160:, citing interviews with North Korean defectors, painted a grim picture of the North Korean healthcare system as one with "barely functioning hospitals." It described hospitals that operate without heat or electricity and doctors forced to work by flashlight or candlelight, doctors performing operations without anesthetics, patients forced to pay for firewood or use makeshift heaters by burning wood inside steel plates or a drum to keep their rooms warm, and shortages of medical equipment and medicines. Allegedly, a certain level of free medical treatment and preventive medicine was available to common citizens under Kim Il Sung, but the system's quality lapsed afterward. In 2010, the
142:
482:
30:
638:. The association suggests the promotion of traditional medicine is the result of poor pharmaceutical production. North Korean law both requires and emphasizes that Western medicine must be combined with traditional Korean medicine. Article 31 of the North Korean Medical Law stipulates that medical institutions must use acupuncture and traditional Korean medicine to treat patients. Other aspects of the law also emphasize developing both traditional and modern medicine, which is reflected in most North Korean medical journals.
150:
164:(WHO) criticized the Amnesty International report as outdated and factually inaccurate, describing the healthcare system as "the envy of the developing world" while acknowledging that "challenges remained, including poor infrastructure, a lack of equipment, malnutrition and a shortage of medicines." Special health care is available mainly in cities, where pharmacies are also common. Essential medicines are also well available. There are hospitals attached to factories and mines.
84:, effective mandatory health checkups and immunization programs were initiated. The country could support a large corps of doctors due to their low salaries. The number of doctors remains high, though there is a shortage of nurses, meaning that doctors often have to perform routine procedures. The medical infrastructure is fairly effective in preventive medicine, but less so in terms of treating the more demanding conditions. Since 1979, more emphasis has been put on
650:
2343:
2353:
394:
keratoplasty using donor tissue he had brought from
Germany, three scleral-fixated secondary IOL implantations, and thirteen phacoemulsification procedures with IOL implants. All the procedures were conducted with topical anesthesia which had been brought with him from Germany. He reported on his experiences in 2011 in a video entitled,
461:
Approximately 54.8% of all North Korean adult males smoke an average of fifteen cigarettes per day. Smoking prevalence is slightly higher amongst the urban worker population than the farming population. Amongst men, a high rate of excessive alcohol consumption has been reported, defined by the World
398:
saying that the economic conditions have led to improvisations β especially because of the absence of consumable medical devices but he commented that once a visiting surgeon adapts to these unique surroundings, he found that teaching and clinical work could be very effective and satisfying for both
612:
North Korea has punitive laws concerning certain populations at risk of HIV/AIDS. According to UNAIDS, such laws can stigmatize those affected by HIV/AIDS and hinder their treatment. North Korea criminalizes the sex trade. Some drug-related crimes are capital offenses. On the other hand, drug users
44:
has a life expectancy of 74 years as of 2022. While North Korea is classified as a low-income country, the structure of North Korea's causes of death (2013) is unlike that of other low-income countries. Rather, causes of death are closer to the worldwide averages, with non-communicable diseases β
393:
was permitted to visit the country. He is one of the few
Western surgeons to have carried out eye surgery in North Korea. Before he arrived in Pyongyang, he was authorized to do just five surgeries but once he reached the University Hospital, he found that he could do seventeen: one perforating
608:
In 2011, North Korea spent $ 1,000,000 on HIV prevention, with similar figures for previous years. The same year, North Korea received $ 75,000 of international aid for combatting HIV/AIDS. There are testing points and clinics, but no antiretroviral therapy was reportedly available in 2006.
368:
A survey conducted in 2017 found that most people had access to a toilet, but that 93% of sanitation facilities were not connected to a sewage system. Rather, the human waste was used as fertilizer on fields, creating the potential health risk of spreading
68:
In 1946, free, but not universal, healthcare was mandated by North Korea's Social
Insurance Law. Beginning in the 1950s, North Korea put great emphasis on healthcare. In 1952 basic universal healthcare was started, and between 1955 and 1986, the number of
122:. Electricity shortages remain the biggest problem. Even if sophisticated equipment were available, they are rendered useless if electricity is not available. Some facilities have generators available to meet demand during power outages.
