Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

678: 872:. Split systems are preferred and widely used worldwide except in North America. In North America, split systems are most often seen in residential applications, but they are gaining popularity in small commercial buildings. Split systems are used where ductwork is not feasible or where the space conditioning efficiency is of prime concern. The benefits of ductless air conditioning systems include easy installation, no ductwork, greater zonal control, flexibility of control, and quiet operation. In space conditioning, the duct losses can account for 30% of energy consumption. The use of minisplits can result in energy savings in space conditioning as there are no losses associated with ducting. 670:

costly and maintenance-requiring mechanical systems. Old-fashioned clinical areas with high ceilings and large windows provide the greatest protection. Natural ventilation costs little and is maintenance free, and is particularly suited to limited-resource settings and tropical climates, where the burden of TB and institutional TB transmission is highest. In settings where respiratory isolation is difficult and climate permits, windows and doors should be opened to reduce the risk of airborne contagion. Natural ventilation requires little maintenance and is inexpensive.

1110:, is used. SEER ratings are based on seasonal temperature averages instead of a constant 35 °C (95 °F) outdoor temperature. The current industry minimum SEER rating is 14 SEER. Engineers have pointed out some areas where efficiency of the existing hardware could be improved. For example, the fan blades used to move the air are usually stamped from sheet metal, an economical method of manufacture, but as a result they are not aerodynamically efficient. A well-designed blade could reduce the electrical power required to move the air by a third. 1022:, California, in 1913 would require a large amount of energy due to the extreme difference between inside and outside air temperatures. A metre below the earth's surface, however, the ground remains at a relatively constant temperature. Utilizing this large source of relatively moderate temperature earth, a heating or cooling system's capacity can often be significantly reduced. Although ground temperatures vary according to latitude, at 1.8 metres (6 ft) underground, temperatures generally only range from 7 to 24 °C (45 to 75 °F). 232:(DC) network, or a combined DHC network. In such cases, the operating and maintenance aspects are simplified and metering becomes necessary to bill for the energy that is consumed, and in some cases energy that is returned to the larger system. For example, at a given time one building may be utilizing chilled water for air conditioning and the warm water it returns may be used in another building for heating, or for the overall heating-portion of the DHC network (likely with energy added to boost the temperature). 65: 165:(the "V" in HVAC) is the process of exchanging or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality which involves temperature control, oxygen replenishment, and removal of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and other gases. Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduces outside air, keeps interior building air circulating, and prevents stagnation of the interior air. Methods for ventilating a building are divided into 927:

will need to have the filters changed more often than buildings without these dirt loads. Failure to replace these filters as needed will contribute to a lower heat exchange rate, resulting in wasted energy, shortened equipment life, and higher energy bills; low air flow can result in iced-over evaporator coils, which can completely stop airflow. Additionally, very dirty or plugged filters can cause overheating during a heating cycle, which can result in damage to the system or even fire.

601: 544: 420:, such as environmental air, exhaust air from a building, or from the ground. Heat pumps transfer heat from outside the structure into the air inside. Initially, heat pump HVAC systems were only used in moderate climates, but with improvements in low temperature operation and reduced loads due to more efficient homes, they are increasing in popularity in cooler climates. They can also operate in reverse to cool an interior. 552: 38: 496:

blood's ability to transport oxygen. The primary health concerns associated with carbon monoxide exposure are its cardiovascular and neurobehavioral effects. Carbon monoxide can cause atherosclerosis (the hardening of arteries) and can also trigger heart attacks. Neurologically, carbon monoxide exposure reduces hand to eye coordination, vigilance, and continuous performance. It can also affect time discrimination.

1144: 653:: the hourly rate of ventilation divided by the volume of the space. For example, six air changes per hour means an amount of new air, equal to the volume of the space, is added every ten minutes. For human comfort, a minimum of four air changes per hour is typical, though warehouses might have only two. Too high of an air change rate may be uncomfortable, akin to a 1451:. Training for HVAC technicians includes classroom lectures and hands-on tasks, and can be followed by an apprenticeship wherein the recent graduate works alongside a professional HVAC technician for a temporary period. HVAC techs who have been trained can also be certified in areas such as air conditioning, heat pumps, gas heating, and commercial refrigeration. 2873: 724:

return air. Then the mixture air enters an indoor or outdoor heat exchanger section where the air is to be cooled down, then be guided to the space creating positive air pressure. The percentage of return air made up of fresh air can usually be manipulated by adjusting the opening of this vent. Typical fresh air intake is about 10% of the total supply air.

4721: 762: 1102:) has traditionally been used to characterize the performance of many HVAC systems. EER is the Energy Efficiency Ratio based on a 35 °C (95 °F) outdoor temperature. To more accurately describe the performance of air conditioning equipment over a typical cooling season a modified version of the EER, the Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio ( 382: 705:, through the use of a built-in LED UV light. like a vigilant guardian, it emits a gentle glow across the evaporator, ensuring thorough coverage. As the cross-flow fan circulates the room air, any unwelcome viruses are guided through the sterilization module’s irradiation range, rendering them instantly inactive. 930:

Because an air conditioner moves heat between the indoor coil and the outdoor coil, both must be kept clean. This means that, in addition to replacing the air filter at the evaporator coil, it is also necessary to regularly clean the condenser coil. Failure to keep the condenser clean will eventually

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With the split system, the evaporator coil is connected to a remote condenser unit using refrigerant piping between an indoor and outdoor unit instead of ducting air directly from the outdoor unit. Indoor units with directional vents mount onto walls, suspended from ceilings, or fit into the ceiling.

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Some systems include an "economizer mode", which is sometimes called a "free-cooling mode". When economizing, the control system will open (fully or partially) the outside air damper and close (fully or partially) the return air damper. This will cause fresh, outside air to be supplied to the system.

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as a chartered engineer, engineers must also attain an Honours Degree and a master's degree in a relevant engineering subject. CIBSE publishes several guides to HVAC design relevant to the UK market, and also the Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and Hong Kong. These guides include various

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Clean air delivery rate (CADR) is the amount of clean air an air cleaner provides to a room or space. When determining CADR, the amount of airflow in a space is taken into account. For example, an air cleaner with a flow rate of 30 cubic metres (1,000 cu ft) per minute and an efficiency of

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All modern air conditioning systems, even small window package units, are equipped with internal air filters. These are generally of a lightweight gauze-like material, and must be replaced or washed as conditions warrant. For example, a building in a high dust environment, or a home with furry pets,

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Central, "all-air" air-conditioning systems (or package systems) with a combined outdoor condenser/evaporator unit are often installed in North American residences, offices, and public buildings, but are difficult to retrofit (install in a building that was not designed to receive it) because of the

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for all or part of a building. Air conditioned buildings often have sealed windows, because open windows would work against the system intended to maintain constant indoor air conditions. Outside, fresh air is generally drawn into the system by a vent into a mix air chamber for mixing with the space

