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to purchase land at the location. The Duluth
Audubon Society then donated the funds to the city of Duluth's parks and recreation department which purchased 135 acres at the highest part of the ridge. This land and an additional 200 acres became the Hawk Ridge Nature Reserve. Duluth Audubon and the
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on one side and the coastline on the other, the raptors are funneled south until close to Duluth. Here, at Hawk Ridge, the concentration of migratory birds crosses the ridge and continue their migration.
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to conduct research there, pronounced it "one of the great hawk flyways of the world". Twenty-thousand birdwatchers visit Hawk Ridge each year to view the migration. It is an important site for
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The area was originally frequented by hunters. "Hawk hill", as it was known, was a favorite location for shooting birds of prey. However, because the site was within the city limits of
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The concentration of migratory raptors makes Hawk Ridge a valuable site for conducting ornithological research. Hofslund and the Duluth Bird Club began annual bird counts in 1951.
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is a natural barrier for migratory birds of prey coming south from Canada. Rather than cross the lake, birds of prey follow the coast south. Between the bluffs of the
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started in 1972 and has taken place every year since. From 1972 to 2009, researchers and volunteers banded 99,505 raptors; the most numerous raptors banded are
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Hofslund and the Duluth Bird Club helped to popularize the location as a site for bird watching. In 1972 the Duluth
Audubon Society received a loan from the
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Evans, David L.; Niemi, Gerald J.; Etterson, Matthew A. (2012). "Autumn Raptor
Banding at Hawk Ridge, Duluth, Minnesota U.S.A., 1972–2009: An Overview".
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The Duluth
Complex and Lake Superior. Hawk Ridge's location at the southwestern end of both create the unique conditions for raptor spotting.
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The use of terrestrial and airspace habitat by migratory land birds during autumn migration along a coastal ecological barrier
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describes Hawk Ridge as "one of the premier sites in North
America". P. B. Hofslund, one of the first
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city of Duluth created a nonprofit trust to manage the reserve, the Hawk Ridge Bird
Observatory.
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Hofslund, P. B. (1966). "Hawk
Migration over the Western Tip of Lake Superior".
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is a nature reserve and bird observatory renowned for its autumnal
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365:(Thesis) – via University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy.
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335:"Mission & History: Hawk Ridge Bird Observatory"
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459:Hawk Ridge, City of Duluth Parks and Recreation
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378:"Outdoors; Southward Stream of Birds of Prey"
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301:Erickson, Laura & Bowen, Betsy (2012).
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479:Birdwatching sites in the United States
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303:Hawk Ridge: Minnesota's Birds of Prey
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16:Hawk watching sanctuary in Minnesota
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359:Peterson, Anna Christine (2013).
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231:"Hawk Ridge Nature Reserve IBA"
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484:Geography of Duluth, Minnesota
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474:Nature reserves in Minnesota
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417:Journal of Raptor Research
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170:Ornithological research
454:Hawk Ridge Observatory
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68:46.84750°N 92.03111°W
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33:View from Hawk Ridge
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263:The Wilson Bulletin
192:sharp-shinned hawks
73:46.84750; -92.03111
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382:The New York Times
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180:sharp-shinned hawk
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139:Nature Conservancy
339:www.hawkridge.org
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47:Coordinates
468:Categories
214:References
122:research.
104:Hawk Ridge
59:92°01′52″W
56:46°50′51″N
22:Hawk Ridge
437:0892-1016
390:0362-4331
321:818115450
275:0043-5643
146:Geography
202:See also
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235:Audubon
188:Banding
126:History
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208:Flyway
132:Duluth
108:raptor
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279:JSTOR
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317:OCLC
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