1823:
555:
In 2010, infections that cause pneumonia and diarrhea were reported to be the leading causes of child death. In 2009, one-third of the school-age children in North Korea were assessed as having diseases caused by
60:, who assert that patients must in fact pay for health services, that the upper classes have access to a higher standard of healthcare, and that "how much money a patient has determined whether they live or die".
552:, with 5% of the population infected with the disease. It attributed this to the "overall deterioration in health and nutrition status of the population as well as the rundown of the public health services".
496:
because their diet included little sugar. Since the 2000s, sugar has been introduced to diets in the form of confectionery and sweet snacks, especially in urban areas. Toothpaste is not regularly used.
171:
defectors living in South Korea found that 65.4% of respondents paid out-of-pocket for medicines 82% for medical supplies and 75.9% for other items such as "meals or heating when in health facilities."
1945:
The Public Health Law of the
Democratic People's Republic of Korea: Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Sixth Supreme People's Assembly of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea 3 April, 1980
465:
The North Korean government has prioritized the prevention of NCDs in their
National Strategic Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases 2014-2020 and in 2005 ratified the
1927:
114:
North Korea's healthcare system suffered a steep decline since the 1990s because of natural disasters, economic problems, and food and energy shortages. In 2001, North Korea spent 3% of its
613:
are not subjected to compulsory detention. Same-sex relations between consenting adult males are not illegal. North Korea deports visitors upon discovery of HIV-positive status.
605:. However, according to the UN Population Fund in 2001, even hospital staff occasionally had limited awareness. Travel across the border to China has been seen as a risk factor.
1219:
1878:
360:(moderate and severe) among children under 5 years old". A survey in 2017 found that less than 20% of North Korean children were stunted, a decrease from 32% in 2009.
337:
meaning that North
Koreans do not have enough to eat. A study of North Koreans in 2008 found that three-quarters of respondents had reduced their food intake. Extreme
1397:
Soil-transmitted helminthiases: estimates of the number of children needing preventive chemotherapy and number treated, 2009. Wkly
Epidemiol Rec. 2011;86(25):257β267.
175:
A 2013 study stated that the largest obstacle to understanding the accurate health status of North Korea is the lack of validity and reliability of its health data.
601:
A study in 2002 found both men and women were reasonably educated about HIV/AIDS. More than two-thirds knew about ways to avoid HIV/AIDS, and there were only few
118:(GDP) on health care, but during that same year, many hospitals and clinics in North Korea lacked essential medications, equipment, and running water due to the
1518:
466:
119:
1791:
916:
2257:
1906:
1902:
1719:
1138:
598:'s adult population were HIV-positive in 2006. In 2018, WHO's North Korean office said there were no reported HIV positive cases in the country.
1851:
1832:
1804:
1691:
1463:"Epidemiological Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections : 2004 Update : Democratic People's Republic of Korea"
1295:
1603:. Adolescent of Health Development (AHD) Unit, Department of Family and Community Health, World Health Organization. January 2007. p. 3
1984:
823:
329:, causing the death of between 500,000 and 3,000,000 people. Food shortages are ongoing today, with factors such as bad weather, lack of
1943:
415:
2232:
1388:"Countdown to 2015 decade report (2000β2010): taking stock of maternal, newborn and child survival.", World Health Organization, 2010.
432:
Non-communicable diseases (NCD) risk factors in North Korea include high rates of urbanization, an aging society, and high rates of
2308:
2277:
569:
386:
446:
as a single disease group is the largest cause of death in North Korea (2013). The three major causes of death in DPR Korea are
1678:
1597:
529:
622:
has reported the country has higher numbers of HIV than expected, with a total number of 8362 people with HIV in the country.
2377:
1571:
2318:
1622:
602:
849:
1892:
486:
34:
403:
surgeons were permitted to visit
Heidelberg and remain for six months, gaining extensive training in cataract surgery.
141:
2067:
635:
451:
187:
of 72 years (as of 2020). The 2009 gender breakdown was 72.8 years of life expectancy for females and 64.9 for males.
