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pathogens based on their mode of transmission, the workshop aimed to facilitate pandemic planning efficiency for countries in the region. The participating countries, in the aftermath of the workshop, outlined their immediate next steps and sought support from WHO and its partners to bolster regional preparedness against respiratory pathogen pandemics.
773:
2452:, vol. 323, no. 3 (September 2020), pp. 50β56. "What might prevent or lessen possibility is more prosperity more equally distributed β enough that villagers in South Asia need not trap and sell bats to supplement their incomes and that, low-wage workers in the U.S. need not go to work while ill because they have no sick leave." (p. 56.)
549:- is at its peak after a disease outbreak or a vaccination campaign. In the following years, immunity will decline, both within individuals and in the population as a whole as older individuals die and new individuals are born. Eventually, unless there is another vaccination campaign, an outbreak or epidemic will recur.
746:
Preceding this national effort, a regional workshop on the
Preparedness and Resilience for Emerging Threats (PRET) initiative was organized by WHO's South-East Asia Regional Office on October 12-13, 2023. Recognizing that the same capacities and capabilities can be leveraged and applied for groups of
738:
have the global capability to respond to such an emergency. Still, despite the most extensive preparatory measures, a fast-spreading pandemic may easily exceed and overwhelm existing health-care resources. Consequently, early and aggressive mitigation efforts, aimed at the so-called "epidemic curve
739:
flattening" need to be taken. Such measures usually consist on non-pharmacological interventions such as social/physical distancing, aggressive contact tracing, "stay-at-home" orders, as well as appropriate personal protective equipment (i.e., masks, gloves, and other physical barriers to spread).
78:
Epidemics of infectious disease are generally caused by several factors including a change in the ecology of the host population (e.g., increased stress or increase in the density of a vector species), a genetic change in the pathogen reservoir or the introduction of an emerging pathogen to a host
552:
It's also possible for disease which is endemic in one population to become epidemic if it is introduced into a novel setting where the host population is not immune. An example of this was the introduction
European diseases such as smallpox into indigenous populations during the 16th century.
661:
In a common source outbreak epidemic, the affected individuals had an exposure to a common agent. If the exposure is singular and all of the affected individuals develop the disease over a single exposure and incubation course, it can be termed as a point source outbreak. If the exposure was
670:
In a propagated outbreak, the disease spreads person-to-person. Affected individuals may become independent reservoirs leading to further exposures.Many epidemics will have characteristics of both common source and propagated outbreaks (sometimes referred to as
734:, for example, runs a national lab that runs testing for 200 health sites and tracks the spread of infectious diseases. The next layer is the actual response to an emergency. According to U.S.-based columnist Michael Gerson in 2015, only the U.S. military and
159:
defines epidemic broadly: "Epidemic refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area." The term "outbreak" can also apply, but is usually restricted to smaller events.
2291:"The 2019-2020 Novel Coronavirus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) Pandemic: A Joint American College of Academic International Medicine-World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine Multidisciplinary COVID-19 Working Group Consensus Paper"
726:
Preparations for an epidemic include having a disease surveillance system; the ability to quickly dispatch emergency workers, especially local-based emergency workers; and a legitimate way to guarantee the safety and health of health workers.
2460:
5212:
742:
Moreover, India has taken significant strides in its efforts to prepare for future respiratory pandemics through the development of the
National Pandemic Preparedness Plan for Respiratory Viruses using a multisectoral approach.
6269:
1997:
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455:
The first three of these require that pathogen must survive away from its host for a period of time; an evolutionary change which increases survival time will result in increased virulence.
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1029:
A treatise of the plague: containing the nature, signes, and accidents of the same, with the certaine and absolute cure of the fevers, botches and carbuncles that raigne in these times
6305:
426:
is a term used to describe the mechanisms by which a disease-causing agent (virus, bacterium, or parasite) spreads from one host to another. Common modes of transmission include: -
5207:
812:
364:
a single host, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of characteristics of the original strains. The best known and best documented example of both processes is
5197:
94:
An epidemic may be restricted to one location; however, if it spreads to other countries or continents and affects a substantial number of people, it may be termed as a
561:
466:
Seasonal diseases arise due to the change in the environmental conditions, especially such as humidity and temperature, during different seasons. Many diseases display
2446:, "Return of the Germs: For more than a century drugs and vaccines made astounding progress against infectious diseases. Now our best defenses may be social changes",
1953:
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6085:
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was a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans in the early part of the 20th century, though it has now evolved into a separate human-only disease. Some strains of
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2568:
1047:
822:
5995:
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Changes in immune function during winter - one possibility is a reduction in vitamin D, and another is the effect of cold on mucous membranes in the nose.
5946:
5247:
2401:
817:
156:
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2220:
332:
of the agent make it easier for the changed virus to spread throughout a previously immune population. There are two natural mechanisms for change -
6239:
6215:
6147:
6067:
5899:
2005:
521:, in which a cholera outbreak was mitigated by removing a supply of contaminated water - an event now regarded as the foundation of the science of
6245:
5809:
5280:
5252:
4292:
2561:
1131:
Carabelli AM, Peacock TP, Thorne LG, Harvey WT, Hughes J, de Silva TI, Peacock SJ, Barclay WS, de Silva TI, Towers GJ, Robertson DL (March 2023).
5593:
1218:
399:. Extended use of antibiotics appears to encourage selection for mutations which can render antibiotics ineffective. This is especially true of
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118:) would not. An epidemic can cause enormous damage through financial and economic losses in addition to impaired health and loss of life.
