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476:, which function as switches responsible for laying down the basic body plan in animals. The homeobox genes are remarkably conserved between species as diverse as the fruit fly and humans, the basic segmented pattern of the worm or fruit fly being the origin of the segmented spine in humans. The field of animal
374:(had a single evolutionary origin), being divided into plants, protista, and animals. His protista were divided into moneres, protoplasts, flagellates, diatoms, myxomycetes, myxocystodes, rhizopods, and sponges. His animals were divided into groups with distinct body plans: he named these
435:
includes body plans that differ from any found in currently living organisms, even though the overall arrangement of unrelated modern taxa is quite similar. Thus the
Cambrian explosion appears to have more or less completely replaced the earlier range of body plans.
165:, Linnaeus identified two body plans outside the vertebrates; Cuvier identified three; and Haeckel had four, as well as the Protista with eight more, for a total of twelve. For comparison, the number of phyla recognised by modern zoologists has risen to 36.
31:
472:, chemicals that diffuse through the body to produce a gradient that acts as a position indicator for cells, turning on other genes, some of which in turn produce other morphogens. A key discovery was the existence of groups of
750:
2997:
721:
Generelle
Morphologie der Organismen : allgemeine GrundzĂĽge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begrĂĽndet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenz-Theorie.
397:
explored the idea that the different phyla could be perceived in terms of a
Bauplan, illustrating their fixity. However, he later abandoned this idea in favor of
468:
Developmental biologists seek to understand how genes control the development of structural features through a cascade of processes in which key genes produce
2046:
3250:
2705:
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as the main organ system which controlled all the others, such as the circulatory and digestive systems, Cuvier distinguished four body plans or
2056:
1985:
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675:
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started to investigate whether evolutionary constraints on body plan structures can explain the presence of developmental constraints during
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2016:
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with the results, and a more nuanced understanding of animal evolution suggests gradual development of body plans throughout the early
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Modern groups of animals can be grouped by the arrangement of their body structures, so are said to possess different body plans.
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and development together determine the form of an adult organism's body, through the complex switching processes involved in
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in detail, is rapidly expanding with many of the developmental genetic cascades, particularly in the fruit fly
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Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species
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Budd, G. E.; Jensen, S. (2000). "A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla".
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222:) and "worms" (Vermes). Linnaeus's Vermes included effectively all other groups of animals, not only
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with two longitudinal, ventral nerve cords linked by a band with two ganglia below the oesophagus
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The current range of body plans is far from exhaustive of the possible patterns for life: the
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This term, usually applied to animals, envisages a "blueprint" encompassing aspects such as
72:
981:
The
Science of Evolution: Sean B. Carroll explains the genetics of the fruit fly body plan.
703:, Volume III, Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes, Lausanne, 1994, p. 94-96.
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533: – Standard terms for unambiguous description of relative placement of body parts
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545: – Control of growth and differentiation by deeply conserved genetic mechanisms
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Body plans have historically been considered to have evolved in a flash in the
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557: – High level taxonomic rank for organisms sharing a similar body plan
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Developmental
Biology 8e Online: Patterning of the Mesoderm by Activin
27:
Set of morphological features common to members of a phylum of animals
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Grouping animals with these body plans resulted in four branches:
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386:, and (following Cuvier) articulates, molluscs, and vertebrates.
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with a brain and a spinal cord (surrounded by skeletal elements)
207:
1998:
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989:
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to divide the animal kingdom into four body plans. Taking the
569: – Evolution on a scale at or above the level of species
749:
Erwin, Douglas; Valentine, James; Jablonski, David (1997).
803:
Biological
Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
774:
Integrative and
Comparative Biology (American Zoologist)
551: – Comparison of organism developmental processes
539: – Dispute concerning the evolution of arthropods
326:
with a diffuse nervous system, not clearly discernible
581: – American evolutionary developmental biologist
122:
seeks to explain the origins of diverse body plans.
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1027:
273:'s 'Monophyletischer Stambaum der Organismen' from
845:
945:. Cambridge England: Cambridge University Press.
670:. University of California Press. p. 108.
615:
613:
300:combined evidence from comparative anatomy and
409:20 out of the 36 body plans originated in the
2010:
1489:
1001:
8:
480:('Evo Devo'), which studies the genetics of
44:
667:Not by Design: Retiring Darwin's Watchmaker
626:. University of Chicago Press. p. 33.
599: – Geometric symmetry in living beings
210:, "insects" (Insecta, in which he included
2017:
2003:
1995:
1770:
1496:
1482:
1474:
1008:
994:
986:
844:Antcliffe, J. B.; Brasier, M. D. (2007).
