434:, and epidemic control are part of deliberate health security strategies. Preparedness to respond to public health crises relies on assessments and improvements to plans, training, gap analysis, and communication strategies. Public health surveillance activities includes collection, analysis and interpretation of health data for the purpose of improving public health systems. Surveillance of public health incidents enables improved detection and prevention of infectious disease outbreaks. Health security has become a tool utilised by the WHO, policymakers, academics, and health professionals to promote healthcare expenditure, health system strengthening,
256:
485:, as public health is politicised and militarised. Opposition to the linkage of health and security by governments and public health stakeholders has impacted policy. Health security measures have been criticised for their potential to incite anti-democratic responses to health crises. Social implications of securitising health have been considered by many academics and policymakers. For example, securitising
20:
314:(IHR) established standards for the detection and response to international disease outbreak. The 194 countries that are WHO signatories are bound by the IHR, implemented to aid in the prevention and response to public health threats. Signatories are required to report public health events that might pose threat to the international population within 24 hours of detection. Enhanced
422:. Resilience to health insecurities caused by changing patterns of infectious disease is integral to national security agendas. Understanding vulnerabilities enables policymakers to identify and target health insecurities to prevent or treat the spread of infectious disease. Health security encompasses the activities and responses of nations to public health threats. Access to
399:
preparedness and response to global health threats. Pandemic, biological, chemical, and radio-nuclear threats were regarded as important to global health security. It was founded on the basis of exchanging information between nations and coordinating practices to respond to potential bioterrorism threats.
509:
have criticised linkage of health and security discourses. Limited consensus regarding the definition and scope of health security, and the assumption that it focusses predominately on protection of populations in high-income nations motivates this opposition. Health security has been perceived as an
473:
The securitisation of public health has been contested by some policymakers and academics. Health security advocates claim that securitisation improves responses to health crises. Securitising public health enables governments to engage necessary resources and practices needed to mitigate infectious
521:
development policy agendas in developing nations may prevent the securitisation of public health threats. Personal insecurity, food insecurity, deprivation and endemic poverty impede human and health security in developing nations. However, these factors are often not securitised. The prevalence of
445:
have implemented strategies to strengthen health systems to ensure equitable advances in health provision and outcomes. Securitising health enables policymakers to focus additional resources on the development of health services. Improving health security of populations will have subsequent effects
330:
is the national public health institute of the United States, leading health security. It is responsible for protecting the population from health, security, and safety threats. Health security has become an increased concern of policymakers, and therefore, has become more central to the agenda of
246:
has increased demand for strategic health security policies. The expansion of global aviation networks has increased the speed, rate, and volume of connections between nations, increasing the risk of the spread of infectious disease. Conventional measures of disease control are no longer viable to
306:
The WHO has an official role in the guidance and prevention policy of global disease. It acts as intermediary between states to ensure the safety of populations through collective health action. The WHO oversees the prevention, control, and resolution of infectious disease, assisting governments
398:
was established to contest the increased threat of bioterrorism. The initiative expanded to consider pandemic threats and the prevention of the spread of infectious disease. In 2001, the GHSI became an informal, international partnership between nations committed to strengthening public health
23:
27:
26:
22:
21:
28:
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Global health security encourages transnational partnerships to synthesise support and mobilisation between governments and relevant stakeholders in public health. Global partnerships facilitate the effective implementation and practice of global health regulations. Advocates of
76:(WHO), health security encompasses the "activities required to minimise the danger and impact of acute public health events that endanger the collective health of populations living across geographical regions and international boundaries". It is the responsibility of
25:
346:. The stockpile includes vaccines, medical equipment, and therapeutics, designed to be deployed within 12 hours of a public health crisis. Similar stockpiles have been developed internationally; the CDC has become a framework for international health security.
381:
The GHSA has committed to ensuring adequate preparation for pandemics and epidemics. The Agenda helps nations identify the strengths and weaknesses of domestic and international health systems, ensuring that assistance is directed where necessary. The 2020
489:
patients as a threat to national security rather than the virus creates social implications. The linkage of health and security has the potential to threaten human rights or lead to the prioritisation of some diseases over other health needs.