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hapning in some region, or countrey, at a certaine time, ....... producing in all sorts of people, one and the same kind of sicknesse
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296:, in the population that it can infect, in the environment, or in the interaction between all three. Factors include the following:
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There are several factors that may contribute (individually or in combination) to causing an epidemic. There may be changes in a
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For example, secondary person-to-person spread may occur after a common source exposure or an environmental vector may spread a
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39:
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1437:
Antonovics J, Wilson AJ, Forbes MR, Hauffe HC, Kallio ER, Leggett HC, Longdon B, Okamura B, Sait SM, Webster JP (2017-05-05).
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352:, possibly through a series of hosts, and eventually gives rise to a new strain of virus which can evade existing immunity.
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Effective preparations for a response to a pandemic are multi-layered. The first layer is a disease surveillance system.
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of (infective) corpses; one of the control measures was an education campaign to change behaviour around funeral rites.
415:
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874:
Principles of epidemiology in public health practice; an introduction to applied epidemiology and biostatistics. 3rd ed
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4596:
4285:
4105:
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3912:
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3828:
3125:
3107:
2359:
Eisenberg, Merle, and Lee
Mordechai. "The Justinianic Plague and Global Pandemics: The Making of the Plague Concept."
2497:
2352:
Brook, Timothy; et al. "Comparative pandemics: the TudorβStuart and WanliβChongzhen years of pestilence, 1567β1666"
6055:
5724:
5694:
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5077:
4982:
4518:
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2814:
1682:"Mechanistic insights into the effect of humidity on airborne influenza virus survival, transmission and incidence"
578:
5137:
1816:
Vector-Borne
Diseases: Understanding the Environmental, Human Health, and Ecological Connections: Workshop Summary
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Another possibility, although rare, is that a pathogen may adapt to take advantage of a new mode of transmission
33:
529:) increase the likelihood of disease outbreaks. A factor which contributed to the initial rapid increase in the
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110:, are defined as reaching some defined increase in incidence above this baseline. A few cases of a very rare
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707:. The reason given is: Needing update to reflect changes in theory and practice since the COVID-19 pandemic.
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continuous or variable, it can be termed as a continuous outbreak or intermittent outbreak, respectively.
250:
88:
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The behaviour of people susceptible to the disease - such as spending more time in close contact indoors.
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6339:
5917:
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430:
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261:
is considered one of the earliest accounts of a disease epidemic. By the early 17th century, the terms
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5122:
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3927:
3917:
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3254:
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1900:
1385:
1313:
517:
Changes in behaviour can affect the likelihood or severity of epidemics. The classic example is the
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5348:
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2457:"Escaping the 'Era of Pandemics': Experts Warn Worse Crises to Come Options Offered to Reduce Risk"
2448:
2225:
1954:"Infectious disease epidemics in refugee camps: a retrospective analysis of UNHCR data (2009-2017)"
1278:
Dabour R, Meirson T, Samson AO (December 2016). "Global antibiotic resistance is mostly periodic".
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180:
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80:
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3117:
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2056:
2028:
1975:
574:
164:
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Any sudden increase in disease prevalence may generally be termed an epidemic. This may include
67:
to a large number of hosts in a given population within a short period of time. For example, in
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are zoonoses; these viruses occasionally recombine with human strains of the flu and can cause
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2503:
2424:
2410:
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2198:
2149:
2048:
1934:
1916:
1857:
1820:
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1701:
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1535:
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1458:
1419:
1401:
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1008:
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930:
911:
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referred to contrasting conditions of population-level disease, with the endemic condition a "
75:
in excess of 15 cases per 100,000 people for two consecutive weeks is considered an epidemic.
2078:
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5575:
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2289:
Stawicki SP, Jeanmonod R, Miller AC, Paladino L, Gaieski DF, Yaffee AQ, et al. (2020).
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1965:
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2739:
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337:
333:
141:
1952:
Altare C, Kahi V, Ngwa M, Goldsmith A, Hering H, Burton A, Spiegel P (1 September 2019).
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709:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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895:
Green MS, Swartz T, Mayshar E, Lev B, Leventhal A, Slater PE, Shemer J (January 2002).
610:
172:
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308:
Illustration depicting the different mechanisms of antigenic shift and antigenic drift
79:
population (by movement of pathogen or host). Generally, an epidemic occurs when host
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5353:
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1979:
586:
546:
52:
2075:"Stacy Goodling, "Effects of European Diseases on the Inhabitants of the New World""
114:
may be classified as an epidemic, while many cases of a common disease (such as the
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792:
526:
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280:
The term "epidemic" is often applied to diseases in non-human animals, although "
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5368:
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4672:
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4135:
3937:
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3835:
3584:
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3429:
3267:
2724:
2640:
2623:
2461:
Intergovernmental
Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
2135:
832:
467:
361:
224:
115:
72:
2397:"The Book of Revelation: Plagues as Part of the Eschatological Human Condition"
2169:"Human vs. animal outbreaks of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic"
1291:
1148:
877:(Third ed.). Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
17:
5976:
5824:
4994:
4716:
4073:
4048:
4016:
3793:
3774:
3764:
3752:
3599:
3211:
3183:
3009:
2969:
2841:
2419:
2396:
2369:"How do pandemics end? In different ways, but it's never quick and never neat"
2240:
2184:
1993:
1970:
754:
388:
369:
254:
246:
149:
2428:
2380:
1920:
1842:"John Snow, Cholera, the Broad Street Pump; Waterborne Diseases Then and Now"
1705:
1604:
1521:
1462:
1405:
1351:
1156:
1059:
1048:"Foot and mouth 20 years on: what an animal virus epidemic taught UK science"
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4362:
4145:
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2657:
2652:
2585:
2307:
2167:
Scotch M, Brownstein JS, Vegso S, Galusha D, Rabinowitz P (September 2011).
