30:
301:
developed-world standards. Many medical treatments and diagnoses were unsophisticated and substandard (with doctors often making diagnoses by interviewing patients without conducting any medical tests), the standard of care provided by healthcare providers was poor, and there was a high risk of infection from surgery. The Soviet healthcare system was plagued by shortages of medical equipment, drugs, and diagnostic chemicals, and lacked many medications and medical technologies available in the
Western world. Its facilities had low technical standards, and medical personnel underwent mediocre training. Soviet hospitals also offered poor hotel amenities such as food and linen. Special hospitals and clinics existed for the
177:
there were 1.5 million sufferers in 1914. 10% of those recruited to the army had tuberculosis. Expenditure on healthcare at that time amounted to 91 kopeks per head of population. There were ten factories in Moscow with their own small hospital in 1903 and 274 had medical personnel on their site. From 1912 legislation encouraged the establishment of contributory hospital schemes. Before 1914 most medical supplies, dressings, drugs, equipment and instruments had been imported from
Germany. During the war mortality of the injured was very high. Most died from sepsis but more than 16% from typhus. As many as 10,000 doctors conscripted to the army died between 1914 and 1920.
366:
337:
medical insurance (OMS) rather than just tax funding. This and the introduction of new free market providers was intended to promote both efficiency and patient choice. A purchaser-provider split was also expected to help facilitate the restructuring of care, as resources would migrate to where there was greatest demand, reduce the excess capacity in the hospital sector and stimulate the development of primary care. Finally, it was intended that insurance contributions would supplement budget revenues and thus help to maintain adequate levels of healthcare funding.
377:
290:— centralized, integrated, and hierarchically organised with the government providing state-funded health care to all citizens. All health personnel were state employees. Control of communicable diseases had priority over non-communicable ones. On the whole, the Soviet system tended to prioritize primary care, and placed much emphasis on specialist and hospital care. P. Mihály, writing in 2000, characterized the original Semashko model as a "coherent, cost-effective system to cope with the medical necessities of its own time".
2696:
2678:
2660:
2642:
329:
5388:
271:
254:. The emergency service, Skoraya Medical Care, revived after 1917. By 1927 there were 50 stations offering basic medical aid to victims of road accidents and of accidents in public places and responding to medical emergencies. The Scientific Practical Skoraya Care Institute opened in 1932 in Leningrad, running training courses for doctors. 15% of the emergency work was with children under 14.
5417:
593:
754:
214:(RSFSR) and served in that role from 11 July 1918 until 25 January 1930. It was to be "responsible for all matters involving the people's health and for the establishment of all regulations (pertaining to it) with the aim of improving the health standards of the nation and of abolishing all conditions prejudicial to health" according to the
349:
effective choice of insurer, and in many places, no choice of health care provider either. The insurance companies have failed to develop as active, informed purchasers of health care services. Most are passive intermediaries, making money by simply channelling funds from regional OMS funds to healthcare providers.
556:, the government is implementing a number of programs designed to increase the birth rate and attract more immigrants to alleviate the problem. The government has doubled monthly child support payments and offered a one-time payment of 250,000 Rubles (around US$ 4,000) to women who had a second child since 2007.
583:
Soviet dental technology and dental health were considered notoriously bad. In 1991, the average 35-year-old had 12 to 14 cavities, fillings or missing teeth. Toothpaste was often not available, and toothbrushes did not conform to standards of modern dentistry. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union,
574:
In 2007, Russia saw the highest birth rate since the collapse of the USSR. The First Deputy PM also said about 20 billion rubles (about US$ 1 billion) will be invested in new prenatal centres in Russia in 2008–2009. Immigration is increasingly seen as necessary to sustain the country's population. By
71:
since 1993. In 2008, 621,000 doctors and 1.3 million nurses were employed in
Russian healthcare. The number of doctors per 10,000 people was 43.8, but only 12.1 in rural areas. The number of general practitioners as a share of the total number of doctors was 1.26 percent. There are about 9.3 beds per
300:
The effectiveness of the new model declined with under-investment, with the quality of care beginning to decline by the early 1980s, though in 1985 the Soviet Union had four times the number of doctors and hospital beds per head compared with the USA. The quality of Soviet medical care became low by
180:
However, in the field of school hygiene, tsarist Russia surpassed its
Western neighbors in the development and implementation of school hygiene measures to protect the health of children in the nation's schools. By 1900, Russia had endowed school doctors with more authority over school buildings and
176:
Some aspects of the healthcare conditions in
Tsarist Russia have been considered "appalling". In 1912, an interdepartmental commission concluded that 'a vast part of Russia has as yet absolutely no provisions for medical aid'. The All Russia League of Struggle Against Venereal Disease estimated that
293:
The integrated model achieved considerable success in dealing with infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, typhoid fever and typhus. The Soviet healthcare system provided Soviet citizens with competent, free medical care and contributed to the improvement of health in the USSR. By the 1960s, life
257:
Spending on medical services increased from 140.2 million rubles per year to 384.9 million rubles between 1923 and 1927, but funding from that point barely kept up with population increases. By 1928 there were 158,514 hospital beds in urban areas, 59,230 in rural areas, 5,673 medical-centre beds in
189:
The
Bolsheviks announced in 1917 requirements for "comprehensive sanitary legislation", clean water supply, national canalisation and sanitary supervision over commercial and industrial enterprises and residential housing. The All—Russia Congress of Nurses Union, founded in 1917, in 1918 had 18,000
356:
the constitutional right to healthcare is "blocked by opaque and bureaucratic systems of planning and regulation", reimbursement rates which do not cover providers costs and high levels of informal payment to secure timely access. There is a "mosaic" of federal and state level agencies responsible
314:
between 1950 and 1980, the lack of money that had been going into health was patently obvious. Some of the smaller hospitals had no radiology services, and a few had inadequate heating or water. A 1989 survey found that 20% of
Russian hospitals did not have piped hot water and 3% did not even have
194:
announced a broad and comprehensive list of benefits to be covered by social insurance funds in
October 1917, including accident and sickness, health care, and maternity leave, but funding intended to come from employers was not available. By December 1917 benefits were restricted to wage earners.
1697:
In 1929 the government economic planning agency, Gosplan USSR, projected health spending to be 16% of total government budget, a 5.6% increase in the number of hospital beds and a 6.9% increase in the number of doctors but once again there was only a slight increase in per capita spending, around
757:
Graph 2. A – mining and quarrying; B – manufacturing; C – agriculture, hunting, and forestry; D– transport and communication; E – construction; F – production and dispensation of electricity, gas, and water; G – health and social services; H – Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles,
336:
The new Russia has changed to a mixed model of health care with private financing and provision running alongside state financing and provision. Article 41 of the 1993 constitution confirmed a citizen's right to healthcare and medical assistance free of charge. This is achieved through compulsory
241:
In 1923 there were 5440 physicians in Moscow. 4190 were salaried state physicians. 956 were registered as unemployed. Low salaries were often supplemented by private practice. In 1930 17.5% of Moscow doctors were in private practice. The number of medical students increased from 19,785 in 1913 to
237:
Most pharmacies and pharmaceutical factories were nationalised in 1917 but it was not a uniform process. In 1923 25% of pharmacies were still privately owned. There was heavy reliance on imported medicine and ingredients. 70% of all pharmaceuticals and 88% of drugs were produced locally by 1928.
