509:
section 17 of this act a hearsay statement is generally not admissible in any court proceeding. Though section 18 states when a hearsay statement may be able to be given in court. This is when the statement is reliable, the statement maker is unavailable to be called as a witness or it would provide undue expense and delay if that person was required to be a witness. There are also a number of specific exceptions such as statements in business records. Other exceptions include state of mind evidence (see R v
Blastland) and whether the statement is tendered to prove the fact it was uttered or made, rather than to prove the truth of its contents (see DPP v Subramaniam).
2173:
169:, the answer is hearsay. A justification for the objection is that the person who made the statement is not in court and thus not available for cross-examination. Note, however, that if the matter at hand is not the truth of the assertion about Tom being in town but the fact that Susan said the specific words, it may be acceptable. For example, it would be acceptable to ask a witness what Susan told them about Tom in a
2187:
592:
regime remains the rules followed by the Hong Kong criminal courts. Hearsay evidence is inadmissible in all criminal cases except for common law and statutory exemptions, which include: admissions and confessions, dying declarations, declarations in the course of duty, declarations against interest, co-conspirator's rule, statements in public documents, out-of-court statements, evidence in former proceedings, and
474:
and customs of an
Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander group", although this arguably would have fallen into the "public right" exception at common law. Confessions are called "admissions" by the act (which led to the confusion whereby counsel apply for the "admission of the admission"). They are dealt with separately under Part 3·4, which lifts the hearsay rule. The act's dictionary defines
58:
978:
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to the admission of the evidence; as well as: the court is satisfied, having regard to the circumstances of the case, that the exclusion of the evidence is not prejudicial to the interests of justice. Sections 47A to 51 provides for safeguards in relation to hearsay evidence admissible under section 46 so as to avoid abuses of the general admission:
366:
under Rule 902, such as domestic public documents under seal, domestic public documents not under seal, but bearing a signature of a public officer, foreign public documents, certified copies of public records, official publications, newspapers and periodicals, trade inscriptions and the like,
599:
Statutory exceptions in criminal cases include: negative assertions (s.17A Evidence
Ordinance), bank records (ss.19B and 20 Evidence Ordinance), documentary records compiled by a person under a duty (s.22 Evidence Ordinance), computer records (s.22A Evidence Ordinance), and agreed written statements
473:
The extraordinary s 60 allows a statement's use as hearsay if it is admitted for a non-hearsay purpose, although the application of s 60 may be limited by s 137 (which is essentially the discretion formerly known as
Christie). S 72 excepts "evidence of a representation about ... the traditional laws
461:
Hearsay is dealt with under Part 3·2. There are several local peculiarities with its treatment. s 59 defines the "fact" of a hearsay statement as being something "that it can reasonably be supposed that the person intended to assert by the representation". Hearsay rule confines the potentially broad
544:
In Hong Kong, hearsay is generally admissible in civil proceedings under the statutory regime. Section 46 of the
Evidence Ordinance provides that evidence shall not be excluded on the ground that it is hearsay in civil proceedings unless: the party against whom the evidence is to be adduced objects
381:
In
England and Wales, hearsay is generally admissible in civil proceedings, but is only admissible in criminal proceedings if it falls within a statutory or preserved common law exception, all of the parties to the proceedings agree, or the court is satisfied that it is in the interests of justice
433:
and subsequent cases, hearsay evidence that does not fall within the established exceptions can be admitted where established that such evidence is both "necessary and reliable". Additionally, hearsay evidence that would otherwise be admissible as an exception can nonetheless be excluded if it is
452:
The rules of evidence differ among the states and the
Commonwealth; the Commonwealth, Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania, and the Australian Capital Territory all share similar hearsay provisions in their Uniform Evidence Acts; the other states rely upon the common law. As elsewhere, hearsay is
591:
The new civil regime also preserves a number of common law exceptions that are unaffected by the statutory safeguards except for the section 47A safeguard relating to notice. In criminal proceedings, the law relating to hearsay has not been substantially changed in Hong Kong, and the common law
508:
created a common law exception to the hearsay rule based on reliability, which was codified in the
Evidence Act. Pursuant to s 4(1) of the act, a hearsay statement is a statement made by someone other than a witness (in the proceedings) that is offered to prove the truth of its contents. Under
358:
provides a specific constitutional protection for criminal defendants. The Sixth
Amendment provides that "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right ... to be confronted with the witnesses against him". If the trial court determines that the Confrontation Clause has been
535:
Sweden allows hearsay evidence. Sweden applies a principle of admissibility of evidence which means that there are very few restrictions on what evidence is allowed in court. It is then up to the court to evaluate the reliability of the evidence presented.
367:
acknowledged documents (i.e. by a notary public), commercial paper and related documents, presumptions under Acts of
Congress, certified domestic records of regularly conducted activity, and certified foreign records of regularly conducted activity.