85:
1312:
481:
168:
130:
126:
29:
2272:
2177:
1026:
663:
631:
536:
161:
2313:
1999:
1977:
341:
is also a factor in the hunger faced by North Korean people, with 27% of the population living at or below the
2282:
1262:
455:
447:
56:
system. It also claims that health services are offered for free. However, this claim has been contested by
1869:
1462:
102:
2227:
2192:
2147:
522:
443:
427:
115:
57:
924:
97:
2267:
2117:
2007:
574:
In 2020, North Korea was one of the first countries to close borders and take other measures due to the
542:
157:
149:
49:
1145:
1742:
462:
Health
Organization as consumption of more than one bottle, per sitting, per person (26.3% of males).
2237:
2212:
2127:
2107:
2057:
2027:
2017:
557:
2323:
2297:
2202:
2197:
2077:
1970:
320:
2352:
1628:. Regional Office for South East Asia, World Health Organization. 20 November 2006. Archived from
1236:
80:
Most hospitals that exist today in the DPRK were built in the 1960s and 1970s. During the rule of
2217:
2172:
2152:
2142:
2042:
1546:
655:
506:
2242:
2157:
2137:
2022:
2012:
1847:
1828:
1800:
1687:
1291:
1285:
1109:
1091:
758:
618:
575:
1952:
2287:
2222:
2187:
2122:
2102:
2092:
2052:
2037:
2032:
1099:
1081:
866:
748:
740:
382:
370:
342:
53:
1844:
Salakahvilla
Pohjois-Koreassa: Markku Toimelan jΓ€nnittΓ€vΓ€ tie Pohjois-Korean luottomieheksi
1068:
Lee, Hayoung; Robinson, Courtland; Kim, Jaeshin; McKee, Martin; Cha, Jiho (December 2020).
693:
2328:
2247:
2207:
2182:
2162:
2097:
2072:
2062:
2047:
1922:
1910:
1547:"2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic : A UNAIDS 10th anniversary special edition"
1364:
1190:
184:
1408:
1139:"WHO country cooperation strategy: Democratic People's Republic of Korea 2009β2013. 2009"
1008:
17:
1772:
782:
373:. The survey also found that a quarter of people had drunk contaminated drinking water.
2167:
2132:
2087:
2082:
1720:"Exclusive: North Korea claimed to be free of HIV. But infections appear to be surging"
1104:
1069:
753:
728:
669:
437:
357:
1933:
946:
356:
report found that North Korea was "one of 18 countries with the highest prevalence of
2371:
2346:
1918:
493:
400:
980:
399:
surgeon and patient. As a consequence of this visit, in 2007 two young North Korean
1495:
546:
510:
349:
93:
1575:
586:
The DPRK government has always maintained that North Korea is completely free of
2356:
744:
595:
518:
407:
89:
81:
45:
such as cardiovascular disease β accounting for two-thirds of the total deaths.
41:
1629:
1436:
1086:
645:
330:
1095:
1070:"Health and healthcare in North Korea: a retrospective study among defectors"
824:"Ask a North Korean: what is the healthcare system in the DPRK really like?"
525:
to North Korea. An estimated 4.5% of North Koreans had hepatitis B in 2003.
108:
1220:"Tackling North Korea's chronically poor sewage 'not rocket science': U.N."
1113:
762:
125:
In 2020 the construction of a new central Pyongyang hospital started, the
1413:
1317:
1162:
985:
549:
470:
334:
70:
1897:
1237:"Ophthalmology Behind the Iron Curtain: Cataract Surgery in North Korea"
1222:
828:
514:
433:
396:
Ophthalmology Behind the Iron Curtain: Cataract Surgery in North Korea,
390:
338:
1903:
WHO Country Cooperation Strategy Democratic Peopleβs Republic of Korea
1824:
The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia
406:
Another foreign ophthalmologist to visit North Korea to do surgery is
1937:
591:
353:
326:
74:
1437:"North Korea orders strict lockdown with first official Covid cases"
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
1793:
Global Report : UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2012
1163:"World Population Prospects β Population Division β United Nations"
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
480:
411:
28:
1962:
1778:. Library of Congress β Federal Research Division. July 2007
1519:"North Korea says it is 'AIDS-free,' thanks to healthcare system"
1311:
Ryder, C. Yoonhee; Lee, Hayoung; Park, Kee B. (12 January 2022).