348:
The resulting system is overly complex and very inefficient. It has little in common with the model envisaged by the reformers. Although there are more than 300 private insurers and numerous public ones in the market, real competition for patients is rare leaving most patients with little or no
529:
Since 1996 government health facilities have been allowed to offer private services, and since 2011 some private providers have been providing services to the state-insured. The private sector in Moscow has expanded rapidly. One chain, Doktor Ryadom, treats half its patients under the official
159:
since 2014, major cuts in health spending have resulted in a decline in the quality of service of the state healthcare system. About 40% of basic medical facilities have fewer staff than they are supposed to have, with others being closed down. Waiting periods for treatment have increased, and
142:
After the end of the Soviet Union, Russian healthcare became composed of state and private systems. Drastic cuts in funding to the state-run healthcare system brought declines in the quality of healthcare it provided. This made pricier private facilities competitive by marketing themselves as
460:
The
Russian health insurance market is oriented towards large companies, with corporate clients accounting for 90% of all the policies. Small and medium-sized enterprises are far less likely to provide healthcare. Some companies choose to offer health insurance only to selected categories of
746:
for many decades (1990–2010) ranged from 1.0 to 2.5 cases per 10,000 employees. For modern Russia it is typical to have huge differences in occupational morbidity rates among various industries, ranging from 0.02 per 10,000 workers in wholesale and retail to 30 per 10,000 workers in mining.
399:
In 2011, Moscow's government launched a major project known as UMIAS as part of its electronic healthcare initiative. UMIAS stands for
Integrated Medical Information and Analytical System of Moscow. The aim of the project is to make healthcare more convenient and accessible for Muscovites.
718:
The Soviet period is characterized as the period of development of hygiene in the country. The government was controlling the hygiene at all the organizations in USSR. The scientific research institute of hygiene and occupational health was established in Moscow in 1923, where the Soviet
319:
needed basic reconstruction. By 1997, five years after the reforms described below, WHO estimated health expenditure per capita in the Russian Federation in 1997 as 251 US dollars, as opposed to $ 1,211 in Spain, $ 1,193 in the UK, $ 1,539 in Finland and $ 3,724 in the United States.
464:
Most of the individuals who buy health insurance are related to people covered by employer-sponsored schemes, with the rest accounting for less than 2% of all policies. As companies cut back on their healthcare policies, employees in some cases resort to buying them individually.
344:
reported that the reforms only exasperated existing issues in the Soviet system. The population's health has deteriorated on virtually every measure. Private health care delivery has not managed to make many inroads and public provision of health care still predominates.
457:. The average yearly cost of an employer-sponsored scheme ranged from 30,000 to 40,000 rubles ($ 530 - $ 700) in 2016, while prices for individuals were about 30% higher. Critical conditions, such as cancer or heart disease, are often excluded from entry-level policies.
742:; the economic dependence of the medical organizations from the employer during the procedure of mandatory medical examinations; and fear of a worker losing his or her job. Due to the aforementioned reasons, the officially registered occupational morbidity rate in the
218:
in 1921. It established new organisations, sometimes replacing old ones: the All Russia Federated Union of Medical Workers, the Military Sanitary Board, the State Institute for Social Hygiene, the Petrograd Skoraya Emergency Care, and the Psychiatry Commission.
195:
Social insurance was re-organised as a five-tier sickness- and accident-benefit scheme which in principle included healthcare and medical treatment by October 1918. Ongoing problems in collecting contributions from employers continued at least until 1924.
387:
Starting 2000, there was significant growth in spending for public healthcare and in 2006 it exceed the pre-1991 level in real terms. Also life expectancy increased from 1991–93 levels, infant mortality rate dropped from 18.1 in 1995 to 8.4 in 2008.
641:
90:
in 2016 was 146.8 million. Among this population, the number of employed individuals reached 72.3 million, involved in the 99 main types of productive and nonproductive activities. In modern conditions, the world experts estimate the overall
633:
419:, has experienced sustained levels of growth, owing to dissatisfaction with the level of services provided by state hospitals. It was introduced in October 1992. Perceived advantages of private healthcare include access to modern
705:
5058:
4993:
83:, US$ 957 per person in 2013. About 48% comes from government sources which primarily come from medical insurance deductions from salaries. About 5% of the population, mostly in major cities, have voluntary health insurance.
249:
There were 12 bacteriological institutes in 1914. 25 more opened in the years up to 1937, some in the outlying regions such as the Regional Institute for Microbiology and Epidemiology in South East Russia which was based in
395:
which included a plan to double the wages of healthcare staff by 2018 and gradual privatisation of state health services. In November 2014 the wage rises in Moscow led to the closure of 15 hospitals and 7,000 redundancies.
2388:
442:, the proportion of companies offering health insurance fell from 36% to 32% in 2016. The number of people covered by a voluntary healthcare policy in Moscow was 3.1 million in 2014, or 20.8% of the population.
151:
bringing back higher funding to the state-owned healthcare system. The state healthcare system greatly improved throughout the 2000s, with health spending per person rising from $ 96 in 2000 to $ 957 in 2013.
1098:
Mazitova, Nailya N.; Simonova, Nadejda I.; Onyebeke, Lynn C.; Moskvichev, Andrey V.; Adeninskaya, Elena E.; Kretov, Andrey S.; Trofimova, Marina V.; Sabitova, Minzilya M.; Bushmanov, Andrey Yu (1 July 2015).
3268:
4680:
715:
In 1918 the Soviet Labour Code was written. In 1922 the Code was supplemented by regulations for: work in dangerous and hazardous conditions, labour of women and children, working night shifts, etc.
173:
The Medical Sanitary Workers Union was founded in 1820. Vaccination against smallpox was compulsory for children from 1885. The Russian Pharmacy Society for Mutual Assistance was founded in 1895.
1148:
1904:
29:
4558:
1936:
526:
is unusual among large insurance companies in that individual customers account for 40% of the policies. Some insurance companies, such as Ingosstrakh, also own a network of clinics.
575:
2010, number of Russians dropped by 4.31% (4.87 million) from the year of 2000, during the period whole Russia's population died out just by 1.59% (from 145.17 to 142.86 million).
2380:
2233:
1422:
One of the first decrees signed by the Bolsheviks called for 'comprehensive sanitary legislation governing clean water, sewerage, industrial enterprises and residential housing.'
5408:
5016:
3792:
889:
667:
in the process of labour activity which includes legal, socioeconomic, organizational, technical, sanitary, medical, treatment, preventive, rehabilitative and other measures.
3485:
438:
Revenues for the leading private medical institutions in the country reached €1 billion by 2014, with double-digit levels of growth in the previous years. As a result of the
5202:
4987:
3102:
52:
2101:
2011:
5403:
5037:
4999:
865:. It can be assumed that with the current system of diagnosis and registration of occupational diseases, the level of occupational morbidity will continue to decline.