1397:
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98:. The declaration of an epidemic usually requires a good understanding of a
2529:
2326:
2270:
2202:
2153:
2052:
1938:
1889:"How urbanization affects the epidemiology of emerging infectious diseases"
1723:
1697:
1622:
1596:
1539:
1480:
1454:
1423:
1299:
1174:
1012:
994:
915:
2029:"Waning immunity and re-emergence of measles and mumps in the vaccine era"
27:
Rapid spread of disease affecting a large number of people in a short time
6331:
5473:
4711:
4345:
4315:
4128:
4043:
3619:
3594:
3092:
2888:
2868:
2662:
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1912:
1374:"Pathogenesis of the circulating mpox virus and its adaptation to humans"
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679:
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570:
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345:
325:
293:
245:, and other variants had meanings similar to the current definitions of "
192:
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470:, This may be due to one or more of the following underlying factors: -
4630:
3932:
3803:
3056:
2613:
2356:(2020) 14#3 pp 363β379 emphasis on Chinese history, compared to England
2284:
2282:
2280:
872:
479:
317:
313:
212:
195:. The term can also be used for non-communicable health issues such as
184:
176:
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64:
1443:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
636: with: fuller description, examples, less jargon. You can help by
43:
Example of an epidemic showing the number of new infections over time.
4925:
4140:
3705:
3358:
2954:
1790:"Scientists finally know why people get more colds and flu in winter"
1133:"SARS-CoV-2 variant biology: immune escape, transmission and fitness"
482:
seasons, or influenza which peaks in temperate regions during winter.
240:
234:
228:
1496:"The calendar of epidemics: Seasonal cycles of infectious diseases"
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2557:
2489:
1680:
Marr LC, Tang JW, Van
Mullekom J, Lakdawala SS (January 2019).
474:
The ability of the pathogen to survive outside the host - e.g.
2456:
689:
620:
590:
395:, or by one species acquiring resistance from another through
1340:"Is the Coronavirus Getting Better at Airborne Transmission?"
372:
has demonstrated antigenic drift and possibly shift as well.
2477:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
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5213:
Committee on the
Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
1998:"How the Fight Against Ebola Tested a Culture's Traditions"
1554:"Mark Your Calendar: All Infectious Diseases Are Seasonal"
581:
from a non-human host to a human. Major diseases such as
1656:
935:
356:
is abrupt - in this, two or more different strains of a
91:
equilibrium and the transmission threshold is exceeded.
1585:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
637:
545:
The level of immunity to a disease in a population -
2478:"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control"
83:
to either an established pathogen or newly emerging
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3106:
3073:
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2813:
2710:
2604:
2597:
2538:"Simulations of epidemic spread across a landscape"
1558:
Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
344:arises over a period of time as an accumulation of
2530:"Video Discussion of the Prostate Cancer Epidemic"
813:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
2486:"International Epidemiological Association (IEA)"
1813:Medicine Io, Health Bo, Threats Fo (2008-03-18).
1219:"General Background: About Antibiotic Resistance"
871:Dicker RC, Coronado F, Koo D, Parrish RG (2012).
146:devastating epidemic that struck Athens in 430 BC
1318:Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital
1034:CHAP. 1. Of the nature and essence of the Plague
565:Possibilities for zoonotic disease transmissions
391:. Resistance in bacteria can arise naturally by
216:, which later took its medical meaning from the
1378:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2027:Yang L, Grenfell BT, Mina MJ (February 2020).
937:. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. p. 246.
6463:
5458:
4286:
2569:
167:(i.e. easily spread between persons) such as
8:
1739:"The real reason germs spread in the winter"
823:Mathematical modelling of infectious disease
87:is suddenly reduced below that found in the
2124:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
1189:"Antimicrobial resistance Fact sheet NΒ°194"
1080:"Emergency response for epizootic diseases"
979:"2,500-year evolution of the term epidemic"
5829:
5623:
5505:
5465:
5451:
5443:
5248:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5174:
4293:
4279:
4271:
3742:
3196:
3070:
3027:
2932:
2601:
2576:
2562:
2554:
2402:Journal for the Study of the New Testament
1661:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1581:"Seasonal infectious disease epidemiology"
1280:Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance
1111:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
818:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
157:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
106:; epidemics for certain diseases, such as
5646:"Cocoliztli" epidemics in colonial Mexico
5208:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
5198:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
2502:. Oxford University Press. 20 June 2014.
2418:
2316:
2306:
2260:
2214:
2212:
2192:
2143:
1969:
1928:
1871:
1713:
1612:
1529:
1511:
1470:
1413:
1164:
1002:
525:. Urbanisation and overcrowding (e.g. in
419:Anopheles mosquito, the vector of malaria
328:can recognize and attack. Changes in the
2395:Lietaert Peerbolte BJ (September 2021).
977:Martin PM, Martin-Granel E (June 2006).
972:
970:
968:
966:
577:of humans caused by a pathogen that can
491:Abundance of vectors such as mosquitoes.
5253:Health departments in the United States
3650:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
2823:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
2245:"The next epidemic--lessons from Ebola"
1579:Grassly NC, Fraser C (7 October 2006).
958:Controlling the global obesity epidemic
890:
888:
886:
884:
850:
206:derives from a word form attributed to
5258:Council on Education for Public Health
4233:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
4125:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
2120:"Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic"
1765:"Flu virus' best friend: low humidity"
1686:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
1314:"FAQ: Methods of Disease Transmission"
904:The Israel Medical Association Journal
5713:Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty
5316:Professional degrees of public health
5223:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
2295:Journal of Global Infectious Diseases
7:
5413:
5306:Bachelor of Science in Public Health
3480:Compartmental models in epidemiology
2118:Sharp PM, Hahn BH (September 2011).