785:
3251:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
701:Histoire du DĂ©veloppement de la Biologie
417:". However, complete body plans of many
744:
742:
699:De Wit, Hendrik Cornelius Dirk De Wit.
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
609:
555:Definition of Phylum based on body plan
370:, asserted that all living things were
1986:Index of evolutionary biology articles
847:"Charnia and sea pens are poles apart"
149:such as the phenomenon referred to as
3014:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
490:, catalogued in considerable detail.
7:
563: – Life of the Ediacaran period
368:Generelle Morphologie der Organismen
275:Generelle Morphologie der Organismen
51:
2419:Evolutionary developmental biology
1796:Evolutionary developmental biology
918:10.1038/scientificamerican0405-102
815:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00046.x
549:Evolutionary developmental biology
478:evolutionary developmental biology
446:evolutionary developmental biology
320:with organs linked by nerve fibres
120:Evolutionary developmental biology
25:
895:"Evo Devo is the New Buzzword..."
852:Journal of the Geological Society
751:"The origin of animal body plans"
734:Evolution: the History of an Idea
3273:
3264:
3263:
1753:Evolution of sexual reproduction
1452:
1443:
1442:
1085:
893:Hall, Brian K. (28 March 2005).
514:
500:
3076:Extended evolutionary synthesis
2265:Gene-centered view of evolution
277:(1866) with the three branches
3204:Hologenome theory of evolution
3071:History of molecular evolution
2297:Evolutionarily stable strategy
2186:Last universal common ancestor
1524:Genotype–phenotype distinction
653:. Leiden: Haak. pp. 1–12.
378:. Haeckel's animal phyla were
1:
2998:Renaissance and Enlightenment
1781:Regulation of gene expression
3209:Missing heritability problem
2836:Gamete differentiation/sexes
1951:Endless Forms Most Beautiful
1731:Evolution of genetic systems
1539:Gene–environment correlation
1534:Gene–environment interaction
1425:Standard anatomical position
1350:Glossary of plant morphology
1345:Glossary of dinosaur anatomy
1340:Anatomical terms of location
620:Valentine, James W. (2004).
531:Anatomical terms of location
75:common to many members of a
1930:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
508:Evolutionary biology portal
421:emerged much later, in the
87:share one body plan, while
3346:
2841:Life cycles/nuclear phases
2393:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
1806:Hedgehog signaling pathway
1683:Developmental architecture
647:Linnaeus, Carolus (1735).
443:
194:, "amphibians" (including
3259:
2339:Parent–offspring conflict
2144:Earliest known life forms
2032:
1983:
1633:Transgressive segregation
1463:Index of anatomy articles
1438:
1083:
872:10.1144/0016-76492006-080
770:"The Origin of Bodyplans"
732:Bowler, Peter J. (2009).
186:grouped the animals into
3192:Cultural group selection
3056:The eclipse of Darwinism
3028:On the Origin of Species
3003:Transmutation of species
1112:morphological plasticity
1102:Bacterial cell structure
3197:Dual inheritance theory
3036:History of paleontology
1811:Notch signaling pathway
1786:Gene regulatory network
1669:Dual inheritance theory
591:Supernumerary body part
3315:Evolution by phenotype
2885:Punctuated equilibrium
2206:Non-adaptive radiation
2154:Evolutionary arms race
1859:cis-regulatory element
1767:Control of development
1647:Non-genetic influences
1613:evolutionary landscape
1430:Transcendental anatomy
1335:Anatomical terminology
623:On the Origin of Phyla
585:Segmentation (biology)
573:Precambrian body plans
537:Arthropod head problem
399:punctuated equilibrium
306:central nervous system
289:
59:
45:
35:
3177:Evolutionary medicine
3051:Mendelian inheritance
2759:Biological complexity
2747:Programmed cell death
2439:Phenotypic plasticity
2159:Evolutionary pressure
2149:Evidence of evolution
2047:Timeline of evolution
1970:Nature versus nurture
1874:Cell surface receptor
1791:Evo-devo gene toolkit
1690:Developmental biology
1628:Polygenic inheritance
1554:Quantitative genetics
1107:cellular morphologies
768:Erwin, D. H. (1999).
736:. California, p. 364.
