1623:
257:. In 2015, they were present in 48.9 million people globally. They affect between 4 and 75 per 1,000 live births, depending upon how they are diagnosed. In about 6 to 19 per 1,000 they cause a moderate to severe degree of problems. Congenital heart defects are the leading cause of birth defect-related deaths: in 2015, they resulted in 303,300 deaths, down from 366,000 deaths in 1990. The cause of a congenital heart defect is often unknown. Risk factors include certain infections during
1588:
with a dysfunctional conduit in their right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). The RVOT is the connection between the heart and lungs; once blood reaches the lungs, it is enriched with oxygen before being pumped to the rest of the body. Transcatheter pulmonary valve technology provides a less-invasive means to extend the life of a failed RVOT conduit and is designed to allow physicians to deliver a replacement pulmonary valve via a catheter through the patient's blood vessels.
341:
51:
1119:. The foramen ovale stays open because of the flow of blood from the right atrium to the left atrium. As the lungs expand, blood flows easily through the lungs and the membranous portion of the foramen ovale (the septum primum) flops over the muscular portion (the septum secundum). If the closure is incomplete, the result is a
1043:, which is the source of a variety of cells found throughout the body. On day 19 of development, a pair of vascular elements, the "endocardial tubes", form. The tubes fuse when cells between then undergo programmed death and cells from the first heart field migrate to the tube, and form a ring of heart cells (
1139:
stages. Krimski (1963), synthesizing two previous points of view, considered congenital heart diseases as a stop of development at the certain stage of ontogenesis, corresponding to this or that stage of the phylogenesis. Hence these theories can explain feminine and neutral types of defects only.
1600:
Supporting people with chronic diseases such as congenital heart disease with emotional problems and mental health is a treatment consideration. Since some people with congenital heart disease have a lower quality of life that is related to their condition, some people may struggle with finding a
1587:
Interventional cardiology now offers minimally invasive alternatives to surgery for some patients. The Melody
Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve (TPV), approved in Europe in 2006 and in the U.S. in 2010 under a Humanitarian Device Exemption (HDE), is designed to treat congenital heart disease patients
1613:
may be helpful for treating some people who have congenital heart disease and depression, however further research is needed to determine the best way to reduce depression including the length of treatments required for an improvement, type of psychotherapy treatments, and how the psychotherapy
3699:
Donofrio, Mary T.; Moon-Grady, Anita J.; Hornberger, Lisa K.; Copel, Joshua A.; Sklansky, Mark S.; Abuhamad, Alfred; Cuneo, Bettina F.; Huhta, James C.; Jonas, Richard A.; Krishnan, Anita; Lacey, Stephanie; Lee, Wesley; Michelfelder, Erik C.; Rempel, Gwen R.; Silverman, Norman H. (2014-05-27).
1583:
CHD may require surgery and medications. Medications include diuretics, which aid the body in eliminating water, salts, and digoxin for strengthening the contraction of the heart. This slows the heartbeat and removes some fluid from tissues. Some defects require surgical procedures to restore
874:
and differentiation, plays broad roles in several aspects of cardiac development. Notch elements are involved in determination of the right and left sides of the body plan, so the directional folding of the heart tube can be impacted. Notch signaling is involved early in the formation of the
1074:, the main outflow tract is divided in two by the growth a spiraling septum, becoming the great vessels—the ascending segment of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk. If the separation is incomplete, the result is a "persistent truncus arteriosus". The vessels may be reversed ("
875:
endocardial cushions and continues to be active as the develop into the septa and valves. It is also involved in the development of the ventricular wall and the connection of the outflow tract to the great vessels. Mutations in the gene for one of the notch ligands,
637:
The genes regulating the complex developmental sequence have only been partly elucidated. Some genes are associated with specific defects. A number of genes have been associated with cardiac manifestations. Mutations of a heart muscle protein, α-myosin heavy chain
1227:) is vital to the infant's ability to survive until emergency heart surgery can be performed, since without these pathways blood cannot circulate to the body (or lungs, depending on which side of the heart is defective). Hypoplasia of the heart is generally a
358:
Signs and symptoms are related to type and severity of the heart defect. Symptoms frequently present early in life, but it is possible for some CHDs to go undetected throughout life. Some children have no signs while others may exhibit shortness of breath,
944:
in which there is cardiac involvement. While the conditions listed are known genetic causes, there are likely many other genes which are more subtle. It is known that the risk for congenital heart defects is higher when there is a close relative with one.
3865:
3846:
3355:
Crymskiy LD (1963). "Patologicheskaya anatomiya vrozhdennykh porokov serdtsa i oslozhneniy posle ikh khirurgicheskogo lecheniya" [Pathological anatomy of congenital heart defects and complications after their surgical treatment.].
658:
also interacts with MYH6. Mutations of all these proteins are associated with both atrial and ventricular septal defects; In addition, NKX2-5 is associated with defects in the electrical conduction of the heart and TBX5 is related to the
1070:", fuse to form the four chambers of the heart. A failure to fuse properly will result in a defect that may allow blood to leak between chambers. After this happens, cells that have migrated from the neural crest begin to divide the
2176:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
1031:") has been studied extensively and the genes that control the process are being elucidated. Around day 15 of development, the cells that will become the heart exist in two horseshoe shaped bands of the middle tissue layer (
1089:. The lungs are unexpanded and cannot accommodate the full circulatory volume. Two structures exist to shunt blood flow away from the lungs. Cells in part of the septum primum die creating a hole while muscle cells, the "
3589:
Leo, Donato
Giuseppe; Islam, Umar; Lotto, Robyn R; Lotto, Attilio; Lane, Deirdre A (2023-10-03). Cochrane Heart Group (ed.). "Psychological interventions for depression in adolescent and adult congenital heart disease".
1591:
Many people require lifelong specialized cardiac care, first with a pediatric cardiologist and later with an adult congenital cardiologist. There are more than 1.8 million adults living with congenital heart defects.
1050:
At day 22, the circulatory system is bilaterally symmetrical with paired vessels on each side and the heart consisting of a simple tube located in the midline of the body layout. The portions that will become the
1026:
There is a complex sequence of events that result in a well formed heart at birth and disruption of any portion may result in a defect. The orderly timing of cell growth, cell migration, and programmed cell death
3964:
2133:
Congenital heart disease caused 261,247 deaths (95% uncertainty interval 216,567–308,159) globally in 2017, a 34.5% decline from 1990, with 180,624 deaths (146,825–214,178) being among infants (aged <1
2104:
GBD 2017 Congenital Heart
Disease Collaborators (2020). "Global, regional, and national burden of congenital heart disease, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017".
2263:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
371:, under-development of limbs and muscles, poor feeding or growth, or respiratory infections. Congenital heart defects cause abnormal heart structure resulting in production of certain sounds called
2057:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
3435:
1178:
A number of classification systems exist for congenital heart defects. In 2000 the
International Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature was developed to provide a generic classification system.
