3758:, which since 2014 corresponds to both the United Bible Society, 5th edition and Nestle-Aland, 28th edition. In textual criticism, eclecticism is the practice of examining a wide number of text witnesses and selecting the variant that seems best. The result of the process is a text with readings drawn from many witnesses. In a purely eclectic approach, no single witness is theoretically favored. Instead, the critic forms opinions about individual witnesses, relying on both external and internal evidence. Even so, the oldest manuscripts, being of the Alexandrian text-type, are the most favored in these two publications; and the critical text has an Alexandrian disposition. Most English translations of the New Testament made in the 20th Century were based on these copies.
4053:
2061:), and the New Testament itself, was not suited to the limited space available on a single scroll; in contrast a codex could be expanded to hundreds of pages. On its own, however, length alone is an insufficient reason β after all, the Jewish scriptures would continue to be transmitted on scrolls for centuries to come. Scholars have argued that the codex was adopted as a product of the formation of the New Testament canon, allowing for specific collections of documents like the Gospels and the Pauline Epistles. "Canon and codex go hand in hand in the sense that the adoption of a fixed canon could be more easily controlled and promulgated when the codex was the means of gathering together originally separate compositions."
3935:
4068:
2311:) used in the manuscripts. The second two divisions are based on script: uncial and minuscule. The last grouping is based on content: lectionary. Most of the papyrus manuscripts and the lectionaries before the year 1000 are written in uncial script. There is some consistency in that the majority of the papyri are very early because parchment began to replace papyrus in the 4th century (although the latest papyri date to the 8th century). Similarly, the majority of the uncials date to before the 11th century, and the majority of the minuscules to after.
4031:
2182:
4086:
4123:
2286:
contain
Revelation, and many manuscripts grouped in Ξ± contained either the general epistles or the Pauline epistles, but not both. After the Greek prefix, von Soden assigned a numeral that roughly corresponded to a date (for example Ξ΄1βΞ΄49 were from before the 10th century, Ξ΄150βΞ΄249 for the 11th century). This system proved to be problematic when manuscripts were re-dated, or when more manuscripts were discovered than the number of spaces allocated to a certain century.
3985:
1203:
3878:
3894:
2070:
3964:
4105:
50:
1317:, they are finding not libraries but storehouses of rejected texts sometimes kept in boxes or back shelves in libraries due to space constraints. The texts were unacceptable because of their scribal errors and contain corrections inside the lines, possibly evidence that monastery scribes compared them to a master text. In addition, texts thought to be complete and correct but that had deteriorated from heavy usage or had missing
801:
3914:
2433:
4149:
693:
4010:
3806:; at least 17 of them unknown to Western scholars. There has been an estimate of 400,000 variations among all these manuscripts (from the 2nd to 15th century). If those 400,000 variations are spread over 5,600 manuscripts, the average manuscript has only about 71 variations, although some of these manuscripts are the equivalent of several hundred pages of text, hand-written (see
3798:
than 20 copies each and usually date from 700-1400 years after the composition of the work. In this regard, the classics are not as well attested. While this doesn't guarantee truthfulness, it means that it is much easier to reconstruct the New
Testament text. Regarding genre, the Gospels are usually taken today to be examples of Roman biographies.
2453:, a science of dating manuscripts by typological analysis of their scripts, is the most precise and objective means known for determining the age of a manuscript. Script groups belong typologically to their generation; and changes can be noted with great accuracy over relatively short periods of time. Dating of manuscript material by a
1297:. When washing was no longer an option, the second choice was burning. Since the manuscripts contained the words of Christ, they were thought to have had a level of sanctity; burning them was considered more reverent than simply throwing them into a garbage pit, which occasionally happened (as in the case of
2057:. In fact, virtually all New Testament manuscripts are codices. The adaptation of the codex form in non-Christian text did not become dominant until the fourth and fifth centuries, showing a preference for that form amongst early Christians. The considerable length of some New Testament books (such as the
3814:, et al.). The number of variants is additionally less significant than may appear since it is a comparison across linguistic boundaries. More important estimates focus on comparing texts within languages. Those variations are considerably fewer. The vast majority of these are accidental errors made by
3797:
What is usually meant is that the New
Testament has far more manuscript evidence from a far earlier period than other classical works. There are just under 6000 NT manuscripts, with copies of most of the NT dating from just 100 years or so after its writing. Classical sources almost always have fewer
3784:
are the most abundant; his extant works are preserved in 54 papyri and 276 parchment manuscripts, almost all of the later dating from the
Byzantine period...the time between the composition of the books of the New Testament and the earliest extant copies is relatively brief. Instead of the lapse of a
2084:
The handwriting found in New
Testament manuscripts varies. One way of classifying handwriting is by formality: book-hand vs. cursive. More formal, literary Greek works were often written in a distinctive style of even, capital letters called book-hand. Less formal writing consisted of cursive letters
1337:
used, any illustrations (thus raising the effective cost) and whether it was one book or a collection of several would be determined by the one commissioning the work. Stocking extra copies would likely have been considered wasteful and unnecessary since the form and the presentation of a manuscript
1284:
was little more than a former manuscript recycling centre, where imperfect and incomplete copies of manuscripts were stored while the monastery or scriptorium decided what to do with them. There were several options. The first was to simply "wash" the manuscript and reuse it. Such reused manuscripts
2457:
requires that a small part of the material be destroyed in the process. Both radiocarbon and paleographical dating only give a range of possible dates, and it is still debated just how narrow this range might be. Dates established by radiocarbon dating can present a range of 10 to over 100 years.
2285:
published a complex cataloging system for manuscripts in 1902β10. He grouped the manuscripts based on content, assigning them a Greek prefix: Ξ΄ for the complete New
Testament, Ξ΅ for the Gospels, and Ξ± for the remaining parts. This grouping was flawed because some manuscripts grouped in Ξ΄ did not
3765:
writes: "It is true, of course, that the New
Testament is abundantly attested in the manuscripts produced through the ages, but most of these manuscripts are many centuries removed from the originals, and none of them perfectly accurate. They all contain mistakes β altogether many thousands of
2003:
who were trained professionals in the arts of writing and bookmaking. Scribes would work in difficult conditions, for up to 48 hours a week, with little pay beyond room and board. Some manuscripts were also proofread, and scholars closely examining a text can sometimes find the original and
2389:
The majority of New
Testament textual criticism deals with Greek manuscripts because the scholarly opinion is that the original books of the New Testament were written in Greek. The text of the New Testament is also found both translated in manuscripts of many different languages (called
3728:
None of the original documents of the New
Testament is known to scholars to be extant; and the existing manuscripts differ from one another. The textual critic seeks to ascertain from the divergent copies which form of the text should be regarded as most conforming to the original. The
3934:
1324:
Complete and correctly copied texts would usually be immediately placed in use and so wore out fairly quickly, which required frequent recopying. Manuscript copying was very costly when it required a scribe's attention for extended periods so a
2272:. Confusion also existed in the minuscules, where up to seven different manuscripts could have the same number or a single manuscript of the complete New Testament could have 4 different numbers to describe the different content groupings.
