184:
including cost sharing policies. Cost sharing in the form of user fees was introduced in four phases: Phase I from July 1993 to June 1994 to referral and some services in regional hospital; Phase II from July 1994 to
December 1994 to regional hospital; Phase III from January 1995 onwards to district hospital and Phase IV introduced to health centre and Dispensary after completion of introduction to all district hospital. Exemption and waiver were integral part of the cost sharing policy introduced in 1994.
282:
contributing members, spouse and up to four dependents. The CHF beneficiaries include head of household, spouse and all children below 18 years. Other prepayment schemes cover less than 1% of the population. CHF mainly focuses its coverage in rural population while private health insurance schemes target urban population. Low insurance coverage leads to over-reliance on direct payment at the point of use of health care, which is among the fundamental problem that restrain the move towards
2260:
66:
to respond with a process of developing health financing strategy is underway since early 2013. An inter-ministerial steering committee has been developed, composed of key ministries and department to ensure that the proposed reforms meet the needs of the population. Improving the prepayment mechanisms are the main agenda in the development of the strategy, which is assumed to be a potential facilitator in the progress towards UHC.
19:
78:(Nyerere vision of social and economic policies) to develop the national economy. It marked the start of a series of health sector reforms with the intention of increasing universal access to social services to the poor and those living in marginalized rural areas. Followed by the Government banning private-for-profit medical practice in 1977 and took on the task of providing health services free of charge.
30:
charge is answerable to the ward leaders. At the district, there is a district hospital and at the regional level a regional referral hospital. The tertiary level is usually the zone hospitals and at a national level, there is the national hospital. There are also some specialized hospitals that do not fit directly into this hierarchy and therefore are directly linked to the ministry of health.
298:
monthly deductions directly from their salaries. But further down the lane much progress was achieved, and this was a big milestone in healthcare financing in the country which is pooling together of resources from non-public servants and private individuals into the scheme. Which lead to more benefit packages being crafted to suit their demands in relation to how much they would contribute.
87:
198:
since 2002/2003, far away from reaching the Abuja declaration target of 15% of total government expenditure. The increase in donor funding is attributed to the commencement of financing for HIV and AIDS by the Global Fund in 2001 and the commencement of health financing through Sector wide
Approach (SWAp) in early 2000.
353:
Several private companies, both international and domestic offer private health coverage. These involve both company and individual plans. Strategis was one of the first registered (2002) private health insurance firms in
Tanzania, however the space has grown to include companies such as AAR, Jubilee
305:
The
Medical Stores Department (MSD) which came in place in 1993 and the Prime Vendor Systems (PVS) in 2018 which were aimed at strengthening supply chain of essential medicine in primary health facilities. On top of that in efforts to improve healthcare towards attaining of Universal Health Coverage,
65:
care financing is among the key component of a functional health system. Financing involves three aspects, namely revenue collection, risk pooling, and purchasing. In recent years, there has been a growing demand for access to high-quality and affordable care for all, thus the government is committed
319:
The NHIF was established by the Act of
Parliament No. 8 of 1999 and began its operations in June 2001. The scheme was initially intended to cover public servants but recently there have been provisions which allow private membership. The public formal sector employees pay a mandatory contribution of
289:
Back in 2001, the
Government of the United Republic of Tanzania through the parliament came up with the Community Health Fund Act which after its adoption established the Community Health Fund, CHF. This by far and large was in the efforts towards the attainment of Universal Health Coverage. Having
263:
On the other hand, there has been a commitment to expand the insurance coverage in the country, however the insurance schemes are highly fragmented. There are four health insurance schemes which are publicly owned, namely
National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF), Social Health Insurance Benefit (SHIB)
183:
However, by the early 1990s, the strain of providing free health care for all became evident in the face of rising health care costs and a struggling economy. Early 1990s the government adopted health sector reforms that changed the financing system from free services to mixed financing mechanisms
369:
There is a significant deficit in doctors providing healthcare in the country, with the ratio of 1.4 doctors per 100,000 falling largely behind the WHO recommendation. Doctors educated both domestically undergo a five-year training program at accredited universities and then a year-long clinical
301:
Towards achieving