2416:
5047:
4943:
5308:
4174:
4101:
487:, which has a network of dialysis centers in the country. Fertility and maternity clinics are an important element of the Russian private healthcare network. The
258:
urban areas and 7,531 in rural areas, 18,241 maternity beds in urban areas and 9,097 in rural areas. 2000 new hospitals were built between 1928 and 1932. In 1929
5011:
4961:
215:
1060:
4551:
2890:
211:
439:
156:
2982:
656:
1170:
2942:
738:
and the low level of their education; inadequate medical regulations for conducting mandatory medical examinations and for diagnosis and registration of
1684:
1210:
2358:
3867:
2131:
2072:
5392:
5181:
4544:
3404:
3309:
3224:
2751:
1140:
446:
5421:
726:, the level of occupational morbidity in Russia has been lower than in most industrial countries. These levels are explained by a complex set of
1282:
5368:
5227:
4640:
4108:
3525:
619:
4302:
4004:
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1971:
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1807:
1772:
1605:
1408:
1318:
1054:
2919:
1929:
1654:
Messel', Meer Abramovich; John E. Fogarty International Center for Advanced Study in the Health Sciences; Geographic Health Studies (1975).
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3954:
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1896:
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2229:
2037:
626:
283:
191:
5298:
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3399:
3018:
698:
1178:
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5211:
4966:
3832:
3721:
3656:
2957:
2160:
1725:
1569:
1004:
392:
2816:
1660:. Bethesda, Md.: U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health. pp. 5–7.
4439:
4252:
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2566:
4277:
3374:
2912:
2448:
723:
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were reported, representing 5.5 cases per 100,000 in the general population, a rate much less than in many European countries.
2326:
2097:
2003:
5398:
5263:
4918:
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2409:
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124:
4655:
1403:. California Series in Public Anthropology. Vol. 30. Oakland, California: University of California Press. p. 28.
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3028:
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1738:'the original Semashko model was a coherent, cost-effective system to cope with the medical necessities of its own time' .
365:
297:
In the 1970s, a transition was made from the Semashko model to a model that emphasizes specialization in outpatient care.
199:
5176:
5109:
4862:
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4061:
4041:
3944:
3595:
3545:
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2161:"Анализ рынка ДМС в России в 2011–2015 гг, прогноз на 2016–2020 гг, BusinesStat, 2016 - РБК маркетинговые исследования"
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894:
879:
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207:
56:
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piped cold water. 7% did not have a telephone. 17% lacked adequate sanitation facilities. Every seventh hospital and
2263:
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in which the levels of exposure in the workplace exceed the national hygienic standards. However, the level of
104:
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4750:
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2415:. Population Division; Department of Economic and Social Affairs; United Nations Secretariat. 6–8 July 2005.
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over the past few decades have declined, despite the continued increase in the proportion of jobs with poor
64:
1357:"Nurturing a "Great Social Organism": School Hygiene, Body Politics, and the State in Late Imperial Russia"
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655:(Section X, Chapter 33, Article 209), the occupational health (or labour protection) – is a system of the
553:
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80:
60:
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1600:. American university studies: Series IX, History, ISSN 0740-0462. Vol. 202. New York: Peter Lang.
1532:
735:
424:
128:
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of the Russian working population (men 18–60 years, women 18–55 years) to be rather low due to the high
246:
took over the Commissariat of Public Health in 1930 90% of the doctors in Russia worked for the State.
511:
294:
and health expectancies in the Soviet Union approximated to those in the US and in non-Soviet Europe.
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2190:
2124:"РБК Исследования рынков . В 2014 г. численность пациентов ДМС в Москве составила 3,1 млн человек"
435:, as income levels in most of Russia are still too low to generate a significant level of demand.
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1897:"HEALTHCARE REFORM IN RUSSIA: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT WORKING PAPERS No. 538"
1797:
1619:
Higher pharmacy schools did emerge in Moscow, Leningrad, Khar'kov, Odessa, and some other cities.
1378:
1074:
899:
858:
743:
652:
274:
1956 stamp with Red Cross and Red Crescent logo. The text reads, "Protect the health of workers!"
112:
108:
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for specialist treatment. Private health insurance is most common in the larger cities such as
5343:
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4690:
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Roller about the medical center of life flowers. Primorsky Krai. Free port. Vladivostok. 2021.
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The video about the company PDC "Healthy Vessels". Primorsky Territory, free port. 2021.
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Popovich, L; Potapchik, E; Shishkin, S; Richardson, E; Vacroux, A; Mathivet, B (2011).
727:
709:
148:
96:
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1869:
750:
More than 90% of all newly diagnosed occupational diseases are found in 4 industries:
328:
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which offered a higher standard of care, but one still often below Western standards.
5437:
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4735:
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The video about the company Arthrology. Primorsky Krai. Free port. Vladivostok. 2020.
2647:
The video about the company DV clinic. Free port. G. Artem Primorsky Territory. 2024.
1480:
1382:
815:
801:
539:
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227:
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children's bodies than in France, Germany and United Kingdom, and the United States.
144:
17:
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1279:"Venereal Diseases | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)"
445:
For the most part, policies are funded by employers, though insurance can also be
270:
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1882:
1715:
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1536:
1398:
1101:"Current Status and Prospects of Occupational Medicine in the Russian Federation"
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2410:"United Nations Expert Group Meeting On International Migration and Development"
847:
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A mobile clinic used to provide health care to people at remote railway stations
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4770:
4760:
4635:
4625:
4605:
4595:
3146:
2806:
2796:
2699:
2681:
2663:
2645:
2526:
637:
630:
623:
564:
316:
160:
patients have been forced to pay for more services that were previously free.
100:
68:
1856:
1817:
1782:
1751:
A Comparative Approach to Policy Analysis: Health Care Policy in Four Nations
1665:
1640:
1500:
1466:
1443:
1328:
1264:
1257:
A comparative approach to policy analysis: health care policy in four nations
1241:
1234:
A comparative approach to policy analysis: health care policy in four nations
567:
Committee for Health Protection Nikolai Gerasimenko proposed reinstating the
483:
conglomerate. Foreign healthcare providers with a presence in Russia include
5074:
5042:
4780:
4590:
2791:
2724:
2719:
1579:
811:
286:(USSR, founded in 1922) developed a totally state-run health-care model—the
279:
223:
203:
1597:
The Soviet pharmaceutical business during its first two decades (1917–1937)
1518:
1343:
The Soviet Pharmaceutical Business During the First Two Decades (1917–1937)
1306:
The Soviet pharmaceutical business during the first two decades (1917–1937)
1126:
1020:
673:
was the first who started talking about occupational and labour health in
5318:
4805:
4675:
2255:
791:
660:
2548:
1373:
1356:
719:
occupational health specialists got their qualifications and knowledge.
592:
4152:
3151:
2485:"LABOUR CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION NO. 197-FZ OF DECEMBER 30, 2001"
2285:
2256:"В Петербурге составили рейтинг страховщиков, работающих в системе ДМС"
787:
694:
682:
677:. In his book (1763) "First foundations of metallurgy or ore affairs"
612:
530:
insurance scheme at low cost and the other half privately at a profit.
503:
480:
259:
251:
119:. According to official government statistics, 1 of every 3 workers in
34:
4994:
Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro
2534:
2497:
1953:
1171:"Putin's Cutbacks in Health Care Send Russian Mortality Rates Back Up"
5104:
2760:
2714:
2352:"Childless Russian families to pay taxes for their social inaction,"
773:
686:
664:
428:
132:
120:
92:
43:
1765:
Models of disequilibrium and shortage in centrally planned economies
262:
projected health spending to be 16% of the total government budget.