492:, and other combustion byproducts. Incomplete combustion occurs when there is insufficient oxygen; the inputs are fuels containing various contaminants and the outputs are harmful byproducts, most dangerously carbon monoxide, which is a tasteless and odorless gas with serious adverse health effects. 308:

Multiple inventions within this time frame preceded the beginnings of the first comfort air conditioning system, which was designed in 1902 by Alfred Wolff (Cooper, 2003) for the New York Stock Exchange, while Willis Carrier equipped the Sacketts-Wilhems Printing Company with the process AC unit the

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Photovoltaic solar panels offer a new way to potentially decrease the operating cost of air conditioning. Traditional air conditioners run using alternating current, and hence, any direct-current solar power needs to be inverted to be compatible with these units. New variable-speed DC-motor units

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of buildings as the building sector consumes the largest percentage of global energy. Since the 1980s, manufacturers of HVAC equipment have been making an effort to make the systems they manufacture more efficient. This was originally driven by rising energy costs, and has more recently been driven

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Warm air systems distribute the heated air through ductwork systems of supply and return air through metal or fiberglass ducts. Many systems use the same ducts to distribute air cooled by an evaporator coil for air conditioning. The air supply is normally filtered through air filters to remove dust

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Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in any space to control the temperature or remove any combination of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, or carbon dioxide, and to replenish oxygen. Ventilation often refers to the intentional delivery of the outside air to

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The three major functions of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are interrelated, especially with the need to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality within reasonable installation, operation, and maintenance costs. HVAC systems can be used in both domestic and commercial

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Demand-controlled kitchen ventilation (DCKV) is a building controls approach to controlling the volume of kitchen exhaust and supply air in response to the actual cooking loads in a commercial kitchen. Traditional commercial kitchen ventilation systems operate at 100% fan speed independent of the

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Natural ventilation is a key factor in reducing the spread of airborne illnesses such as tuberculosis, the common cold, influenza, meningitis or COVID-19. Opening doors and windows are good ways to maximize natural ventilation, which would make the risk of airborne contagion much lower than with

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building environment standards. It establishes the general principles of building environment design. It takes into account the need to provide a healthy indoor environment for the occupants as well as the need to protect the environment for future generations and promote collaboration among the

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Ground source, or geothermal, heat pumps are similar to ordinary heat pumps, but instead of transferring heat to or from outside air, they rely on the stable, even temperature of the earth to provide heating and air conditioning. Many regions experience seasonal temperature extremes, which would

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that switches from heating in winter to cooling in summer. By reversing the flow of refrigerant, the heat pump refrigeration cycle is changed from cooling to heating or vice versa. This allows a facility to be heated and cooled by a single piece of equipment by the same means, and with the same

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Without proper ventilation, carbon monoxide can be lethal at concentrations of 1000 ppm (0.1%). However, at several hundred ppm, carbon monoxide exposure induces headaches, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin in the blood, forming carboxyhemoglobin, reducing the

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of these functions are integrated into one or more HVAC systems. For very small buildings, contractors normally estimate the capacity and type of system needed and then design the system, selecting the appropriate refrigerant and various components needed. For larger buildings, building service

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The HVAC industry is a worldwide enterprise, with roles including operation and maintenance, system design and construction, equipment manufacturing and sales, and in education and research. The HVAC industry was historically regulated by the manufacturers of HVAC equipment, but regulating and

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Ventilation is measured in terms of Air Changes Per Hour (ACH). As of 2023, the CDC recommends that all spaces have a minimum of 5 ACH. For hospital rooms with airborne contagions the CDC recommends a minimum of 12 ACH. The challenges in facility ventilation are public unawareness, ineffective

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50% has a CADR of 15 cubic metres (500 cu ft) per minute. Along with CADR, filtration performance is very important when it comes to the air in our indoor environment. This depends on the size of the particle or fiber, the filter packing density and depth, and the airflow rate.

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Free cooling systems can have very high efficiencies, and are sometimes combined with seasonal thermal energy storage so that the cold of winter can be used for summer air conditioning. Common storage mediums are deep aquifers or a natural underground rock mass accessed via a cluster of

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Energy efficiency can be improved even more in central heating systems by introducing zoned heating. This allows a more granular application of heat, similar to non-central heating systems. Zones are controlled by multiple thermostats. In water heating systems the thermostats control

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The Philippine Society of Ventilating, Air Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers (PSVARE) along with Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers (PSME) govern on the codes and standards for HVAC / MVAC (MVAC means "mechanical ventilation and air conditioning") in the Philippines.

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small-diameter, heat-exchanger-equipped boreholes. Some systems with small storages are hybrids, using free cooling early in the cooling season, and later employing a heat pump to chill the circulation coming from the storage. The heat pump is added-in because the storage acts as a

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Air cleaning and filtration removes particles, contaminants, vapors and gases from the air. The filtered and cleaned air then is used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. Air cleaning and filtration should be taken in account when protecting our building environments.

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engineers analyze, design, and specify the HVAC systems. Specialty mechanical contractors and suppliers then fabricate, install and commission the systems. Building permits and code-compliance inspections of the installations are normally required for all sizes of buildings.

638:), causing cool outside air to be drawn into low building openings. Natural ventilation schemes can use very little energy, but care must be taken to ensure comfort. In warm or humid climates, maintaining thermal comfort solely via natural ventilation might not be possible. 1195:

The starting point in carrying out an estimate both for cooling and heating depends on the exterior climate and interior specified conditions. However, before taking up the heat load calculation, it is necessary to find fresh air requirements for each area in detail, as

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or International Mechanical Code. In certain states, counties, or cities, either of these codes may be adopted and amended via various legislative processes. These codes are updated and published by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials

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because of their lower temperature (and propensity for damp floors and walls). In food retailing establishments, large open chiller cabinets are highly effective at dehumidifying the internal air. Conversely, a humidifier increases the humidity of a building.

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It is imperative that the air conditioning horsepower is sufficient for the area being cooled. Underpowered air conditioning systems will lead to power wastage and inefficient usage. Adequate horsepower is required for any air conditioner installed.

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Split systems are more efficient and the footprint is typically smaller than the package systems. On the other hand, package systems tend to have a slightly lower indoor noise level compared to split systems since the fan motor is located outside.

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bulky air ducts required. (Minisplit ductless systems are used in these situations.) Outside of North America, packaged systems are only used in limited applications involving large indoor space such as stadiums, theatres or exhibition halls.

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In the case of heated water or steam, piping is used to transport the heat to the rooms. Most modern hot water boiler heating systems have a circulator, which is a pump, to move hot water through the distribution system (as opposed to older

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or evaporator. As the liquid refrigerant evaporates it absorbs heat from the inside air, returns to the compressor, and repeats the cycle. In the process, heat is absorbed from indoors and transferred outdoors, resulting in cooling of the

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Kitchens and bathrooms typically have mechanical exhausts to control odors and sometimes humidity. Factors in the design of such systems include the flow rate (which is a function of the fan speed and exhaust vent size) and noise level.