Universal Health Care, a good primary healthcare system is singled out as an entry point into health care system by the majority. In Tanzania a lot of health policies have established a clear objective of attaining primary healthcare for all. There are reforms such as The Health
344:
Community Health Fund is the scheme that targets the largest population in the rural informal sector and membership is voluntary. There is a counterpart called TIKA which mainly targets the informal sector individuals in urban areas. The CHF and TIKA are both regulated under the CHF act 2001 and
297:
It’s a health care system that was designed by the government of the United
Republic of Tanzania to help lessen the burden of access to health services on an individual by pooling of resources together and hence risk sharing. It’s a system which started off by enrolling only public servants with
268:
and the
Community Health Fund (CHF) and Tiba Kwa Kadi (TIKA). Recent statistics shows that there were about 7 private firms as indicated in the Tanzania Insurance Regulatory authority (TIRA) which were providing health insurance per se, while a few of other general insurance firms combine health
197:
2010 report. However donors have been the main financier of health, despite the decrease in their share of health expenditure from 44 percent in 2005/2006 to 40 percent in 2009/2010. (Table 1). Overall, the government allocation for health spending has remained almost constant at about 7 percent
29:
has a hierarchical health system which is in tandem with the political-administrative hierarchy. At the bottom, there are the dispensaries found in every village where the village leaders have a direct influence on its running. The health centers are found at ward level and the health center in
281:
Health insurance coverage is still low in Tanzania. As of 2019, 32% of Tanzanians had health insurance coverage, of which 8% have subscribed to NHIF, 23% are members of Community Health Fund (CHF), and 1% are members of private health insurance companies. Beneficiaries of NHIF includes the
320:
3% of their monthly salary and the government as an employer matches the same. This scheme covers the principal member, spouse and up to four below 18 years legal dependents. There has been a steady increase in coverage from 2% of the total population in 2001/2002 to 8% in 2019.
293:
The only pressing issue with CHF which it faces to date is low enrollment rate and early drop out in membership and hence a need for a more well-structured system which will be centrally coordinated for efficiency hence the coming of National Health Insurance Fund, NHIF.
345:
managed at district level. At the district level, council health service boards (CHSB) and health facilities governing committees (HFGC) are responsible to oversee the operation of CHF and sensitization. In 2009 the National management role of CHF was given to the NHIF.
53:
include: HIV 17%, lower respiratory infections 11%, malaria 7%, diarrheal diseases 6%, tuberculosis 5%, cancer 5%, ischemic heart disease 3%, stroke 3%, sexually transmitted diseases 3%, and sepsis 2% and this shows the double burden of disease the country has to bear.
290:
faced difficulties on how to make sure that people have a system in place on healthcare that would provide and cater for their health needs despite their geographical location and proximity to major cities where healthcare could easily be accessed.
310:
48.67 billion was collected and distributed across the country especially in rural areas aiming at healthcare infrastructure development in construction of physical facilities, investment in information systems and medical equipment.
45:
and placed health as a key national result area and mainly was for priority setting, focused planning and efficient resource use. There are many other policies aiming at improving the health system and health care provision in Tanzania.
335:
have access to medical care through SHIB after undergoing registration process with only one facility of their choice. The scheme accredits both public and private providers. The benefit is part of their 20% contribution to the NSSF.
192:
Current data shows in Tanzania there has been an increase in budget allocation for health over the years: Total Health Expenditure (THE) increased from US$ 734 million in 2002/2003 to US$ 1.75 billion in 2009/2010 as indicated in the
663:
1188:
Jamu, N.; Nduhiye, L.; Macha, J.; Kessy, F.; Borghi, J. (2009). A Feasibility Study for the Introduction of TIKA in the Three Municipalities of Dar es Salaam (Report). Dar es Salaam: Ifakara Health Institute.
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In 2023, the Universal Health Insurance Act (UHA) was signed into law, mandating that all residents have at least a minimum level of health insurance coverage, from the NHIF or from other approved providers.
483:
323:
A 2024 report by the Controller and Auditor General (CAG) warmed that the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) risked collapse if the government did not pay an estimated $ 80m it owed the fund.
422:
Manzi, Fatuma; Schellenberg, Joanna Armstrong; Hutton, Guy; Wyss, Kaspar; Mbuya, Conrad; Shirima, Kizito; Mshinda, Hassan; Tanner, Marcel; Schellenberg, David (22 February 2012).
671:
1199:
1814:
2594:
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Care Reform of 1994 that focused on improving access, quality and efficiency in health delivery in Tanzania especially after the Structural Adjustment Programs of 1993.
485:, United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Health Sector Strategic Plan July 2015- June 2020 Reaching all Households with Quality Healthcare.