634:, more than 80 percent of primary care in North Korea relies on
587:
133:. This is part of a programme of healthcare system improvement.
1966:
1623:"Young People and HIV/AIDS : Fact Sheet : DPR Korea"
1290:(3rd ed.). Chalfront: Bradt Travel Guides. p. 281.
962:
960:
145:
Development of life expectancy in North Korea and South Korea
1409:"Do They or Do They Not Have COVID-19 Inside North Korea?"
1407:
Kee B. Park; Jessup Jong; Youngwoo Jung (23 April 2020).
781:
Library of Congress β Federal Research Division (2007).
578:. On 12 May 2022, North Korea announced its first case.
153:
Development of child mortality in North Korea since 1960
1263:"Nepalese eye doctor restored vision of 100,000 people"
981:"Construction Begins on New Pyongyang General Hospital"
1598:"Adolescent Health : Fact Sheet : DPR Korea"
1009:"Aid agencies row over North Korea health care system"
1680:
HIV in Asia and the Pacific : UNAIDS Report 2013
850:"North Korea's Healthcare: Current State and Outlook"
727:
Lee, YH; Yoon, SJ; Kim, YA; Yeom, JW; Oh, IH (2013).
917:"NKorea launches telemedicine network with WHO help"
418:
trains North Korean practitioners of ophthalmology.
2296:
2256:
1998:
1195:. Amnesty International. July 2010. ASA 24/001/2010
729:"Overview of the burden of diseases in North Korea"
1313:"Why North Korea Is Buying More Insulin Than Ever"
1192:The Crumbling State of Health Care in North Korea
788:. Library of Congress β Federal Research Division
492:In the past, North Koreans had few problems with
1871:Some Problems Arising in Improving Public Health
1572:"World Health Organization: DPR Korea: HIV/AIDS"
855:. Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs.
776:
774:
772:
1027:"North Korea's 'horrifying' health care system"
806:
469:. As of 2022, it prioritized the prevention of
96:network was launched in 2010 that connects the
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1978:
1706:
1665:
1653:
1541:
1539:
545:reported that North Korea was experiencing a
325:During the 1990s, North Korea was ravaged by
8:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1351:
1339:
1055:
1043:
966:
879:
1144:. World Health Organization. Archived from
467:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
120:international sanctions against North Korea
1985:
1971:
1963:
73:grew from 285 to 2,401, and the number of
1103:
1085:
752:
688:
686:
1213:
1211:
817:
815:
189:
148:
140:
682:
348:These food shortages cause a number of
111:with 10 provincial medical facilities.
903:
891:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
7:
1842:Toimela, Markku; Aalto, Kaj (2017).
947:"N Korea healthcare 'near collapse'"
843:
841:
839:
88:, based on treatment with herbs and
52:with a national medical service and
1827:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1517:Shim, Elizabeth (1 December 2015).
1287:North Korea: The Bradt Travel Guide
416:Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology
1879:Foreign Languages Publishing House
1846:(in Finnish). JyvΓ€skylΓ€: Docendo.
1261:Brown, Sophie (15 December 2014).
979:Williams, Martyn (26 March 2020).
387:Heidelberg University Eye Hospital
25:
822:Shim, Tae-il (21 February 2020).
167:A study based on interviews with
2351:
2342:
2341:
1494:O'Byrne, Tom (2 December 2001).
648:
603:misconceptions about the disease
570:COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea
1468:. UNAIDS / WHO. 2004. p. 6
1241:ASCRS/ASOA 2012 β Virtual Films
923:. 27 April 2010. Archived from
345:line of less than US$ 1 a day.
2309:British Indian Ocean Territory
1773:"Country Profile: North Korea"
783:"Country Profile: North Korea"
333:, and a drop in international
48:North Korea claims to provide
1:
1417:. The Henry L. Stimson Center
1321:. The Henry L. Stimson Center
989:. The Henry L. Stimson Center
310:UN World Population Prospects
1868:Kim Jong-il (22 July 1992).