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volume of cooking activity and DCKV technology changes that to provide significant fan energy and conditioned air savings. By deploying smart sensing technology, both the exhaust and supply fans can be controlled to capitalize on the

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The Air Conditioning and Mechanical Contractors Association of Australia (AMCA), Australian Institute of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heating (AIRAH), Australian Refrigeration Mechanical Association and CIBSE are responsible.

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Natural ventilation is not practical in much of the infrastructure because of climate. This means that the facilities need to have effective mechanical ventilation systems and or use Ceiling Level UV or FAR UV ventilation systems.

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provide the constraints concerning sustainability issues from the initial stage of the design process, with building and plant life cycle to be considered together with owning and operating costs from the beginning of the design

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Room pressure can be either positive or negative with respect to outside the room. Positive pressure occurs when there is more air being supplied than exhausted, and is common to reduce the infiltration of outside contaminants.

1298: 1561:, as well as many others. These all help to make buildings comfortable and healthy places to live and work in. Building Services is part of a sector that has over 51,000 businesses and employs represents 2–3% of the 4177: 1855: 1037:

allow solar power to more easily run them since this conversion is unnecessary, and since the motors are tolerant of voltage fluctuations associated with variance in supplied solar power (e.g., due to cloud cover).

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result in harm to the compressor because the condenser coil is responsible for discharging both the indoor heat (as picked up by the evaporator) and the heat generated by the electric motor driving the compressor.

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assess the proposed design with rational criteria for indoor air quality, thermal comfort, acoustical comfort, visual comfort, energy efficiency, and HVAC system controls at every stage of the design process;

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Chenari, B., Dias Carrilho, J. and Gameiro da Silva, M., 2016. Towards sustainable, energy-efficient and healthy ventilation strategies in buildings: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59,

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recommended design criteria and standards, some of which are cited within the UK building regulations, and therefore form a legislative requirement for major building services works. The main guides are:

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of the air, as is frequently done in climates where humidity is more of an issue. In both cases, the outside air must be less energetic than the return air for the system to enter the economizer mode.

2651: 892:, moisture in the air condenses on the evaporator coil tubes. This moisture is collected at the bottom of the evaporator in a pan and removed by piping to a central drain or onto the ground outside. 582:

and table/floor fans circulate air within a room for the purpose of reducing the perceived temperature by increasing evaporation of perspiration on the skin of the occupants. Because hot air rises,

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The Indian Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ISHRAE) was established to promote the HVAC industry in India. ISHRAE is an associate of ASHRAE. ISHRAE was founded at

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HVAC is an important part of residential structures such as single family homes, apartment buildings, hotels, and senior living facilities; medium to large industrial and office buildings such as

567:, odors, and contaminants can often be controlled via dilution or replacement with outside air. However, in humid climates more energy is required to remove excess moisture from ventilation air. 309:

same year. Coyne College was the first school to offer HVAC training in 1899. The first residential AC was installed by 1914, and by the 1950s there was "widespread adoption of residential AC".

1356:) respectively, on a 3-year code development cycle. Typically, local building permit departments are charged with enforcement of these standards on private and certain public properties. 555:

An axial belt-drive exhaust fan serving an underground car park. This exhaust fan's operation is interlocked with the concentration of contaminants emitted by internal combustion engines.

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the building indoor space. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings. Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into

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who specializes in heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration. HVAC technicians in the US can receive training through formal training institutions, where most earn

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by increased awareness of environmental issues. Additionally, improvements to the HVAC system efficiency can also help increase occupant health and productivity. In the US, the

4157: 1460: 677: 2264:, Morawska, L, Allen, J, Bahnfleth, W et al. (36 more authors) (2021) A paradigm shift to combat indoor respiratory infection. Science, 372 (6543). pp. 689-691. ISSN 0036-8075 4900: 657:

which has thousands of changes per hour. The highest air change rates are for crowded spaces, bars, night clubs, commercial kitchens at around 30 to 50 air changes per hour.

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The HVAC components that dehumidify the ventilation air deserve careful attention because outdoor air constitutes most of the annual humidity load for nearly all buildings.

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When the outside air is cooler than the demanded cool air, this will allow the demand to be met without using the mechanical supply of cooling (typically chilled water or a

251:. By utilizing natural sources that can be used for HVAC systems it can make a huge difference for the environment and help expand the knowledge of using different methods. 2787: 1010:

require large-capacity heating and cooling equipment to heat or cool buildings. For example, a conventional heat pump system used to heat a building in Montana's −57

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environments. HVAC systems can provide ventilation, and maintain pressure relationships between spaces. The means of air delivery and removal from spaces is known as

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also use outside air to condition spaces, but do so using fans, ducts, dampers, and control systems to introduce and distribute cool outdoor air when appropriate.

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Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air without using fans or other mechanical systems. It can be via operable windows, louvers, or

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requirements are GCSEs (A-C) / Standard Grades (1-3) in Maths and Science, which are important in measurements, planning and theory. Employers will often want a

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various parties involved in building environmental design for sustainability. ISO16813 is applicable to new construction and the retrofit of existing buildings.

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is another method of controlling building heating by calculating the demand for heating energy that should be supplied to the building in each time unit.

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Asian architectural temperature-control have different priorities than European methods. For example, Asian heating traditionally focuses on maintaining

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Other indoor units mount inside the ceiling cavity so that short lengths of duct handle air from the indoor unit to vents or diffusers around the rooms.

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Solar District Heating Experiences from Denmark. Energy Systems in the Alps - storage and distribution … Energy Platform Workshop 3, Zurich - 13/2 2014

4300: 1313:). ASHRAE regularly organizes two annual technical committees and publishes recognized standards for HVAC design, which are updated every four years. 4167: 4099: 2788:"Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics" 888:

Dehumidification (air drying) in an air conditioning system is provided by the evaporator. Since the evaporator operates at a temperature below the

442:, hot water coils (hydro-air), or other heat exchangers. The radiators may be mounted on walls or installed within the floor to produce floor heat. 221: 68:

The control circuit in a household HVAC installation. The wires connecting to the blue terminal block on the upper-right of the board lead to the

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inside the vents which selectively block the flow of air. In this case, the control system is very critical to maintaining a proper temperature.

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ECOHEATCOOL (WP5) Possibilities with more district cooling in Europe, final report from the project. Final Rep. Brussels: Euroheat & Power.

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Codes such as the UMC and IMC do include much detail on installation requirements, however. Other useful reference materials include items from

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government oversight, poor building codes that are based on comfort levels, poor system operations, poor maintenance, and lack of transparency.

316:, and new methods of modernization, higher efficiency, and system control are constantly being introduced by companies and inventors worldwide. 4767: 3972: 2548:

Guidance for Filtration and Air-Cleaning Systems to Protect Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks

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in 1981 and a chapter was started in Bangalore in 1989. Between 1989 & 1993, ISHRAE chapters were formed in all major cities in India.