2259:
1390:
1959:
1799:
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internship, during which graduates practice under supervision and undergo evaluation. They, and those trained internationally, are then licensed by the
37:
provision and development. The Health Sector Strategic Plan III (2009–15) is guided by the Vision 2015 and guides planning for health facilities. The
2155:
286:
in many developing countries. Direct payment can lead to high level of inequity, and in most cases denying the poorest access to needed health care.
751:
Mills, A.; Ataguba, J. E.; Akazili, J.; Borghi, J.; Garshong, B.; Makawia, S.; MTEItei, G.; Harris, B.; Macha, J.; Meheus, F.; McIntyre, D. (2012).
332:
265:
1535:
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1819:
104:
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1312:
2400:
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374:. To fill the urgent need of service providers, a three-year diploma in clinical medicine leading to certification to practice medicine as a
357:
On December 25, 2020, the Minister of Health, Dr. Doroth Gwajima, said hospitals shall inform patients about the medical expenses before the
1227:
494:
1046:
918:
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the Government recently introduced taxation on the Mobile Money Transfers in which just after four weeks of implementation, a total of
2410:
2390:
151:
2661:
2549:
1620:
170:
1285:
994:"Who pays and who benefits from health care? An assessment of equity in health care financing and benefit distribution in Tanzania"
123:
752:
2723:
1834:
753:"Equity in financing and use of health care in Ghana, South Africa, and Tanzania: implications for paths to universal coverage"
130:
2488:
2117:
108:
704:"Beyond fragmentation and towards universal coverage: insights from Ghana, South Africa and the United Republic of Tanzania"
331:
Social Health Insurance Benefit (SHIB) is part of the National Social Security Benefits introduced in 2007. All members of
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2375:
2317:
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2184:
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402:
649:
2512:
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137:
2718:
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2070:
1874:
1410:
1280:
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2113:
1091:"Promoting universal financial protection: a case study of new management of community health insurance in Tanzania"
42:
2422:
2417:
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2109:
1984:
1974:
1779:
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2141:
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1969:
1934:
1919:
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1859:
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1702:
610:"Pro-social preferences and self-selection into the public health sector: evidence from an economic experiment"
194:
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361:
because they have no legal basis to detain the remains of dead people in order to be paid by their relatives.
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2100:
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1355:
1204:
74:
The Arusha Declaration in 1967 was initiated by the president Julius Nyerere, outlining the principles of
2074:
2569:
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2498:
2405:
2370:
2287:
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2217:
2009:
1979:
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1894:
1889:
1839:
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1759:
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1565:
1455:
1385:
1298:
1089:
Borghi, J.; Maluka, S.; Kuwawenaruwa, A.; Makwai, S.; Tantau, J.; Mtei, G.; Ally, M.; Macha, J. (2013).
1672:
1663:
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2019:
2014:
1954:
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1650:
1625:
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1495:
1480:
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1370:
1140:
831:
392:
358:
496:, documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/648601468112497753/Tanzania-Big-Results-Now-for-Health-Project.
144:
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1994:
1944:
1899:
1884:
1864:
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1500:
2574:
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1914:
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1600:
1575:
1425:
1420:
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397:
387:
307:
801:
516:
WHO, World Health Report: Health System Financing: The Path to Universal Coverage. 2010: Geneva
2692:
2614:
2589:
2584:
2524:
1585:
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542:
445:
435:
375:
2697:
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1520:
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1460:
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1430:
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1345:
1200:"Health minister: I don't want to hear any hospital blocking dead bodies because of bills"
992:
Mtei, G.; Makawia, S.; Ally, M.; Kuwawenaruwa, A.; Meheus, F.; Borghi, J. (1 March 2012).
536:
2528:
1580:
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1117:
1090:
728:
703:
505:
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450:
423:
18:
771:
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947:
907:. Ministry of Health and Social welfare and Social Security Regulatory Authority.
891:
Annual insurance Market Performance Report. For The Year Ended 31st December 2010
86:
550:
424:"Human resources for health care delivery in Tanzania: a multifaceted problem"
1107:
1010:
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626:
609:
1126:
1019:
779:
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635:
459:
440:
1252:
719:
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2164:
111: in this paragraph. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
50:
26:
1714:
595:
Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry
869:
558:
2651:
2239:
507:, Global Health- Tanzania Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
75:
62:
2133:
1290:
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201:
Table 1: Financing sources as a % of Total Health Expenditure
1047:"Tanzania: National health fund risks collapse over mounting debt"
2137:
1718:
1294:
1148:
832:"National Social Security Fund - National Social Security Fund"
1170:
80:
1286:
The State of the World's Midwifery - Tanzania Country Profile
919:"Tanzania: All residents must be covered by health insurance"
903:
Bultman, J.; Kanywanyi, J. L.; Maarifa, H.; Mtei, G. (2012).