2506:
Cunningham, Bridget K.; Hadley, Donald W.; Hannoush, Hwaida; Meltzer, Andrew C.; Niforatos, Nickie; Pineda-Alvarez, Daniel; Sachdev, Vandana; Warren-Mora, Nicole; Solomon, Benjamin D. (2013).
3950:
242:. Signs and symptoms depend on the specific type of defect. Symptoms can vary from none to life-threatening. When present, symptoms are variable and may include rapid breathing, bluish skin (
2312:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
1008:
increases, the risk of heart defects also increases. A distinct physiological mechanism has not been identified to explain the link between maternal obesity and CHD, but both pre-pregnancy
1696:, occurring in 1% of live births (2–3% including bicuspid aortic valve). In 2013, 34.3 million people had CHD. In 2010, they resulted in 223,000 deaths, down from 278,000 deaths in 1990.
1711:
Congenital heart defects are known by a number of names including congenital heart anomaly, congenital heart disease, heart defects, and congenital cardiovascular malformations.
1078:"). The two halves of the split tract must migrate into the correct positions over the appropriate ventricles. A failure may result in some blood flowing into the wrong vessel (
3992:
1503:
Some conditions affect the great vessels or other vessels in close proximity to the heart, but not the heart itself, but are often classified as congenital heart defects.
1093:", grow along the right atrial side the septum primum, except for one region, leaving a gap through which blood can pass from the right artium to the left atrium, the
246:), poor weight gain, and feeling tired. CHD does not cause chest pain. Most congenital heart defects are not associated with other diseases. A complication of CHD is
3762:"Management of Pregnancy in Patients With Complex Congenital Heart Disease: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association"
1265:, with other types such as bicuspid aortic valve stenosis and subaortic stenosis being comparatively rare. Any narrowing or blockage can cause heart enlargement or
1170:
If a baby is born with a septal defect or an obstruction defect, often their symptoms are only noticeable after several months or sometimes even after many years.
3306:
1703:), the recurrence risk in offspring is 3–5%. This risk is higher in left ventricular outflow tract obstructions, heterotaxy, and atrioventricular septal defects.
277:
in the mother. Having a parent with a congenital heart defect is also a risk factor. A number of genetic conditions are associated with heart defects, including
1541:
3631:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
4345:
1547:
1329:
4043:
2055:
Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury
Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).
1471:
1167:
If a baby is born with cyanotic heart disease, the diagnosis is usually made shortly after birth due to the blue colour of their skin (called cyanosis).
642:) are associated with atrial septal defects. Several proteins that interact with MYH6 are also associated with cardiac defects. The transcription factor
3397:
1622:
3419:
1055:
and will be located closest to the head are the most distant from the head. From days 23 through 28, the heart tube folds and twists, with the future
3510:
4048:
3094:
1477:
2174:
Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (Global Burden of
Disease Study 2013 Collaborators) (August 2015).
1868:
1496:
566:
1989:
3985:
2310:
Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death
Collaborators) (January 2015).
2261:
Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death
Collaborators) (October 2016).
1896:
3429:
3275:
3078:
2929:
2575:
2390:
1862:
1720:
1240:
3805:
1803:
1123:. The two flaps may fuse, but many adults have a foramen ovale that stays closed only because of the pressure difference between the atria.
3453:
387:
Congenital heart defects are associated with an increased incidence of seven other specific medical conditions, together being called the
297:, depending on whether the child has the potential to turn bluish in color. The defects may involve the interior walls of the heart, the
4376:
2247:
1156:. This is a test which can be done during the second trimester of pregnancy, when the woman is about 18–24 weeks pregnant. It can be an
3955:
2030:
4121:
4080:
4038:
3484:
1466:
1337:
1075:
679:
might be part of these molecular pathways, as when their genes are mutated, this causes phenotypes similar to the features present in
460:
3122:"Parental alcohol consumption and the risk of congenital heart diseases in offspring: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis"
4371:
3978:
2241:
4298:
1429:
1216:
1191:
3536:
1857:. World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization. pp. 3, 60.
4303:
4193:
2364:
1423:
1212:
1187:
1062:
On day 28, areas of tissue in the heart tube begin to expand inwards; after about two weeks, these expansions, the membranous "
455:(ToF) are the most common congenital heart defects seen in the VACTERL association. Less common defects in the association are
4113:
1369:
4188:
4055:
4026:
1445:
1402:
1358:
1325:
941:
553:
561:
4018:
600:
482:, often sporadic, represent the largest known cause of congenital heart defects. They are described in the table below.
1413:
1396:
557:
889:
in 13% of cases), liver, eyes, face, and bones. Though less than 1% of all cases, where no defects are found in the
1517:
917:
is also associated with calcification of the aortic valve, the third most common cause of heart disease in adults.
4031:
2146:
4095:
4085:
3066:
1490:
1294:
691:, the most common deletion which has extensive symptoms including defects of the cardiac outflow tract including
575:
444:
414:
294:
112:
59:
4215:
4183:
3884:
1529:
1507:
1220:
408:
3702:"Diagnosis and treatment of fetal cardiac disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association"
3393:
4340:
4210:
1523:
1290:
1161:
867:
93:
756:
680:
660:
587:
4163:
4142:
3506:
1725:
1153:
624:
239:
3098:
4350:
4253:
4243:
4062:
1849:
1566:
1375:
1313:
1228:
1094:
910:
664:
541:
329:
290:
172:
108:
2827:"Pygo genes cause congenital heart defects by tissue-specific perturbation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling"
2776:"Whole-exome sequencing identifies R1279X of MYH6 gene to be associated with congenital heart disease"
332:
may be required. With appropriate treatment, outcomes are generally good, even with complex problems.
4270:
4248:
4220:
4149:
4072:
1981:
1408:
1385:
1363:
1302:
1298:
1224:
1157:
1120:
1067:
974:
448:
320:
to certain food products. Some defects do not need treatment. Others may be effectively treated with
4103:
4009:
3869:
3562:
1571:
1560:
1333:
1293:
allow blood to flow from the left side of the heart to the right, reducing the heart's efficiency.
990:
886:
692:
452:
396:
388:
352:
309:
3760:
Canobbio MM, Warnes CA, Aboulhosn J, Connolly HM, Khanna A, Koos BJ, et al. (February 2017).
2594:
Blue GM, Kirk EP, Giannoulatou E, Sholler GF, Dunwoodie SL, Harvey RP, Winlaw DS (February 2017).
2386:
1888:
1297:
are collectively the most common type of CHD, although approximately 30% of adults have a type of
1059:
moving left of center (the ultimate location of the heart) and the atria moving towards the head.
3801:
3739:
3678:
3337:
3300:
3151:
2825:
CantĂą C, Felker A, Zimmerli D, Prummel KD, Cabello EM, Chiavacci E, et al. (November 2018).