4030:
4052:
3785:
millennium or more, as is the case of not a few classical authors, several papyrus manuscripts of portions of the New
Testament are extant which were copies within a century or so after the composition of the original documents.
2122:, a manuscript which recycled an older manuscript. Scholars using careful examination can sometimes determine what was originally written on the material of a document before it was erased to make way for a new text (for example
2028:. This tradition continued as late as the 8th century. Papyrus eventually becomes brittle and deteriorates with age. The dry climate of Egypt allowed some papyrus manuscripts to be partially preserved, but, with the exception of
2448:
are believed to have been lost or destroyed a long time ago. What survives are copies of the original. Generally speaking, these copies were made centuries after the originals from other copies rather than from the autograph.
2200:
compiled the first published edition of the Greek New Testament in 1516, basing his work on several manuscripts because he did not have a single complete work and because each manuscript had small errors. In the 18th century,
2112:), often with line breaks in the middle of words. Bookmaking was an expensive endeavor, and one way to reduce the number of pages used was to save space. Another method employed was to abbreviate frequent words, such as the
2145:
were an early system of division written in the margin of many manuscripts. The Eusebian Canons are a series of tables that grouped parallel stories among the gospels. Starting in the fifth century, subject headings
2355:
continued Gregory's cataloging work through the 1950s and beyond. Because of this, the numbering system is often referred to as "Gregory-Aland numbers". The most recent manuscripts added to each grouping are
4286:
also said, "Lest, however, the wrong impression be conveyed from the statistics given above regarding the total number of Greek manuscripts of the New Testament, it should be pointed out that most of the
3826:, a misspelling, a rearrangement of words. Some variations involve apparently intentional changes, which often make more difficult a determination of whether they were corrections from better exemplars,
2374:
2463. Due to the cataloging heritage and because some manuscripts which were initially numbered separately were discovered to be from the same codex, there is some redundancy in the list (i.e. the
376:
2474:, which may be as early as the first half of the 2nd century. The first complete copies of single New Testament books appear around 200, and the earliest complete copy of the New Testament, the
2108:
The earliest manuscripts had negligible punctuation and breathing marks. The manuscripts also lacked word spacing, so words, sentences, and paragraphs would be a continuous string of letters (
5632:
3893:
3802:
Every year, several New Testament manuscripts handwritten in the original Greek format are discovered. The latest substantial find was in 2008, when 47 new manuscripts were discovered in
3713:
3774:
In evaluating the significance of these statistics...one should consider, by way of contrast, the number of manuscripts which preserve the text of the ancient classics. Homer's
2233:). He assigned the uncials letters and minuscules and lectionaries numbers for each grouping of content, which resulted in manuscripts being assigned the same letter or number.
4215:
3913:
2424:, co for Coptic, ac for Akhmimic, bo for Bohairic, sa for Sahidic, arm for Armenian, geo for Georgian, got for Gothic, aeth for Ethiopic, and slav for Old Church Slavonic).
4067:
2012:
came into use, typically inside medieval European monasteries. Sometimes a group of scribes would make copies at the same time as one individual read from the text.
3877:
2326:), with a superscript numeral. The uncials were given a prefix of the number 0, and the established letters for the major manuscripts were retained for redundancy (
2256:, over a century after Wettstein's cataloging system was introduced. Because he felt the manuscript was so important, Von Tischendorf assigned it the Hebrew letter
2105:
that moved past the baseline and cap height. Generally speaking, the majuscules are earlier than the minuscules, with a dividing line roughly in the 11th century.
2408:, a series of abbreviations and prefixes designate different language versions (it for Old Latin, lowercase letters for individual Old Latin manuscripts, vg for
3984:
3834:, which is the basis for most modern translations. For over 250 years, Christian scholars have argued that no textual variant affects key Christian doctrine.
5317:
1174:
354:
6249:
6131:
4085:
401:
4122:
3766:
mistakes. It is not an easy task to reconstruct the original words of the New Testament...." In reference to the textual evidence for the New Testament,
6208:
4188:
3863:
1321:
would also be placed in the caches. Once in a cache, insects and humidity would often contribute to the continued deterioration of the documents.
1301:). The third option was to leave them in what has become known as a manuscript gravesite. When scholars come across manuscript caches, such as at
721:
517:
423:
2248:(B), which did not contain Revelation, the letter B was also assigned to a later 10th-century manuscript of Revelation, thus creating confusion.
6116:
6111:
846:
pushed the manuscript history of the Tanakh back a millennium from such codices. Before this discovery, the earliest extant manuscripts of the
323:
204:
199:
4851:
6126:
4984:
An innovation in the report was the simultaneous publication of an accompanying "digital article," a CD version of the article and the images
4009:
3709:
191:
4104:
5817:
3963:
5923:
452:
4742:
3830:
between readings, or ideologically motivated. Variants are listed in critical editions of the text, the most important of which is the
2205:
was one of the first biblical scholars to start cataloging biblical manuscripts. He divided the manuscripts based on the writing used (
6244:
5918:
5779:
5026:
4941:
3858:
1354:
1219:
858:. Out of the roughly 800 manuscripts found at Qumran, 220 are from the Tanakh. Every book of the Tanakh is represented except for the
227:
222:
4680:
5886:
5154:
5134:
5108:
5086:
5067:
5045:
4968:
4949:
4710:
370:
235:
3752:
bias to a single manuscript, has been the dominant method of editing the Greek text of the New Testament. This is reflected in the
2034:, no New Testament papyrus manuscript is complete; many consist only of a single fragmented page. Beginning in the fourth century,
4938:
The Text of The New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism
6004:
5881:
5732:
5310:
5223:
4240:
3853:
2138:
1378:
795:
646:
127:
5193:
2303:, which is the system still in use today. Gregory divided the manuscripts into four groupings: papyri, uncials, minuscules, and
6264:
4978:
Barkay, G.; Vaughn, A.G.; Lundberg, M.J.; Zuckerman, B. (2004). "The Amulets from Ketef Hinnom: A New Edition and Evaluation".