2258:
650:"BTrue - Your Trusted Source of Health Information and News"
839:
597:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
809:
33:
The government has several key plans and policies guiding
354:
Insurance, Resolution Health and Metropolitan Insurance.
974:
Health systems financing: the path to universal coverage
538:
Making Health Financing Work for Poor People in Tanzania
525:
WHO 2000. Health Systems: Improving performance. Geneva.
905:
Tanzania Health Insurance Regulatory Framework Review
473:
http://www.mof.go.tz/mofdocs/overarch/Vision2025.pdf
340:
Community Health Fund (CHF) and Tiba Kwa Kadi (TIKA)
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2175:
2058:
2033:
1752:
1634:
1609:
1328:
948:"Tanzania: NHIF to Roll Out New Insurance Packages"
70:The evolution of health care financing in Tanzania
1228:"Physicians (per 1,000 people) - Tanzania | Data"
22:AIDS awareness sign in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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8:
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1313:
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1253:"Medical Council of Tanganyika - About Us"
1281:World Health Organization (WHO): Tanzania
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1009:
893:: Tanzania Insurance Regulatory Authority
727:
708:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
625:
449:
439:
171:Learn how and when to remove this message
269:insurance benefit under life insurance.
203:
17:
414:
608:Kolstad, J. R.; Lindkvist, I. (2013).
327:Social Health Insurance Benefit (SHIB)
2595:Natural resource and waste management
941:
939:
315:National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF)
7:
1141:"Strategis Insurance (Tanzania) Ltd"
1065:"Social Health Benefits in Tanzania"
946:Odunga, Maureen (28 November 2019).
266:National Social Security Fund (NSSF)
109:adding citations to reliable sources
264:established as a benefit under the
49:The leading causes of mortality in
1095:Health Research Policy and Systems
14:
2045:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1815:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1621:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1391:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1045:Kabendera, Erick (24 May 2024).
802:"National Health Insurance Fund"
85:
96:needs additional citations for
43:Malaysian Model of Development
1:
772:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60357-2
578:– via World Bank Group
403:List of hospitals in Tanzania
372:Medical Council of Tanganyika
2620:Water supply and sanitation
977:. WHO. 2010. Archived from
2740:
998:Health Policy and Planning
428:Human Resources for Health
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2520:
2451:
2344:
2278:
2256:
580:Open Knowledge Repository
551:10.1596/978-0-8213-9473-1
349:Private insurance schemes
284:universal health coverage
277:Health insurance coverage
2662:House of Representatives
1800:Central African Republic
1376:Central African Republic
535:Haazen, Dominic (2012).
195:National Health Accounts
120:"Healthcare in Tanzania"
1108:10.1186/1478-4505-11-21
2724:Health care by country
2600:Persecution of Albinos
2263:
2200:East African Campaign
441:10.1186/1478-4491-10-3
23:
2262:
2218:Sultanate of Zanzibar
1960:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1820:Republic of the Congo
1746:Healthcare in Africa
1536:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1396:Republic of the Congo
1011:10.1093/heapol/czs018
720:10.2471/BLT.08.053413
702:McIntyre, D. (2008).
627:10.1093/heapol/czs063
58:Health care financing
39:Big Results Now (BRN)
21:
2223:Zanzibar slave trade
1151:on 25 September 2015
1004:(suppl 1): i23–i34.
674:on 26 September 2015
393:HIV/AIDS in Tanzania
365:Healthcare Providers
359:healthcare treatment
105:improve this article
41:was copied from the
2245:Uganda–Tanzania War
2230:Zanzibar Revolution
2195:Maji Maji Rebellion
2035:States with limited
1611:States with limited
2719:Health in Tanzania
2575:List of Tanzanians
2489:Telecommunications
2264:
2235:Arusha Declaration
2190:German East Africa
1232:data.worldbank.org
1208:. 20 December 2020
981:on 20 August 2010.
652:. 9 December 2019.
614:Health Policy Plan
593:Hyden, G. (1980).
398:Rabies in Tanzania
388:Health in Tanzania
24:
2706:
2705:
2628:
2627:
2507:
2506:
2438:
2437:
2401:Political parties
2376:Foreign relations
2331:
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2250:COVID-19 pandemic
2131:
2130:
2062:other territories
1835:Equatorial Guinea
1712:
1711:
1638:other territories
1411:Equatorial Guinea
1322:Health in Africa
1051:The Africa Report
766:(9837): 126–133.