1795:
1513:
1455:
1286:
1262:
1149:
993:). Alcohol exposure in the father also appears to increase the risk of congenital heart defects.
966:
456:
420:
364:
321:
164:
79:
1609:
as examples. An estimated 31% of adults with congenital heart disease also have mood disorders.
1047:) around it by day 21. On day 22, the heart begins to beat and by day 24, blood is circulating.
3480:
3449:
1211:
effectively. Hypoplasia of the heart is rare but is the most serious form of CHD. It is called
1131:
Rokitansky (1875) explained congenital heart defects as breaks in heart development at various
471:
The cause of congenital heart disease may be genetic, environmental, or a combination of both.
4205:
3924:
3895:
3783:
3731:
3723:
3670:
3611:
3425:
3271:
3241:
3200:
3143:
3074:
3044:
2995:
2968:
2925:
2902:
2856:
2807:
2756:
2707:
2666:
2617:
2571:
2545:
2527:
2485:
2467:
2421:
2341:
2292:
2237:
2205:
2086:
1956:
1858:
1768:
1606:
1535:
1485:
1450:
1440:
1341:
1254:
1099:
1056:
1021:
1009:
982:
937:
882:
856:
761:
688:
619:
595:
549:
479:
67:
2229:
4335:
4330:
3773:
3713:
3660:
3650:
3642:
3607:
3599:
3329:
3231:
3190:
3182:
3133:
3034:
3026:
2958:
2892:
2846:
2838:
2797:
2787:
2746:
2738:
2697:
2656:
2648:
2607:
2535:
2519:
2475:
2457:
2331:
2323:
2282:
2274:
2195:
2187:
2122:
2114:
2076:
2068:
1946:
1936:
1758:
1104:
1082:
1005:
933:
723:
521:
344:
2022:
4325:
4265:
4200:
4178:
3945:
3629:
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).
1435:
1353:
1258:
1200:
1090:
986:
929:
591:
529:
500:
325:
286:
282:
168:
3665:
2540:
2507:
1207:. This causes only one side of the heart to be capable of pumping blood to the body and
340:
3718:
3701:
3195:
3170:
3039:
3014:
2851:
2826:
2802:
2775:
2751:
2726:
2661:
2636:
2480:
2445:
2336:
2311:
2287:
2262:
2200:
2175:
2081:
2056:
1951:
1924:
1380:
1204:
1116:
1052:
517:
437:
148:
3646:
2327:
2278:
2191:
2118:
2072:
1763:
1746:
899:
gene. In 10% of cases, no mutation is found in either gene. For another member of the
663:
which includes electrical conduction defects and abnormalities of the upper limb. The
4365:
4293:
4137:
3940:
3655:
3532:
3155:
1610:
1071:
1063:
921:
885:), characterized by defects of the great vessels (pulmonary artery stenosis), heart (
525:
430:
302:
278:
247:
231:
98:
58:
The normal structure of the heart (left) in comparison to two common locations for a
3878:
3874:
3743:
3341:
3322:
Virchows Archiv fĂĽr
Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und fĂĽr Klinische Medizin
2360:
4315:
4260:
4238:
3682:
3603:
1693:
1460:
1418:
1391:
1266:
1219:
when it affects the right side of the heart. In both conditions, the presence of a
1136:
1086:
1040:
508:
402:
376:
372:
368:
298:
254:
3376:
2963:
2946:
2742:
2702:
2685:
17:
3889:
3778:
3761:
4308:
3919:
3371:
1282:
1132:
978:
900:
881:, are identified in the majority of examined cases of arteriohepatic dysplasia (
871:
127:
3900:
3320:
Spitzer A (May 1923). "Ăśber den
Bauplan des normalen und miĂźbildeten Herzens".
2897:
2880:
2612:
2595:
2413:
1941:
4320:
3030:
2987:
2792:
2652:
1278:
1196:
997:
962:
317:
235:
72:
3727:
3138:
3121:
2531:
2471:
1584:
circulation back to normal and in some cases, multiple surgeries are needed.
1085:). The four-chambered heart and the great vessels have features required for
3859:
3855:
3236:
3219:
3186:
3015:"The RASopathies: developmental syndromes of Ras/MAPK pathway dysregulation"
1602:
1028:
970:
954:
534:
258:
179:
136:
3970:
3787:
3735:
3674:
3615:
3245:
3204:
3147:
3120:
Zhang S, Wang L, Yang T, Chen L, Zhao L, Wang T, et al. (March 2020).
3048:
2999:
2972:
2906:
2881:"Making or breaking the heart: from lineage determination to morphogenesis"
2860:
2842:
2811:
2760:
2711:
2670:
2621:
2596:"Advances in the Genetics of Congenital Heart Disease: A Clinician's Guide"
2549:
2489:
2462:
2425:
2345:
2296:
2209:
2090:
1960:
1772:
1115:
The ductus arteriosus stays open because of circulating factors including
3171:"Maternal obesity and congenital heart defects: a population-based study"
1317:
1246:
1199:
can affect the heart, typically resulting in the underdevelopment of the
1036:
1032:
745:
651:
608:
379:; however, not all heart murmurs are caused by congenital heart defects.
360:
348:
243:
85:
2127:
3333:
2523:
1250:
1044:
958:
274:
270:
266:
262:
152:
144:
140:
132:
3838:
50:
3959:
3850:
3421:
Pediatric critical care medicine: basic science and clinical evidence
2637:"The importance of copy number variation in congenital heart disease"
1556:
Some constellations of multiple defects are commonly found together.
1321:
905:
895:
851:
655:
426:
313:
3630:
3169:
Mills JL, Troendle J, Conley MR, Carter T, Druschel CM (June 2010).
2234:
Genetic Disorders and the Fetus: Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment
1245:
Obstructive defects occur when heart valves, arteries, or veins are
1699:
For congenital heart defects that arise without a family history (
1621:
1001:
676:
672:
643:
579:
339:
227:
1848:
Mendis S, Puska P, Norrving B, World Health Organization (2011).
1004:
increases the risk of congenital heart disease. Additionally, as
550:
22q11.2 deletion/duplication (velocardiofacial/DiGeorge syndrome)
147:, parents being closely related, poor nutritional status, taking
3097:. Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford. Archived from
2512:
Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology
1208:
925:
877:
684:
668:
647:
639:
3974:
273:, parents being closely related, or poor nutritional status or
1796:"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Congenital Heart Defects?"
1626:
Congenital heart anomalies deaths per million persons in 2012
928:
pathway are responsible for a variety of syndromes, including
2986:
Spinner NB, Gilbert MA, Loomes KM, Krantz ID (20 July 2010).