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The liquid refrigerant is returned to another heat exchanger where it is allowed to evaporate, hence the heat exchanger is often called an

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is an air-conditioner-like device that controls the humidity of a room or building. It is often employed in basements that have a higher

852:"DX" unit), thus saving energy. The control system can compare the temperature of the outside air vs. return air, or it can compare the 476:

The use of furnaces, space heaters, and boilers as a method of indoor heating could result in incomplete combustion and the emission of

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for motor energy savings, reduce makeup air heating and cooling energy, increasing safety, and reducing ambient kitchen noise levels.

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when the system is in cooling (as opposed to charging) mode, causing the temperature to gradually increase during the cooling season.

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Basing HVAC on a larger network helps provide an economy of scale that is often not possible for individual buildings, for utilizing

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from exhausted air. This is done by transfer of energy from the stale air inside the home to the incoming fresh air from outside.

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The refrigeration cycle uses four essential elements to cool, which are compressor, condenser, metering device, and evaporator.

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At the inlet of a compressor, the refrigerant inside the system is in a low pressure, low temperature, gaseous state. The

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and hospitals; vehicles such as cars, trains, airplanes, ships and submarines; and in marine environments, where safe and

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Rezaie, Behnaz; Rosen, Marc A. (2012). "District heating and cooling: Review of technology and potential enhancements".

1081: 869: 1098:(COP) measures performance, but this dimensionless measure has not been adopted. Instead, the Energy Efficiency Ratio ( 4013: 3815: 3326: 3261: 3179: 3091: 2955: 2735: 2359: 1181: 1053: 956:

In the past, water heating was more efficient for heating buildings and was the standard in the United States. Today,

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may be used to keep a room warmer in the winter by circulating the warm stratified air from the ceiling to the floor.

462: 2500: 2763: 1018:) low temperature or cool a building in the highest temperature ever recorded in the US—57 °C (134 °F) in 4162: 4043: 3750: 3515: 3359: 2877: 1699: 1353: 1309:

Many HVAC engineers are members of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (

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has imposed tighter restrictions over the years. There are several methods for making HVAC systems more efficient.

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tables and directly warming people, as opposed to the Western focus, in modern periods, on designing air systems.

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Some benefits of forced air systems, which are now widely used in churches, schools, and high-end residences, are

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standards organizations such as HARDI (Heating, Air-conditioning and Refrigeration Distributors International),

735:. The heat transfer medium is a refrigeration system, such as water, air, ice, and chemicals are referred to as 4864: 4383: 4286: 4262: 4084: 3780: 3380: 3159: 3050: 3035: 2623: 739:. A refrigerant is employed either in a heat pump system in which a compressor is used to drive thermodynamic 416:

The heat pump gained popularity in the 1950s in Japan and the United States. Heat pumps can extract heat from

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Heaters are appliances whose purpose is to generate heat (i.e. warmth) for the building. This can be done via

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Air conditioning and refrigeration are provided through the removal of heat. Heat can be removed through

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In more complex schemes, warm air is allowed to rise and flow out high building openings to the outside (

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defined Natural ventilation as the flow of air through open windows, doors, grilles, and other planned

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ECOHEATCOOL (WP4) Possibilities with more district heating in Europe. Euroheat & Power, Brussels.

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vent. These are installed throughout a building to move air in or out of rooms. In the middle is a

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conditions are regulated with respect to temperature and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors.

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A drawback is the installation cost, which can be slightly higher than traditional HVAC systems.

732: 439: 274: 108: 1824: 2335: 4449: 3770: 3725: 3480: 3475: 3405: 3301: 3137: 2940: 2847:(August 2003) by Althouse, Turnquist, and Bracciano, Goodheart-Wilcox Publisher; 18th edition. 2315: 2193: 2021: 1943: 1321: 1147: 900: 728: 625: 2883: 2240:

Dr. Edward A. Nardell Professor of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School

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have been established to support the industry and encourage high standards and achievement. (

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or condenser) where it loses heat to the outside, cools, and condenses into its liquid phase.

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Many U.S. states have licensing for boiler operation. Some of these are listed as follows:

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underground headquarters), the equipment involved is in some cases an extension of a larger

4634: 2736:"Subchapter 13 - Licensing of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Service, Repair and/or Installers" 2722:"Ohio Admin. Code 1301:3-5-10 - Boiler operator and steam engineer experience requirements" 2377: 1289:

Finally, some U.S. cities may have additional labor laws that apply to HVAC professionals.

45: 4859: 4839: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4737: 4729: 4526: 4419: 4352: 4317: 4309: 4232: 4204: 3846: 3760: 3755: 3700: 3690: 3680: 3610: 3550: 3465: 3450: 3271: 3266: 3241: 3236: 3106: 3030: 1875: 1831: 1812: 1736: 1679: 1631: 1492: 1045: 821: 808:(also called metering device) regulates the refrigerant liquid to flow at the proper rate. 774: 766: 543: 477: 413:. Electrical heaters are often used as backup or supplemental heat for heat pump systems. 358: 338: 325: 302: 294: 270: 144: 120: 104: 2242: 681:

Alpha Black Edition - Sirair Airconditioner with UVC (Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation)

1783: 4777: 4639: 4629: 3982: 3879: 3655: 3635: 3600: 3535: 3455: 3296: 3286: 3195: 3045: 3015: 2970: 2965: 2188: 2161: 1661: 1407: 1380: 1197: 1057: 778: 551: 278: 116: 37: 868:

An alternative to packaged systems is the use of separate indoor and outdoor coils in

631:, and as being driven by natural and/or artificially produced pressure differentials. 4894: 4879: 4378: 4064: 3915: 3810: 3775: 3545: 3540: 3495: 3490: 3336: 3311: 3306: 3281: 3251: 3121: 3020: 3000: 2980: 2891: 2505: 2056:"Characteristic of unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning in Northwest Iran- Tabriz" 2000: 1689: 1651: 1126: 1065: 1061: 719:

An air conditioning system, or a standalone air conditioner, provides cooling and/or

435: 128: 124: 57: 2839:(2012 (Second Printing)) by the International Code Council, Thomson Delmar Learning. 1553:

and oversee the installation and maintenance of the essential services such as gas,

4849: 4242: 3920: 3820: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3715: 3650: 3530: 3500: 3440: 3435: 3410: 3321: 3200: 3116: 3040: 3025: 3010: 1985: 1791: 1546: 1019: 896: 834: 635: 617: 609: 485: 410: 370: 286: 266: 244: 240: 239:

sources such as solar heat, winter's cold, the cooling potential in some places of

2243:"If We're Going to Live With COVID-19, It's Time to Clean Our Indoor Air Properly" 2178: 220:

Although HVAC is executed in individual buildings or other enclosed spaces (like

4854: 4490: 4252: 3894: 3851: 3825: 3765: 3745: 3740: 3615: 3575: 3560: 3505: 3430: 3400: 3395: 3211: 3076: 2995: 1554: 1496: 1472: 1423: 1143: 1069: 986: 736: 654: 605: 583: 560: 513: 290: 96: 49: 4834: 4808: 4599: 4008: 3930: 3861: 3830: 3705: 3675: 3605: 3555: 3525: 3510: 3485: 3390: 3190: 3086: 3005: 2945: 2275: 1709: 1227:

iterate decisions and evaluations of the design throughout the design process.