1893:Infection Ecology & Epidemiology
1439:"The evolution of transmission mode"
405:multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis
5425:
4574:Workers' right to access the toilet
4415:Human right to water and sanitation
2249:The New England Journal of Medicine
1084:Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute
478:cholera which becomes prevalent in
2499:A Dictionary of Epidemiology (IEA)
1854:10.1016/B978-0-12-804571-8.00017-2
1199:from the original on 10 March 2015
897:"When is an epidemic an epidemic?"
519:1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
25:
4847:Commercial determinants of health
1657:"Learn more about the flu season"
1259:from the original on 30 July 2020
433:(as with influenza and COVID-19),
63:"people") is the rapid spread of
6418:encephalitis lethargica epidemic
5424:
5412:
5401:
5400:
4430:National public health institute
4229:Economics of Infectious Diseases
3604:
2367:Honigsbaum M (18 October 2020).
1958:Journal of Global Health Reports
771:
757:
694:
624:
403:, with increasing occurrence of
148:, as described by the historian
6196:Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis
5493:List of epidemics and pandemics
4827:Open-source healthcare software
4569:Sociology of health and illness
2518:"People's Epidemiology Library"
1636:Leitzell K (20 November 2011).
1494:Martinez ME (8 November 2018).
1338:Mandavilli A (1 October 2021).
960:, the World Health Organization
5188:Caribbean Public Health Agency
5000:Sexually transmitted infection
4897:Statistical hypothesis testing
4658:Occupational safety and health
4559:Sexual and reproductive health
4472:Occupational safety and health
4238:Infectious disease informatics
4069:Transmission-based precautions
541:Changes in the host population
439:(as with cholera and typhoid),
1:
5521:
4842:Social determinants of health
3655:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
3430:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
2791:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
1846:Case Studies in Public Health
1788:LaMotte S (6 December 2022).
284:" is technically preferable.
134:
4902:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
4663:Human factors and ergonomics
3217:Aerosol-generating procedure
2995:Silent/Subclinical infection
2695:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
2045:10.1016/j.coviro.2020.05.009
1819:. National Academies Press.
1737:Robson D (19 October 2015).
1513:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007327
1107:"How Flu Viruses Can Change"
983:Emerging Infectious Diseases
241:
235:
229:
5083:Good manufacturing practice
4887:Randomized controlled trial
3881:Vaccine-preventable disease
3829:Monoclonal antibody therapy
2136:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841
2033:Current Opinion in Virology
1899:(1): 10.3402/iee.v5.27060.
1137:Nature Reviews Microbiology
6519:
6306:2024 Latin American dengue
6086:Western African meningitis
5900:Pacific Northwest smallpox
5153:Theory of planned behavior
5078:Good agricultural practice
4983:Public health surveillance
4875:epidemiological statistics
4519:Public health intervention
4022:Respiratory source control
2361:American Historical Review
2219:Gerson M (26 March 2015).
1887:Neiderud CJ (2015-06-24).
1292:10.1016/j.jgar.2016.09.003
1149:10.1038/s41579-022-00841-7
59:"upon or above" and Ξ΄αΏΞΌΞΏΟ
31:
5912:Buenos Aires yellow fever
5810:Philadelphia yellow fever
5780:Great Plague of Marseille
5774:Great Northern War plague
5768:Iceland smallpox epidemic
5488:
5396:
5275:World Toilet Organization
5270:World Health Organization
4837:Public health informatics
4544:Right to rest and leisure
4373:Globalization and disease
4166:Global Health Initiatives
4156:Evolutionary epidemiology
3851:Post-exposure prophylaxis
3787:Antimicrobial stewardship
3510:Multiplicity of infection
3475:Basic reproduction number
3251:Percutaneous inoculation
2735:Hostβpathogen interaction
2542:Monash Virtual Laboratory
2420:10.1177/0142064X211025496
2354:Journal of Global History
2185:10.1007/s10393-011-0706-x
2097:World Health Organization
1971:10.29392/joghr.3.e2019064
703:This section needs to be
531:2014 Ebola virus epidemic
505:A Court for King Cholera.
387:that become resistant to
330:antigenic characteristics
34:Epidemic (disambiguation)
6476:Mpox (clade Ib) epidemic
6470:Mpox (clade II) outbreak
6430:Seventh cholera pandemic
5321:Schools of public health
5113:Diffusion of innovations
4812:Health impact assessment
4524:Public health laboratory
4420:Management of depression
3984:Protective sequestration
3846:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
3137:Generational difference
2690:Horizontal gene transfer
2680:Antimicrobial resistance
2363:125.5 (2020): 1632β1667.
1105:CDC (12 December 2022).
1032:. London: Edward White.
397:horizontal gene transfer
383:applies specifically to
69:meningococcal infections
6388:Fourth cholera pandemic
6370:Second cholera pandemic
6216:Γquateur province Ebola
5804:North American smallpox
5719:Great Plague of Seville
5384:Social hygiene movement
5311:Doctor of Public Health
5143:Social cognitive theory
4945:Infectious and epidemic
4727:Fecalβoral transmission
4171:Microbial phylogenetics
4089:Wastewater surveillance
3610:Geographic distribution
3485:Critical community size
3283:Surgical site infection
3131:Iatrogenic/Medical care
3050:Microbial translocation
3046:Endogenous reactivation
3041:Normal flora overgrowth
2990:Opportunistic infection
2762:Opportunistic infection
2308:10.4103/jgid.jgid_86_20
1763:Kashef Z (2019-05-13).