1851:
Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control
1223:(and, when hypoplasia affects the right side of the heart, a
1035:), and some cells migrate from a portion of the outer layer (
289:. Congenital heart defects are divided into two main groups:
27:
Defect in the structure of the heart that is present at birth
3558:
2412:
Thomas, Seth L.; Heaton, Joseph; Makaryus, Amgad N. (2024),
1135:
stages. Spitzer (1923) treats them as returns to one of the
1320:, a bluish-grey discoloration of the skin due to a lack of
2924:(5th ed.). W.B. Saunders. pp. 316–317, 616–617.
328:. Occasionally a number of operations may be needed, or a
2990:. In Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al. (eds.).
1925:"Preconception care: nutritional risks and interventions"
2635:
Costain G, Silversides CK, Bassett AS (September 2016).
1923:
Dean SV, Lassi ZS, Imam AM, Bhutta ZA (September 2014).
308:
Congenital heart defects are partly preventable through
62:(right), the most common form of congenital heart defect
3220:"Prepregnancy obesity and birth defects: what's next?"
2508:"Analysis of cardiac anomalies in VACTERL association"
3828:
3394:"Congenital heart disease - Diagnosis - NHS Choices"
4285:
4231:
4171:
4162:
4130:
4112:
4094:
4071:
4017:
4008:
3910:
3832:
3065:Schoen FJ, Richard N M (2010). "12. The Heart". In
2922:
Smith's recognizable patterns of human malformation
2727:"Genetics and Genomics of Congenital Heart Disease"
2589:
2587:
1277:The septum is a wall of tissue which separates the
1012:and diabetes have been implicated in some studies.
196:
188:
178:
159:
126:
118:
104:
92:
78:
66:
40:
35:
3095:"Factors Contributing to Congenital Heart Disease"
699:Examples of gene products and associated features
44:Congenital heart anomaly, congenital heart disease
3266:Larsen WJ (1993). "7. Development of the Heart".
2686:"Changing Landscape of Congenital Heart Disease"
569:(also known as chromosomal microarray analysis)
2420:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1601:job, engaging in physical exercise, with their
1520:, and other malformations of the great arteries
1359:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
1215:when it affects the left side of the heart and
650:which interacts with MYH6. Another factor, the
3071:Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease
920:Mutations of a cell regulatory mechanism, the
913:, a valve with two leaflets instead of three.
265:, use of certain medications or drugs such as
3986:
3019:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
2874:
2872:
2870:
2600:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
2568:Essential Cardiology: Principles and Practice
1751:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1542:Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection
687:, is involved in velo-cardio-facial syndrome
253:Congenital heart defects are the most common
8:
4346:Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery
2050:
2048:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
953:Known environmental factors include certain
516:Survivable autosomal trisomies (chromosomes
238:. A congenital heart defect is classed as a
2387:"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"
1982:"How Are Congenital Heart Defects Treated?"
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1883:
1881:
1747:"The incidence of congenital heart disease"
1548:Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
1330:total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
618:Mutations in genes highly expressed during
562:15q11.2 deletion (Burnside-Butler syndrome)
4168:
4014:
3993:
3979:
3971:
3829:
3802:"Other Names for Congenital Heart Defects"
3305:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3224:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3175:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3060:
3058:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2169:
2167:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1893:National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
1843:
1841:
1472:dextro-Transposition of the great arteries
49:
32:
3777:
3717:
3664:
3654:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3235:
3194:
3137:
3126:European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
3038:
2962:
2896:
2850:
2801:
2791:
2750:
2701:
2660:
2611:
2570:. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. p. 393.
2539:
2479:
2461:
2335:
2286:
2199:
2126:
2080:
2027:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1986:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
1950:
1940:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1800:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
1762:
3949:) is being considered for deletion. See
3535:. University of California at Berkeley.
3418:Shanley TP, Wheeler DS, Wong HR (2007).
3293:Die defecte der Scheidewande des Herzens
2947:"Notch signaling in cardiac development"
1692:Heart defects are among the most common
1478:levo-Transposition of the great arteries
697:
484:
3592:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3069:, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Aster JC (eds.).
2561:
2559:
1889:"What Causes Congenital Heart Defects?"
1737:
1316:are called such because they result in
567:Array comparative genomic hybridization
530:chromosome X monosomy (Turner syndrome)
3561:. Adult Congenital Heart Association.
3475:
3473:
3471:
3298:
3218:Rasmussen SA, Galuska DA (June 2010).
226:, is a defect in the structure of the
220:congenital cardiovascular malformation
3755:
3753:
3694:
3692:
3584:
3582:
3580:
2994:. University of Washington, Seattle.
2501:
2499:
1241:Ventricular outflow tract obstruction
1148:Many congenital heart defects can be
375:. These can sometimes be detected by
7:
3559:"Adult Congenital Heart Association"
2774:Razmara E, Garshasbi M (July 2018).
2414:"Physiology, Cardiovascular Murmurs"
2023:"What Are Congenital Heart Defects?"
3481:"Congenital Cardiovascular Defects"
3073:(8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier.
2725:Zaidi S, Brueckner M (March 2017).
2444:Solomon, Benjamin D. (2011-08-16).
2033:from the original on 13 August 2015
1574:/ Shone's complex / Shone's anomaly
805:Electrical conduction abnormalities
461:transposition of the great arteries
4081:Sinus venosus atrial septal defect
4039:Transposition of the great vessels
3719:10.1161/01.cir.0000437597.44550.5d
3013:Tidyman WE, Rauen KA (June 2009).
2684:Bouma BJ, Mulder BJ (March 2017).
2393:from the original on 8 August 2010
2367:from the original on 4 August 2010
1745:Hoffman JI, Kaplan S (June 2002).
1721:Congenital Heart Surgeons' Society
1467:Transposition of the great vessels
1338:transposition of the great vessels
1324:in the body. Such defects include
1076:transposition of the great vessels
25:
3953:to help reach a consensus. ›
3808:from the original on 27 July 2015
3565:from the original on 20 June 2010
3539:from the original on 18 July 2010
3513:from the original on 18 July 2010
3487:from the original on 20 June 2010
3456:from the original on 11 June 2010
3450:"Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome"
3424:. Berlin: Springer. p. 666.
2450:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
2109:. Child & adolescent health.
1992:from the original on 27 July 2015
1806:from the original on 27 July 2015
305:that lead to and from the heart.
88:, poor weight gain, feeling tired
3438:from the original on 2017-03-18.
2945:Niessen K, Karsan A (May 2008).
2250:from the original on 2017-02-22.
2147:"Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)"
1899:from the original on 8 July 2015
1874:from the original on 2014-08-17.
1430:Hypoplastic right heart syndrome
1217:hypoplastic right heart syndrome
1192:Hypoplastic right heart syndrome
580:small insertion/deletion (indel)
3400:from the original on 2012-02-10
2879:Srivastava D (September 2006).