2355:"Childless Russian families to pay taxes for their social inaction"
2098:"Все меньше компаний приобретают полисы ДМС для сотрудников – НАФИ"
2729:
843:
752:
685:
process for people working in the mountains, how to improve their
584:
dental skills, products and technology has improved dramatically.
499:
375:
327:
269:
231:
28:
3269:
Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine
1901:
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
1461:. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs. p. 166.
2499:
Mikhail Lomonosov First foundations of metallurgy or ore affairs
2065:"Рейтинг РБК: 25 крупнейших частных медицинских компаний России"
1711:
341:
202:
was established. A Council of Medical Departments was set up in
73:
4540:
4156:
2733:
2004:"ДМС в России - добровольное медицинское страхование - MetLife"
1485:"Propagandizing the Healthy, Bolshevik Life in the Early USSR"
492:
310:
Despite a doubling in the number of hospital beds and doctors
226:
for workers was set up, followed in 1925 by the world's first
2472:"Dentistry in Russia is finally leaving the Dark Ages behind"
1141:"In Putin's Russia, Universal Health Care Is for All Who Pay"
498:
Leading providers of healthcare insurance in Russia included
2441:"Росстат опубликовал окончательные итоги переписи населения"
758:
motorcycles, household goods and personal items; I – Others.
571:, which ended in 1992. So far, it has not been reinstated.
2381:"Russian policies ignite unprecedented birth rate in 2007"
697:
at a work place was established as one of the subjects in
453:, who are required to purchase health insurance to obtain
1799:
Ukraine: Movement without Change, Change without Movement
403:
The private health insurance market, known in Russian as
210:
was appointed People's Commissar of Public Health of the
147:
resigned, privatization was no longer the priority, with
1657:
Urban emergency medical service of the city of Leningrad
708:
was one of the laws enacted first after the fall of the
238:
Local pharmacy schools were established in many cities.
99:, significantly higher male mortality level, and a high
2487:
Signed by President of the Russian Federation V. Putin.
2034:"За медуслуги платят более половины российских горожан"
1400:
Blind Spot: How Neoliberalism Infiltrated Global Health
1767:. Charemza, W. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 447.
1259:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 204.
1236:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 202.
468:
The largest private healthcare provider by revenue is
372:
development in Russia by gender and type of settlement
5017:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1093:
1091:
971:
936:
890:
List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy
1564:. Kiev: Politvidav Ukraini Publishers. p. 139.
681:
first touched the issue of organization of work and
5236:
5190:
5067:
5030:
4980:
4954:
4942:
4896:
4819:
4574:
4486:
4448:
4190:
3878:
3633:
3457:
3201:
3000:
2935:
2777:
2768:
2622:
734:problems: an insufficient number of specialists in
135:remains extremely low. In 2014, only 8175 cases of
5203:Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)
4988:Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
854:. Detailed numbers are introduced in the Graph 2.
611:. This notion can be translated and explained as
5000:National Institute for Safety and Health at Work
2092:
2090:
5048:Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
2549:"Occupational hygiene and health care history"
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
37:is the most common type of ambulance in Russia
5012:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
4962:European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
4552:
4168:
2745:
1631:Sigerist, Henry Ernest; Older, Julia (1947).
1434:Sigerist, Henry Ernest; Older, Julia (1947).
959:
8:
2230:"Спрос на платные медицинские услуги растет"
2059:
2057:
2055:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1924:
1922:
1883:"The Constitution of the Russian Federation"
1837:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p.
1560:Lazebnyk, Stanislav; Orlenko, Pavlo (1989).
449:. Another important market for insurers are
212:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
2513:Heller, P. R. (1951). "Soviet Labour Law".
1802:. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 91.
1717:The Social Crisis in the Russian Federation
1635:. New York: The Citadel Press. p. 53.
1438:. New York: The Citadel Press. p. 77.
242:63,162 in 1928 and to 76,027 by 1932. When
143:providing better-quality healthcare. After
4951:
4656:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")
4559:
4545:
4537:
4175:
4161:
4153:
3639:
3463:
3207:
3006:
2774:
2752:
2738:
2730:
2325:—Federal Research Division. October 2006.
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
1930:"Public Spending in Russia for Healthcare"
1005:"Russian Federation. Health system review"
826:All the other procents are shared between
491:network of clinics accounts for 9% of all
2348:
2346:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
1508:
1372:
1116:
415:) to distinguish it from state-sponsored
413:добровольное медицинское страхование, ДМС
53:Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund
761:
591:
364:
5182:Immediately dangerous to life or health
3405:Collective Security Treaty Organization
1954:"Russian State Institute of Demography"
1681:"Health Reform in Revolutionary Russia"
1633:Medicine and health in the Soviet Union
1538:Medicine and Health in the Soviet Union
1436:Medicine and health in the Soviet Union
1207:"Health Reform in Revolutionary Russia"
995:
915:
51:, is provided by the state through the
5369:Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19
4641:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
2619:
1720:. Paris: OECD Publishing. p. 95.
1191:Introduced in the 1810s. Kan, Sergei:
1046:In Search of the Perfect Health System
79:Expenditure on healthcare was 6.5% of
72:thousand population—nearly double the
61:Constitution of the Russian Federation
2963:Judicial system of the Russian Empire
2391:from the original on January 10, 2009
1907:from the original on 13 November 2016
980:
942:
7:
5416:
5059:Working Environment Convention, 1977
4102:Unified Sports Classification System
1459:Labour policy in the USSR, 1917–1928
1049:. London: Palgrave. pp. 81–84.
982:[rɐˈsʲijskəjəfʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]
857:Occupational morbidity rates in the
603:There is no standard definition of "
514:as well as the formerly state-owned
5228:Workers' right to access the toilet
2422:from the original on 2 January 2008
1687:from the original on 30 August 2017
1213:from the original on 30 August 2017
1075:"Russian Statistical Yearbook 2018"
284:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
192:The People's Commissariat of Labour
5299:International Chemical Safety Card
3400:Commonwealth of Independent States
2715:World Health Organization – Russia
2502:(in Russian) – via prlib.ru.
2296:from the original on 25 April 2017
2286:""Ингосстраху" требуются пациенты"
2266:from the original on 24 April 2017
2236:from the original on 24 April 2017
2201:from the original on 24 April 2017
2134:from the original on 24 April 2017
2104:from the original on 24 April 2017
2040:from the original on 24 April 2017
2014:from the original on 24 April 2017
1151:from the original on 25 April 2017
704:The law about 8-hours working day
699:Saint Petersburg Mining University
25:
5309:National Day of Mourning (Canada)
4967:International Labour Organization
2075:from the original on 1 March 2017
1489:American Journal of Public Health
495:treatment cycles in the country.
391:In May 2012 Putin signed the May
5415:
5387:
5386:
2694:
2676:
2658:
2640:
2451:from the original on 27 May 2015
1960:from the original on 2011-05-14.
1942:from the original on 2016-03-03.
1763:Davis, Christopher, ed. (1989).