4245:
2004:
corrections found in certain manuscripts. In the 6th century, a special room devoted to the practice of manuscript writing and
686:
556:
318:
395:
6297:
1302:
6318:
6218:
3848:
3780:...is preserved by 457 papyri, 2 uncial manuscripts, and 188 minuscule manuscripts. Among the tragedians the witnesses to
1373:
522:
5211:
Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments, in ihrer Γ€ltesten erreichbaren Textgestalt hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte
1228:
has been preserved in more manuscripts than any other ancient work of literature, with over 5,800 complete or fragmented
6328:
6213:
4058:
4043:. 350) contains the oldest complete copy of the New Testament, as well as most of the Greek Old Testament, known as the
3843:
2245:
1368:
1169:
5727:
5303:
4235:
2471:
2282:
714:
561:
5290:
2478:, dates to the 4th century. The following table lists the earliest extant manuscript witnesses for the books of the
2147:
5901:
5267:
2249:
5933:
5912:
5906:
4635:
4073:
2241:
2124:
641:
49:
4352:
5928:
5896:
5891:
5627:
4899:
4872:
3754:
2995:
2404:
586:
407:
365:
209:
4643:
2181:
6254:
6234:
6106:
5963:
5824:
5564:
2049:
Of the 476 non-Christian manuscripts dated to the second century, 97% of the manuscripts are in the form of
2020:
An important issue with manuscripts is preservation. The earliest New Testament manuscripts were written on
611:
596:
546:
381:
181:
169:
150:
6090:
5973:
5958:
5948:
5540:
3341:
2445:
2296:
2202:
2154:
2005:
1006:
707:
670:
662:
606:
576:
413:
386:
114:
6039:
5978:
5968:
5876:
5282:
4288:
4193:
3734:
2869:
2098:
2094:
1294:
918:
601:
591:
490:
1277:
papyrus, oldest copy of John fragment) to the introduction of printing in Germany in the 15th century.
778:
The study of biblical manuscripts is important because handwritten copies of books can contain errors.
4994:
2042:) began to be a common medium for New Testament manuscripts. It wasn't until the twelfth century that
6239:
6159:
5871:
5784:
5694:
5460:
5347:
3950:
3745:, which includes over 80% of all manuscripts, the majority comparatively very late in the tradition.
2805:
2222:
1112:
910:
541:
527:
442:
349:
276:
2367:
6181:
5943:
5622:
5405:
5375:
5276:
4230:
4203:
4198:
3975:
3742:
3313:
2413:
2330:
571:
566:
551:
532:
467:
462:
5751:
3725:
is the study of manuscripts in order to reconstruct a probable original or initially copied text.
2244:(C), the letters corresponded across content groupings. For significant early manuscripts such as
1202:
6073:
5988:
5794:
5789:
5674:
5637:
5617:
5547:
4998:
4856:
4552:
4225:
4178:
4163:
4095:
3811:
3639:
2454:
2417:
2399:
2358:
2237:
2230:
2197:
1207:
675:
657:
616:
432:
251:
145:
135:
2363:
4387:
6274:
6083:
6078:
6019:
5851:
5761:
5704:
5525:
5515:
5365:
5150:
5130:
5104:
5082:
5063:
5041:
5022:
4964:
4945:
4706:
4208:
4183:
4021:
3996:
3738:
3722:
3703:
2519:
2307:. This division is partially arbitrary. The first grouping is based on the physical material (
2130:
2109:
2069:
1261:
1249:
943:
779:
508:
447:
214:
4445:
6323:
6259:
6154:
6136:
6068:
6056:
6014:
5953:
5938:
5829:
5717:
5510:
5455:
5435:
5415:
4746:
4544:
4292:
4220:
4173:
4036:
3925:
3884:
3767:
3574:
3542:
3393:
3279:
3254:
2475:
2375:
2253:
2226:
2218:
2058:
1310:
1241:
1002:
959:
855:
839:
782:
attempts to reconstruct the original text of books, especially those published prior to the
418:
359:
337:
266:
186:
140:
2466:
The earliest manuscript of a New Testament text is a business-card-sized fragment from the
6051:
6029:
5983:
5530:
5490:
5465:
5395:
5370:
5355:
4639:
4129:
4114:
4111:
3904:
is the oldest known manuscript fragment of the New Testament, containing a portion of the
3807:
3599:
3189:
3143:
2142:
1306:
1298:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1180:
1086:
1056:
1035:
998:
947:
851:
824:
757:
2458:
Similarly, dates established by paleography can present a range of 25 to over 125 years.
5079:
Canon revisited : establishing the origins and authority of the New Testament books
2444:
The original manuscripts of the New Testament books are not known to have survived. The
17:
6287:
6269:
6203:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5812:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5588:
5583:
5559:
5520:
5470:
5450:
5420:
5400:
5385:
5380:
5360:
5326:
5122:
5055:
3954:
3905:
3823:
3762:
2699:
2647:
2613:
2467:
2395:
2265:
2261:
2186:
2169:
2078:
2074:
1334:
1229:
1211:
867:
859:
772:
581:
457:
271:
62:
33:
2432:
6312:
6034:
5843:
5712:
5578:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5475:
5445:
5343:
5185:
5118:
5096:
4961:
New Testament textual criticism, exegesis and church history: a discussion of methods
4556:
4296:
4283:
3827:
3790:
3730:
2961:
2915:
2479:
2163:
2090:
2086:
2046:(made from cotton or plant fibers) began to gain popularity in biblical manuscripts.
1225:
847:
768:
105:
100:
4412:
2341:). The minuscules were given plain numbers, and the lectionaries were prefixed with
6292:
6192:
6121:
6023:
5485:
5480:
5440:
5410:
5390:
5338:
4154:
4000:
3718:
2114:
1082:
813:
805:
800:
783:
764:
697:
313:
308:
297:
119:
74:
5255:
5144:
6175:
5771:
5689:
5684:
5598:
5593:
5425:
4990:
4490:
4091:
4077:
3819:
3671:
3413:
3069:
2779:
2627:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2450:
2319:
2269:
2158:
2009:
1290:
5275:
4548:
4291:
are relatively fragmentary and that only about fifty manuscripts (of which the
2153:
Manuscripts became more ornate over the centuries, which developed into a rich
2085:
which could be written quickly. Another way of dividing handwriting is between
1236:
manuscripts and 9,300 manuscripts in various other ancient languages including
6164:
4933:
4832:
4270:
4266:
4144:
4044:
3991:
3970:
3941:
3920:
3900:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3613:
3607:
3481:
3447:
3441:
3407:
3401:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3321:
3287:
3197:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3117:
3109:
3083:
3077:
3043:
3037:
3003:
2969:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2621:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2352:
2304:
2210:
2119:
2030:
2025:
1326:
1286:
1273:
1257:
993:
636:
286:
84:
5262:
5248:
5679:
5060:
The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings
4168:
4016:
3781:
3733:
has been preserved in three major manuscript traditions: the 4th-century-CE
3515:
3247:
3217:
3029:
2713:
2707:
2655:
2527:
2102:
2035:
1330:
1314:
1077:
5127:
The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration
5101:
The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration
5221:
Wilson, Robert Dick (1929). "The Textual Criticism of the Old Testament".