1424:Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
1213:hypoplastic left heart syndrome
1188:Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
576:single nucleotide variant (SNV)
184:Generally good (with treatment)
4114:Atrioventricular septal defect
3604:10.1002/14651858.CD004372.pub3
3533:"Circulatory Changes at Birth"
2361:"Heart Defects: Birth Defects"
1497:Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome
1370:Atrioventricular septal defect
1:
4056:Persistent truncus arteriosus
4027:Double outlet right ventricle
3647:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
2964:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.108.174318
2743:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.309140
2703:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.309302
2328:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
2279:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
2192:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4
2119:10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30402-X
2073:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
1764:10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01886-7
1446:Persistent truncus arteriosus
1414:Early Repolarization Syndrome
1403:Double outlet right ventricle
1326:persistent truncus arteriosus
942:cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome
870:, a regulatory mechanism for
4019:Aortopulmonary septal defect
3779:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000458
2780:BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
991:systemic lupus erythematosus
612:protein-coding SNV or indel
3507:"Ventricular Septal Defect"
2446:"VACTERL/VATER Association"
1397:Double inlet left ventricle
893:gene, defects are found in
822:Outflow tract abnormalities
558:8p23.1 deletion/duplication
351:nail beds in an adult with
316:to salt, and the adding of
4393:
4377:Health issues in pregnancy
2898:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.003
2613:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.060
1942:10.1186/1742-4755-11-s3-s3
1518:aberrant subclavian artery
1303:probe patent foramen ovale
1295:Ventricular septal defects
1238:
1185:
1019:
838:Non-cardiac manifestations
787:Ventricular septal defects
554:q21.1 deletion/duplication
295:non-cyanotic heart defects
113:non-cyanotic heart defects
4096:Ventricular septal defect
3270:. Churchill Livingstone.
3031:10.1016/j.gde.2009.04.001
2793:10.1186/s12872-018-0867-4
2653:10.1038/npjgenmed.2016.31
2236:. John Wiley & Sons.
1491:Ventricular septal defect
1253:. Common defects include
957:during pregnancy such as
909:gene are associated with
646:forms a complex with the
574:Inherited protein-coding
445:Ventricular septal defect
415:Tracheoesophageal fistula
322:catheter based procedures
165:catheter based procedures
60:ventricular septal defect
57:
48:
4372:Congenital heart defects
4002:Congenital heart defects
3967:information for parents.
3965:Congenital heart disease
3951:templates for discussion
3372:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
3139:10.1177/2047487319874530
2363:. Merck & Co., Inc.
1614:sessions are delivered.
1530:Patent ductus arteriosus
1508:Coarctation of the aorta
1263:coarctation of the aorta
1221:patent ductus arteriosus
981:) and maternal illness (
847:Upper limb abnormalities
409:Cardiovascular anomalies
224:congenital heart disease
216:congenital heart anomaly
4341:Coronary artery anomaly
3956:Congenital heart defect
3291:Rokitarisky KE (1875).
3237:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29666
3187:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28865
2831:Genes & Development
1524:Interrupted aortic arch
1291:interventricular septum
1162:transvaginal ultrasound
868:notch signaling pathway
208:congenital heart defect
36:Congenital heart defect
4164:Valvular heart disease
4143:Cyanotic heart disease
4086:Lutembacher's syndrome
3377:Fetal echocardiography
2843:10.1101/gad.315531.118
2463:10.1186/1750-1172-6-56
1726:Congenital heart block
1689:
1314:Cyanotic heart defects
1154:fetal echocardiography
1107:to pass to the aorta.
1103:allows blood from the
1097:. A small vessel, the
683:. Another T-box gene,
654:(developmental) gene,
625:Whole exome sequencing
355:
291:cyanotic heart defects
240:cardiovascular disease
109:Cyanotic heart defects
4351:Ventricular inversion
4063:Aortopulmonary window
4032:Taussig–Bing syndrome
3656:10536/DRO/DU:30050819
1625:
1567:Pentalogy of Cantrell
1463:(Tumors of the Heart)
1376:Bicuspid aortic valve
1229:cyanotic heart defect
911:bicuspid aortic valve
860:Facial abnormalities
768:Atrial septal defects
493:Attributable percent
449:atrial septal defects
383:Associated conditions
343:
173:heart transplantation
4150:Eisenmenger syndrome
4073:Atrial septal defect
3509:. eMedicine Health.
2951:Circulation Research
2837:(21–22): 1443–1458.
2731:Circulation Research
2690:Circulation Research
2641:npj Genomic Medicine
2273:(10053): 1459–1544.
2067:(10053): 1545–1602.
1386:Complete heart block
1364:Atrial septal defect
1299:atrial septal defect
1225:patent foramen ovale
1158:abdominal ultrasound
1150:diagnosed prenatally
1121:patent foramen ovale
1068:endocardial cushions
1066:" and the muscular "
542:Copy number variants
151:during pregnancy or
4104:Tetralogy of Fallot
4010:Heart septal defect
2988:"Alagille Syndrome"
2228:Milunsky A (2011).
1929:Reproductive Health
1561:Tetralogy of Fallot
1334:tetralogy of Fallot
1235:Obstructive defects
903:, mutations in the
887:tetralogy of Fallot
700:
693:tetralogy of Fallot
486:
453:tetralogy of Fallot
397:Vertebral anomalies
389:VACTERL association
353:tetralogy of Fallot
310:rubella vaccination
303:large blood vessels
234:that is present at
214:), also known as a
192:48.9 million (2015)
3911:External resources
3641:(9859): 2095–128.
3483:. American Heart.
3452:. American Heart.
3334:10.1007/BF01961720
3295:(in German). Wien.
2566:Hoffman J (2005).
2524:10.1002/bdra.23211
1690:
1514:Double aortic arch
1456:Pulmonary stenosis
1287:interatrial septum
698:
681:Holt-Oram syndrome
661:Holt–Oram syndrome
633:Molecular pathways
588:Holt–Oram syndrome
485:
457:truncus arteriosus
421:Esophageal atresia
356:
336:Signs and symptoms
18:Heart Malformation
4359:
4358:
4281:
4280:
4221:Ebstein's anomaly
4158:
4157:
3934:
3933:
3712:(21): 2183–2242.
3431:978-1-84628-463-2
3277:978-0-443-08724-0
3080:978-1-4160-3121-5
2931:978-0-7216-6115-5
2920:Jones KL (1997).
2577:978-1-58829-370-1
2186:(9995): 743–800.