1683:. Socialist Health Association.
1309:. New York: Peter Lang. p.
1209:. Socialist Health Association.
1063:from the original on 2017-04-24.
559:In 2006, the Minister of Health
479:, whose main shareholder is the
357:for managing the public system.
222:In 1920 the world's first state
2596:"Стр. 64 - 8 часов - Апрель'15"
2567:"History of the labour hygiene"
2361:from the original on 2013-06-03
2332:from the original on 2008-01-02
1831:Eaton, Katherine Bliss (2004).
1679:Khwaja, Barbara (26 May 2017).
1594:Schaeffer Conroy, Mary (2006).
1303:Conroy, Mary Schaeffer (2006).
1285:from the original on 2017-06-13
1205:Khwaja, Barbara (26 May 2017).
724:dissolution of the Soviet Union
569:Soviet-era tax on childlessness
5264:Environment, health and safety
4919:Occupational health psychology
4568:Occupational safety and health
2036:. Vedomosti. 24 October 2011.
1834:Daily life in the Soviet Union
1361:History of Education Quarterly
642:(Медико-социальная экспертиза)
381:Far Eastern Federal University
216:Council of People's Commissars
1:
5135:Personal protective equipment
4888:Workplace health surveillance
3310:Political abuse of psychiatry
1870:WHO: World Health Report 2000
1562:Ukraine questions and answers
200:Commissariat of Public Health
5177:Standard operating procedure
5110:Hierarchy of hazard controls
4863:Hierarchy of hazard controls
3955:Traditions and superstitions
2573:(in Russian). Archived from
1009:Health Systems in Transition
706:(Восьмичасовой рабочий день)
693:. From the end of 1800s the
634:(Производственная санитария)
234:, for agricultural workers.
55:, and regulated through the
5314:NIOSH air filtration rating
5006:Health and Safety Executive
4914:Occupational health nursing
4878:Occupational exposure limit
4716:Hospital-acquired infection
4681:Exposure to human nail dust
3621:Water supply and sanitation
2720:Medical Tourism Association
2370:(accessed January 3, 2010.)
1541:. Citadel Press. p. 25
1397:Keshavjee, Salmaan (2014).
1255:Leichter, Howard M (1980).
1232:Leichter, Howard M (1980).
972:
937:
880:List of hospitals in Russia
768:% of occupational diseases
689:, and how to ventilate the
563:and Deputy Chairman of the
554:Russia's demographic crisis
417:Mandatory Medical Insurance
5460:
5374:Workplace health promotion
5279:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster
5053:Worker Protection Standard
4756:Noise-induced hearing loss
1118:10.1016/j.aogh.2015.10.002
895:Russian Ministry of Health
537:
440:financial crisis in Russia
405:voluntary health insurance
125:harmful working conditions
107:, especially those of the
5382:
4972:World Health Organization
4883:Occupational epidemiology
4868:Prevention through design
4726:Laboratory animal allergy
4651:Chimney sweeps' carcinoma
4626:Byssinosis ("brown lung")
4121:
3642:
3466:
3210:
3009:
2725:Major Hospitals in Russia
2693:
2675:
2657:
2639:
2627:
2527:10.1080/09668135108409794
2316:"Country Profile: Russia"
960:
926:
412:
5289:Hostile work environment
5269:Environmental toxicology
5162:Redundancy (engineering)
4776:Repetitive strain injury
3395:Prime Minister of Russia
2632:Official YouTube Channel
2191:"Куда идти прикрепиться"
1501:10.2105/AJPH.2017.304049
1457:Dewar, Margaret (1956).
1341:Schaeffer Conroy, Mary:
675:pre-revolutionary Russia
190:members in 56 branches.
157:Russian financial crisis
105:noncommunicable diseases
5334:Quality of working life
5120:Administrative controls
3833:Social entrepreneurship
3722:Forced public apologies
3657:Anti-American sentiment
1535:; Older, Julia (1947).
1355:Fumurescu, Ana (2022).
1105:Annals of Global Health
1043:Britnell, Mark (2015).
973:Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
885:Mental health in Russia
4929:Occupational therapist
4909:Industrial engineering
4701:Glassblower's cataract
4666:Decompression sickness
4233:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3581:Social security system
3564:Science and technology
3230:Classified information
3056:Central Russian Upland
2630:Made in FarEast Arctik
1796:Dyczok, Marta (2013).
1533:Sigerist, Henry Ernest
1181:on September 20, 2016.
1015:(7): 1–190, xiii–xiv.
834:, and dispensation of
759:
600:
544:Demographics of Russia
447:purchased individually
384:
373:
333:
275:
129:occupational morbidity
81:Gross Domestic Product
38:
5399:Occupational diseases
5364:Workers' compensation
4924:Occupational medicine
4786:Silo-filler's disease
4751:Mule spinners' cancer
4184:Healthcare in Europe
4042:Russian tsars regalia
3375:Intelligence agencies
3098:Great Russian Regions
2842:Expansion (1500-1800)
2357:. 15 September 2006.
1749:Leichter, Howard M.:
756:
740:occupational diseases
736:occupational medicine
595:
552:In an effort to stem
379:
368:
331:
273:
137:occupational diseases
32:
18:Health care in Russia
5444:Healthcare in Russia
5125:Engineering controls
5100:Emergency evacuation
4904:Environmental health
4671:De Quervain syndrome
4661:Concussions in sport
4109:World Heritage sites
3486:Droughts and famines
3039:Environmental issues
2787:Proto-Indo-Europeans
2387:. February 2, 2008.
961:Российская Федерация
905:Russian Medical Fund
88:population of Russia
33:Ambulance car-based
5259:Effects of overtime
5142:Job safety analysis
5130:Hazard substitution
5095:Emergency procedure
4873:Exposure assessment
4858:Occupational stress
4851:Psychosocial hazard
4831:Occupational hazard
4696:Flock worker's lung
4449:States with limited
3960:Forms of addressing
3569:Academy of Sciences
3526:Financial districts
3390:President of Russia
3315:Political divisions
3275:Freedom of assembly
3157:West Siberian Plain
2903:Great Patriotic War
2864:February Revolution
2323:Library of Congress
2292:. 20 January 2011.
2260:Страхование сегодня
2232:. 9 November 2015.
1374:10.1017/heq.2021.58
605:occupational health
588:Occupational health
361:Recent developments
324:Reform in 1991–1993
244:Mikhail Vladimirsky
185:Early Soviet period
5294:Indoor air quality
5198:Diving regulations
5115:Hazard elimination
4934:Safety engineering
4010:Russian given name
3596:Telecommunications
3546:Petroleum industry
3410:State of emergency
3255:Far-right politics
3220:Capital punishment
3066:Meshchera Lowlands
2920:Russian Federation
2876:October Revolution
2474:. Chicago Tribune.
2470:Niedowski (2007).