4061:
is one of the best available Greek manuscripts of almost the entire bible.
6186:
5756:
5743:
5722:
5669:
5664:
2421:
1028:
752:
291:
6198:
6063:
5190:
A Site Inspired By: The Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism
4133:
3803:
3473:
3433:
2409:
2308:
2021:
1148:
1051:
760:
747:
503:
303:
89:
2260:(Χ). Eventually enough uncials were found that all the letters in the
1318:
6169:
6046:
5430:
5295:
4632:
4344:
3946:
3815:
3567:
3535:
3507:
2437:
2214:
2206:
2050:
2039:
2000:
1141:
939:
875:
871:
863:
843:
835:
743:
498:
281:
3957:. Scholars find it hard to read it because of its fragmentary state.
4940:. Translated by Erroll F. Rhodes (2nd ed.). Grand Rapids, MI:
6009:
5330:
3776:
2431:
2257:
2190:
2180:
2141:. These were developed over the years as "helps for readers". The
2137:
The original New Testament books did not have section headings or
2068:
2054:
2043:
1281:
1233:
1201:
799:
739:
79:
41:
2252:
found one of the earliest, nearly complete copies of the Bible,
2236:
For manuscripts that contained the whole New Testament, such as
1338:
were typically customized to the aesthetic tastes of the buyer.
5299:
4873:"The Number of Textual Variants: An Evangelical Miscalculation"
4535:
Elliott, J.K. (1996). "Manuscripts, the Codex, and the Canon".
4900:"The Majority Text and the Original Text: Are They Identical?"
3748:
Since the mid-19th century, eclecticism, in which there is no
878:). These manuscripts generally date between 150 BCE to 70 CE.
4852:"NT scholar on discovery of giant trove of Bible manuscripts"
4331:
1329:
might be made only when it was commissioned. The size of the
4919:
c.f. Bruce, F.F. "Are the New Testament Documents Reliable?"
4580:
4578:
2093:. The uncial letters were a consistent height between the
5165:
5038:
The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts
3714:
List of Bible verses not included in modern translations
2268:, and eventually started reusing characters by adding a
862:; however, most are fragmentary. Notably, there are two
738:
is any handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the
5242:
1999:
The task of copying manuscripts was generally done by
4980:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
5291:
Contantinus Siamakis, Oldest Manuscript of the Bible
5186:"An Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism"
3924:
is the earliest (nearly) complete manuscript of the
2097:
and the cap height, while the minuscule letters had
1289:
and were very common in the ancient world until the
1132:; oldest MSS available to scholars, 16th century CE
6227:
6145:
6099:
5997:
5842:
5805:
5770:
5741:
5703:
5648:
5555:
5539:
5337:
4216:
List of major textual variants in the New Testament
2394:) and quoted in manuscripts of the writings of the
2301:
Die griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments
885:
2264:had been used, and scholars moved on to first the
5243:Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts
834:) were once the oldest known manuscripts of the
5019:The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable?
4681:"Britannica Online: Types of manuscript errors"
3795:
3772:
2299:published another cataloging system in 1908 in
2024:, made from a reed that grew abundantly in the
1280:Often, especially in monasteries, a manuscript
5149:. Vol. 27. Hendrickson Publishers. 2006.
5036:Comfort, Philip W.; Barrett, David P. (2001).
4833:"The Reliability and Inspiration of the Bible"
4759:
1342:Distribution of Greek manuscripts by century
891:
742:. Biblical manuscripts vary in size from tiny
5311:
4569:
4465:
4432:
3926:Epistles written by Paul in the new testament
3887:on display at the Archeological Museum, Amman
715:
8:
4783:
1264:. The dates of these manuscripts range from
2053:; however, eight Christian manuscripts are
5552:
5318:
5304:
5296:
4736:
4734:
4655:
4620:
4608:
4584:
4537:Journal for the Study of the New Testament
4477:
4373:
4020:is an early third century fragment of the
850:were in Greek, in manuscripts such as the
763:(multi-lingual books) containing both the
722:
708:
342:
28:
5129:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
5103:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
5081:(1st ed.). Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway.
4703:Egypt on the Pentateuch's Ideological Map
4596:
3953:. It contains the earliest known text of
4837:Dr. Habermas Answers Important Questions
2484:
2314:Gregory assigned the papyri a prefix of
1353:
1340:
4819:
4807:
4771:
4312:
4258:
4189:Categories of New Testament manuscripts
3873:
3864:List of New Testament Latin manuscripts
838:in Hebrew. In 1947, the finding of the
431:
40:
4959:Aland, Barbara; Delobel, JoΓ«l (1994).
4885:
4795:
4725:
4522:
4510:
2157:tradition, including the famous Irish
5146:Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece
4668:Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece
4633:New Testament Virtual Manuscript Room
4355:from the original on 31 December 2008
4319:
3818:, and are easily identified as such:
3721:is the study of ancient writing, and
3710:Textual variants in the New Testament
1313:), or Saint Sabbas Monastery outside
7:
5286:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
5270:at the Heidelberger Papyrus-Sammlung
5170:Interpreting Ancient Manuscripts Web
5040:. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House.
4705:. London: Sheffield Academic Press.
4299:) contain the entire New Testament."
3974:is the earliest known manuscript of
2189:. The miniature at the bottom shows
790:Hebrew Bible (or Tanakh) manuscripts
746:containing individual verses of the
6250:Other books referenced in the Bible
6209:New Testament manuscript categories
5062:. New York: Oxford. pp. 480f.
4388:"Greek NT Scribe β Job Description"
1177:, British Library MS. Oriental 7594
5780:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs
5166:"Interpreting Ancient Manuscripts"
4942:Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
4743:"Complete List of Greek NT Papyri"
4741:Willker, Wieland (17 April 2008).
3859:List of New Testament lectionaries
2118:. Yet another method involved the
1220:Lists of New Testament manuscripts
25:
5274:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
5196:from the original on 18 June 2007
4982:. Vol. 334. pp. 41β71.
4871:Wallace, Daniel (13 April 2009).
5277:"Manuscripts of the Bible"
5224:The Princeton Theological Review
4850:Vu, Michelle A (21 April 2008).
4241:List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts
4147:
4121:
4103:
4084:
4066:
4051:
4029:
4008:
3983:
3962:
3933:
3912:
3892:
3876:
3854:List of New Testament minuscules
1293:. One notable palimpsest is the
1068:early 8th century CE (complete)
874:), and one around 75% complete (
796:List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts
691:
48:
6265:Biblical and Quranic narratives
4898:Wallace, Daniel (3 June 2004).