1398:10.1073/pnas.2301662120
1372:AlcamΓ A (2023-03-28).
929:Callow PP, ed. (1998).
411:Changes in transmission
6406:Sixth cholera pandemic
6394:Fifth cholera pandemic
6376:Third cholera pandemic
6364:First cholera pandemic
6346:Second plague pandemic
5906:Barcelona yellow fever
5751:Great Plague of Vienna
5737:Great Plague of London
5707:Massachusetts smallpox
5379:Germ theory of disease
5158:Transtheoretical model
4243:Microbial bioterrorism
3866:efficacy/effectiveness
3274:Surgical intervention
3166:Breakthrough infection
2788:Genetic predisposition
2772:Susceptible individual
2619:Germ theory of disease
1840:Tulchinsky TH (2018).
1698:10.1098/rsif.2018.0298
1597:10.1098/rspb.2006.3604
1455:10.1098/rstb.2016.0083
1046:McKie R (2021-02-21).
995:10.3201/eid1206.051263
798:Endemic (epidemiology)
657:Common source outbreak
566:
514:
420:
309:
227:. Before Hippocrates,
152:
44:
6382:Third plague pandemic
6340:First plague pandemic
6134:Western African Ebola
6044:Chikungunya outbreaks
5996:Malaysian Nipah virus
5864:Great Plains smallpox
5263:Public Health Service
5148:Social norms approach
5138:PRECEDEβPROCEED model
4584:Preventive healthcare
4477:Pharmaceutical policy
4326:Chief Medical Officer
4079:Universal precautions
3037:Endogenous overgrowth
2889:Poultry and livestock
1638:"The Time of Cholera"
838:Pathogen transmission
564:
503:
424:Pathogen transmission
418:
381:Antibiotic resistance
307:
257:' description of the
129:
42:
6442:Russian flu pandemic
6184:Angolan yellow fever
5935:San Francisco plague
5888:Broad Street cholera
5786:Great Plague of 1738
5339:Sara Josephine Baker
5238:Public Health Agency
5123:Health communication
4988:Disease surveillance
4954:Asymptomatic carrier
4936:Statistical software
4624:Preventive nutrition
4452:Medical anthropology
4341:Environmental health
4181:Genomic reassortment
4161:Genetic epidemiology
4000:Health communication
3928:Flattening the curve
3918:Disease surveillance
3701:Systemic/Generalized
3465:Animal disease model
2945:Asymptomatic carrier
2262:10.1056/NEJMp1502918
1913:10.3402/iee.v5.27060
407:(MDR-TB) worldwide.
324:' surface that host
273:" and the epidemic "
189:sexually transmitted
181:water-borne diseases
131:The Plague of Athens
32:For other uses, see
6348:(1348β19th century)
6276:New Zealand measles
6104:Darfur yellow fever
5947:LA pneumonic plague
5564:Plague of Justinian
5349:Carl Rogers Darnall
5344:Samuel Jay Crumbine
5118:Health belief model
4971:Notifiable diseases
4907:Regression analysis
4742:Waterborne diseases
4331:Cultural competence
4248:Pandemic prevention
4204:Viral phylodynamics
4185:Re-emerging disease
4074:Travel restrictions
3278:Postoperative wound
3247:Blood-borne disease
3229:Respiratory droplet
3141:Vertical/Congenital
3126:Nosocomial/Hospital
3083:Spillover infection
2449:Scientific American
2226:The Washington Post
2221:"The next epidemic"
2002:National Geographic
1996:(30 January 2015).
1905:2015InfEE...527060N
1591:(1600): 2541β2550.
1390:2023PNAS..12001662A
1384:(13): e2301662120.
1249:"Tuberculosis (TB)"
666:Propagated outbreak
583:Ebola virus disease
445:(malaria, Zika) and
144:, illustrating the
6503:Biological hazards
6358:Influenza pandemic
6352:Influenza pandemic
6300:Bangsamoro measles
6282:Singaporean dengue
6246:Pacific NW measles
6240:Philippine measles
6228:Madagascar measles
6210:Kerala Nipah virus
6203:Saudi Arabian MERS
6116:Singaporean dengue
6062:Zimbabwean cholera
6032:Singaporean dengue
5876:Copenhagen cholera
5858:Groningen epidemic
5652:Influenza pandemic
5634:Influenza pandemic
4947:disease prevention
4882:Caseβcontrol study
4554:Security of person
4403:Health care reform
4194:Selection pressure
3490:Force of infection
3118:Contagious disease
3053:Endogenous seeding
2950:Chain of infection
2874:Injection drug use
2785:Vaccination status
2668:Case fatality rate
2586:infectious disease
1655:CDC (2022-09-20).
1449:(1719): 20160083.