909:
Ray-Bennett, Nibedita S.; Collins, Andrew; Bhuiya, Abbas; Edgeworth, Ross; Nahar, Papreen; Alamgir, Fariba (2010). "Exploring the meaning of health security for disaster resilience through people's perspectives in
Bangladesh".
303:, demonstrated the need to establish an institution to mitigate threats to human life and the subsequent economic impacts of such events. The WHO was imbued with the constitutional authority to combat pandemics and epidemics.
234:. Diseases have the capacity to cause high levels of morbidity and mortality, incite societal fear and disruption, and provoke economic shocks. The emergence of new and recurring infectious diseases, including the 2002–2003
358:, to increase capacities for the detection, prevention, and response to naturally, accidentally, or deliberately occurring infectious diseases. The agenda is the combined effort of 67 nations, the
149:
Constitution states that "the health of all peoples is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security and is dependent upon the fullest co-operation of individuals and States". Prevalence of
111:, and initiatives such as the Global Health Security Agenda are central to advocacy of health security – aiming to improve detection, prevention, and response to infectious disease through public
24:
378:, and private sector companies has been developed to advance global security to infectious disease. Nations are committed to elevating global health security as a national security priority.
107:
have become of increasing concern for global policymakers and governments, requiring mobilisation of essential resources for the implementation of rapid and effective health procedures. The
168:
The prevalence of disease outbreaks and increased transnational spread of disease in the twentieth century required policymakers to consider new security frameworks. The global spread of
530:
emphasises the structure-agency binaries and institutions of gender, power and the distribution of resources and wealth. As such, health security tends to focus on the threats to
118:
Health security is a concept or framework for public health issues which includes protection of national populations from external health threats such as pandemics.
307:
globally. It has a coordinating role and the authority to direct international health activities to manage infectious disease outbreaks and health security.
327:
407:
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have suggested that improved access to enhanced health care would facilitate greater global health security against threats to public health.
342:, the CDC began to stockpile items as part of a Bioterrorism Initiative to strengthen public health preparedness for public health crises and
1115:
363:
36:
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in the development of medicines has significantly impeded governments' attempts to obtain pharmaceutical defences for health security.
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pandemic has demonstrated need for coordinated international response to ensure preparedness of governments to protect public health.
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Resolution 54.14 determined health security as a strategy for the prevention of the spread of diseases across national borders.
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and the shifting nature of human society. Transnational diffusion of diseases may have created many global health insecurities.
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The development of health security has emphasised the need to improve national health systems to control and reduce threats.
410:
global health includes resolving forms of insecurity that enable the spread of disease. Public health crises and inadequate
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have a responsibility to protect the health and wellbeing of their populations. Opponents suggest health security impacts
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Nations continually adapt to the ever-changing health insecurities posed to their populations. Risk of antimicrobial
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will impact how governments choose to treat and manage a vast number of diseases and infections. Dominance of the
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272:
259:
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91:, and the advent of transnational concerns regarding the spread of infectious disease, have become integral to
157:, have resulted in the emergence of health security agendas globally. The occurrence and threat of infectious
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242:(H1N1) virus, pose considerable threat to the global population. The rapid, worldwide spread of microbial
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societal structures and finance institutions determine what health issues are securitised. The dominant
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Opponents to the concept of health security have critiqued the WHO's language. Opposition within the
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83:
The advent of new security challenges, resulting from increasing global vulnerability to infectious
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Colin McInnes (2014), Simon
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343:
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technologies have enabled effective and timely detection and response to public health events.
230:, and the spread of infectious disease. Infectious diseases are the most significant threat to
53:
incidents to ensure the health of populations. It is an evolving paradigm within the fields of
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Managing Global Health
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has created demand for greater global commitment and collaboration towards public health.
66:
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1227:"Securing Indo-Pacific health security: Australia's approach to regional health security"
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Contemporary security agendas have expanded from traditional security concerns, such as
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and global equitable distribution. Securitisation of health has increased concerns for
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in 1948 recognised the severity of epidemiological events in the wake of the 1918
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throughout the region through the provision of technical and medical assistance.
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199:, to biological threats. Whereas traditional approaches to security regard the
1175:
Lyttleton, Chris (2018). "Vigilance and
Sentinels in Global Health Security".