1686:. UNAIDS. 2013. p. 27.
487:Pyongyang Maternity Hospital
452:lower respiratory infections
35:Pyongyang Maternity Hospital
1552:. UNAIDS. 2006. p. 343
1284:Willoughby, Robert (2014).
1218:Miles, Tom (21 June 2018).
867:"North Korea Public Health"
745:10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.3.111
636:traditional Korean medicine
626:Traditional Korean medicine
86:traditional Korean medicine
2394:
1087:10.1186/s13031-020-00284-y
694:"Korea, Dem. People's Rep"
632:Korean Medical Association
616:In 2019, American journal
567:
534:
425:
318:
131:Monument to Party Founding
127:Pyongyang General Hospital
2337:
1496:"North Korea fights AIDS"
1365:"Life Inside North Korea"
664:Disability in North Korea
537:2009 flu pandemic in Asia
440:consumption amongst men.
422:Non-communicable diseases
169:respondent-driven sampled
162:World Health Organization
18:Healthcare in North Korea
2058:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1369:U.S. Department of State
1352:Toimela & Aalto 2017
1340:Toimela & Aalto 2017
1056:Toimela & Aalto 2017
1044:Toimela & Aalto 2017
967:Toimela & Aalto 2017
880:Toimela & Aalto 2017
733:J Prev Med Public Health
2319:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1928:considered for deletion
1821:Lankov, Andrei (2015).
456:cerebrovascular disease
448:ischaemic heart disease
1909:9 October 2013 at the
1574:. 2018. Archived from
532:affected the country.
489:
444:Cardiovascular disease
428:Smoking in North Korea
154:
146:
116:gross domestic product
58:North Korean defectors
38:
2378:Health in North Korea
1958:on 24 September 2016.
1934:Health in North Korea
1898:WHO DPR Korea profile
543:Amnesty International
535:Further information:
484:
426:Further information:
158:Amnesty International
152:
144:
77:from 1,020 to 5,644.
50:universal health care
32:
2233:United Arab Emirates
1743:"λΆνμ μ‘°μ μ½ μ΅κ·Ό μ°κ΅¬ λν₯μ?"
1498:. ABC Radio National
1151:on 13 December 2007.
807:Country Profile 2007
594:, less than 0.2% of
564:Coronavirus outbreak
558:intestinal parasites
530:flu pandemic in Asia
521:, were described as
2260:limited recognition
1074:Conflict and Health
953:. 20 November 2001.
848:Cho, Sung-Eun Cho.
507:infectious diseases
501:Infectious diseases
485:A dental clinic at
381:In 2006, Professor
321:North Korean famine
98:Kim Man-yu Hospital
1707:Global Report 2012
1666:Global Report 2012
1654:Global Report 2012
1635:on 8 December 2015
869:. Country Studies.
656:North Korea portal
490:
204:Life expectancy in
196:Life expectancy in
183:North Korea has a
155:
147:
129:, in front of the
39:
2365:
2364:
2302:other territories
1853:978-952-291-369-2
1834:978-0-19-939003-8
1806:978-92-9173-592-1
1693:978-92-9253-049-5
1342:, pp. 34β35.
1297:978-1-84162-476-1
1046:, pp. 37β38.
1033:. 9 January 2015.
921:The Seattle Times
630:According to the
576:COVID-19 pandemic
352:diseases. A 2009
306:
305:
16:(Redirected from
2385:
2355:
2345:
2344:
2314:Christmas Island
2000:Sovereign states
1987:
1980:
1973:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1951:. Archived from
1950:
1931:
1882:
1876:
1857:
1838:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1799:. UNAIDS. 2012.
1798:
1787:
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1759:
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1583:
1578:on 15 April 2019
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690:
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371:intestinal worms
343:absolute poverty
190:
106:
54:health insurance
21:
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2273:Northern Cyprus
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1994:
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1911:Wayback Machine
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1255:
1245:
1243:
1235:
1234:
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1217:
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1209:
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1121:
1067:
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1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1015:. 10 July 2010.