444:Further information:
269:
161:Among the pioneering
33:
3325:Morphology (biology)
3320:Evolutionary biology
3151:Teleology in biology
3046:Blending inheritance
2424:Genetic assimilation
2287:Artificial selection
2026:Evolutionary biology
1879:Transcription factor
1594:Genetic assimilation
1581:Genetic architecture
1378:Anatomical variation
1061:Microscopic anatomy
787:10.1093/icb/39.3.617
664:Reiss, John (2009).
137:. Recent studies in
3310:Comparative anatomy
3214:Molecular evolution
3172:Ecological genetics
3041:Transitional fossil
2831:Sexual reproduction
2671:endomembrane system
2600:pollinator-mediated
2556:dolphins and whales
2334:Parental investment
1975:Morphogenetic field
1892:Influential figures
1393:Form classification
1261:Neanderthal anatomy
1119:Colonial morphology
1057:Comparative anatomy
1040:Superficial anatomy
910:2005SciAm.292d.102H
898:Scientific American
864:2007JGSoc.164...49A
597:Symmetry in biology
522:Paleontology portal
351:) and zoophytes or
296:, French zoologist
3330:Taxonomy (biology)
3187:Cultural evolution
2302:Fisher's principle
2231:Handicap principle
2221:Parallel evolution
2085:Adaptive radiation
1664:Genomic imprinting
1408:History of anatomy
1095:Bacteria and fungi
755:American Scientist
415:Cambrian explosion
292:In his 1817 work,
290:
131:Cambrian explosion
36:
3287:
3286:
2903:Uniformitarianism
2856:Sex-determination
2361:Sexual dimorphism
2356:Natural selection
2260:Unit of selection
2226:Signalling theory
1992:
1991:
1925:Eric F. Wieschaus
1887:
1886:
1705:Pattern formation
1609:Fitness landscape
1471:
1470:
1304:Amphibian anatomy
1296:Other vertebrates
1238:Arthropod cuticle
1216:Insect morphology
1211:Gastropod anatomy
1124:Lichen morphology
1050:brain morphometry
943:Animal Body Plans
677:978-0-520-94440-4
173:In his 1735 book
16:(Redirected from
3337:
3277:
3267:
3266:
3066:Modern synthesis
2826:Multicellularity
2821:Mosaic evolution
2706:auditory ossicle
2388:Social selection
2371:Flowering plants
2366:Sexual selection
2019:
2012:
2005:
1996:
1935:William McGinnis
1904:Richard Lewontin
1899:C. H. Waddington
1771:
1748:Neutral networks
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1383:Anatomical plane
1281:Elephant anatomy
1178:Plant morphology
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939:Arthur, Wallace.
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413:period, in the "
395:Stephen J. Gould
151:phylotypic stage
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2248:Species complex
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2052:History of life
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1945:Sean B. Carroll
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1659:Maternal effect
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1355:leaf morphology
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1286:Giraffe anatomy
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1206:Decapod anatomy
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1190:Soil morphology
1173:Plant life-form
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579:Sean B. Carroll
561:Ediacaran biota
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433:Ediacaran biota
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294:Le Règne Animal
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127:Ediacaran biota
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3022:Charles Darwin
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2211:Origin of life
2208:
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2196:Microevolution
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2191:Macroevolution
2188:
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2178:
2177:
2176:
2166:
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2129:Common descent
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2107:Baldwin effect
2104:
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1638:Sequence space
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1366:Related topics
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1243:
1241:
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1233:Spider anatomy
1230:
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1213:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1196:
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1192:
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977:
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972:
971:
964:
963:External links
961:
959:
958:
951:
930:
904:(4): 102–104.
885:
836:
793:
780:(3): 617–629.
760:
757:(March–April).
738:
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639:
633:978-0226845487
632:
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567:Macroevolution
564:
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511:
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474:homeobox genes
441:
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366:, in his 1866
360:
357:
328:
327:
324:
321:
318:
314:
310:embranchements
298:Georges Cuvier
263:
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176:Systema Naturæ
170:
169:Linnaeus, 1735
167:
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155:
129:; filling the
26:
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3224:Phylogenetics
3222:
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3198:
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3127:Structuralism
3125:
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3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:Catastrophism
3100:
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3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
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3061:Neo-Darwinism
3059:
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2975:Reinforcement
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2907:Catastrophism
2904:
2901:
2899:
2898:Macromutation
2895:
2894:Micromutation
2892:
2890:
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2879:
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2801:Immune system
2799:
2797:
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2779:
2775:
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2687:
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2679:
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2674:
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2661:symbiogenesis
2659:
2658:
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2654:
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2329:Kin selection
2327:
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2324:Genetic drift
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2013:
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1913:Jacques Monod
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1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:Homeotic gene
1825:
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1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
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1720:
1718:
1715:
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1701:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1695:Morphogenesis
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
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1681:
1675:
1672:
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1665:
1662:
1660:
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1597:
1595:
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1578:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
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1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1529:Reaction norm
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1455:
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1441:
1440:
1437:
1431:
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1406:
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1399:
1396:
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1379:
1376:
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1371:
1370:
1368:
1364:
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1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1319:Shark anatomy
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1276:Horse anatomy
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:Human anatomy
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:Invertebrates
1197:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:Plant anatomy
1154:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1078:
1077:Morphometrics
1075:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1035:Gross anatomy
1033:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1006:
1004:
999:
997:
992:
991:
988:
982:
979:
978:
974:
973:
970:
967:
966:
962:
954:
952:0-521-77928-6
948:
944:
940:
934:
931:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
896:
889:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
840:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
809:(2): 253–95.