2385:The Economic Times
2290:Коммерсантъ (Омск)
944:[rɐˈsʲijə]
900:Abortion in Russia
863:working conditions
859:Russian Federation
760:
744:Russian Federation
653:Russian Federation
601:
598:working conditions
385:
374:
334:
278:As a self-defined
276:
67:the right to free
57:Ministry of Health
49:Russian Federation
39:
5431:
5430:
5344:Safety data sheet
5157:Operations manual
5038:Bangladesh Accord
5026:
5025:
4836:Biological hazard
4534:
4533:
4150:
4149:
4117:
4116:
3697:Domestic violence
3629:
3628:
3551:Russian oligarchs
3476:Aircraft industry
3453:
3452:
3430:Mass surveillance
3420:Search and rescue
3385:Political parties
3265:Foreign relations
3197:
3196:
2996:
2995:
2988:Historical cities
2847:Tsardom of Russia
2711:
2710:
2100:. 4 August 2016.
1848:978-0-313-31628-9
1809:978-1-134-43262-2
1774:978-0-412-28420-5
1607:978-0-8204-7899-9
1495:(11): 1718–1724.
1483:(November 2017).
1481:Starks, Tricia A.
1410:978-0-520-95873-9
1320:978-0-8204-7899-9
1056:978-1-137-49661-4
970:
935:
824:
823:
679:Mikhail Lomonosov
671:Mikhail Lomonosov
451:immigrant workers
421:medical equipment
63:has provided all
16:(Redirected from
5451:
5419:
5418:
5390:
5389:
5085:Contingency plan
5080:Code of practice
4952:
4746:Metal fume fever
4561:
4554:
4547:
4538:
4487:Dependencies and
4191:Sovereign states
4177:
4170:
4163:
4154:
4130:
4077:Russian language
4020:National symbols
3640:
3559:
3516:Fishing industry
3506:Economic regions
3501:Defence industry
3464:
3208:
3162:Russian Far East
3061:Northwest Russia
3019:Cities and towns
3007:
2869:Russian Republic
2775:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2731:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2635:
2620:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2571:ogigienetruda.ru
2563:
2557:
2556:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2320:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2226:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2167:. Archived from
2165:marketing.rbc.ru
2157:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2128:marketing.rbc.ru
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2061:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2000:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1760:
1754:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1202:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1177:. Archived from
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1120:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1082:geohistory.today
1079:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1040:
1025:
1024:
1000:
985:
984:
979:
975:
965:
963:
962:
953:
947:
946:
940:
930:
928:
920:
875:Health in Russia
850:, fisheries and
762:
640:at a work place
609:Russian language
534:Pro-natal policy
512:AlfaStrakhovanie
489:Mother and Child
478:
414:
208:Nikolai Semashko
117:digestive system
21:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5378:
5359:Toxic workplace
5339:Risk management
5232:
5186:
5167:Risk assessment
5063:
5022:
4976:
4947:
4938:
4892:
4846:Physical hazard
4841:Chemical hazard
4822:
4815:
4580:
4577:
4570:
4565:
4535:
4530:
4488:
4482:
4468:Northern Cyprus
4450:
4444:
4365:North Macedonia
4186:
4181:
4151:
4146:
4133:
4126:
4113:
4072:Public holidays
4067:Political jokes
4052:Personification
4005:Names of Russia
3874:
3793:Life expectancy
3625:
3557:
3449:
3300:Law enforcement
3193:
3179:Protected areas
3076:Smolensk Upland
3071:Oka–Don Lowland
3051:European Russia
2992:
2931:
2817:Mongol invasion
2764:
2758:
2700:
2695:
2682:
2677:
2664:
2659:
2646:
2641:
2633:
2623:External videos
2618:
2613:
2604:
2602:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2452:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2394:
2392:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2353:
2351:
2344:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2159:
2158:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2063:
2062:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2002:
2001:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1972:"EMIAS, Moscow"
1970:
1969:
1965:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1849:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1810:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1775:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1744:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1690:
1688:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1572:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1336:
1321:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1186:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1147:. 13 May 2015.
1139:
1138:
1134:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1057:
1042:
1041:
1028:
1002:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
977:
954:
950:
921:
917:
913:
871:
620:(Гигиена труда)
590:
581:
561:Mikhail Zurabov
550:
548:Aging of Europe
536:
472:
370:Life expectancy
363:
326:
288:Semashko system
268:
266:Semashko system
187:
171:
166:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5457:
5455:
5447:
5446:
5436:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5349:Source control
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5324:Process safety
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5284:Health physics
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5215:
5205:
5200:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5172:Safety culture
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5152:Permit To Work
5149:
5147:Lockout-tagout
5144:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5014:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4949:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4827:
4825:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4811:Writer's cramp
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4766:Pneumoconiosis
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4731:Lead poisoning
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4706:Golfer's elbow
4703:
4698:
4693:
4691:Fiddler's neck
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4646:Chronic stress
4643:
4638:
4633:
4631:Cardiovascular
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4541:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4489:other entities
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4454:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4440:United Kingdom
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4253:Czech Republic
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4157:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4132:
4131:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3586:Space industry
3583:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3561:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3425:Urban planning
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3277:
3272:
3262:
3260:Federal budget
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3169:North Caucasus
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3105:
3103:Highest points
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3048:
3046:Extreme points
3043:
3042:
3041:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2859:Russian Empire
2856:
2855:
2854:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763: articles
2759:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2691:
2690:
2673:
2672:
2655:
2654:
2637:
2636:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2616:External links
2614:
2612:
2611:
2587:
2558:
2540:
2515:Soviet Studies
2505:
2489:
2477:
2462:
2432:
2401:
2372:
2342:
2307:
2277:
2247:
2212:
2182:
2145:
2115:
2086:
2051:
2025:
2010:(in Russian).
1988:
1963:
1945:
1918:
1888:
1874:
1862:
1847:
1823:
1808:
1788:
1773:
1755:
1742:
1726:
1702:
1671:
1646:
1623:
1606:
1585:
1570:
1552:
1524:
1472:
1449:
1426:
1409:
1388:
1347:
1334:
1319:
1295:
1270:
1247:
1224:
1197:
1193:Memory Eternal
1184:
1162:
1132:
1111:(4): 576–586.
1087:
1066:
1055:
1026:
994:
992:
989:
987:
986:
948:
914:
912:
909:
908:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
870:
867:
822:
821:
818:
816:communications
808:
807:
804:
798:
797:
794:
780:
779:
776:
770:
769:
766:
710:Russian Empire
627:(Охрана труда)
589:
586:
580:
577:
535:
532:
383:Medical Center
362:
359:
325:
322:
267:
264:
186:
183:
170:
167:
165:
162:
149:Vladimir Putin
123:is exposed to
97:mortality rate
42:Healthcare in
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5456:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5424:
5423:
5414:
5410:
5409:Organizations
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5329:Public health
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5222:United States
5219:
5216:
5213:
5212:United States
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5090:Diving safety
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:International
4953:
4950:
4948:organizations
4945:
4941:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4821:Occupational
4818:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4791:Sports injury
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4736:Low back pain
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4686:Farmer's lung
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4579:
4576:Occupational
4573:
4569:
4562:
4557:
4555:
4550:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4501:Faroe Islands
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4473:South Ossetia
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4325:Liechtenstein
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4178:
4173:
4171:
4166:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4092:Seven Wonders
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4057:Playing cards
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
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3948:
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3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3924:
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3916:
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3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
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3891:
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3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
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3829:
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3821:
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3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3752:Mental health
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3712:Ethnic groups
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
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3653:
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3648:
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3644:
3641:
3638:
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3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
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3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
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3584:
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3579:
3577:
3574:
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3567:
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3554:
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3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3415:Civil defense
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3360:Media freedom
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3245:Criminal code
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Civil Service
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3119:
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3115:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
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3015:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3003:
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2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
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2949:
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2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2886:Russian state
2884:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2836:
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2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
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2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2601:
2600:www.8hours.ru
2597:
2591:
2588:
2577:on 2019-09-05
2576:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2521:(4): 378–86.