1864:978-92-4-156437-3
1536:Scimitar syndrome
1486:Tricuspid atresia
1451:Pulmonary atresia
1441:Myocardial bridge
1409:Ebstein's anomaly
1342:tricuspid atresia
1285:. Defects in the
1255:pulmonic stenosis
1247:abnormally narrow
1100:ductus arteriosus
1022:Heart development
1010:folate deficiency
983:diabetes mellitus
938:Costello syndrome
883:Alagille syndrome
864:
863:
689:DiGeorge syndrome
630:
629:
620:heart development
596:Alagille syndrome
480:Genetic mutations
204:
203:
135:infection during
84:Rapid breathing,
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4384:
4336:Brugada syndrome
4331:Crisscross heart
4201:tricuspid valves
4179:pulmonary valves
4169:
4015:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3972:
3830:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3804:. July 1, 2011.
3798:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3757:
3748:
3747:
3721:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3668:
3658:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3610: 10546482.
3598:(10): CD004372.
3586:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3477:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3390:
3379:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3268:Human Embryology
3263:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3198:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3141:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3042:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2966:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2900:
2876:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2795:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2563:
2554:
2553:
2543:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2483:
2465:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2359:Beerman, Lee B.
2356:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2322:(9963): 117–71.
2307:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2225:
2214:
2213:
2203:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2029:. July 1, 2011.
2019:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1988:. July 1, 2011.
1978:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1944:
1920:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1895:. July 1, 2011.
1885:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1856:
1845:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1802:. July 1, 2011.
1792:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1757:(12): 1890–900.
1742:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1572:Shone's syndrome
1309:Cyanotic defects
1111:Changes at birth
1105:pulmonary artery
1083:overriding aorta
1006:maternal obesity
934:LEOPARD syndrome
855:Small or absent
850:Small or absent
701:
490:Genetic lesions
487:
345:Digital clubbing
330:heart transplant
312:, the adding of
53:
33:
21:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4326:Cor triatriatum
4292:Underdeveloped
4277:
4227:
4154:
4126:
4108:
4090:
4067:
4004:
3999:
3954:
3935:
3930:
3929:
3906:
3905:
3841:
3827:
3822:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3759:
3758:
3751:
3698:
3697:
3690:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3588:
3587:
3578:
3568:
3566:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3542:
3540:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3490:
3488:
3479:
3478:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3432:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3403:
3401:
3392:
3391:
3382:
3369:
3365:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3297:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3265:
3264:
3253:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2957:(10): 1169–81.
2944:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2878:
2877:
2868:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2518:(12): 792–797.
2505:
2504:
2497:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2428:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2244:
2227:
2226:
2217:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2021:
2020:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1980:
1979:
1968:
1935:(Suppl 3): S3.
1922:
1921:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1865:
1854:
1847:
1846:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1794:
1793:
1780:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1717:
1709:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1605:, and clinical
1598:
1581:
1436:Mitral stenosis
1354:Aortic stenosis
1350:
1311:
1275:
1259:aortic stenosis
1243:
1237:
1201:right ventricle
1194:
1186:Main articles:
1184:
1176:
1146:
1129:
1113:
1091:septum secundum
1024:
1018:
987:phenylketonuria
951:
930:Noonan syndrome
859:
854:
635:
592:Noonan syndrome
501:genetic testing
477:
469:
385:
338:
287:Marfan syndrome
283:Turner syndrome
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4390:
4388:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4364:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4294:heart chambers
4289:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4175:
4173:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4100:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4023:
4021:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3962:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3892:
3881:
3862:
3842:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:Classification
3826:
3825:External links
3823:
3820:
3819:
3793:
3772:(8): e50–e87.
3749:
3688:
3621:
3576:
3550:
3524:
3498:
3467:
3441:
3430:
3410:
3380:
3363:
3347:
3312:
3283:
3276:
3251:
3230:(6): 1539–40.
3210:
3161:
3132:(4): 410–421.
3112:
3101:on 4 July 2010
3086:
3079:
3054:
3005:
2978:
2937:
2930:
2912:
2891:(6): 1037–48.
2866:
2817:
2766:
2737:(6): 923–940.
2717:
2696:(6): 908–922.
2676:
2627:
2606:(7): 859–870.
2583:
2576:
2555:
2495:
2436:
2404:
2378:
2351:
2302:
2253:
2242:
2215:
2163:
2138:
2113:(3): 185–200.
2096:
2044:
2003:
1966:
1910:
1877:
1863:
1817:
1778:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1616:
1597:
1594:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1564:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1511:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1381:Cardiomyopathy
1378:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1310:
1307:
1274:
1273:Septal defects
1271:
1239:Main article:
1236:
1233:
1205:left ventricle
1183:
1180:
1175:
1174:Classification
1172:
1145:
1142:
1128:
1125:
1117:prostaglandins
1112:
1109:
1020:Main article:
1017:
1014:
950:
947:
862:
861:
848:
845:
843:
841:
839:
835:
834:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
819:
818:
816:
813:
810:
808:
806:
802:
801:
799:
796:
793:
790:
788:
784:
783:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
765:
764:
759:
754:
752:
750:
748:
742:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
720:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
634:
631:
628:
627:
622:
616:
613:
604:
603:
598:
585:
582:
571:
570:
564:
547:
544:
538:
537:
532:
514:
511:
505:
504:
497:
494:
491:
476:
473:
468:
465:
442:
441:
434:
427:Renal (Kidney)
423:
417:
411:
405:
399:
384:
381:
337:
334:
202:
201:
200:261,247 (2017)
198:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
182:
176:
175:
161:
157:
156:
149:antidepressant
130:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
106:
102:
101:
96:
90:
89:
82:
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4389:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4272:
4271:regurgitation
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4261:mitral valves
4259:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4249:insufficiency
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4239:aortic valves
4237:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4211:regurgitation
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4189:insufficiency
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4138:Cardiac shunt
4136:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4122:Ostium primum
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3991:
3989:
3984:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3414:
3411:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3360:(in Russian).
3359:
3351:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3324:(in German).
3323:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3294:
3287:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3181:(6): 1543–9.
3180:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3113:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2243:9781444358216
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1738:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:Psychotherapy
1608:
1604:
1596:Mental health
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1095:foramen ovale
1092:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:bulbus cordis
1069:
1065:
1064:septum primum
1060:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
949:Environmental
948:
946:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
912:
908:
907:
902:
898:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:
873:
869:
858:
853:
849:
846:
844:
842:
840:
837:
836:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
821:
820:
817:
814:
811:
809:
807:
804:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
766:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
744:
743:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
703:
702:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:Wnt signaling
662:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
632:
626:
623:
621:
617:
614:
611:
610:
606:
605:
602:
599:
597:
593:
589:
586:
583:
581:
577:
573:
572:
568:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
536:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
502:
498:
495:
492:
489:
488:
483:
481:
474:
472:
466:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
439:
435:
432:
428:
424:
422:
418:
416:
412:
410:
406:
404:
400:
398:
394:
393:
392:
390:
382:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
354:
350:
346:
342:
335:
333:
331:
327:
326:heart surgery
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:Down syndrome
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
248:heart failure
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:great vessels
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
181:
177:
174:
170:
169:heart surgery
166:
162:
158:
155:in the mother
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:
129:
125:
122:Often unknown
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
99:Heart failure
97:
95:
94:Complications
91:
87:
83:
81:
77:
74:
71:
69:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
4316:Dextrocardia
4131:Consequences
4001:
3944:
3918:
3894:
3883:
3864:
3845:
3810:. Retrieved
3796:
3769:
3765:
3709:
3705:
3638:
3634:
3624:
3595:
3591:
3567:. Retrieved
3553:
3541:. Retrieved
3527:
3515:. Retrieved
3501:
3489:. Retrieved
3458:. Retrieved
3444:
3420:
3413:
3402:. Retrieved
3370:
3366:
3357:
3350:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3292:
3286:
3267:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3103:. Retrieved
3099:the original
3089:
3070:
3025:(3): 230–6.