808:
804:
797:
794:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
764:
761:
756:
752:
745:
743:
739:
735:
729:
726:
723:(1866) Berlin
722:
716:
713:
710:
709:2-88074-264-1
706:
702:
696:
694:
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690:
688:
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673:
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629:
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604:
598:
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583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
543:Deep homology
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
528:
523:
512:
509:
503:
498:
493:
491:
489:
488:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
463:morphogenesis
460:
456:
451:
450:morphogenesis
447:
440:Genetic basis
439:
437:
434:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
404:
402:
400:
396:
389:
387:
385:
381:
380:coelenterates
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:Ernst Haeckel
359:Haeckel, 1866
358:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
325:
322:
319:
316:
315:
313:
311:
307:
303:
302:palaeontology
299:
295:
288:
284:
280:
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272:
268:
261:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:
178:
177:
168:
166:
164:
156:
154:
152:
148:
147:embryogenesis
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
121:
118:disposition.
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
90:
89:invertebrates
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
70:morphological
67:
63:
62:
57:
49:
47:
41:
32:
19:
3236:Polymorphism
3219:Astrobiology
3167:Biogeography
3122:Saltationism
3112:Orthogenesis
3097:Alternatives
3026:
3012:
2945:Cospeciation
2940:Cladogenesis
2889:Saltationism
2846:Mating types
2769:Color vision
2754:Avian flight
2676:mitochondria
2414:Canalisation
2292:Biodiversity
2037:Introduction
1949:
1842:eyeless gene
1738:Evolvability
1712:Segmentation
1589:Canalisation
1559:Heterochrony
1549:Heritability
1517:Key concepts
1413:19th century
1403:Hertwig rule
1387:
1314:Fish anatomy
1309:Bird anatomy
1183:reproductive
1045:Neuroanatomy
942:
933:
923:13 September
921:. Retrieved
901:
897:
888:
858:(1): 49–51.
855:
851:
839:
806:
802:
796:
777:
773:
763:
754:
733:
728:
720:
715:
700:
666:
659:
649:
642:
622:
485:
467:
453:
427:
408:
393:
372:monophyletic
367:
362:
330:
309:
293:
291:
274:
262:Cuvier, 1817
174:
172:
160:
124:
104:segmentation
93:
68:is a set of
65:
60:
43:
39:
37:
3246:Systematics
3117:Mutationism
2935:Catagenesis
2863:Snake venom
2796:Eusociality
2774:in primates
2764:Cooperation
2692:In animals
2512:butterflies
2485:Cephalopods
2475:Brachiopods
2407:Development
2381:Mate choice
2134:Convergence
2117:Coevolution
2075:Abiogenesis
1940:Mike Levine
1849:Distal-less
1674:Polyphenism
1654:Epigenetics
1506:development
1420:Physiognomy
1271:Dog anatomy
1266:Cat anatomy
1168:Plant habit
430:Precambrian
425:or beyond.
390:Gould, 1979
384:echinoderms
343:(including
333:vertebrates
240:sea urchins
216:crustaceans
91:have many.