4386:Story, J. Lyle (25 July 2018).
4282:As a footnote to his comments,
4246:List of illuminated manuscripts
3627:(late 3rd β early 4th century)
3495:(late 3rd β early 4th century)
3461:(late 3rd β early 4th century)
3301:(late 2nd β early 3rd century)
1232:manuscripts catalogued, 10,000
784:invention of the printing press
687:Outline of Bible-related topics
2436:An illustration of a European
396:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
1:
3849:List of New Testament uncials
3679:
3621:
3581:
3549:
3489:
3455:
3375:
3295:
3261:
3229:
3171:
3125:
3091:
3051:
3011:
2977:
2943:
2897:
2787:
2681:
2595:
1265:
1126:
1095:
978:
969:
932:
923:
828:
817:
523:Historical-grammatical method
5213:(in German). Berlin: Glaue.
4701:Greifenhagen, F. V. (2002).
4265:A manuscript is abbreviated
4059:Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209
3844:List of New Testament papyri
2246:Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209
5209:von Soden, Hermann (1902).
5077:Kruger, Michael J. (2012).
4236:Fifty Bibles of Constantine
2497:Earliest extant manuscripts
2472:Rylands Library Papyrus P52
2462:Earliest extant manuscripts
2139:verse and chapter divisions
1303:Saint Catherine's Monastery
1103:10th century CE (complete)
1017:2nd century BCE (fragments)
6345:
6245:English Bible translations
5633:Song of the Three Children
4760:Comfort & Barrett 2001
4549:10.1177/0142064X9701906306
3707:
3701:
2250:Constantin von Tischendorf
1217:
1214:with decorative tailpiece.
1019:4th century CE (complete)
966:Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek
793:
518:Allegorical interpretation
6283:
5263:Eusebian Canon in Codex A
4936:; Aland, Barbara (1995).
4570:Metzger & Ehrman 2005
4466:Metzger & Ehrman 2005
4433:Metzger & Ehrman 2005
2347:often written in script (
2242:Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus
2125:Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus
2065:Script and other features
1350:New Testament manuscripts
1348:
1198:New Testament manuscripts
1191:
1164:
1160:
1136:
1107:
1089:and other, incomplete MSS
1072:
1046:
1023:
988:
954:
882:Extant Tanakh manuscripts
4784:Aland & Delobel 1994
4349:Codex Sinaiticus Website
3832:Novum Testamentum Graece
3755:Novum Testamentum Graece
2412:, lat for Latin, sy for
2405:Novum Testamentum Graece
2378:has both the numbers of
2213:) and based on content (
2209:, minuscule) or format (
1362:
408:Novum Testamentum Graece
210:Composition of the Torah
18:Hebrew Bible manuscripts
6107:Intertestamental period
4995:"The Last Thirty Years"
3685:β250 (2ndβ3rd century)
3381:β225 (2ndβ3rd century)
3177:β225 (2ndβ3rd century)
3131:β225 (2ndβ3rd century)
3097:β225 (2ndβ3rd century)
3057:β225 (2ndβ3rd century)
3017:β225 (2ndβ3rd century)
2983:β225 (2ndβ3rd century)
2949:β225 (2ndβ3rd century)
2903:β225 (2ndβ3rd century)
2793:β250 (2ndβ3rd century)
2687:β250 (2ndβ3rd century)
2601:β300 (2ndβ3rd century)
2455:radiocarbon dating test
2016:Manuscript construction
6091:Apocalyptic literature
5728:Paralipomena of Baruch
4963:. Kampen: Kok Pharos.
4656:Aland & Aland 1995
4621:Aland & Aland 1995
4609:Aland & Aland 1995
4585:Aland & Aland 1995
4478:Aland & Aland 1995
4374:Aland & Aland 1995
4110:The first page of the
3800:
3787:
2441:
2203:Johann Jakob Wettstein
2194:
2155:illuminated manuscript
2081:
1215:
1187:3rd or 4th century CE
1130: 11th century CE
917:Hebrew written in the
898:
892:
809:
671:Criticism of the Bible
414:Documentary hypothesis
6255:Additional Scriptures
6219:New Testament uncials
5283:Catholic Encyclopedia
5247:Michael D. Marlowe's
5017:Bruce, F. F. (2003).
4944:. pp. 40f, 72f.
4644:University of MΓΌnster
4572:, pp. 17β18, 20.
4194:Alexandrian text-type
4094:is a fragment of the
3995:is a fragment of the
3735:Alexandrian text-type
3708:Further information:
2435:
2184:
2073:The beginning of the
2072:
1295:Archimedes Palimpsest
1205:
1042:early 5th century CE
919:Paleo-Hebrew alphabet
803:
424:NT textual categories
6319:Biblical manuscripts
6240:Bible version debate
6214:New Testament papyri
6160:Samaritan Pentateuch
5785:Testament of Abraham
5723:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
5254:Micheal W. Palmer's
4076:showing portions of
4074:P. Chester Beatty VI
1175:Crosby-SchΓΈyen Codex
1113:Samaritan Pentateuch
1066:early 5th century CE
1007:other earlier papyri
984:β 70 CE (fragments)
911:Ketef Hinnom scrolls
371:Internal consistency
277:Samaritan Pentateuch
6329:Textual scholarship
6182:Muratorian fragment
6117:New Testament canon
6112:Old Testament canon
6005:Chapters and verses
5623:Additions to Daniel
5589:Additions to Esther
5021:. Wm. B. Eerdmans.
4728:, pp. 479β480.
4231:Nag Hammadi library
4204:Caesarean text-type
4199:Byzantine text-type
3945:is a manuscript of
3743:Byzantine text-type
2414:Sinaitic Palimpsest
2331:Codex Claromontanus
2318:, often written in
2297:Caspar RenΓ© Gregory
2089:(or majuscule) and
1343:
1309:(the source of the
1125:Oldest extant MSS,
902:Date of Composition
736:biblical manuscript
205:New Testament canon
200:Old Testament canon
128:Chapters and verses
5795:Testament of Jacob
5790:Testament of Isaac
5675:Prayer of Manasseh
5638:Bel and the Dragon
5618:Letter of Jeremiah
5268:Fragment of Psalms
5256:Greek-Language.com
5215:4 vols., 1902β1910
5003:Story of the Bible
4999:Frederic G. Kenyon
4857:Christianity Today
4638:2018-02-20 at the
4345:"Codex Sinaiticus"
4332:Barkay et al. 2004
4226:Manuscript culture
4179:Biblical criticism
4164:Ancient literature
4096:Book of Revelation
3812:Codex Alexandrinus
3205:Early 3rd century
2857:Early 3rd century
2442:
2418:Curetonian Gospels
2400:critical apparatus
2238:Codex Alexandrinus
2198:Desiderius Erasmus
2195:
2193:healing the blind.