3022:
3018:
3008:
2991:
2981:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2921:
2915:
2888:
2884:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2603:
2599:
2567:
2515:
2511:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2429:, retrieved
2417:
2407:
2395:. Retrieved
2381:
2369:. Retrieved
2354:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2233:
2183:
2179:
2154:. Retrieved
2150:
2141:
2132:
2128:11343/252339
2110:
2106:
2099:
2064:
2060:
2035:. Retrieved
2026:
1994:. Retrieved
1985:
1932:
1928:
1901:. Retrieved
1892:
1850:
1808:. Retrieved
1799:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1694:birth defect
1691:
1686: 64-124
1618:Epidemiology
1599:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1555:
1502:
1461:Rhabdomyomas
1419:Holmes heart
1392:Dextrocardia
1312:
1276:
1267:hypertension
1244:
1195:
1177:
1169:
1166:
1147:
1137:phylogenesis
1130:
1114:
1098:
1087:fetal growth
1079:
1061:
1049:
1041:neural crest
1025:
995:
952:
919:
914:
904:
894:
890:
876:
865:
857:parathyroids
636:
607:
509:Aneuploidies
478:
470:
443:
403:Anal atresia
386:
377:auscultation
373:heart murmur
369:heart murmur
357:
307:
299:heart valves
255:birth defect
252:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
205:
128:Risk factors
4309:Uhl anomaly
3939:‹ The
3920:MedlinePlus
3766:Circulation
3706:Circulation
2992:GeneReviews
2156:13 February
2151:www.who.int
1707:Terminology
1680: 57-63
1674: 51-56
1668: 48-50
1662: 40-47
1656: 32-39
1650: 24-31
1644: 13-23
1283:right heart
1133:ontogenesis
979:thalidomide
901:gene family
872:cell growth
728:14q11.2-q13
667:co-factors
535:Karyotyping
451:(ASD), and
86:bluish skin
41:Other names
4366:Categories
4321:Levocardia
3896:DiseasesDB
3404:2012-03-14
3328:: 81–272.
2786:(1): 137.
2431:2024-05-01
2418:StatPearls
2107:The Lancet
1732:References
1638: 9-12
1607:depression
1279:left heart
1197:Hypoplasia
1182:Hypoplasia
1057:ventricles
998:overweight
955:infections
731:8p23.1-p22
601:Gene panel
318:folic acid
73:Cardiology
3812:10 August
3728:1524-4539
3358:Meditsina
3301:cite book
3156:203653146
2647:: 16031.
2532:1542-0752
2472:1750-1172
2037:10 August
1996:10 August
1903:10 August
1810:10 August
1632: 0-8
1603:fertility
1579:Treatment
1281:from the
1144:Diagnosis
1029:apoptosis
1016:Mechanism
971:hydantoin
757:Holt–Oram
496:Examples
433:anomalies
301:, or the
259:pregnancy
189:Frequency
180:Prognosis
160:Treatment
137:pregnancy
68:Specialty
4266:stenosis
4254:bicuspid
4244:stenosis
4216:stenosis
4184:stenosis
3941:template
3806:Archived
3788:28082385
3744:39191574
3736:24763516
3675:23245604
3666:10790329
3616:37787122
3563:Archived
3537:Archived
3511:Archived
3485:Archived
3454:Archived
3436:Archived
3398:Archived
3342:29190020
3246:20427732
3205:20375192
3148:31578093
3049:19467855
3000:20301450
2973:18497317
2907:16990131
2861:30366904
2812:29969989
2761:28302740
2712:28302739
2671:28706735
2622:28209227
2550:24343877
2541:10249417
2490:21846383
2426:30247833
2391:Archived
2365:Archived
2346:25530442
2297:27733281
2248:Archived
2210:26063472
2091:27733282
2031:Archived
1990:Archived
1961:25415364
1897:Archived
1869:Archived
1804:Archived
1773:12084585
1715:See also
1318:cyanosis
1127:Theories
1045:myocytes
1037:ectoderm
1033:mesoderm
762:DiGeorge
746:Syndrome
740:22q11.2
652:homeobox
499:Primary
365:fainting
361:cyanosis
349:cyanotic
261:such as
244:cyanosis
80:Symptoms
4206:atresia
4194:absence
3943:below (
3890:D006330
3683:1541253
3569:30 July
3543:30 July
3517:30 July
3491:30 July
3460:30 July
3196:2869507
3105:30 July
3067:Kumar V
3040:2743116
2852:6217730
2803:6029398
2752:5557504
2662:5505728
2481:3169446
2397:30 July
2371:30 July
2337:4340604
2288:5388903
2201:4561509
2134:years).
2082:5055577
1952:4196560
1701:de novo
1550:(TAPVC)
1544:(PAPVC)
1480:(l-TGA)
1474:(d-TGA)
1348:Defects
1301:called
1289:or the
1251:blocked
1203:or the
1039:), the
975:lithium
967:alcohol
959:rubella
891:Jagged1
878:Jagged1
737:12q24.1
609:De novo
546:10–12%
503:method
475:Genetic
447:(VSD),
440:defects
429:and/or
275:obesity
271:tobacco
267:alcohol
263:rubella
153:obesity
145:tobacco
141:alcohol
133:Rubella
4044:dextro
3960:Curlie
3946:Curlie
3925:001114
3786:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3681:
3673:
3663:
3635:Lancet
3614:
3428:
3340:
3274:
3244:
3203:
3193:
3154:
3146:
3077:
3047:
3037:
2998:
2971:
2928:
2905:
2859:
2849:
2810:
2800:
2759:
2749:
2710:
2669:
2659:
2620:
2574:
2548:
2538:
2530:
2488:
2478:
2470:
2456:: 56.