1138: 1015: 982: 957: 916: 643: 362: 282: 151: 73: 69: 2561: 2025: 1971: 4557: 4547: 4424: 3967: 3645: 3640: 3590: 3565: 3420: 3216: 1641: 1608: 1444: 1419: 889: 841: 446: 417: 366: 350: 81: 77: 2546: 2429:

Moisture Control Guidance for Building Design, Construction and Maintenance

2197: 2114:. A Design Guide for Energy-Efficient Research Laboratories. Archived from 575:

fans are available for many applications and can reduce maintenance needs.

312:

The invention of the components of HVAC systems went hand-in-hand with the

2872: 2228:"Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities" 4692: 4687: 4644: 4486: 4454: 4411: 4332: 3950: 3884: 3385: 3185: 2985: 2960: 2935: 2624:"010.01.02 Ark. Code R. § 002 - Chapter 13 - Restricted Lifetime License" 1558: 1488: 1476: 1299:

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers

853: 698: 564: 406: 100: 4720: 2257:"A Paradigm Shift to Combat Indoor Respiratory Infection - 21st century" 1080:

The performance of vapor compression refrigeration cycles is limited by

60:

to open and close the vent to allow more or less air to enter the space.

4697: 4649: 4624: 4614: 4595: 4590: 4507: 4459: 4439: 3460: 3132: 2280: 2055: 1587: 1468: 1427: 1011: 2811: 1869:

Solar District Heating with Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage in Germany

4669: 4664: 4572: 4479: 4474: 4388: 4342: 4137: 3889: 3695: 3445: 2015: 1753: 1550: 1431: 1333: 1310: 1173: 1169: 702: 693:

is a function used in modern air conditioners which reduces airborne

621: 342: 103:, and purity of the air in an enclosed space. Its goal is to provide 1999:

Iain Staffell; Dan Brett; Nigel Brandon; Adam Hawkes (30 May 2014).

1094:

do not appropriately describe the performance of these devices. The

761: 649:

An important component of natural ventilation is air change rate or

2603:"Building environment design—Indoor environment—General principles" 2137:"Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-Care Settings" 1467:

that allow buildings to operate. It includes the electrotechnical,

4702: 4609: 4469: 4278: 4152: 3585: 1480: 1349: 1337: 1142: 1107: 760: 694: 676: 599: 380: 63: 44: 36: 2160:

Escombe, A. R.; Oeser, C. C.; Gilman, R. H.; et al. (2007).

2075:

Ventilation and Infiltration chapter, Fundamentals volume of the

1511:

Guide B: Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration

405:, normally heating ribbons composed of high resistance wire (see 373:

are used to heat single rooms and only consist of a single unit.

4464: 4363: 3660: 3580: 1317: 1247:

In the United States, federal licensure is generally handled by

398: 394: 390: 381: 4282: 2887: 2520:"Technology Profile: Demand Control Kitchen Ventilation (DCKV)" 4567: 4512: 2162:"Natural ventilation for the prevention of airborne contagion" 1878:. European Sustainable Energy Week, Brussels. 18–22 June 2012. 1562: 960:

systems can double for air conditioning and are more popular.

792:

pumps the refrigerant gas up to high pressure and temperature.

765:

A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle: 1)

481: 642:

systems are used, either as backups or supplements. Air-side

353:

to heat water, steam, or air in a central location such as a

2336:"What are Air Ducts? The Homeowner's Guide to HVAC Ductwork" 1192:

as an omnibus agency is not specific to the HVAC industry.)

438:). The heat can be transferred to the surrounding air using 2694:"Chapter 90 - BOILERS, PRESSURE VESSELS, AND REFRIGERATION" 2378:"The Pros and Cons of Ductless Mini Split Air Conditioners" 1549:

sector, it is the job of the building services engineer to

2017:

Edmonton's green home guide : you're gonna love green

1964:"History of Heating, Air Conditioning & Refrigeration" 795:

From there it enters a heat exchanger (sometimes called a

72:. The fan enclosure is directly behind the board, and the 1495:

in a branch of engineering, such as building environment

1088:

heat rather than convert it from one form to another, so

445:

The use of water as the heat transfer medium is known as

409:). This principle is also used for baseboard heaters and 80:

switch is at the bottom left. In the lower middle is the

1889:"How Renewable Energy Is Redefining HVAC | AltEnergyMag" 27:

Technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort

2058:. International Journal of Injury Control and Promotion 1917:

HVAC-Talk: Heating, Air & Refrigeration Discussion

2553:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

1942:. Homewood, Illinois: American Technical Publishers. 1305:

Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute

563:(AHU) and used to control indoor air quality. Excess 559:

Mechanical, or forced, ventilation is provided by an

1461:

Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers

1216:

The building environmental design standard aims to:

620:

when spaces are small and the architecture permits.

539:

Ventilation (architecture) § Mechanical systems

361:

in a large building. The heat can be transferred by

265:

HVAC is based on inventions and discoveries made by

131:" is sometimes added to the field's abbreviation as 95:) is the use of various technologies to control the 41:

Rooftop HVAC unit with view of fresh-air intake vent

4786: 4728: 4678: 4581: 4538: 4525: 4500: 4410: 4362: 4351: 4325: 4316: 4225: 4191: 4118: 4022: 3870: 3373: 3059: 2921: 2540: 2538: 2453:"Sustainable Facilities Tool: HVAC System Overview" 1413: 1401: 1396: 1386: 1374: 1369: 389:Heaters exist for various types of fuel, including 202:In modern buildings, the design, installation, and 2090:"Air Change Rates for typical Rooms and Buildings" 1176:, ACCA (Air Conditioning Contractors of America), 1150:, used for heating, cooling, and filtering the air 30:"HVAC" redirects here. The term may also refer to 2225:Centers For Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2210:Centers For Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2276:"Building Ventilation What Everyone Should Know" 1939:HVAC: heating, ventilating, and air conditioning 1343:American design standards are legislated in the 1251:(for installation and service of HVAC devices). 939:HVAC is significantly responsible for promoting 547:HVAC ventilation exhaust for a 12-story building 2043:. New York: Lewis Publishers. pp. 107–112. 1750:Designer's Guide to Ceiling-Based Air Diffusion 1541:Guide M: Maintenance Engineering and Management 1084:. These air conditioning and heat pump devices 820:In variable climates, the system may include a 4294: 2899: 2708:"Article 33.1-14 - North Dakota Boiler Rules" 2638:"Boiler Professionals Training and Licensing" 330:"Heater" redirects here. For other uses, see 8: 1532:Guide J: Weather, Solar and Illuminance Data 1517:Guide D: Transportation systems in Buildings 1364: 2596: 2594: 111:. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of 4901:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 4743:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 4535: 4359: 4322: 4301: 4287: 4279: 3666:High efficiency glandless circulating pump 2915:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 2906: 2892: 2884: 89:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 18:Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning 2844:Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 2560: 2187: 2177: 1584:temperatures of objects such as the floor 985:, and in forced air systems they control 4100:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation 1727: 1725: 550: 542: 2142:. World Health Organization (WHO), 2009 1721: 1523:Guide F: Energy Efficiency in Buildings 2404:"Ductless Mini-Split Air Conditioners" 2313: 2079:, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, 2005 1475:, air conditioning, refrigeration and 1363: 3973:Programmable communicating thermostat 1986:"What is HVAC? A Comprehensive Guide" 1352:) or the International Code Council ( 1114:Demand-controlled kitchen ventilation 143:(as in the designation of HACR-rated 139:, or "ventilation" is dropped, as in 7: 4095:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing 2213:"Improving Ventilation In Buildings" 1732:Ventilation and Infiltration chapter 1463:is a body that covers the essential 207:designers, mechanical engineers, or 2041:Indoor Air Quality and HVAC Systems 76:can be seen at the top. The safety 3956:Minimum efficiency reporting value 1856:Integrating Solar & Heat Pumps 1526:Guide G: Public Health Engineering 691:Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation 25: 3998:Standard temperature and pressure 3711:Packaged terminal air conditioner 3247:Passive daytime radiative cooling 2976:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle 2680:"Subchapter 24.122.5 - Licensing" 2001:"A review of domestic heat pumps" 1740:, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, GA, 2005 1535:Guide K: Electricity in Buildings 1529:Guide H: Building Control Systems 757:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle 401:. Another type of heat source is 4719: 3067:Absorption-compression heat pump 2871: 2578:"Building environment standards" 2360:"Ductless Mini-Split Heat Pumps" 1913:""Lake Source" Heat Pump System" 1520:Guide E: Fire Safety Engineering 1340:, and technical trade journals. 32:high-voltage alternating current 3962:Normal temperature and pressure 3342:Vapor-compression refrigeration 1200:is an important consideration. 967:Better air conditioning effects 612:, applied to schoolrooms (1899) 261:Air conditioning § History 249:seasonal thermal energy storage 247:, and the enabling function of 2478:"Heating and Air Conditioning" 1823:Dalin P., Rubenhag A. (2006). 1792:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.04.020 1465:Service (systems architecture) 1208:ISO 16813:2006 is one of the 970:Energy savings of up to 15–20% 1: 4110:Testing, adjusting, balancing 4054:Building information modeling 4049:Building services engineering 3626:Ground-coupled heat exchanger 3154:Demand controlled ventilation 3102:Building insulation materials 2836:International Mechanical Code 1854:Wong B., Thornton J. (2013). 1734:, Fundamentals volume of the 1508:Guide A: Environmental Design 1243:Section 608 EPA Certification 1182:International Mechanical Code 1120:Demand controlled ventilation 608:system, by impulsion, or the 115:, based on the principles of 3671:High-pressure cut-off switch 3222:Ice storage air conditioning 3143:Dedicated outdoor air system 2179:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040068 4014:Thermostatic radiator valve 3816:Thermostatic radiator valve 3327:Underfloor air distribution 3262:Radiant heating and cooling 3180:Energy recovery ventilation 3092:Automobile air conditioning 2956:Domestic energy consumption 1316:Another popular society is 1133:Air filtration and cleaning 1054:energy recovery ventilation 1041:Ventilation energy recovery 463:Underfloor air distribution 341:. Such a system contains a 4937: 4163:Institute of Refrigeration 4044:Architectural technologist 3516:Electrostatic precipitator 2320:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 1858:. Renewable Heat Workshop. 1842:Nielsen, Jan Erik (2014). 1700:Ventilation (architecture) 1485:building services engineer 1302: 1296: 1240: 1136: 1117: 1096:Coefficient of performance 1048:systems sometimes utilize 1029: 1002: 914: 832: 754: 712: 593: 536: 506:Ventilation (architecture) 503: 490:volatile organic compounds 456: 329: 323: 258: 195: 29: 4817: 4717: 4216:Volatile organic compound 4075:Environmental engineering 4039:Architectural engineering 3841:Ultra-low particulate air 3426:Automatic balancing valve 3354:Variable refrigerant flow 3206:Heat recovery ventilation 3149:Deep water source cooling 2364:U.S. Department of Energy 2092:. The Engineering ToolBox 1675:Outdoor wood-fired boiler 1627:Architectural engineering 1050:heat recovery ventilation 4870:The House for the Future 4865:INTEGER Millennium House 4263:Template:Home automation 4085:Kitchen exhaust cleaning 3781:Solar-assisted heat pump 3381:Air conditioner inverter 3160:Displacement ventilation 3051:Vapour pressure of water 3036:Thermal destratification 2764:"ASHRAE Handbook Online" 2562:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2003136 2039:Bearg, David W. (1993). 1936:Swenson, S. Don (1995). 4860:House navigation system 4748:Lighting control system 4655:Universal powerline bus 4394:Universal powerline bus 4258:World Refrigeration Day 4105:Refrigerant reclamation 4034:Architectural acoustics 3978:Programmable thermostat 3910:Clean air delivery rate 3806:Thermal expansion valve 3721:Pressurisation ductwork 3631:Ground source heat pump 3072:Absorption refrigerator 2652:"Michigan Boiler Rules" 1867:Pauschinger T. (2012). 1705:World Refrigeration Day 1695:Uniform Mechanical Code 1586:or furnishings such as 1538:Guide L: Sustainability 1514:Guide C: Reference Data 1345:Uniform Mechanical Code 1178:Uniform Mechanical Code 1076:Air conditioning energy 999:Ground source heat pump 332:Heater (disambiguation) 4916:Mechanical engineering 4248:Glossary of HVAC terms 4210:Sick building syndrome 4090:Mechanical engineering 3801:Smoke exhaust ductwork 3232:Mixed-mode ventilation 2501:Keeping cool and green 2262:. University of Leeds. 2245:. Time. February 2022. 2112:"Room Air Change Rate" 2054:Dianat, I; Nazari, I. 1685:Sick building syndrome 1670:Mechanical engineering 1657:Glossary of HVAC terms 1501:Engineering Council UK 1163:Industry and standards 1151: 1032:Solar air conditioning 1026:Solar air conditioning 781: 682: 613: 556: 548: 468:and pollen particles. 386: 113:mechanical engineering 85: 61: 42: 4768:Thermostat automation 4268:Template:Solar energy 3946:Intelligent buildings 3905:Carbon dioxide sensor 3292:Room air distribution 3112:Central solar heating 2482:www.nuclear-power.net 1557:, water, heating and 1146: 860:Packaged split system 764: 680: 603: 554: 546: 537:Further information: 459:Room air distribution 384: 314:Industrial Revolution 186:room air distribution 67: 48: 40: 4911:Building engineering 4875:Ubiquitous computing 4553:Bluetooth Low Energy 4430:Bluetooth Low Energy 4338:Hardware controllers 4070:Duct leakage testing 4060:Deep energy retrofit 4004:Thermographic camera 3941:Infrared thermometer 3416:Air source heat pump 3365:Water heat recycling 2931:Air changes per hour 2880:at Wikimedia Commons 2295:CDC (June 1, 2020). 