2082:
1341:
1216:
1208:Codex Alexandrinus
810:
676:Biblical authority
557:Capital punishment
433:Biblical criticism
402:Rahlfs' Septuagint
106:New Testament (NT)
101:Old Testament (OT)
6306:
6305:
6275:Textual criticism
5838:
5837:
5762:Psalms of Solomon
5705:Orthodox Tewahedo
5164:Seid, Timothy W.
5119:Metzger, Bruce M.
5097:Metzger, Bruce M.
4810:, pp. 33β35.
4749:on 12 March 2014.
4623:, pp. 73β77.
4611:, pp. 40β41.
4334:, pp. 41β71.
4297:Uncial manuscript
4269:for singular and
4209:Western text-type
4184:Textual criticism
4022:Gospel of Matthew
3997:Gospel of Matthew
3883:Fragments of the
3789:Biblical scholar
3739:Western text-type
3723:textual criticism
3704:Textual criticism
3698:Textual criticism
3695:
3694:
2333:is assigned both
2283:Hermann von Soden
2131:Syriac Sinaiticus
2110:scriptio continua
1992:
1991:
1195:
1194:
944:Priestly Blessing
780:Textual criticism
767:(Tanakh) and the
732:
731:
547:Conspiracy theory
476:
475:
215:Mosaic authorship
16:(Redirected from
6336:
6155:Dead Sea Scrolls
6137:Dating the Bible
6015:Historical books
5652:Eastern Orthodox
5565:Eastern Orthodox
5553:
5546:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5297:
5287:
5279:
5258:Manuscripts page
5232:
5217:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5160:
5140:
5114:
5092:
5073:
5051:
5032:
5013:
5011:
5009:
4986:
4974:
4955:
4920:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4745:. Archived from
4738:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4630:
4624:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4588:
4582:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4468:, pp. 3β10.
4463:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4300:
4293:Codex Sinaiticus
4280:
4274:
4263:
4221:Higher criticism
4174:Dating the Bible
4157:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4132:, manuscript of
4128:Folio 5r of the
4125:
4107:
4088:
4070:
4055:
4037:Codex Sinaiticus
4033:
4019:
4012:
3994:
3987:
3973:
3966:
3944:
3937:
3923:
3916:
3903:
3896:
3885:Dead Sea scrolls
3880:
3824:a duplicate line
3768:Bruce M. Metzger
3761:Textual scholar
3684:
3681:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3626:
3623:
3616:
3610:
3586:
3583:
3554:
3551:
3518:
3494:
3491:
3484:
3460:
3457:
3450:
3444:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3380:
3377:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3324:
3300:
3297:
3290:
3266:
3263:
3234:
3231:
3200:
3176:
3173:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3130:
3127:
3120:
3096:
3093:
3086:
3080:
3056:
3053:
3046:
3040:
3016:
3013:
3006:
2982:
2979:
2972:
2948:
2945:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2902:
2899:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2862:Large fragments
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2798:Large fragments
2792:
2789:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2692:Large fragments
2686:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2640:Large fragments
2635:2ndβ3rd century
2630:
2624:
2606:Large fragments
2600:
2597:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2485:
2476:Codex Sinaiticus
2385:
2381:
2376:Magdalen papyrus
2361:
2325:
2254:Codex Sinaiticus
2227:General epistles
2185:A page from the
2059:Pauline epistles
2033:
1344:
1311:Codex Sinaiticus
1276:
1270:
1267:
1131:
1128:
1100:
1097:
1003:Codex Sinaiticus
983:
980:
974:
971:
960:Dead Sea Scrolls
946:recorded in the
937:
934:
928:
925:
886:
870:, one complete (
856:Codex Sinaiticus
840:Dead Sea scrolls
833:
830:
822:
819:
804:A page from the
750:scriptures (see
724:
717:
710:
698:Bible portal
696:
695:
694:
419:Synoptic problem
343:
338:Biblical studies
267:Dead Sea scrolls
228:Petrine epistles
223:Pauline epistles
52:
29:
21:
6344:
6343:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6302:
6279:
6223:
6141:
6132:Christian canon
6095:
6030:Prophetic books
5993:
5924:2 Thessalonians
5919:1 Thessalonians
5834:
5801:
5766:
5737:
5699:
5658:
5644:
5572:
5544:
5543:
5535:
5346:
5342:
5333:
5324:
5273:
5239:
5220:
5208:
5199:
5197:
5184:Waltz, Robert.
5183:
5174:
5172:
5163:
5157:
5143:
5137:
5123:Ehrman, Bart D.
5117:
5111:
5095:
5089:
5076:
5070:
5056:Ehrman, Bart D.
5054:
5048:
5035:
5029:
5016:
5007:
5005:
4989:
4977:
4971:
4958:
4952:
4932:
4929:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4914:
4904:
4902:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4884:
4880:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4818:
4814:
4806:
4802:
4794:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4770:
4766:
4758:
4754:
4740:
4739:
4732:
4724:
4720:
4713:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4654:
4650:
4640:Wayback Machine
4631:
4627:
4619:
4615:
4607:
4603:
4595:
4591:
4583:
4576:
4568:
4564:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4521:
4517:
4509:
4505:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4476:
4472:
4464:
4460:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4435:, pp. 3gf.