2424:
2344:
2334:
2316:Lancet
2295:
2285:
2267:Lancet
2240:
2208:
2198:
2180:Lancet
2089:
2079:
2061:Lancet
1959:
1949:
1861:
1771:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1432:(HRHS)
1426:(HLHS)
1405:(DORV)
1399:(DILV)
1372:(AVSD)
1340:, and
1322:oxygen
1261:, and
996:Being
989:, and
915:Notch1
906:Notch1
896:Notch2
852:thymus
712:NKX2-5
656:NKX2-5
467:Causes
431:radial
314:iodine
285:, and
222:, and
197:Deaths
163:None,
119:Causes
4299:right
4286:Other
4172:Right
3901:17017
3740:S2CID
3679:S2CID
3338:S2CID
3152:S2CID
1872:(PDF)
1855:(PDF)
1563:(ToF)
1538:(SS)
1532:(PDA)
1526:(IAA)
1510:(CoA)
1499:(WPW)
1493:(VSD)
1388:(CHB)
1366:(ASD)
1209:lungs
1053:atria
1002:obese
963:drugs
724:Locus
718:TBX1
709:GATA4
673:BCL9L
644:GATA4
615:~10%
584:3–5%
513:5–8%
413:T —
347:with
236:birth
228:heart
105:Types
4304:left
4232:Left
4049:levo
3885:MeSH
3870:9-CM
3814:2015
3784:PMID
3732:PMID
3724:ISSN
3671:PMID
3612:PMID
3596:2023
3571:2010
3545:2010
3519:2010
3493:2010
3462:2010
3426:ISBN
3307:link
3272:ISBN
3242:PMID
3201:PMID
3144:PMID
3107:2010
3075:ISBN
3045:PMID
2996:PMID
2969:PMID
2926:ISBN
2903:PMID
2885:Cell
2857:PMID
2808:PMID
2757:PMID
2708:PMID
2667:PMID
2618:PMID
2572:ISBN
2546:PMID
2528:ISSN
2486:PMID
2468:ISSN
2422:PMID
2399:2010
2373:2010
2342:PMID
2293:PMID
2238:ISBN
2206:PMID
2158:2022
2087:PMID
2039:2015
1998:2015
1957:PMID
1905:2015
1859:ISBN
1812:2015
1769:PMID
1190:and
1080:e.g.
977:and
940:and
926:MAPK
866:The
734:5q34
715:TBX5
706:MYH6
685:TBX1
677:PYGO
675:and
669:BCL9
648:TBX5
640:MYH6
459:and
438:Limb
436:L —
425:R —
419:E —
407:C —
401:A —
395:V —
293:and
3958:at
3879:747
3875:745
3866:ICD
3860:Q26
3856:Q20
3847:ICD
3774:doi
3770:135
3714:doi
3710:129
3661:PMC
3651:hdl
3643:doi
3639:380
3608:PMC
3600:doi
3330:doi
3326:243
3232:doi
3191:PMC
3183:doi
3134:doi
3035:PMC
3027:doi
2959:doi
2955:102
2893:doi
2889:126
2847:PMC
2839:doi
2798:PMC
2788:doi
2747:PMC
2739:doi
2735:120
2698:doi
2694:120
2657:PMC
2649:doi
2608:doi
2536:PMC
2520:doi
2476:PMC
2458:doi
2332:PMC
2324:doi
2320:385
2283:PMC
2275:doi
2271:388
2230:"1"
2196:PMC
2188:doi
2184:386
2123:hdl
2115:doi
2077:PMC
2069:doi
2065:388
1947:PMC
1937:doi
1759:doi
1249:or
1160:or
1152:by
1000:or
922:Ras
578:or
552:, 1
528:),
324:or
269:or
230:or
212:CHD
143:or
4368::
3923::
3899::
3888::
3873::
3854::
3851:10
3782:.
3768:.
3764:.
3752:^
3738:.
3730:.
3722:.
3708:.
3704:.
3691:^
3677:.
3669:.
3659:.
3649:.
3637:.
3633:.
3606:.
3594:.
3579:^
3470:^
3434:.
3396:.
3383:^
3375::
3336:.
3303:}}
3299:{{
3254:^
3240:.
3228:91
3226:.
3222:.
3199:.
3189:.
3179:91
3177:.
3173:.
3150:.
3142:.
3130:27
3128:.
3124:.
3057:^
3043:.
3033:.
3023:19
3021:.
3017:.
2967:.
2953:.
2949:.
2901:.
2887:.
2883:.
2869:^
2855:.
2845:.
2835:32
2833:.
2829:.
2806:.
2796:.
2784:18
2782:.
2778:.
2755:.
2745:.
2733:.
2729:.
2706:.
2692:.
2688:.
2665:.
2655:.
2643:.
2639:.
2616:.
2604:69
2602:.
2598:.
2586:^
2558:^
2544:.
2534:.
2526:.
2516:97
2514:.
2510:.
2498:^
2484:.
2474:.
2466:.
2452:.
2448:.
2416:,
2389:.
2340:.
2330:.
2318:.
2314:.
2291:.
2281:.
2269:.
2265:.
2246:.
2232:.
2218:^
2204:.
2194:.
2182:.
2178:.
2166:^
2149:.
2131:.
2121:.
2085:.
2075:.
2063:.
2059:.
2047:^
2025:.
2006:^
1984:.
1969:^
1955:.
1945:.
1933:11
1931:.
1927:.
1913:^
1891:.
1880:^
1867:.
1820:^
1798:.
1781:^
1767:.
1755:39
1753:.
1749:.
1516:,
1344:.
1336:,
1332:,
1328:,
1305:.
1269:.
1257:,
1231:.
1164:.
1027:("
985:,
973:,
969:,
961:,
936:,
932:,
833:âś”
695:.
671:,
594:,
590:,
560:,
556:,
526:21
524:,
522:18
520:,
518:13
463:.
391::
367:,
363:,
281:,
250:.
218:,
206:A
171:,
167:,
139:,
111:,
3994:e
3987:t
3980:v
3877:-
3868:-
3858:-
3849:-
3839:D
3816:.
3790:.
3776::
3746:.
3716::
3685:.
3653::
3645::
3618:.
3602::
3573:.
3547:.
3521:.
3495:.
3464:.
3407:.
3344:.
3332::
3309:)
3280:.
3248:.
3234::
3207:.
3185::
3158:.
3136::
3109:.
3083:.
3051:.
3029::
3002:.
2975:.
2961::
2934:.
2909:.
2895::
2863:.
2841::
2814:.
2790::
2763:.
2741::
2714:.
2700::
2673:.
2651::
2645:1
2624:.
2610::
2580:.
2552:.
2522::
2492:.
2460::
2454:6
2401:.
2375:.
2348:.
2326::
2299:.
2277::
2212:.
2190::
2160:.
2125::
2117::
2111:4
2093:.
2071::
2041:.
2000:.
1963:.
1939::
1907:.
1814:.
1775:.
1761::
965:(
924:/
815:âś”
812:âś”
798:âś”
795:âś”
792:âś”
780:âś”
777:âś”
774:âś”
771:âś”
638:(
210:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