692:NHA Tanzania 2010
568:978-0-8213-9473-1
378:is also offered.
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2122:(United Kingdom)
2118:Tristan da Cunha
2114:Ascension Island
2106:
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2060:Dependencies and
1753:Sovereign states
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1698:(United Kingdom)
1694:Tristan da Cunha
1690:Ascension Island
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1636:Dependencies and
1329:Sovereign states
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1147:. Archived from
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2605:Public holidays
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1171:"Aarhealth.com"
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1145:strategistz.com
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842:on 12 July 2015
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795:
755:
750:
749:
745:
714:(11): 871–876.
701:
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687:
677:
675:
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478:
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421:
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384:
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317:
279:
190:
188:Health spending
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114:
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102:
94:This paragraph
90:
72:
60:
12:
11:
5:
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2515:
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2479:Stock Exchange
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2440:
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2418:Vice President
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2414:
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2403:
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2303:National Parks
2300:
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2290:
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2266:
2257:
2255:
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2225:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2197:
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2187:
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2179:
2173:
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2160:
2153:
2146:
2138:
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2107:
2094:
2085:
2071:Canary Islands
2067:
2066:
2064:
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2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
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1705:
1703:Western Sahara
1700:
1683:
1670:
1661:
1647:Canary Islands
1643:
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1523:
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1508:
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1498:
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1478:
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1468:
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1318:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1295:
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1276:
1275:External links
1273:
1270:
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1191:
1180:
1162:
1132:
1081:
1056:
1037:
1025:
984:
964:
935:
910:
895:
883:
872:on 27 May 2015
853:
823:
812:on 8 June 2015
793:
743:
694:
685:
655:
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620:(3): 320–327.
600:
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2550:Ethnic groups
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2202:(World War I)
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1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
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1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:Guinea-Bissau
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
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1858:
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1848:
1846:
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1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:Guinea-Bissau
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
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1304:
1302:
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1279:
1278:
1274:
1258:
1257:www.mct.go.tz
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1195:
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1175:aarhealth.com
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1038:
1032:
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1021:
1017:
1012:
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995:
988:
985:
980:
976:
975:
968:
965:
953:
952:allAfrica.com
949:
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837:
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827:
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717:
713:
709:
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689:
686:
673:
669:
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645:
642:
637:
633:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
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601:
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589:
586:
581:
570:
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560:
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531:
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122: –
121:
117:
116:Find sources:
110:
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92:
88:
83:
82:
79:
77:
69:
67:
64:
57:
55:
52:
47:
44:
40:
36:
31:
28:
20:
16:
2559:
2540:Demographics
2461:Central bank
2381:Human rights
2354:Constitution
2208:British rule
2110:Saint Helena
2081:
1999:
1985:South Africa
1975:Sierra Leone
1780:Burkina Faso
1686:Saint Helena
1657:
1561:South Africa
1551:Sierra Leone
1356:Burkina Faso
1260:. Retrieved
1256:
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1231:
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1203:
1194:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1149:the original
1144:
1135:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1072:. Retrieved
1068:
1059:
1050:
1040:
1001:
997:
987:
979:the original
973:
967:
955:. Retrieved
951:
926:. Retrieved
922:
913:
904:
898:
890:
886:
874:. Retrieved
870:the original
865:
856:
844:. Retrieved
840:the original
835:
826:
814:. Retrieved
810:the original
805:
796:
763:
759:
746:
711:
707:
697:
688:
676:. Retrieved
672:the original
667:
658:
644:
617:
613:
603:
594:
588:
572:. Retrieved
537:
530:
521:
512:
501:
490:
479:
468:
431:
427:
417:
368:
356:
352:
343:
330:
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292:
288:
280:
271:
262:
200:
191:
182:
167:
158:
148:
141:
134:
127:
115:
103:Please help
98:verification
95:
73:
61:
48:
34:
32:
25:
15:
2657:Archipelago
2456:Agriculture
2385:LGBT rights
2037:recognition
1990:South Sudan
1880:Ivory Coast
1613:recognition
1566:South Sudan
1456:Ivory Coast
1212:10 February
1205:The Citizen
1074:8 September
668:swisstph.ch
664:"Swiss TPH"
2713:Categories
2580:Literature
2560:Healthcare
2473:(currency)
2396:Parliament
2365:High Court
2359:Corruption
2213:Tanganyika
2092:(Portugal)
2050:Somaliland
1970:Seychelles
1935:Mozambique
1920:Mauritania
1905:Madagascar
1860:The Gambia
1795:Cape Verde
1668:(Portugal)
1626:Somaliland
1546:Seychelles
1511:Mozambique
1496:Mauritania
1481:Madagascar
1436:The Gambia
1371:Cape Verde
1035:NHIF, 2011
866:nhif.or.tz
836:nssf.or.tz
806:nhif.or.tz
559:10986/2240
409:References
215:2009/2010
161:March 2016
131:newspapers
35:healthcare
2570:Languages
2545:Education
2499:Transport
2471:Shilling
2466:Companies
2406:President
2371:Elections
2318:Volcanoes
2288:Districts
2271:Geography
1925:Mauritius
1501:Mauritius
1262:15 August
1237:15 August
957:15 August
574:5 October
308:TSh
212:2005/2006
209:2002/2003
2693:Category
2634:Zanzibar
2610:Religion
2565:HIV/AIDS
2484:Taxation
2391:Military
2363:Courts (
2337:Politics
2323:Wildlife
2185:Timeline
2169:articles
2165:Tanzania
2116: /
2112: /
2105:(France)
2099: /
2077: /
2073: /
2025:Zimbabwe
2000:Tanzania
1850:Ethiopia
1845:Eswatini
1825:Djibouti
1790:Cameroon
1775:Botswana
1692: /
1688: /
1681:(France)
1675: /
1653: /
1649: /
1601:Zimbabwe
1576:Tanzania
1426:Ethiopia
1421:Eswatini
1401:Djibouti
1366:Cameroon
1351:Botswana
1127:23763711
1020:22388497
788:31400331
780:22591542
738:19030693
636:22763126
460:22357353
382:See also
51:Tanzania
27:Tanzania
2677:Outline
2642:History
2535:Culture
2525:Cuisine
2513:Society
2494:Tourism
2444:Economy
2349:Cabinet
2308:Regions
2293:Islands
2177:History
2101:RĂ©union
2097:Mayotte
2088:Madeira
2083:(Spain)
2079:Melilla
2010:Tunisia
1980:Somalia
1965:Senegal
1950:Nigeria
1940:Namibia
1930:Morocco
1895:Liberia
1890:Lesotho
1840:Eritrea
1810:Comoros
1785:Burundi
1760:Algeria
1677:RĂ©union
1673:Mayotte
1664:Madeira
1659:(Spain)
1655:Melilla
1586:Tunisia
1556:Somalia
1541:Senegal
1526:Nigeria
1516:Namibia
1506:Morocco
1471:Liberia
1466:Lesotho
1416:Eritrea
1386:Comoros
1361:Burundi
1336:Algeria
1118:3686629
729:2649570
451:3311084
234:Private
145:scholar
2698:Portal
2652:Unguja
2313:Rivers
2283:Cities
2240:Ujamaa
2167:
2120:
2103:
2090:
2020:Zambia
2015:Uganda
1955:Rwanda
1910:Malawi
1870:Guinea
1765:Angola
1696:
1679:
1666:
1596:Zambia
1591:Uganda
1531:Rwanda
1486:Malawi
1446:Guinea
1341:Angola
1155:26 May
1125:
1115:
1101:: 21.
1018:
928:7 July
876:26 May
846:26 May
816:26 May
786:
778:
760:Lancet
736:
726:
678:26 May
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220:Public
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2684:Index
2647:Pemba
2615:Sport
2590:Music
2585:Media
2298:Lakes
2075:Ceuta
1995:Sudan
1945:Niger
1900:Libya
1885:Kenya
1865:Ghana
1855:Gabon
1830:Egypt
1770:Benin
1651:Ceuta
1571:Sudan
1521:Niger
1476:Libya
1461:Kenya
1441:Ghana
1431:Gabon
1406:Egypt
1346:Benin
862:"CHF"
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756:(PDF)
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152:JSTOR
138:books
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2529:wine
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1915:Mali
1805:Chad
1581:Togo
1491:Mali
1381:Chad
1264:2020
1239:2020
1214:2021
1157:2015
1123:PMID
1076:2015
1069:NSSF
1016:PMID
959:2020
930:2024
878:2015
848:2015
818:2015
776:PMID
734:PMID
680:2015
632:PMID
576:2015
563:ISBN
456:PMID
333:NSSF
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251:27.4
240:27.8
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1103:doi
1006:doi
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