4431:
4427:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4396:
4394:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4372:
4368:
4358:
4356:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4330:
4326:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4303:
4281:
4277:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4136:
4130:Codex Amiatinus
4126:
4117:
4115:Codex Argenteus
4112:Gothic language
4108:
4099:
4089:
4080:
4071:
4062:
4056:
4047:
4034:
4025:
4015:
4013:
4004:
3990:
3988:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3958:
3940:
3938:
3929:
3919:
3917:
3908:
3899:
3897:
3888:
3881:
3872:
3840:
3820:an omitted word
3808:Codex Vaticanus
3716:
3706:
3700:
3682:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3624:
3612:
3606:
3584:
3552:
3514:
3492:
3480:
3458:
3446:
3440:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3378:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3320:
3298:
3286:
3264:
3232:
3196:
3190:2 Thessalonians
3174:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:1 Thessalonians
3128:
3116:
3094:
3082:
3076:
3054:
3042:
3036:
3014:
3002:
2980:
2968:
2946:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2900:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2790:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2684:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2626:
2620:
2598:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2464:
2430:
2383:
2379:
2357:
2323:
2294:
2280:
2219:Pauline letters
2179:
2143:Eusebian Canons
2067:
2029:
2018:
1997:
1299:Oxyrhynchus 840
1272:
1268:
1222:
1206:Folio 41v from
1200:
1156:5th century CE
1129:
1098:
1087:Leningrad Codex
1067:
1057:Codex Amiatinus
1018:
999:Codex Vaticanus
981:
972:
948:Book of Numbers
935:
926:
884:
852:Codex Vaticanus
831:
825:Leningrad Codex
820:
798:
792:
728:
692:
690:
689:
681:
680:
667:
653:
631:
623:
622:
621:
537:
513:
486:
478:
477:
472:
391:
375:
364:
340:
330:
329:
328:
261:
260:
241:
240:
236:Johannine works
232:
196:
176:
175:
172:and development
159:
158:
157:
124:
110:
96:
69:
68:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6342:
6340:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6311:
6310:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6272:
6270:Synod of Hippo
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6231:
6229:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6204:Masoretic Text
6201:
6196:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6151:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6044:
6043:
6042:
6040:Minor prophets
6037:
6035:Major prophets
6027:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5848:
5846:
5840:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5813:Pseudepigrapha
5809:
5807:
5806:Classification
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5776:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5752:Psalms 152β155
5748:
5746:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5709:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5620:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5567:
5562:
5556:
5550:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5406:1β2 Chronicles
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5352:
5350:
5335:
5334:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5271:
5265:
5261:TextCrit.com:
5259:
5252:
5249:Bible Research
5245:
5238:
5237:External links
5235:
5234:
5233:
5218:
5206:
5181:
5161:
5155:
5141:
5135:
5115:
5109:
5093:
5087:
5074:
5068:
5052:
5046:
5033:
5028:978-0802822192
5027:
5014:
4987:
4975:
4969:
4956:
4950:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4912:
4890:
4878:
4863:
4842:
4824:
4812:
4800:
4798:, p. 449.
4788:
4786:, p. 138.
4776:
4764:
4752:
4730:
4718:
4711:
4693:
4672:
4670:, pp. 64*β76*.
4660:
4648:
4625:
4613:
4601:
4597:von Soden 1902
4589:
4574:
4562:
4527:
4525:, p. 250.
4515:
4513:, p. 249.
4503:
4482:
4470:
4458:
4437:
4425:
4404:
4378:
4366:
4336:
4324:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4275:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4127:
4120:
4118:
4109:
4102:
4100:
4090:
4083:
4081:
4072:
4065:
4063:
4057:
4050:
4048:
4035:
4028:
4026:
4014:
4007:
4005:
3989:
3982:
3980:
3968:
3961:
3959:
3939:
3932:
3930:
3918:
3911:
3909:
3906:Gospel of John
3898:
3891:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3839:
3836:
3828:harmonizations
3763:Bart D. Ehrman
3702:Main article:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3676:
3643:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3618:
3603:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3587:(4th century)
3578:
3571:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3555:(4th century)
3546:
3539:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3511:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3486:
3477:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3452:
3437:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3397:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3372:
3345:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3317:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3292:
3283:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3267:(4th century)
3258:
3251:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3235:(3rd century)
3226:
3221:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3193:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3168:
3147:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3122:
3113:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3088:
3073:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3048:
3033:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3008:
2999:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2974:
2965:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2940:
2919:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2894:
2873:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2809:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2784:
2703:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2678:
2651:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2617:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2592:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2468:Gospel of John
2463:
2460:
2429:
2426:
2396:Church Fathers
2293:
2290:
2279:
2276:
2266:Greek alphabet
2262:Latin alphabet
2187:Sinope Gospels
2178:
2175:
2170:Book of Durrow
2079:Book of Durrow
2075:Gospel of Mark
2066:
2063:
2017:
2014:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1212:Gospel of Luke
1199:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1093:
1090:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1009:
996:
990:
989:
986:
985:
982: 150 BCE
976:
973: 150 BCE
967:
964:
962:
956:
955:
952:
951:
930:
921:
915:
913:
907:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
890:
889:
883:
880:
868:Book of Isaiah
860:Book of Esther
832: 1008 CE
794:Main article:
791:
788:
773:extracanonical
730:
729:
727:
726:
719:
712:
704:
701:
700:
683:
682:
679:
678:
673:
666:
665:
660:
654:
652:
651:
650:
649:
639:
633:
632:
629:
628:
625:
624:
620:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
538:
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
514:
512:
511:
506:
501:
495:
494:
493:
487:
485:Interpretation
484:
483:
480:
479:
474:
473:
471:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
439:
436:
435:
429:
428:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
404:
399:
390:
389:
384:
379:
373:
368:
362:
357:
352:
346:
341:
336:
335:
332:
331:
327:
326:
321:
319:English Bibles
316:
311:
306:
301:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
272:Masoretic Text
269:
263:
262:
259:
258:
248:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
238:
231:
230:
225:
219:
218:
217:
212:
207:
202:
195:
194:
189:
184:
178:
177:
174:
173:
166:
165:
164:
161:
160:
156:
155:
154:
153:
148:
143:
132:
131:
130:
123:
122:
117:
111:
109:
108:
103:
97:
95:
94:
93:
92:
87:
82:
71:
70:
67:
66:
59:
58:
57:
54:
53:
45:
44:
38:
37:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6341:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6226:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6092:
6089:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6062:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5887:2 Corinthians
5885:
5883:
5882:1 Corinthians
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5844:New Testament
5841:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5825:New Testament
5823:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5769:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5740:
5734:
5733:Broader canon
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5542:
5538:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5446:Song of Songs
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5344:Old Testament
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5321:
5316:
5314:
5309:
5307:
5302:
5301:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5278:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5226:
5225:
5219:
5216:
5212:
5207:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5182:
5171:
5167:
5162:
5158:
5156:1-59856-172-3
5152:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5138:
5136:0-19-516667-1
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5110:0-19-507297-9
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5088:9781433505003
5084:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5069:0-19-515462-2
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5047:0-8423-5265-1
5043:
5039:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5020:
5015:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4981:
4976:
4972:
4970:9-03-900105-7
4966:
4962:
4957:
4953:
4951:0-8028-4098-1
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4916:
4913:
4901:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4879:
4874:
4867:
4864:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4846:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4825:
4822:, p. 34.
4821:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4765:
4762:, p. 65.
4761:
4756:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4719:
4714:
4712:0-8264-6211-1
4708:
4704:
4697:
4694:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4664:
4661:
4658:, p. 73.
4657:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4590:
4587:, p. 72.
4586:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4504:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4480:, p. 77.
4479:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4459:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4426:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4379:
4376:, p. 81.
4375:
4370:
4367:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4316:
4313:
4306:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4259:
4252:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3907:
3902:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3791:Gary Habermas
3786:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3771:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3731:New Testament
3726:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3609:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3443:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2962:2 Corinthians
2959:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2916:1 Corinthians
2913:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2480:New Testament
2477:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2420:, sy for the
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2292:GregoryβAland
2291:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2164:Book of Kells
2160:
2156:
2151:
2150:) were used.