1344:The New York Times
1229:on 23 October 2015
1086:. 11 December 2005
575:infectious disease
567:
515:
507:Illustration from
421:
310:
165:contagious disease
155:The United States
153:
45:
6485:
6484:
6326:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6258:Kuala Koh measles
6172:South Korean MERS
6160:Polio declaration
6148:Madagascar plague
6080:Gujarat hepatitis
6068:Madagascar plague
6020:Midwest monkeypox
5971:Yugoslav smallpox
5941:Manchurian plague
5882:Stockholm cholera
5819:
5818:
5606:Sweating sickness
5594:Japanese smallpox
5543:Plague of Cyprian
5482:disease outbreaks
5440:
5439:
5392:
5391:
5302:Higher education
5133:Positive deviance
5128:Health psychology
5104:Health behavioral
5031:safety management
5005:Social distancing
4779:Population health
4759:Smoking cessation
4707:Pharmacovigilance
4678:Injury prevention
4646:Infection control
4564:Social psychology
4514:Prisoners' rights
4457:Medical sociology
4425:Public health law
4321:Biological hazard
4268:
4267:
4258:Tropical medicine
4199:Synthetic biology
4100:
4099:
4059:Social distancing
4012:Outbreak response
3633:
3632:
3460:Agent-based model
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3437:
2985:Natural reservoir
2975:Infectious period
2965:Incubation period
2922:
2921:
2878:Natural disaster
2847:Tropical diseases
2830:Biodiversity loss
2767:Risk of infection
2757:Microbiome health
2750:Immunosuppression
2509:978-0-19-997672-0
2411:SAGE Publications
1826:978-0-309-17770-2
1692:(150): 20180298.
1560:. 8 November 2018
788:List of epidemics
724:
723:
654:
653:
191:diseases such as
175:diseases such as
16:(Redirected from
6510:
6465:
6252:New York measles
6206:
6166:Indian swine flu
6154:Odisha hepatitis
6144:
6098:Pakistani dengue
6050:Pakistani dengue
5999:
5965:WrocΕaw smallpox
5918:Hong Kong plague
5852:Caragea's plague
5830:
5747:
5640:Mexican smallpox
5624:
5576:Plague of Sheroe
5531:Plague of Athens
5526:
5523:
5506:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5444:
5428:
5427:
5416:
5415:
5404:
5403:
5298:Health education
5175:
5029:Food hygiene and
5010:Tropical disease
4822:Infant mortality
4797:Community health
4673:Controlled Drugs
4609:Health promotion
4539:Right to housing
4383:Health economics
4295:
4288:
4281:
4272:
4253:Tropical disease
4189:Reverse zoonosis
4176:One Health Model
4005:Health education
3994:Community health
3913:Cordon sanitaire
3886:Ring vaccination
3856:Repurposed drugs
3743:
3662:Gastrointestinal
3505:Machine learning
3309:Gastrointestinal
3260:Intravenous line
3197:
3111:/Cross-infection
3098:Reverse zoonosis
3071:
3028:
2933:
2914:War and conflict
2782:Nutrition status
2745:Immunodeficiency
2602:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2555:
2549:
2544:. Archived from
2533:
2525:
2520:. Archived from
2513:
2493:
2488:. Archived from
2481:
2464:
2440:
2422:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2339:
2338:
2320:
2310:
2286:
2275:
2274:
2264:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2077:. Archived from
2071:
2065:
2064:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2008:on March 8, 2021
2004:. Archived from
1990:
1984:
1983:
1973:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1533:
1515:
1506:(11): e1007327.
1491:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1225:. Archived from
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1168:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1026:Lodge T (1603).
1023:
1017:
1016:
1006:
974:
961:
955:
949:
948:
926:
920:
919:
901:
892:
879:
878:
868:
781:
776:
775:
774:
767:
765:Pandemics portal
762:
761:
760:
719:
716:
710:
698:
697:
690:
682:diseases agent.
649:
646:
628:
621:
607:1918 Spanish flu
393:genetic mutation
300:Antigenic Change
271:common sicknesse
259:Plague of Athens
244:
238:
232:
139:
136:
21:
6518:
6517:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6488:
6487:
6486:
6481:
6318:
6201:
6139:
6122:Swansea measles
6074:Bolivian dengue
6002:
5994:
5983:Indian smallpox
5953:Croydon typhoid
5923:
5815:
5756:
5742:
5677:
5618:
5611:
5582:Plague of Amwas
5555:
5548:
5537:Antonine Plague
5524:
5497:
5484:
5471:
5441:
5436:
5388:
5359:Margaret Sanger
5327:
5286:
5170:
5168:
5162:
5105:
5099:
5071:Safety scandals
5030:
5024:
4946:
4940:
4874:
4868:
4864:Social medicine
4857:Race and health
4792:Child mortality
4773:
4732:Open defecation
4614:Human nutrition
4604:Family planning
4592:Behavior change
4578:
4534:Right to health
4447:Maternal health
4437:Health politics
4388:Health literacy
4304:
4299:
4269:
4264:
4208:
4121:Antigenic shift
4116:Antigenic drift
4107:
4096:
3960:Barrier nursing
3908:Contact tracing
3899:
3892:
3737:
3735:
3728:
3639:
3629:
3530:
3524:
3515:Serial interval
3434:
3418:
3409:Cervico-vaginal
3404:
3395:Trans-placental
3390:
3374:
3342:
3304:
3240:Vascular system
3239:
3233:
3188:
3176:
3170:
3110:
3102:
3062:
3019:
2937:
2918:
2809:
2740:Immune response
2706:
2685:Drug resistance
2629:Infectious dose
2593:
2582:
2552:
2536:
2528:
2516:
2510:
2496:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2455:
2394:
2385:
2383:
2366:
2348:
2346:Further reading
2343:
2342:
2288:
2287:
2278:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2081:on 10 May 2008.