1007:
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
978:
977:
973:
965:
958:
945:
944:
940:
930:
928:
927:on 14 July 2014
915:
914:
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902:
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890:
886:
878:
874:
865:
864:
860:
852:
847:
846:
837:
821:
820:
813:
809:, pp. 7β8.
805:
801:
791:
789:
785:
780:
779:
770:
726:
725:
712:
702:
700:
692:
691:
684:
679:
654:
649:
647:
644:
628:
590:. According to
584:
572:
566:
539:
503:
479:
430:
424:
414:. The Nepalese
379:
366:
323:
317:
205:
197:
185:life expectancy
181:
179:Life expectancy
139:
100:
66:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2391:
2389:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2369:
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2360:
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2349:
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2254:
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2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
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2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
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2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
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2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
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2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
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2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:Health in Asia
1992:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1940:
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1888:
1887:External links
1885:
1884:
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1805:
1788:
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1725:
1711:
1699:
1692:
1670:
1668:, p. A88.
1658:
1656:, p. A82.
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698:The World Bank
681:
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673:
670:Basic Medicine
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568:Main article:
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2283:South Ossetia
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2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1954:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1908:
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1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:WHO DPR Korea
1891:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:. Pyongyang:
1873:
1872:
1866:
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1855:
1849:
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1748:
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1721:
1715:
1712:
1709:, p. 89.
1708:
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1443:. 12 May 2022
1442:
1438:
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1415:
1410:
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1400:
1394:
1391:
1385:
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1357:
1354:, p. 35.
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1097:
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1058:, p. 38.
1057:
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1028:
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1019:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1001:
988:
987:
982:
975:
972:
969:, p. 37.
968:
963:
961:
957:
952:
948:
942:
939:
926:
922:
918:
912:
909:
906:, p. 68.
905:
900:
897:
894:, p. 67.
893:
888:
885:
882:, p. 33.
881:
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581:
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551:
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533:
531:
528:In 2009, the
526:
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520:
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512:
508:
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498:
495:
494:dental health
488:
483:
476:
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383:Gerd Auffarth
377:Ophthalmology
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137:Health status
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92:. A national
91:
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63:
61:
59:
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2298:Dependencies
2228:Turkmenistan
2193:Saudi Arabia
2112:
1953:the original
1944:
1921:
1870:
1843:
1822:
1810:. Retrieved
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1751:. Retrieved
1746:
1714:
1702:
1679:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:. Retrieved
1630:the original
1617:
1605:. Retrieved
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1576:the original
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1526:. Retrieved
1522:
1512:
1500:. Retrieved
1470:. Retrieved
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1440:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1412:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1372:. Retrieved
1368:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1316:
1306:
1286:
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1256:
1244:. Retrieved
1240:
1231:
1199:29 September
1197:. Retrieved
1191:
1166:. Retrieved
1157:
1146:the original
1077:
1073:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1012:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
984:
974:
950:
941:
929:. Retrieved
925:the original
920:
911:
899:
887:
875:
861:
827:
802:
790:. Retrieved
739:(3): 111β7.