258:
statements made to an investigator are hearsay and therefore may not be admitted as evidence in court, unless the defendant testifies. When an out-of-court statement offered as evidence contains another out-of-court statement it is called
164:
For example, to prove that Tom was in town, a witness testifies, "Susan told me that Tom was in town." Because the witness's evidence relies on an out-of-court statement that Susan made, if Susan is unavailable for
523:(recognised under Section 6) and common intention (recognised under Section 10)and some other exceptions from section 17 to section 39. Some other exceptions are provided by case law (see
205:
is a hearsay statement that contains another hearsay statement itself. Each layer of hearsay must be found separately as admissible for the statement to be admitted in court.
355:
569:
whether it would have been reasonable and practicable for the party by whom the evidence was adduced to have produced the maker of the original statement as a witness;
462:
number of assertions it might cover by this broad definition of representation to only intended representations adduced to prove existence of the asserted facts. In
478:
broadly enough to include anything that might be used against the accused. The other sections in the part for the most part codify, roughly, the common-law rules.
702:
157:, in a legal forum, is an out-of-court statement which is being offered in court for the truth of what was asserted. In most courts, hearsay evidence is
199:. Language of commercial offer and acceptance is also admissible over a hearsay exception because the statements have independent legal significance.
716:
405:
through fear, the relevant person does not give oral evidence in the proceedings and the court gives leave for the statement to be given in evidence.
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whether the circumstances in which the evidence is adduced as hearsay are such as to suggest an attempt to prevent proper evaluation of its weight;
671:
817:
784:
881:
423:
Hearsay evidence is generally inadmissible in Canada unless it falls within one of the established common law exceptions. As a result of the
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was used to apply to statements and to conduct and was used to encompass all those statements or that conduct would convey to the observer.
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Many jurisdictions that generally disallow hearsay evidence in courts permit the more widespread use of hearsay in non-judicial hearings.
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In Sri Lanka, hearsay evidence is generally not allowed. However, the Evidence Ordinance recognizes a few exceptions such as
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whether the original statement was an edited account, or was made in collaboration with another or for a particular purpose;
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There are several exceptions to the rule against hearsay in U.S. law. Federal Rule of Evidence 803 lists the following:
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the obligation to give notice and particulars to other parties when proposing to adduce hearsay evidence (Section 47A);
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The courts shall draw inferences from the circumstances as to the weight attached to hearsay evidence, in particular:
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usually inadmissible, outside of interlocutory proceedings, unless it falls within one of the hearsay exceptions.
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whether or not the evidence adduced by the party is consistent with any evidence previously adduced by the party.
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whether the original statement was made contemporaneously with the occurrence or existence of the matters stated;
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case against Susan. Now the witness is asked about the opposing party's statement that constitutes a verbal act.
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Records of religious organisations of facts of personal or family history, contained in a regularly kept record
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the power to call witness for cross-examination on hearsay statement with the leave of the court (Section 48);
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the relevant person is outside the UK and it is not reasonably practicable to secure his attendance;
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Reputation concerning personal or family history, boundaries, or general history, or as to character
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951:"CAP 8 EVIDENCE ORDINANCE Section 49 Considerations relevant to weighing of hearsay evidence"
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the relevant person is unfit to be a witness because of his bodily or mental condition;
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The preserved common law exceptions are held in Criminal Justice Act 2003, s. 118.
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The two main common law exceptions to the rule that hearsay is inadmissible are
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Rule 804 adds several additional exceptions where the declarant is unavailable:
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161:(the "hearsay evidence rule") unless an exception to the hearsay rule applies.
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whether any person involved had any motive to conceal or misrepresent matters;
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Records of regularly conducted activity, including absence of entry in records
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provides that, where a witness is unavailable, hearsay is admissible where
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Records or births, fetal deaths, deaths and marriages made pursuant to law
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502:. Previously inadmissible, the 1989 decision of the Court of Appeal in
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Though a hearsay statement may be admissible through an exception, the
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Statement under belief of impending death in homicide or civil actions
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1976:
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In Malaysia, hearsay evidence is generally not allowed. However, the
46:
31:
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consideration relevant to weighing of hearsay evidence (Section 49);
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Judgment as to personal, family, or general history, or boundaries.
30:
This article is about the form of evidence. For similar terms, see
2064:
2008:
1914:
1755:
1558:
1057:
263:, and both layers of hearsay must be found separately admissible.
231:
35:
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Public records and reports, including absence of entry in records
1946:
1894:
1750:
1148:
1064:
991:
750:"Federal Rule of Evidence 801(a)-(c); 805, 806 PART F: HEARSAY"
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permitted a few exceptions, such as section 60, 73A, 73AA etc.