2073:
2072:
2068:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1864:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1025:
1024:
1020:
976:
975:
964:
956:
952:
945:
928:
927:
923:
899:
894:
893:
882:
870:
869:
852:
847:
842:
779:Medicine portal
777:
772:
770:
763:
758:
756:
753:
720:
714:
711:
708:
699:
695:
688:
668:
659:
650:
644:
641:
634:needs expansion
619:
559:
543:
498:
496:Human behaviour
464:
451:(syphilis, HIV)
413:
378:
376:Drug resistance
354:Antigenic shift
342:Antigenic drift
338:antigenic shift
334:antigenic drift
302:
290:
142:Michiel Sweerts
137:
124:
37:
28:
23:
22:
18:Health disaster
15:
12:
11:
5:
6516:
6514:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6490:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6473:
6467:
6457:
6451:
6450:(1981βpresent)
6445:
6439:
6433:
6427:
6421:
6415:
6409:
6403:
6397:
6391:
6385:
6379:
6373:
6367:
6361:
6355:
6349:
6343:
6336:
6334:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6314:
6303:
6302:(2023βpresent)
6297:
6294:Jamaica dengue
6291:
6285:
6279:
6273:
6267:
6261:
6255:
6249:
6243:
6237:
6231:
6225:
6219:
6213:
6207:
6199:
6193:
6190:Yemeni cholera
6187:
6181:
6175:
6169:
6163:
6157:
6151:
6145:
6141:DR Congo Ebola
6137:
6131:
6125:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6065:
6059:
6053:
6047:
6041:
6035:
6029:
6023:
6017:
6010:
6008:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5992:
5986:
5980:
5974:
5968:
5962:
5956:
5950:
5944:
5938:
5931:
5929:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5915:
5909:
5903:
5897:
5891:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5867:
5861:
5855:
5849:
5846:Maltese plague
5843:
5840:Ottoman plague
5836:
5834:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5807:
5801:
5798:Persian Plague
5795:
5792:Russian plague
5789:
5783:
5777:
5771:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5748:
5744:Maltese plague
5740:
5734:
5728:
5725:Maltese plague
5722:
5716:
5710:
5704:
5701:Italian plague
5698:
5695:Maltese plague
5692:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5667:
5664:Maltese plague
5661:
5655:
5649:
5643:
5637:
5630:
5628:
5621:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5603:
5597:
5591:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5567:
5560:
5558:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5518:Hittite plague
5514:
5512:
5503:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5447:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5422:
5410:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5300:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5181:
5179:
5172:
5167:Organizations,
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5109:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5034:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4956:
4950:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4923:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4873:Biological and
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4839:
4834:
4832:Multimorbidity
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4783:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4769:Vector control
4766:
4761:
4756:
4754:School hygiene
4751:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4737:Sanitary sewer
4734:
4729:
4724:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4695:Patient safety
4692:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4588:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4378:Harm reduction
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4275:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4227:
4222:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4151:Emergent virus
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4086:
4084:Vector control
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4027:N95 respirator
4019:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3969:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3900:pharmaceutical
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3749:
3747:
3746:Pharmaceutical
3740:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3697:Cardiovascular
3695:
3690:
3685:
3682:
3677:
3676:Nervous system
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3643:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3500:Infection rate
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3262:
3257:
3255:Injection site
3249:
3243:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3224:Dental aerosol
3221:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3146:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3108:Human-to-human
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3005:Super-spreader
3002:
3000:Superinfection
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2909:Vector control
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2838:Climate zones
2836:
2834:Climate change
2831:
2828:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2650:
2648:Quorum sensing
2645:
2644:
2643:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2551:
2550:
2548:on 2007-11-04.
2534:
2526:
2524:on 2012-03-23.
2514:
2508:
2494:
2492:on 2010-11-27.
2482:
2473:
2471:
2470:External links
2468:
2466:
2465:
2453:
2444:McKenna, Maryn
2441:
2392:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2276:
2255:(15): 1381β4.
2243:(April 2015).
2232:
2208:
2179:(3): 376β380.
2159:
2130:(1): a006841.
2110:
2099:. 29 July 2020
2084:
2066:
2019:
1985:
1944:
1879:
1862:
1832:
1825:
1805:
1780:
1755:
1729:
1672:
1647:
1642:NASA Earthdata
1628:
1571:
1545:
1500:PLOS Pathogens
1486:
1429:
1364:
1330:
1305:
1270:
1240:
1210:
1195:. April 2014.
1180:
1143:(3): 162β177.
1123:
1097:
1071:
1038:
1018:
962:
950:
943:
921:
880:
849:
848:
846:
843:
841:
840:
835:
830:
828:Epidemic model
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
784:
783:
782:
768:
752:
749:
722:
721:
715:September 2023
702:
700:
693:
687:
684:
673:mixed outbreak
667:
664:
658:
655:
652:
651:
645:September 2023
631:
629:
618:
615:
611:2009 swine flu
589:are zoonoses.