736:
732:
701:. Retrieved
697:
668:
629:
617:
615:
611:
607:
600:
585:
573:
554:
547:tuberculosis
540:
527:
511:tuberculosis
504:
491:
464:
460:
442:
431:
405:
395:
380:
367:
350:malnutrition
347:
324:
315:Malnutrition
309:
307:
182:
174:
166:
156:
124:
113:
94:telemedicine
79:
67:
47:
40:
26:
2357:Asia portal
2258:States with
2178:Philippines
2118:South Korea
2113:North Korea
2008:Afghanistan
1766:Works cited
1749:(in Korean)
1374:18 November
904:Lankov 2015
892:Lankov 2015
792:6 September
596:North Korea
519:hepatitis B
477:Oral health
408:Sanduk Ruit
101: [
90:acupuncture
82:Kim Il Sung
42:North Korea
2238:Uzbekistan
2213:Tajikistan
2128:Kyrgyzstan
2108:Kazakhstan
2028:Bangladesh
2018:Azerbaijan
1812:7 December
1639:7 December
1607:7 December
1556:7 December
1528:7 December
1502:8 December
1472:7 December
1325:19 January
677:References
509:, such as
454:(11%) and
401:ophthalmic
364:Sanitation
331:fertiliser
319:See also:
295:1980β1985
287:2010β2015
281:1975β1980
273:2005β2010
267:1970β1975
259:2000β2005
253:1965β1970
245:1995β2000
239:1960β1965
231:1990β1995
225:1955β1960
217:1985β1990
211:1950β1955
2324:Hong Kong
2278:Palestine
2203:Sri Lanka
2198:Singapore
2078:Indonesia
1926:is being
1246:26 August
1096:1752-1505
541:In 2010,
505:In 2003,
109:Pyongyang
71:hospitals
33:Staff at
2372:Category
2347:Category
2268:Abkhazia
2218:Thailand
2173:Pakistan
2153:Mongolia
2148:Maldives
2143:Malaysia
2043:Cambodia
1919:template
1907:Archived
1582:31 March
1441:BBC News
1421:26 April
1414:38 North
1318:38 North
1114:32612674
1031:The Week
1013:BBC News
986:38 North
951:BBC News
763:23766868
703:1 August
642:See also
582:HIV/AIDS
550:epidemic
471:diabetes
358:stunting
335:donation
308:Source:
64:Overview
2243:Vietnam
2158:Myanmar
2138:Lebanon
2068:Georgia
2023:Bahrain
2013:Armenia
1269:4 April
1223:Reuters
1168:15 July
1105:7322883
993:1 April
931:17 June
829:NK News
754:3677063
619:Science
523:endemic
515:malaria
450:(13%),
438:alcohol
434:smoking
391:Germany
339:poverty
201:Period
193:Period
75:clinics
2288:Taiwan
2223:Turkey
2188:Russia
2123:Kuwait
2103:Jordan
2093:Israel
2053:Cyprus
2038:Brunei
2033:Bhutan
1938:Curlie
1932:
1923:Curlie
1850:
1831:
1803:
1782:4 July
1753:7 July
1690:
1447:12 May
1294:
1112:
1102:
1094:
761:
751:
592:UNAIDS
517:, and
458:(7%).
354:UNICEF
327:famine
206:Years
198:Years
37:(2008)
2329:Macau
2248:Yemen
2208:Syria
2183:Qatar
2163:Nepal
2098:Japan
2073:India
2063:Egypt
2048:China
1956:(PDF)
1949:(PDF)
1917:βΉThe
1875:(PDF)
1797:(PDF)
1776:(PDF)
1684:(PDF)
1633:(PDF)
1626:(PDF)
1601:(PDF)
1550:(PDF)
1466:(PDF)
1265:. CNN
1149:(PDF)
1142:(PDF)
1080:(1).
853:(PDF)
786:(PDF)
412:Nepal
410:from
298:67.1
290:70.8
284:65.0
276:68.4
270:61.7
262:68.1
256:57.2
248:63.5
242:51.6
234:70.0
228:49.9
220:68.6
214:37.6
105:]
2168:Oman
2133:Laos
2088:Iraq
2083:Iran
1848:ISBN
1829:ISBN
1814:2015
1801:ISBN
1784:2009
1755:2023
1747:νμμ λ¬Έ
1688:ISBN
1641:2015
1609:2015
1584:2018
1558:2015
1530:2015
1504:2015
1474:2015
1449:2022
1423:2020
1376:2008
1327:2022
1292:ISBN
1271:2018
1248:2017
1205:>
1201:2017
1170:2017
1110:PMID
1092:ISSN
995:2020
933:2014
794:2010
759:PMID
705:2022
588:AIDS
436:and
2300:and
1936:at
1523:UPI
1100:PMC
1082:doi
749:PMC
741:doi
389:in
385:of
107:in
2374::
1930:.βΊ
1745:.
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1098:.
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103:ja
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1856:.
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1816:.
1786:.
1757:.
1722:.
1696:.
1643:.
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1560:.
1532:.
1506:.
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1451:.
1425:.
1378:.
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1300:.
1273:.
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1225:.
1203:.
1172:.
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1084::
997:.
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743::
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20:)
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