1893:www.altenergymag.com 1666:Hotel electric power 1637:Auxiliary power unit 1106:), or in Europe the 1091:thermal efficiencies 1056:systems that employ 1005:Geothermal heat pump 651:air changes per hour 533:Mechanical or forced 385:Central heating unit 4845:Home energy monitor 4830:Building automation 3936:HVAC control system 3926:Home energy monitor 3900:Building automation 3686:Inverter compressor 3348:Variable air volume 3257:Passive ventilation 3227:Kitchen ventilation 3127:Constant air volume 3097:Autonomous building 2509:17 July 2010, p. 83 2215:. 11 February 2020. 2014:(Alta.), Edmonton. 1974:on August 28, 2016. 1784:2012ApEn...93....2R 1366: 751:Refrigeration cycle 741:refrigeration cycle 604:Ventilation on the 596:Passive ventilation 578:In summer, ceiling 436:gravity-fed systems 198:HVAC control system 4825:Home of the future 4199:Indoor air quality 4143:ASTM International 4080:Hydronic balancing 3857:Wood-burning stove 3736:Radiator reflector 3521:Evaporative cooler 3332:Underfloor heating 3317:Thermal insulation 2545:Howard, J (2003), 1874:2016-10-18 at the 1830:2012-10-15 at the 1811:2015-09-24 at the 1804:Werner S. (2006). 1403:Education required 1152: 782: 683: 614: 610:'plenum' principle 557: 549: 387: 275:Rolla C. Carpenter 192:Individual systems 109:indoor air quality 86: 62: 43: 4888: 4887: 4715: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4521: 4520: 4276: 4275: 4192:Health and safety 3771:Scroll compressor 3726:Process duct work 3481:Convection heater 3476:Condensing boiler 3406:Air-mixing plenum 3302:Solar combisystem 3138:Cross ventilation 2941:Building envelope 2876:Media related to 2852:The Cost of Cool. 1949:978-0-8269-0675-5 1449:associate degrees 1437: 1436: 1148:Air handling unit 973:Even conditioning 941:energy efficiency 935:Energy efficiency 901:relative humidity 731:, convection, or 665:Airborne diseases 626:building envelope 523:mechanical/forced 365:, conduction, or 305:and many others. 241:lakes or seawater 216:District networks 209:building services 167:mechanical/forced 16:(Redirected from 4928: 4906:Building biology 4723: 4605:C-Bus (protocol) 4536: 4360: 4353:Interconnection 4323: 4303: 4296: 4289: 4280: 4238:Building science 3993:Smart thermostat 3988:Room temperature 3571:Fireplace insert 3277:Radon mitigation 3175:Electric heating 3170:District heating 3165:District cooling 3082:Air conditioning 2908: 2901: 2894: 2885: 2875: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2798: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2774: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2598: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2542: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2516: 2510: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2488: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2449: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2431:. December 2013. 2425: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2346: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2319: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2271: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2191: 2181: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2147: 2141: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2110:Bell, Geoffrey. 2107: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2097: 2086: 2080: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2063: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1970:. Archived from 1960: 1954: 1953: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1923: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1899: 1885: 1879: 1865: 1859: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1821: 1815: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1767: 1761: 1752:, Rock and Zhu, 1747: 1741: 1729: 1647:Electric heating 1622:Air speed (HVAC) 1388:Activity sectors 1367: 884:Dehumidification 850:direct expansion 813:evaporating coil 775:evaporating coil 721:humidity control 715:Air conditioning 709:Air conditioning 640:Air conditioning 411:portable heaters 357:in a home, or a 237:renewable energy 230:district cooling 226:district heating 156:healthy building 145:circuit breakers 50:Ventilation duct 21: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4840:Home automation 4813: 4799:Mesh networking 4782: 4738:Audio and video 4724: 4707: 4680: 4674: 4583: 4577: 4541:interconnection 4540: 4530: 4528: 4517: 4496: 4420:Radio frequency 4406: 4354: 4347: 4312: 4310:Home automation 4307: 4277: 4272: 4233:ASHRAE Handbook 4221: 4205:Passive smoking 4187: 4120: 4114: 4026: 4024: 4018: 3872: 3866: 3847:Whole-house fan 3761:Run-around coil 3756:Reversing valve 3701:Mechanical room 3691:Kerosene heater 3681:Infrared heater 3611:Gasoline heater 3551:Fan filter unit 3466:Condensate pump 3451:Centrifugal fan 3369: 3272:Radiant heating 3267:Radiant cooling 3242:Passive cooling 3237:Microgeneration 3107:Central heating 3055: 3031:Thermal comfort 2923: 2917: 2912: 2878:Climate control 2868: 2831: 2829:Further reading 2826: 2817: 2815: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2796: 2794: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2772: 2770: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2600: 2599: 2592: 2583: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2544: 2543: 2536: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2499: 2495: 2486: 2484: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2461: 2459: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2436: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2387: 2385: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2344: 2342: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2312: 2305: 2303: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2230:. 22 July 2019. 2226: 2224: 2220: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2121: 2119: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2093: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2077:ASHRAE Handbook 2074: 2070: 2061: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2013: 2012: 2008: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1950: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1921: 1919: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1897: 1895: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1876:Wayback Machine 1866: 1862: 1853: 1849: 1841: 1837: 1832:Wayback Machine 1822: 1818: 1813:Wayback Machine 1803: 1799: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1748: 1744: 1737:ASHRAE Handbook 1730: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1680:Radiant cooling 1632:ASHRAE Handbook 1617: 1605: 1596: 1580: 1571: 1479:industries. To 1457: 1441:HVAC technician 1416: 1404: 1389: 1377: 1376:Occupation type 1365:HVAC Technician 1362: 1330: 1307: 1301: 1295: 1245: 1239: 1234: 1206: 1165: 1141: 1135: 1122: 1116: 1078: 1062:enthalpy wheels 1058:heat exchangers 1046:Energy recovery 1043: 1034: 1028: 1007: 1001: 954: 937: 924: 919: 913: 886: 862: 837: 831: 822:reversing valve 805:expansion valve 797:condensing coil 771:expansion valve 767:condensing coil 759: 753: 717: 711: 667: 598: 592: 541: 535: 508: 502: 482:nitrogen oxides 478:carbon monoxide 474: 465: 457:Main articles: 455: 431: 426: 418:various sources 379: 359:mechanical room 339:central heating 335: 328: 326:Central heating 322: 295:William Rankine 271:Michael Faraday 263: 257: 218: 204:control systems 200: 194: 181: 161:Ventilating or 121:fluid mechanics 107:and acceptable 105:thermal comfort 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4934: 4932: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4893: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4778:Smart home hub 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4734: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4684: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4593: 4587: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4533: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4484: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4416: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4391: 4381: 4376: 4368: 4366: 4357: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4329: 4327: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4283: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4124: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4030: 4028: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3983:Psychrometrics 