2149:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2087:uncial script
2080:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2038:(also called
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:New Testament
1221:
1213:
1210:contains the
1209:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099: 100 CE
1094:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
987:
977:
968:
965:
963:
961:
958:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
931:
922:
920:
916:
914:
912:
909:
908:
904:
901:
895:
888:
887:
881:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:Old Testament
845:
841:
837:
826:
821: 920 CE
815:
808:, Deuteronomy
807:
802:
797:
789:
787:
785:
781:
776:
774:
771:, as well as
770:
769:New Testament
766:
762:
759:
755:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
725:
720:
718:
713:
711:
706:
705:
703:
702:
699:
688:
685:
684:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
664:
663:Infallibility
661:
659:
656:
655:
648:
645:
644:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
627:
626:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
562:Homosexuality
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
492:
489:
488:
482:
481:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
438:
437:
434:
430:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
409:
405:
403:
400:
398:
397:
393:
392:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
374:
372:
369:
367:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
345:
344:
339:
334:
333:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
299:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
264:
257:
253:
250:
249:
245:
244:
237:
234:
233:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
171:
168:
167:
163:
162:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
133:
129:
126:
125:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
64:
61:
60:
56:
55:
51:
47:
46:
43:
39:
35:
31:
30:
27:
19:
6193:Vetus Latina
6191:
6174:
6146:
6127:Jewish canon
6122:Antilegomena
6024:Poetic Books
6020:Wisdom books
5998:Subdivisions
5911:
5616: /
5541:Deuterocanon
5461:Lamentations
5441:Ecclesiastes
5348:(protocanon)
5339:Hebrew Bible
5281:
5228:
5222:
5214:
5210:
5198:. Retrieved
5189:
5173:. Retrieved
5169:
5145:
5126:
5100:
5078:
5059:
5037:
5018:
5006:. Retrieved
5002:
4991:Bruce, F. F.
4983:
4979:
4960:
4937:
4927:Bibliography
4915:
4903:. Retrieved
4893:
4881:
4866:
4855:
4845:
4836:
4827:
4820:Metzger 1992
4815:
4808:Metzger 1992
4803:
4791:
4779:
4772:Metzger 1992
4767:
4755:
4747:the original
4721:
4702:
4696:
4684:. Retrieved
4675:
4667:
4663:
4651:
4628:
4616:
4604:
4592:
4565:
4540:
4536:
4530:
4518:
4506:
4494:. Retrieved
4485:
4473:
4461:
4449:. Retrieved
4440:
4428:
4416:. Retrieved
4407:
4395:. Retrieved
4391:
4381:
4369:
4357:. Retrieved
4348:
4339:
4327:
4315:
4295:is the only
4278:
4261:
4155:Bible portal
4040:
4001:nomina sacra
3831:
3801:
3796:
3788:
3775:
3773:
3760:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3727:
3719:Palaeography
3717:
3689:
3678:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3620:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3523:3rd century
3522:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3488:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3454:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3421:3rd Century
3420:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3374:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3329:3rd century
3328:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3294:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3204:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3170:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3124:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3090:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3050:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3010:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2976:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2942:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2896:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2856:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2786:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2680:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2634:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2594:
2525:
2518:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2465:
2443:
2403:
2391:
2388:
2371:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2315:
2313:
2305:lectionaries
2300:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2235:
2211:lectionaries
2196:
2168:
2162:
2159:Gospel Books
2152:
2136:
2129:
2123:
2115:nomina sacra
2113:
2107:
2083:
2048:
2019:
2006:illumination
1998:
1995:Transmission
1971:
1363:
1356:Lectionaries
1355:
1349:
1323:
1285:were called
1279:
1223:
1153:500β1000 C E
1083:Aleppo Codex
905:Oldest Copy
814:Aleppo Codex
811:
806:Aleppo Codex
777:
765:Hebrew Bible
751:
735:
733:
630:Perspectives
491:Hermeneutics
406:
394:
314:Luther Bible
309:Gothic Bible
298:Vetus Latina
296:
255:
252:Translations
192:Hebrew canon
120:Antilegomena
115:Deuterocanon
26:
6298:WikiProject
6176:Diatessaron
6147:Manuscripts
6100:Development
5902:Philippians
5772:Beta Israel
5690:4 Maccabees
5685:3 Maccabees
5599:2 Maccabees
5594:1 Maccabees
5376:Deuteronomy
4934:Aland, Kurt
4905:23 November
4886:Ehrman 2004
4796:Ehrman 2004
4726:Ehrman 2004
4543:(63): 111.
4523:Kruger 2012
4511:Kruger 2012
4392:Greek to Me
4359:31 December
4273:for plural.
4092:Uncial 0308
4078:Deuteronomy
3999:containing
3070:Philippians
2451:Paleography
2320:blackletter
2270:superscript
2010:scriptorium
2008:called the
1386:Minuscules
1291:Middle Ages
1287:palimpsests
1122:200β100 BCE
1014:300β100 BCE
938:β587 BCE (
528:Inspiration
366:Historicity
324:by language
256:manuscripts
6313:Categories
6235:Authorship
6165:Septuagint
6010:Pentateuch
5989:Revelation
5913:Laodiceans
5907:Colossians
5396:1β2 Samuel
4320:Bruce 1964
4307:References
4045:Septuagint
3741:, and the
3683: 150
3640:Revelation
3632:Fragments
3625: 300
3585: 350
3553: 350
3500:Fragments
3493: 300
3466:Fragments
3459: 300
3426:Fragments
3386:Fragments
3379: 175
3299: 200
3265: 350
3240:Fragments
3233: 250
3210:Fragments
3182:Fragments
3175: 175
3136:Fragments
3129: 175
3110:Colossians
3102:Fragments
3095: 175
3062:Fragments
3055: 175
3022:Fragments
3015: 175
2988:Fragments
2981: 175
2954:Fragments
2947: 175
2908:Fragments
2901: 175
2791: 125
2685: 175
2599: 150
2446:autographs
2353:Kurt Aland
2231:Revelation
2177:Cataloging
2120:palimpsest
2103:descenders
2026:Nile Delta
1931:15th/16th
1891:14th/15th
1851:13th/14th
1811:12th/13th
1771:11th/12th
1731:10th/11th
1379:Minuscules
1327:manuscript
1269: 125
1218:See also:
994:Septuagint
936: 650
927: 650
756:) to huge
533:Literalism
443:Historical
350:Archeology
287:Septuagint
182:Authorship
170:Authorship
6074:Johannine
5934:2 Timothy
5929:1 Timothy
5897:Ephesians
5892:