85:vertebrates
66:ground plan
3300:Body plans
3294:Categories
3107:Lamarckism
3085:Philosophy
3008:David Hume
2970:Peripatric
2965:Parapatric
2950:Ecological
2930:Anagenesis
2925:Allopatric
2917:Speciation
2881:Gradualism
2806:Metabolism
2666:chromosome
2656:Eukaryotes
2434:Modularity
2351:Population
2277:Population
2238:Speciation
2216:Panspermia
2169:Extinction
2164:Exaptation
2139:Divergence
2112:Cladistics
2100:Reciprocal
2080:Adaptation
1918:Lac operon
1743:Robustness
1722:Modularity
1717:Metamerism
1623:Plasticity
1618:Pleiotropy
1571:Heterotopy
1328:Glossaries
1140:Structures
1021:morphology
605:References
487:Drosophila
482:morphology
470:morphogens
423:Palaeozoic
341:articulata
256:cuttlefish
228:earthworms
220:centipedes
188:quadrupeds
179:, Swedish
163:zoologists
135:Palaeozoic
3241:Protocell
3092:Darwinism
2980:Sympatric
2729:processes
2617:Tetrapods
2566:Kangaroos
2492:Dinosaurs
2429:Inversion
2398:Variation
2319:Gene flow
2312:Inclusive
2122:Mutualism
2067:Evolution
1869:Morphogen
1854:Engrailed
1837:Pax genes
1758:Tinkering
1604:Epistasis
1599:Dominance
1510:phenotype
1398:Gracility
1388:Body plan
1373:Allometry
1070:molecular
1065:histology
880:130602154
248:jellyfish
224:tapeworms
212:arachnids
196:tortoises
40:body plan
3269:Category
3144:Vitalism
3139:Theistic
3132:Spandrel
2816:Morality
2811:Monogamy
2686:plastids
2651:Flagella
2607:Reptiles
2588:sea cows
2571:primates
2480:Molluscs
2458:Bacteria
2346:Mutation
2279:genetics
2255:Taxonomy
2201:Mismatch
2181:Homology
2095:Cheating
2090:Altruism
1832:Hox gene
1820:Elements
1801:Homeobox
1448:Category
1133:Protists
941:(1997).
831:39772232
823:10881389
494:See also
411:Cambrian
349:annelids
337:molluscs
287:Animalia
283:Protista
244:starfish
236:molluscs
184:Linnaeus
181:botanist
96:symmetry
73:features
61:Baupläne
3160:Related
2990:History
2851:Meiosis
2786:Empathy
2781:Emotion
2681:nucleus
2622:Viruses
2612:Spiders
2524:Mammals
2507:Insects
2307:Fitness
2243:Species
2042:Outline
1963:Debates
1774:Systems
1700:Eyespot
1564:Neoteny
1248:Mammals
1226:Odonata
1221:Diptera
1017:Anatomy
906:Bibcode
860:Bibcode
459:embryos
353:radiata
345:insects
279:Plantae
271:Haeckel
232:leeches
200:lizards
157:History
139:animals
81:animals
46:Bauplan
18:Bauplan
3279:Portal
2955:Hybrid
2791:Ethics
2633:organs
2595:Plants
2581:lemurs
2576:humans
2561:horses
2551:hyenas
2539:wolves
2534:canids
2468:origin
1864:Ligand
1544:Operon
1458:Portal
1149:Plants
1028:Fields
975:Videos
949:
878:
829:
821:
707:
674:
630:
405:Origin
204:snakes
143:plants
114:, and
100:layers
83:. The
77:phylum
64:), or
56:German
54:
2742:Death
2737:Aging
2716:brain
2502:Fungi
2463:Birds
2376:Fungi
2174:Event
2057:Index
1161:fruit
876:S2CID
827:S2CID
455:Genes
419:phyla
376:phyla
252:squid
192:birds
108:nerve
3229:Tree
2701:hair
2641:Cell
2544:dogs
2529:cats
2519:Life
2497:Fish
2450:taxa
1504:The
1019:and
947:ISBN
925:2014
819:PMID
705:ISBN
672:ISBN
628:ISBN
448:and
347:and
254:and
242:and
234:but
230:and
218:and
208:fish
202:and
141:and
112:limb
2727:Of
2696:eye
2646:DNA
2631:Of
2448:Of
1508:of
914:doi
902:292
868:doi
856:164
811:doi
782:doi
206:),
116:gut
79:of
52:pl.
3296::
1911:+
912:.
900:.
874:.
866:.
854:.
850:.
825:.
817:.
807:75
805:.
778:39
776:.
772:.
753:.
741:^
686:^
612:^
465:.
457:,
401:.
382:,
355:.
339:,
335:,
312::
285:,
281:,
258:.
250:,
246:,
238:,
226:,
214:,
198:,
190:,
153:.
110:,
106:,
102:,
98:,
58::
42:,
38:A
2905:/
2896:/
2887:/
2883:/
2018:e
2011:t
2004:v
1611:/
1497:e
1490:t
1483:v
1009:e
1002:t
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927:.
916::
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870::
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833:.
813::
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784::
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50:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