188:
Napoleon, but would not be hearsay as proof that the plaintiff
1018:
51:
359:
validated, then the hearsay evidence will not be admitted.
195:
The hearsay rule does not exclude the evidence if it is an
717:"Hearsay Rule: FRE 801(a)-(c); 805, 806 - Part F: Hearsay"
308:
Statements in documents affecting an interest in property
282:
Statements for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment
987:
279:
Then existing mental, emotional, or physical condition
498:
Hearsay evidence is covered by sections 16-22 of the
222:"Hearsay is a statement, other than one made by the
2142:
2032:
1855:
1764:
1655:
1534:
1436:
1157:
1025:
82:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
356:Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
898:"European e-Justice Portal - Taking of evidence"
242:to prove the truth of the matter asserted." Per
575:whether the evidence involves multiple hearsay;
184:" would be hearsay as proof that the plaintiff
1003:
302:Marriage, baptismal, and similar certificates
8:
808:"Criminal Justice Act 2003: Section 114"
669:Federal Rules of Evidence, December 1st2009
665:
663:
661:
659:
561:previous statement of witness (Section 51).
1010:
996:
988:
142:Learn how and when to remove this message
2155:History of the American legal profession
923:"Evidence Ordinance (Cap. 8), ss 46-55B"
869:World Criminal Justice Systems: A Survey
775:"Civil Evidence Act 1995: Section 1"
558:competence and credibility (Section 50);
250:is admissible as evidence only if it is
945:
943:
655:
347:Statement of personal or family history
314:Market reports, commercial publications
701:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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600:(s.65B Criminal Procedure Ordinance).
7:
402:the relevant person cannot be found;
246:801(d)(2)(a), a statement made by a
80:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1139:Restitution and unjust enrichment
382:that the evidence is admissible.
176:In one example, testimony that a
2186:
2185:
2171:
976:
719:. lexisnexis.com. Archived from
56:
2150:History of the legal profession
325:Judgment of previous conviction
311:Statements in ancient documents
67:needs additional citations for
438:necessary and reliable, as in
1:
866:Terrill, Richard J. (2009).
393:the relevant person is dead;
218:Hearsay in United States law
2244:
1817:International legal theory
1296:International slavery laws
1291:International human rights
1286:International criminal law
820:, 2003 c. 44 (s. 114)
374:
343:Statement against interest
215:
44:
29:
2165:
1870:Administration of justice
833:"Evidence Act 1995 (Cth)"
736:Federal Rules of Evidence
387:Criminal Justice Act 2003
362:Also, some documents are
271:Present sense impressions
1647:Basic structure doctrine
1497:Natural and legal rights
1378:Public international law
822:— In particular, (1)(d).
787:, 1995 c. 38 (s. 1)
620:List of objections (law)
350:Forfeiture by wrongdoing
244:Federal Rule of Evidence
45:Not to be confused with
40:Hearsay (disambiguation)
1827:Principle of typicality
1301:International trade law
377:Hearsay in English law
38:. For other uses, see
1822:Principle of legality
1581:Delegated legislation
1281:Intellectual property
985:at Wikimedia Commons
850:[1998] HCA 60
818:The National Archives
785:The National Archives
286:Recorded recollection
2040:Barristers' chambers
1982:Legal representation
1920:Justice of the peace
1266:Financial regulation
640:Reasonable suspicion
457:Uniform Evidence Act
76:improve this article
2075:Election commission
1787:Expressive function
1316:Landlord–tenant law
1215:Consumer protection
902:e-justice.europa.eu
385:Section 116 of the
364:self-authenticating
192:they are Napoleon.
2033:Legal institutions
1900:Lawsuit/Litigation
1890:Dispute resolution
1695:Catholic canon law
1403:State of emergency
1366:Will and testament
1090:Law of obligations
1043:Constitutional law
1033:Administrative law
813:legislation.gov.uk
780:legislation.gov.uk
754:www.lexisnexis.com
723:on April 21, 2012.
525:Subramaniam v. DPP
275:excited utterances
182:Napoleon Bonaparte
2215:
2214:
1875:Constitutionalism
1797:Law and economics
1635:Act of parliament
1373:Product liability
1326:Legal archaeology
1251:Environmental law
1245:Entertainment law
1085:International law
981:Media related to
883:978-1-59345-612-2
635:Reasonable person
527:1 WLR 956 (PC)).
500:Evidence Act 2006
488:Evidence Act 1950
415:and confessions.
371:England and Wales
318:Learned treatises
167:cross-examination
152:
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126:
16:(Redirected from
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1999:Question of fact
1880:Criminal justice
1210:Construction law
1205:Conflict of laws
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677:. Archived from
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18:Hearsay evidence
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2004:Question of law
1957:Practice of law
1937:Judicial review
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1802:Legal formalism
1782:Comparative law
1777:Contract theory
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1680:Legal pluralism
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1640:Act of Congress
1564:Executive order
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1200:Competition law
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876:. p. 258.