2520:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2418:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2171:on 2017-04-24
2170:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1938:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1727:9789264192454
1723:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1699:
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1682:
1675:
1672:
1667:
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1659:
1658:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
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1571:9785319003867
1567:
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1525:
1520:
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1482:
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1423:
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1380:
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1212:
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1194:
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1172:
1166:
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1146:
1145:Bloomberg.com
1142:
1136:
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1128:
1124:
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1106:
1102:
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1092:
1088:
1083:
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1070:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1048:
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1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1022:
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1010:
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999:
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990:
983:
974:
968:
957:
952:
949:
945:
939:
933:
924:
919:
916:
910:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
868:
866:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
819:
817:
813:
810:
809:
805:
803:
802:Manufacturing
800:
799:
795:
793:
789:
785:
782:
781:
777:
775:
772:
771:
767:
764:
763:
755:
751:
748:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:socioeconomic
725:
720:
716:
713:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
647:According to
645:
643:
639:
635:
632:
628:
625:
621:
618:
614:
610:
606:
599:
594:
587:
585:
578:
576:
572:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
549:
545:
541:
540:Russian Cross
533:
531:
527:
525:
524:RESO-Garantia
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:RESO-Garantia
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
476:
471:
466:
462:
458:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
436:
434:
433:St Petersburg
430:
426:
425:waiting lists
422:
418:
410:
406:
401:
397:
394:
389:
382:
378:
371:
367:
360:
358:
355:
354:Mark Britnell
352:According to
350:
346:
343:
338:
330:
323:
321:
318:
313:
308:
306:
305:
298:
295:
291:
289:
285:
282:society, the
281:
272:
265:
263:
261:
255:
253:
247:
245:
239:
235:
233:
229:
228:health resort
225:
220:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
193:
184:
182:
178:
174:
168:
163:
161:
158:
153:
150:
146:
145:Boris Yeltsin
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
84:
82:
77:
75:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:
36:
31:
27:
19:
5420:
5391:
5218:Right to sit
5208:Potty parity
4801:Tennis elbow
4796:Surfer's ear
4741:Mesothelioma
4711:Hearing loss
4478:Transnistria
4389:
4030:Coat of arms
3990:Martial arts
3898:Army culture
3888:Architecture
3858:Witch trials
3813:Prostitution
3759:Human rights
3741:
3692:Demographics
3606:Trade unions
3576:Shipbuilding
3536:Homelessness
3496:Central Bank
3491:Car industry
3330:Conservatism
3240:Constitution
3235:Conscription
2908:Eastern Bloc
2898:Soviet Union
2891:Russian SFSR
2821:Feudal Rus'
2634:(in Russian)
2603:. Retrieved
2599:
2590:
2579:. Retrieved
2575:the original
2570:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2498:
2492:
2480:
2465:
2453:. Retrieved
2444:
2435:
2424:. Retrieved
2404:
2393:. Retrieved
2384:
2375:
2363:. Retrieved
2334:. Retrieved
2310:
2298:. Retrieved
2289:
2280:
2268:. Retrieved
2259:
2250:
2238:. Retrieved
2203:. Retrieved
2194:
2185:
2173:. Retrieved
2169:the original
2164:
2136:. Retrieved
2127:
2118:
2106:. Retrieved
2077:. Retrieved
2068:
2042:. Retrieved
2028:
2016:. Retrieved
2007:
1979:. Retrieved
1975:
1966:
1948:
1909:. Retrieved
1900:
1891:
1877:
1872:, pp 192-195
1865:
1833:
1826:
1798:
1791:
1764:
1758:
1750:
1745:
1737:
1731:. Retrieved
1716:
1705:
1696:
1689:. Retrieved
1674:
1656:
1649:
1632:
1626:
1618:
1611:. Retrieved
1596:
1588:
1561:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1537:
1527:
1492:
1488:
1475:
1458:
1452:
1435:
1429:
1421:
1414:. Retrieved
1399:
1391:
1367:(1): 61–83.
1364:
1360:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1305:
1298:
1287:. Retrieved
1273:
1256:
1250:
1233:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1200:
1192:
1187:
1179:the original
1174:
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1144:
1135:
1108:
1104:
1081:
1069:
1045:
1012:
1008:
998:
951:
918:
856:
852:fish farming
828:construction
825:
749:
732:psychosocial
721:
717:
714:
703:
669:
657:preservation
646:
602:
582:
573:
558:
551:
528:
516:Rosgosstrakh
497:
467:
463:
459:
455:work permits
444:
437:
423:and shorter
404:
402:
398:
390:
386:
351:
347:
339:
335:
311:
309:
304:nomenklatura
302:
299:
296:
292:
277:
256:
248:
240:
236:
221:
198:In 1918 the
197:
188:
179:
175:
172:
154:
141:
85:
78:
48:
41:
40:
26:
5254:Drug policy
5191:Legislation
4897:Professions
4721:Indium lung
4616:Brucellosis
4611:Berylliosis
4516:Isle of Man
4451:recognition
4425:Switzerland
4360:Netherlands
4082:tea culture
3935:Fairy tales
3798:Open access
3771:Immigration
3732:Gun control
3471:Agriculture
3440:Term limits
3350:Martial law
3345:Nationalism
3340:Irredentism
3335:Imperialism
3118:Caspian Sea
3034:Environment
3029:Earthquakes
2925:Union State
2913:Dissolution
2812:Kievan Rus'
2802:Early Slavs
1911:12 November
1709:Quoted in:
1613:22 December
1545:22 December
1416:22 December
848:health care
836:electricity
784:Agriculture
663:' life and
649:Labour Code
520:Ingosstrakh
473: [
461:employees.
