9)
1066:
1054:
1048:Jesus cried.
1038:
1022:
1009:-marking of
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909:stative verb
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860:Approximant
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623:, including
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426:Puerto Rican
416:The article
415:
361:
337:
326:
321:
315:are the two
296:
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288:
284:
283:
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246:Linguasphere
229:
196:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3207:(Nicaragua)
3058:Saint Kitts
2992:West Africa
2481:29 December
2285:20 November
1762:20 November
1691:20 November
1670:October 18,
1336:Two books,
1282:North Shore
979:he is happy
606:Intrusive r
569:. That is,
509:Th-stopping
474:decreolized
451:or Spanish
367:plantations
352:code switch
158:(Hawaiʻi),
3317:Categories
3258:Melanesia
3215:(Colombia)
3130:(Suriname)
3122:(Suriname)
3114:Saramaccan
3096:(Suriname)
3053:Montserrat
3017:Pichinglis
2736:2022-03-05
2623:2017-03-29
2558:Honolulu:
2541:Bess Press
2539:Honolulu:
2522:Bess Press
2520:Honolulu:
2494:References
2456:2024-06-28
2380:2019-01-06
2027:October 8,
1982:2020-09-29
1977:MustGo.com
1958:2020-09-29
1933:2020-09-29
1835:2017-04-11
1528:2021-08-20
1502:2018-06-25
1497:Ethnologue
1412:Ethnologue
1164:Big Island
1151:(Standard)
1027:infinitive
968:Portuguese
917:East Asian
842:Fricative
613:intonation
567:non-rhotic
424:spoken by
383:Portuguese
346:, such as
307:spoken in
87:newspapers
3297:Singapore
3274:Tok Pisin
3264:(Vanuatu)
3029:Caribbean
2712:145672793
2357:0026-7902
2266:143736270
2258:0143-4632
2223:2241-7214
2207:: 61–73.
2182:1744-7143
2168:(1): 53.
2069:0920-9034
2014:0022-2984
1908:146533372
1900:0047-4045
1810:145229460
1802:0261-927X
1743:145349103
1735:0047-4045
1660:226379163
1603:2 October
1552:2 October
1479:813856184
1394:Citations
1353:kamaʻāina
1317:'s novel
1243:The Bible
1223:linguists
1198:linguists
1160:shave ice
1085:(never).
921:adjective
792:Alveolar
646:becoming
638:becoming
521:fricative
499:Phonology
463:linguists
395:Cantonese
364:sugarcane
333:nativized
252:52-ABB-dc
231:Glottolog
215:ISO 639-3
3288:Pitcairn
3254:Malaysia
3205:Rama Cay
3187:(Panama)
3139:Trinidad
3065:Barbados
3048:Anguilla
2997:Cameroon
2919:Category
2847:Hawaiian
2685:: 23–30.
2601:Archived
2556:Da Word.
2402:: 48–68.
2077:73520627
1597:Archived
1360:See also
1268:Several
1245:(called
1218:hegemony
801:Glottal
671:Central
617:Hawaiian
586:variants
556:/mɛntəl/
407:Okinawan
399:Japanese
387:Hawaiian
313:Hawaiian
299:) is an
238:hawa1247
3292:Norfolk
3262:Bislama
3165:Bahamas
3158:Western
3120:Matawai
3070:Grenada
3036:Eastern
3012:Nigeria
3007:Liberia
2862:Pidgins
2852:English
2562:Press.
2375:ndla.no
2022:3211222
1459:(ed.).
1382:Da kine
1331:Taglish
1270:theater
1206:dialect
1178:or the
1145:(Kauai)
1104:Use of
954:, from
892:1:9-11)
789:Labial
663:Vowels
525:plosive
422:Spanish
403:Ilocano
358:History
309:Hawaiʻi
303:-based
301:English
193:Pacific
101:scholar
3170:Belize
3134:Tobago
3100:Ndyuka
3094:Kwinti
3089:Guyana
3075:Gullah
2987:Merico
2969:Africa
2771:above)
2710:
2666:
2566:
2547:
2528:
2506:
2429:
2355:
2319:
2264:
2256:
2221:
2180:
2141:8 July
2075:
2067:
2020:
2012:
1906:
1898:
1808:
1800:
1741:
1733:
1658:
1629:
1575:
1477:
1467:
1202:creole
905:copula
851:tʃ dʒ
825:Nasal
798:Velar
668:Front
636:what's
629:Samoan
625:Fijian
598:letter
596:, and
581:, and
560:people
553:mental
532:/θiŋk/
411:Korean
393:, and
375:pidgin
329:pidgin
297:Pidgin
156:Hawaii
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3268:Pijin
3106:Aluku
3002:Ghana
2767:(see
2708:S2CID
2262:S2CID
2073:S2CID
2018:JSTOR
1904:S2CID
1806:S2CID
1739:S2CID
1455:. In
1287:haole
1196:Most
1136:Kauai
1116:(or)
1007:tense
975:ficar
971:estar
931:(or)
806:Stop
762:/öɪ̠/
756:/aɔ̠/
752:/ʉu̠/
697:High
674:Back
602:letta
539:/ðæt/
529:think
523:to a
454:estar
448:ficar
108:JSTOR
94:books
2976:Krio
2864:and
2664:ISBN
2564:ISBN
2545:ISBN
2526:ISBN
2504:ISBN
2483:2015
2427:ISBN
2353:ISSN
2317:ISBN
2287:2014
2254:ISSN
2219:ISSN
2178:ISSN
2143:2024
2065:ISSN
2029:2021
2010:ISSN
1896:ISSN
1798:ISSN
1764:2014
1731:ISSN
1693:2014
1672:2012
1656:OCLC
1627:ISBN
1605:2017
1573:ISBN
1554:2017
1475:OCLC
1465:ISBN
1342:and
1087:Neva
1083:neva
1055:goin
1031:verb
1011:verb
1005:For
964:stay
960:stop
956:stop
952:stap
948:stay
865:ɹ l
848:s z
845:f v
817:k g
812:t d
809:p b
772:/ju/
770:and
768:/ɔi/
765:/ɑu/
759:/aɪ/
740:Low
721:Mid
644:it's
642:and
640:wass
627:and
536:that
515:and
442:noho
436:stay
409:and
276:HERE
80:news
2700:doi
2419:doi
2345:doi
2309:doi
2246:doi
2209:doi
2170:doi
2057:doi
1888:doi
1790:doi
1723:doi
1409:at
1259:'s
1023:wen
973:or
748:/ü/
648:iss
594:cah
590:car
517:/ð/
513:/θ/
293:HCE
291:or
222:hwc
63:by
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