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Global Health
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Disease
Surveillance: Technological Contributions to Global Health Security
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speaking at the Global Health
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region have rejected the terminology 'health security'. Governments in
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The GHSA was implemented in 2014, in response to the growing threat of
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18:
722:"Health security as a public health concept: a critical analysis"
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Pandemics, Pills, and
Politics: Governing Global Health Security
283:, the security implications of major epidemic events, including
192:
45:
is a concept that encompasses activities and measures across
477:
Critics of health security are concerned with the impact on
153:
threats, both naturally occurring and intentional acts of
121:
Four types of security may be considered in this context:
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in the 1980s provoked political responses, prompting the
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has increased partially because of the advent of global
203:
as the referent object of analysis, the development of
474:
diseases and health threats endangering populations.
80:
globally to protect the health of their populations.
1144:
16:Public health via the actions of sovereign states
1002:"Global Health Security - An Unfinished Journey"
368:United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation
322:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
218:Not all health issues are considered threats to
61:. Proponents of health security posit that all
510:opportunity for high-income nations to assert
805:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
695:Blazes, David L. and Lewis, Sheri H. (2016).
8:
762:Routledge Handbook of Global Health Security
649:Routledge Handbook of Global Health Security
517:Social structures, and the dissemination of
1231:Australian Journal of International Affairs
835:"Impact of Hajj on Global Health Security"
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1017:
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850:
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647:Rushton, Simon and Youde, Jeremy (2014).
69:and the equal distribution of resources.
438:, and cooperation between stakeholders.
390:Global Health Security Initiative (GHSI)
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247:mitigate threats to public health.
176:to consider disease as a threat to
333:public health in the United States
211:, personal, community, political,
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924:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.01.003
833:Niu, Song and Xu, Mindan (2019).
115:and partnerships between states.
839:Journal of Religion & Health
312:International Health Regulations
1087:"Global Health Security Agenda"
720:William Aldis (November 2008),
267:World Health Organization (WHO)
238:coronavirus novel and the 2009
207:highlights the need to include
174:United Nations Security Council
1000:Osterholm, Michael T. (2017).
964:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
222:. Health security focusses on
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1120:Global Health Security Agenda
1091:Global Health Security Agenda
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1006:Emerging Infectious Diseases
960:Kamradt-Scott, Adam (2014).
376:international organisations
197:weapons of mass destruction
37:outbreak of Ebola in Africa
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1058:Masys, Anthony J. (2020).
726:Health Policy and Planning
262:headquarters, Switzerland
49:boundaries that mitigates
852:10.1007/s10943-018-0648-5
699:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
592:World Health Organization
260:World Health Organization
74:World Health Organization
544:International relations
528:international relations
455:pharmaceutical industry
55:international relations
1283:International security
1019:10.3201/eid2313.171528
340:9/11 terrorist attacks
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178:international security
97:international security
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801:Elbe, Stefan (2018).
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651:. London: Routledge.
463:universal health care
428:preventative medicine
258:
251:Role of organisations
182:World Health Assembly
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1177:Medical Anthropology
443:Developing countries
432:vaccination programs
403:Policy and responses
316:disease surveillance
271:The creation of the
1062:. Basel: Springer.
436:health surveillance
113:health surveillance
912:Health & Place
344:biological attacks
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99:agendas. Disease,
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588:"Health Security"
277:Spanish Influenza
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424:health care
240:influenza A
180:. In 2001,
151:biosecurity
123:biosecurity
78:governments
1288:Neologisms
1267:Categories
1154:2020-05-28
1126:2020-05-28
1096:2020-05-28
555:References
519:neoliberal
512:soft power
469:Criticisms
129:security;
1253:158413148
597:March 19,
503:Indonesia
279:. During
244:pathogens
228:epidemics
224:pandemics
189:terrorism
105:epidemics
101:pandemics
47:sovereign
1278:Politics
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538:See also
507:Thailand
487:HIV/AIDS
384:COVID-19
209:economic
170:HIV/AIDS
163:aviation
159:diseases
93:national
85:diseases
1205:3592354
1029:5711312
862:7088024
524:realist
297:typhoid
289:cholera
285:malaria
141:Origins
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