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3880:Air flow meter 3876: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3656:Heating system 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3636:Heat exchanger 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3601:Gas compressor 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3536:Expansion tank 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3456:Ceramic heater 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3297:Solar air heat 3294: 3289: 3287:Renewable heat 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3203: 3198: 3196:Forced-air gas 3193: 3188: 3183: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3151: 3146: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3053: 3048: 3046:Thermodynamics 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3016:Psychrometrics 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2971:Gas compressor 2968: 2966:Fluid dynamics 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2927: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2903: 2896: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2867: 2866:External links 2864: 2863: 2862: 2855: 2848: 2840: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2824: 2812:"About ISHRAE" 2803: 2779: 2768:www.ashrae.org 2755: 2741: 2727: 2713: 2699: 2685: 2671: 2657: 2643: 2629: 2615: 2590: 2568: 2534: 2511: 2493: 2469: 2444: 2434: 2420: 2395: 2384:. 28 July 2018 2382:Home Reference 2369: 2351: 2327: 2287: 2266: 2248: 2233: 2218: 2203: 2152: 2128: 2102: 2081: 2068: 2046: 2031: 2006: 1991: 1977: 1955: 1948: 1928: 1904: 1880: 1860: 1847: 1835: 1816: 1797: 1772:Applied Energy 1762: 1742: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1664: 1662:Head-end power 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1604: 1601: 1595: 1592: 1579: 1576: 1570: 1567: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1456: 1455:United Kingdom 1453: 1435: 1434: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1408:Apprenticeship 1405: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1361: 1358: 1329: 1326: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1241:Main article: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1205: 1202: 1198:pressurization 1164: 1161: 1137:Main article: 1134: 1131: 1118:Main article: 1115: 1112: 1082:thermodynamics 1077: 1074: 1042: 1039: 1030:Main article: 1027: 1024: 1003:Main article: 1000: 997: 975: 974: 971: 968: 953: 952:Heating energy 950: 936: 933: 923: 920: 915:Main article: 912: 911:Humidification 909: 885: 882: 861: 858: 833:Main article: 830: 827: 818: 817: 809: 800: 793: 755:Main article: 752: 749: 713:Main article: 710: 707: 666: 663: 594:Main article: 591: 588: 534: 531: 518: 517: 504:Main article: 501: 498: 473: 470: 454: 451: 430: 427: 425: 422: 378: 375: 324:Main article: 321: 318: 279:Willis Carrier 256: 253: 217: 214: 193: 190: 180: 177: 117:thermodynamics 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4933: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4881: 4880:Xanadu Houses 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4816: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4804:Organizations 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4753:Other systems 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529:technologies, 4524: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4379:Optical fiber 4377: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4299: 4297: 4292: 4290: 4285: 4284: 4281: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121:organizations 4117: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4065:Duct cleaning 4063: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4021: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3916:Control valve 3914: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3836:Turning vanes 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3811:Thermal wheel 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3776:Solar chimney 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3546:Fan coil unit 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3491:Cooling tower 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3337:Vapor barrier 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3312:Solar heating 3310: 3308: 3307:Solar cooling 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3282:Refrigeration 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3252:Passive house 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3122:Chilled water 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3021:Sensible heat 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 3001:Noise control 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2981:Heat transfer 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2897: 2895: 2890: 2889: 2886: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2780: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2723: 2717: 2714: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2604: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2580:. www.iso.org 2579: 2572: 2569: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2521: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2506:The Economist 2502: 2497: 2494: 2483: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2445: 2442:pp.1426-1447. 2438: 2435: 2430: 2424: 2421: 2409: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2383: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2323: 2317: 2306:September 13, 2302: 2298: 2291: 2288: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2270: 2267: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2244: 2237: 2234: 2229: 2222: 2219: 2214: 2207: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2156: 2153: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2118:on 2011-11-17 2117: 2113: 2106: 2103: 2091: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2069: 2057: 2050: 2047: 2042: 2035: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2010: 2007: 2002: 1995: 1992: 1987: 1981: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1968:Coyne College 1965: 1959: 1956: 1951: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1932: 1929: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1905: 1894: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1801: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1690:Uniform Codes 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1652:Fan coil unit 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1602: 1600: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1577: 1575: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1373: 1368: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1306: 1300: 1292: 1290: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1276:North Dakota 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1249:EPA certified 1244: 1236: 1232:United States 1231: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1204:International 1203: 1201: 1199: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1127:affinity laws 1121: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1006: 998: 996: 994: 990: 988: 984: 978: 972: 969: 966: 965: 964: 961: 959: 951: 949: 947: 942: 934: 932: 928: 921: 918: 910: 908: 905: 902: 898: 893: 891: 883: 881: 877: 873: 871: 870:split systems 866: 859: 857: 855: 851: 845: 843: 836: 828: 826: 823: 814: 810: 807: 806: 801: 798: 794: 791: 787: 786: 785: 780: 776: 772: 768: 763: 758: 750: 748: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 725: 722: 716: 708: 706: 704: 700: 696: 692: 687: 679: 675: 671: 664: 662: 658: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 632: 630: 627: 623: 619: 618:trickle vents 611: 607: 602: 597: 589: 587: 585: 581: 576: 574: 568: 566: 562: 553: 545: 540: 532: 530: 528: 524: 516: 515: 510: 509: 507: 499: 497: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 471: 469: 464: 460: 452: 450: 448: 443: 441: 437: 428: 423: 421: 419: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 383: 376: 374: 372: 371:Space heaters 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 333: 327: 319: 317: 315: 310: 306: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 262: 254: 252: 250: 246: 242: 238: 233: 231: 227: 223: 215: 213: 210: 205: 199: 191: 189: 187: 178: 176: 174: 173: 168: 164: 159: 157: 153: 148: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 129:Refrigeration 126: 125:heat transfer 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 83: 79: 75: 71: 66: 59: 55: 51: 47: 39: 33: 19: 4921:Construction 4850:Home network 4742: 4243:Fireproofing 4027:and services 4023:Professions, 3921:Gas detector 3821:Trickle vent 3796:Smoke damper 3791:Smoke canopy 3786:Space heater 3716:Plenum space 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