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management may strive to lower costs, but the aim of the one is thereby to maximize income and of the other to maximize the results of expenditure". Kyrk argued that specialized machinery and labor that could be utilized to full capacity under centralized management would lead to gradual shift away from household production. She maintained that household production was the result of societal norms and not clearly distinguishable from consumption. The production of food or entertainment in a household took place so "that we may live as we desire".
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had identified in upper-class households was not productive. Kyrk critiqued household production, arguing that it could not be efficient in a business sense, given the fixed overhead costs and the dispersion of tasks in a typical homemaker's day. She concluded that "household management like business
447:. She estimated that in 1930 there were approximately 49 million people in the United States with a "gainful occupation" and about 25.5 million homemakers. Kyrk tried to define household production, arguing that the
423:. In the 1920s and 1930s this theoretical approach to explaining consumption by establishing the accepted standard of living was widely adopted. Kyrk's central theoretical argument was further developed by
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and formulated a "standard family budget" as economic indicator to measure the economic health of US families. The standard family budget also served as the basis for
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329:. It established consumer patterns in five different regions, each subdivided into urban, village, and farm divisions. The study determined the
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Kyrk argued that patterns of consumption behavior are determined largely by norms of the "appropriate and necessary" or by a socially defined "
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and remained there until her retirement in 1952. At the
University of Chicago she first held a joint appointment as associate professor in the
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368:. As chair of the technical advisory Kyrk also worked on the revisions of the consumer price index to reflect post-war inflation.
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and the economics departments. She was promoted to full professor in 1941. She broadened the economics curriculum to include
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379:. In 1953 Ohio Wesleyan University honoured her with the degree of doctor of humane letters. Hazel Kyrk died in 1957
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from 1904 to 1906. To supplement her father's meager income she worked as a housekeeper to the economics professor
191:. She resumed the work on her doctoral dissertation and employment with Oberlin College after the war had ended.
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and
Marshall moved there in 1906. Kyrk moved as well to continue her studies at university. In 1910 she earned a
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408:, she argued, it was necessary to take into account these norms and determine their influence on valuation and
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topics. Under her influence the
University of Chicago became noted as the premier university for the study of
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348:. She argued for better standards in consumer goods and urged a slower rate of price decontrol during
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Summer School for
Working Women between 1922 and 1925. Kyrk also served on the board of the Chicago
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198:, Kyrk earned her economics Ph.D. in 1920. Kyrk's dissertation was published 1923 under the title
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Kyrk' academic interest in working women was informed by a teaching position she held at the
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412:. Kyrk maintained that changes in these norms impact on consumption. Kyrk concluded that
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in 1918 Kyrk moved to London to work as a statistician at the
American Division of the
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with economics and analyzed the impact of regulated consumption in wartime
England.
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In 1923 Kyrk found employment as an economist at the Food
Research Institute at
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352:. Between 1945 and 1946 Kyrk chaired the technical advisory committee for the
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In 1943 Kyrk was appointed as chair of the
Consumer Advisory Committee to the
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325:. The study became accepted as economic barometer and a reference point for
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302:. A revised version of the book was published in 1953 under the title
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In 1952 Kyrk retired from the
University of Chicago and moved to
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337:, which has become one of the most widely accepted measures of
258:. Among others, she supervised the doctoral dissertation of
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has become of classic interpretation of the social basis of
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could not adequately explain consumption and developed an
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in Ohio while continuing her doctoral studies. When the
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in economics. In 1914 she held a teaching position at
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686:Controversies in Tax Law: A Matter of Perspective
661:Controversies in Tax Law: A Matter of Perspective
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375:She finished writing and published the textbook
163:in economics. After working as an instructor at
317:between 1938 and 1941. Kyrk contributed to the
276:In the 1920s Kyrk became a contributor to the
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634:James Cicarelli; Julianne Cicarelli (2003).
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564:James Cicarelli; Julianne Cicarelli (2003).
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286:. In the latter she published an article on
638:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 103.
568:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 102.
528:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 101.
473:The Economic Problems of the Family' (1929)
309:Kyrk served as principal economist in the
171:she returned to Chicago to work towards a
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608:Notable American Women: The Modern Period
143:in schools for three years. She attended
124:and was the only child of Elmer Kyrk, a
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360:and informed subsequent definitions of
311:United States Department of Agriculture
228:The American Baking Industry, 1849-1923
321:, the bureau's comprehensive consumer
478:The Consumer and the Marketing System
7:
151:while attending the university. The
202:. Kyrk fused the emerging field of
500:The Family in the American Economy
377:The Family in the American Economy
304:The Family in the American Economy
230:. In 1933 she became professor at
194:With a dissertation supervised by
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735:People from Delaware County, Ohio
189:Allied Maritime Transport Council
745:20th-century American economists
441:Economic Problems of the Family
300:Economic Problems of the Family
120:Hazel Kyrk was born in 1886 in
636:Distinguished Women Economists
566:Distinguished Women Economists
526:Distinguished Women Economists
346:Office of Price Administration
290:. In 1940 she co-authored the
1:
485:Family Housing and Facilities
740:University of Chicago alumni
443:Kyrk considered the work of
104:(1886–1957) was an American
750:20th-century American women
684:Anthony C. Infanti (2003).
659:Anthony C. Infanti (2003).
296:Food Buying and Our Markets
234:. In 1925 she moved to the
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354:Bureau of Labor Statistics
271:Women's Trade Union League
730:American women economists
688:. Routledge. p. 19.
663:. Routledge. p. 18.
278:Journal of Home Economics
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429:Jessica Blanche Peixotto
315:Bureau of Home Economics
298:. In 1933 she published
283:American Economic Review
155:had become a hotbed for
145:Ohio Wesleyan University
116:Early life and education
466:A Theory of Consumption
449:conspicuous consumption
414:marginal utility theory
398:A Theory of Consumption
319:Consumer Purchase Study
208:A Theory of Consumption
200:A Theory of Consumption
421:rational choice theory
226:where she co-authored
236:University of Chicago
232:Iowa State University
153:University of Chicago
149:Leon Carroll Marshall
80:University of Chicago
725:Economists from Ohio
435:Household production
358:income-tax exemption
335:consumer price index
331:cost-of-living index
327:workforce management
602:Nelson, Elizabeth.
381:West Dover, Vermont
288:income distribution
224:Stanford University
139:, Kyrk worked as a
137:Wesleyan University
128:, and Jane Kyrk, a
50:West Dover, Vermont
402:standard of living
333:and established a
256:consumer economics
110:consumer economics
16:American economist
610:. Credo Reference
387:Economic theories
267:Bryn Mawr College
212:consumer behavior
204:social psychology
165:Wellesley College
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177:Oberlin College
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71:Academic career
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612:. Retrieved
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418:instrumental
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36:Ashley, Ohio
720:1957 deaths
715:1886 births
406:consumption
392:Consumption
248:consumption
185:World War I
57:Nationality
709:Categories
614:25 October
445:homemakers
102:Hazel Kyrk
86:Influences
23:Hazel Kyrk
507:Footnotes
339:inflation
130:homemaker
106:economist
364:and the
280:and the
244:consumer
183:entered
61:American
362:poverty
141:teacher
126:drayman
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502:(1953)
496:(1941)
488:(1940)
480:(1934)
469:(1923)
410:choice
323:survey
218:Career
459:Works
294:book
173:Ph.D.
161:Ph.B.
690:ISBN
665:ISBN
640:ISBN
616:2012
570:ISBN
530:ISBN
427:and
250:and
46:1957
43:Died
32:1886
29:Born
439:In
396:In
313:'s
167:in
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