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87:Find sources:
81:
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65:This article
63:
59:
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53:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
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1942:Jurisdiction
1910:Legal remedy
1865:Adjudication
1765:Legal theory
1603:Ratification
1598:Promulgation
1569:Proclamation
1549:Codification
1482:Human rights
1470:Divine right
1460:Constitution
1428:Women in law
1346:Military law
1341:Marriage law
1336:Maritime law
1235:Election law
1175:Aviation law
1165:Abortion law
1117:Property law
1053:Criminal law
975:
958:. Retrieved
955:www.hklii.hk
954:
930:. Retrieved
927:www.hklii.hk
926:
917:
905:. Retrieved
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856:(Australia).
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835:. July 2012.
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769:
757:. Retrieved
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721:the original
711:
686:. Retrieved
679:the original
598:
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485:
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467:
466:, the term
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427:decision in
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159:inadmissible
154:
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129:
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112:
105:
98:
86:
74:Please help
69:verification
66:
2114:Legislature
2045:Bureaucracy
1842:Rule of man
1837:Rule of law
1812:Libertarian
1675:Chinese law
1576:Legislation
1526:Regulations
1514:Law reports
1492:Natural law
1388:Reparations
1383:Refugee law
1306:Jurimetrics
1247:(Media law)
1185:Banking law
1180:Amnesty law
1158:Disciplines
1095:Private law
645:Scuttlebutt
494:New Zealand
441:R. v. Starr
256:exculpatory
252:inculpatory
2107:Law school
1987:Prosecutor
1925:Magistrate
1712:Jewish law
1670:Common law
1591:Rulemaking
1586:Regulation
1536:Law making
1475:Divine law
1451:Legal code
1398:Sports law
1321:Law of war
1271:Health law
1256:Family law
1240:Energy law
1190:Bankruptcy
1127:Punishment
1122:Public law
854:High Court
688:2010-09-30
651:References
594:res gestae
520:res gestae
430:R. v. Khan
412:res gestae
228:testifying
171:defamation
132:April 2023
102:newspapers
27:Legal term
2085:Judiciary
2080:Executive
2055:The bench
1992:Solicitor
1967:Barrister
1847:Sociology
1832:Pseudolaw
1772:Anarchist
1729:Roman law
1717:Parsi law
1702:Hindu law
1690:Canon law
1665:Civil law
1618:Concordat
1509:Precedent
1418:Trust law
1393:Space law
1230:Drugs law
1100:Procedure
1038:Civil law
540:Hong Kong
513:Sri Lanka
505:R v Baker
476:admission
448:Australia
248:defendant
224:declarant
178:plaintiff
91:"Hearsay"
2222:Category
2192:Category
2134:Tribunal
2119:Military
1962:Attorney
1932:Judgment
1792:Feminist
1707:Jain law
1504:Case law
1225:Cyberlaw
1132:Corporal
1110:Criminal
1080:Evidence
1070:Doctrine
1048:Contract
874:Elsevier
697:cite web
604:See also
482:Malaysia
240:evidence
190:believes
2228:Hearsay
2206:Outline
2143:History
2050:The bar
2024:Verdict
1972:Counsel
1952:Justice
1807:History
1630:Statute
1446:Charter
1408:Tax law
1356:Probate
983:Hearsay
960:Jan 31,
932:Jan 31,
907:Jan 31,
846:Lee v R
759:Jan 31,
236:hearing
230:at the
155:Hearsay
116:scholar
2124:Police
2095:Agency
1977:Lawyer
1722:Sharia
1613:Treaty
1608:Repeal
1554:Decree
1465:Custom
1361:Estate
1311:Labour
1075:Equity
880:
615:Heresy
610:Gossip
531:Sweden
419:Canada
226:while
118:
111:
104:
97:
89:
47:heresy
32:Gossip
2199:Index
2065:Court
2009:Trial
1915:Judge
1756:Yassa
1559:Edict
1105:Civil
1058:Crime
848:
682:(PDF)
675:(PDF)
232:trial
123:JSTOR
109:books
36:Rumor
1947:Jury
1895:Fiqh
1751:Xeer
1149:Tort
1065:Deed
962:2023
934:2023
909:2023
878:ISBN
761:2023
703:link
273:and
95:news
34:and
1019:Law
436:not
234:or
78:by
2224::
1453:/
953:.
942:^
925:.
900:.
852:,
816:,
810:,
783:,
777:,
752:.
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695:{{
658:^
596:.
444:.
254:;
186:is
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997:v
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911:.
886:.
763:.
705:)
691:.
145:)
139:(
134:)
130:(
120:·
113:·
106:·
99:·
72:.
49:.
42:.
20:)
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