558:
555:
542:
539:
535:ritual bathing
497:
494:
493:
492:
489:
486:
483:
463:
460:
453:
452:
446:
440:
434:
412:
409:
377:
374:
301:
298:
289:
286:
223:a treatise by
123:
120:
85:novel pathogen
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6515:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6462:(2019βpresent
6461:
6458:
6455:
6452:
6449:
6446:
6443:
6440:
6437:
6436:Hong Kong flu
6434:
6431:
6428:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6410:
6407:
6404:
6401:
6398:
6395:
6392:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6365:
6362:
6359:
6356:
6353:
6350:
6347:
6344:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6329:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6298:
6295:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6264:Tonga measles
6262:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6234:Samoa measles
6232:
6229:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6217:
6214:
6211:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6197:
6194:
6191:
6188:
6185:
6182:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6135:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6092:Haiti cholera
6090:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6056:Iraqi cholera
6054:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6038:Indian dengue
6036:
6033:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6005:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5981:
5978:
5975:
5972:
5969:
5966:
5963:
5960:
5957:
5954:
5951:
5948:
5945:
5942:
5939:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5894:Guam smallpox
5892:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5871:
5868:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5752:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5731:Naples Plague
5729:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5689:London plague
5687:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5671:
5670:London plague
5668:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5658:London plague
5656:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5614:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5588:Plague of 664
5586:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5551:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5504:
5500:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5468:
5463:
5461:
5456:
5454:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5433:
5432:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5354:Joseph Lister
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5282:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5233:Health Canada
5231:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:Organizations
5176:
5173:
5165:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5102:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5027:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5015:Vaccine trial
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4892:Relative risk
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:Health equity
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4817:Health system
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4807:Global health
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4787:Biostatistics
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4529:Right to food
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4462:Mental health
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4410:Housing First
4408:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4398:Health system
4396:
4395:
4394:
4393:Health policy
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4302:Public health
4296:
4291:
4289:
4284:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4103:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4064:Sterilization
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4032:Surgical mask
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3989:Public health
3987:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3895:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:Phage therapy
3839:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3824:Immunotherapy
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3782:Antimicrobial
3780:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3731:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3673:Genitourinary
3672:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3636:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:in population
3527:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:Herd immunity
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:Genitourinary
3377:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3321:Contamination
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:Vector-borne
3288:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3075:Cross-species
3072:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3015:Window period
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:Latent period
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2859:Deforestation
2857:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2804:Stress levels
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2636:Pathogenicity
2634:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1863:9780128045718
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1806:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1228:
1224:
1223:www.tufts.edu
1220:
1214:
1211:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
989:(6): 976β80.
988:
984:
980:
973:
971:
969:
967:
963:
959:
954:
951:
946:
944:0-86542-838-7
940:
936:
932:
925:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
898:
891:
889:
887:
885:
881:
876:
875:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
851:
844:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
780:
769:
766:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
737:
733:
728:
718:
706:
701:
692:
691:
685:
683:
681:
676:
674:
665:
663:
656:
648:
639:
635:
632:This section
630:
627:
623:
622:
616:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:salmonellosis
584:
580:
576:
572:
563:
556:
554:
550:
548:
547:herd immunity
540:
538:
536:
532:
528:
527:refugee camps
524:
520:
512:
511:
506:
502:
495:
490:
487:
484:
481:
477:
473:
472:
471:
469:
461:
459:
456:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
428:
427:
425:
417:
410:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
375:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
306:
299:
297:
295:
287:
285:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
237:
231:
226:
222:
220:
215:
214:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
158:
151:
147:
143:
132:
128:
121:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
41:
35:
30:
19:
6288:Uganda Ebola
6007:21st century
5989:Surat plague
5959:NYC smallpox
5928:20th century
5833:19th century
5761:18th century
5682:17th century
5648:(1545, 1576)
5627:16th century
5570:Roman Plague
5539:(165β180 AD)
5533:(429β426 BC)
5480:and notable
5477:
5429:
5417:
5405:
5374:Radium Girls
5369:Typhoid Mary
5056:Microbiology
4958:
4926:
4918:
4802:Epidemiology
4700:Organization
4651:Oral hygiene
4641:Hand washing
4619:Healthy diet
4549:Right to sit
4442:Labor rights
3972:Notification
3943:Hand washing
3938:Food hygiene
3923:Disinfection
3819:Immunization
3770:Anthelmintic
3758:prophylactic
3646:Respiratory
3570:Hyperendemic
3547:
3520:WAIFW matrix
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2928:Transmission
2904:Urbanization
2702:Host tropism
2598:Determinants
2584:Concepts in
2546:the original
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1052:The Observer
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6456:(2009β2010)
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6438:(1968β1970)
6432:(1961β1975)
6426:(1957β1958)
6420:(1919β1930)
6414:(1918β1920)
6412:Spanish flu
6408:(1899β1923)
6402:(1889β1890)
6400:Russian flu
6396:(1881β1896)
6390:(1863β1879)
6384:(1855β1860)
6378:(1852β1860)
6372:(1829β1851)
6366:(1816β1826)
6360:(1557β1559)
6290:(2022β2023)
6278:(2019β2020)
6272:(2019β2020)
6270:DRC measles
6224:(2018β2020)
6192:(2016β2022)
6180:(2015β2016)
6136:(2013β2016)
6130:(2013β2014)
6128:Chikungunya
6094:(2010β2019)
6088:(2009β2010)
6070:(2008β2017)
6064:(2008β2009)
6028:(2003β2005)
6016:(2002β2004)
5998:(1998β1999)
5979:(1972β1973)
5943:(1910β1911)
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5902:(1862β1863)
5872:(1847β1848)
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5525: 1330
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3836:Inoculation
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3809:Combination
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3638:Anatomical
3605:Seasonality
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3565:Holoendemic
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3470:Attack rate
3268:Animal bite
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1286:: 132β134.
1116:9 September
833:Biosecurity
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6492:Categories
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4917:Student's
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1774:2023-09-13
1666:2023-09-13
1323:10 January
1233:30 October
1065:2023-09-11
931:"Epidemic"
910:(1): 3β6.
845:References
437:fecal-oral
326:antibodies
255:Thucydides
247:indigenous
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122:Definition
6498:Epidemics
6454:Swine flu
6424:Asian flu
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6311:Argentina
5596:(735β737)
5590:(664β689)
5584:(638β639)
5578:(627β628)
5566:(541β542)
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5474:Pandemics
5364:John Snow
5291:Education
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5046:Chemistry
4959:Epidemics
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2801:Pregnancy
2658:Endotoxin
2653:Virulence
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1605:0962-8452
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1463:0962-8436
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1352:0362-4331
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2203:21912985
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1994:Maxmen A
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1930:4481042
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5219:India
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