169:Tsarist era
155:Due to the
113:respiratory
109:circulatory
5354:Toxic tort
5304:Job strain
5274:Ergonomics
5249:Break room
4771:Radium jaw
4761:Phossy jaw
4636:Chalicosis
4606:Barotrauma
4596:Asbestosis
4395:San Marino
4355:Montenegro
4335:Luxembourg
4315:Kazakhstan
4218:Azerbaijan
4087:Television
4062:Philosophy
3995:Mass media
3985:Literature
3980:Inventions
3742:Healthcare
3677:Corruption
3667:Censorship
3558:(currency)
3435:Separatism
3380:Opposition
3365:Neo-Nazism
3355:Monarchism
3325:Liberalism
3320:Propaganda
3280:Government
3147:North Asia
2948:Journalism
2807:East Slavs
2797:Sarmatians
2605:2024-09-08
2581:2019-09-14
2426:2007-12-27
2395:2008-03-11
2365:2013-01-21
2336:2007-12-27
2195:Газета РБК
1976:Infomatika
1733:2018-11-21
1289:2017-06-26
991:References
832:production
722:After the
638:inspection
631:sanitation
629:, working
624:protection
596:Dangerous
565:State Duma
538:See also:
317:polyclinic
312:per capita
101:prevalence
86:The total
69:healthcare
5075:Checklist
5043:ISO 45001
5031:Standards
4781:Silicosis
4591:Acrodynia
4506:Gibraltar
4330:Lithuania
3945:Festivals
3838:Sociology
3788:Languages
3707:Education
3611:Transport
3445:Terrorism
3290:Judiciary
3284:Apparatus
3250:Elections
3215:Anarchism
3189:Far North
3140:Volcanoes
3125:Mountains
3002:Geography
2881:Civil war
2792:Scythians
1981:27 August
1857:863808526
1818:862613488
1783:260151881
1666:609575886
1641:610758721
1592:Compare:
1467:877346228
1444:610758721
1395:Compare:
1383:246488902
1329:977750545
1265:609576408
1242:609576408
1175:Jamestown
967:romanized
932:romanized
812:Transport
661:employees
636:, health
622:, labour
579:Dentistry
485:Fresenius
280:socialist
224:rest-home
204:Petrograd
103:of major
76:average.
47:, or the
5438:Category
5404:Journals
5393:Category
5319:Overwork
5237:See also
4990:(Canada)
4981:National
4944:Agencies
4806:Tinnitus
4676:Erethism
4583:injuries
4578:diseases
4526:Svalbard
4511:Guernsey
4458:Abkhazia
4410:Slovenia
4405:Slovakia
4380:Portugal
4238:Bulgaria
4137:Category
4015:Nobility
3975:Internet
3970:Heraldry
3965:Graffiti
3950:Folklore
3893:Armorial
3823:Religion
3808:Polygamy
3747:HIV/AIDS
3727:Funerals
3717:Feminism
3687:Deafness
3672:Citizens
3662:Cannabis
3647:Abortion
3591:Taxation
3531:Gambling
3521:Forestry
3370:Military
3203:Politics
3184:Wildlife
3130:Caucasus
3093:Glaciers
2973:Military
2958:Internet
2936:By topic
2830:Vladimir
2825:Novgorod
2779:Timeline
2553:irioh.ru
2455:24 April
2449:Archived
2417:Archived
2389:Archived
2359:Archived
2327:Archived
2300:24 April
2294:Archived
2270:23 April
2264:Archived
2240:23 April
2234:Archived
2205:23 April
2199:Archived
2175:23 April
2138:23 April
2132:Archived
2108:23 April
2102:Archived
2079:23 April
2073:Archived
2044:24 April
2038:Archived
2018:23 April
2012:Archived
1958:Archived
1937:Archived
1905:Archived
1753:, p. 226
1714:(2001).
1685:Archived
1580:21949577
1519:28933923
1283:Archived
1211:Archived
1155:24 April
1149:Archived
1127:26709290
1061:Archived
1021:22455875
869:See also
792:forestry
765:Industry
683:recovery
65:citizens
5422:Commons
5002:(Spain)
4996:(Italy)
4823:hygiene
4621:Burnout
4435:Ukraine
4385:Romania
4345:Moldova
4303:Ireland
4298:Iceland
4293:Hungary
4283:Germany
4278:Georgia
4268:Finland
4263:Estonia
4258:Denmark
4243:Croatia
4228:Belgium
4223:Belarus
4213:Austria
4208:Armenia
4203:Andorra
4198:Albania
4128:Outline
3940:Fashion
3930:Fashion
3918:Cuisine
3880:Culture
3868:in army
3853:Wedding
3848:Suicide
3843:Smoking
3828:Slavery
3803:Orphans
3776:Illegal
3652:Alcohol
3635:Society
3601:Tourism
3481:Banking
3459:Economy
3304:Prisons
3152:Siberia
3108:Islands
3088:Geology
3024:Climate
3014:Borders
2978:Outline
2953:Judaism
2943:Economy
2770:History
2706:YouTube
2688:YouTube
2670:YouTube
2652:YouTube
2008:MetLife
1510:5637674
1345:, p. 32
1195:, p. 95
956:Russian
938:Rossiya
934::
923:Russian
788:hunting
695:hygiene
651:of the
644:, etc.
613:hygiene
504:Allianz
481:Sistema
409:Russian
393:Decrees
260:Gosplan
252:Saratov
164:History
35:GAZelle
5105:Hazard
5068:Safety
4601:Asthma
4521:Jersey
4463:Kosovo
4430:Turkey
4420:Sweden
4400:Serbia
4390:Russia
4375:Poland
4370:Norway
4350:Monaco
4320:Latvia
4288:Greece
4273:France
4248:Cyprus
4142:Portal
4097:Sports
4025:Anthem
3913:Cinema
3908:Ballet
3818:Racism
3781:Labour
3737:Health
3702:Doping
3556:Ruble
3541:Mining
3511:Energy
3174:Rivers
3083:Fjords
2983:Postal
2835:Moscow
2761:Russia
2535:149075
2533:
1855:
1845:
1816:
1806:
1781:
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1691:26 May
1664:
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1240:
1217:26 May
1125:
1053:
1019:
958::
927:Россия
790:, and
774:Mining
687:safety
665:health
617:labour
546:, and
429:Moscow
133:Russia
121:Russia
115:, and
93:health
59:. The
44:Russia
5244:Break
4496:Åland
4415:Spain
4340:Malta
4310:Italy
4047:Opera
4000:Music
3863:Women
3764:LGBTQ
3682:Crime
3616:Waste
3135:Urals
3113:Lakes
2531:JSTOR
2420:(PDF)
2413:(PDF)
2330:(PDF)
2319:(PDF)
1940:(PDF)
1933:(PDF)
1379:S2CID
1078:(PDF)
911:Notes
844:water
778:68.4
691:mines
607:" in
500:Sogaz
477:]
470:Medsi
232:Yalta
230:, in
5055:(US)
5019:(US)
5008:(UK)
4946:and
4581:and
4035:Flag
3923:Wine
3903:Arts
2968:LGBT
2852:Army
2457:2017
2302:2017
2272:2017
2242:2017
2207:2017
2177:2017
2140:2017
2110:2017
2081:2017
2046:2017
2020:2017
1983:2019
1913:2016
1853:OCLC
1843:ISBN
1814:OCLC
1804:ISBN
1779:OCLC
1769:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1712:OECD
1693:2017
1662:OCLC
1637:OCLC
1615:2018
1602:ISBN
1576:OCLC
1566:ISBN
1547:2018
1515:PMID
1463:OCLC
1440:OCLC
1418:2018
1405:ISBN
1325:OCLC
1315:ISBN
1261:OCLC
1238:OCLC
1219:2017
1157:2017
1123:PMID
1051:ISBN
1017:PMID
978:IPA:
842:and
820:6.6
814:and
806:7.5
796:8.3
730:and
518:and
431:and
342:OECD
340:The
74:OECD
3295:Law
2704:on
2686:on
2668:on
2650:on
2628:on
2523:doi
2445:РБК
2069:РБК
1839:191
1698:2%.
1505:PMC
1497:doi
1493:107
1369:doi
1113:doi
840:gas
659:of
615:of
493:IVF
131:in
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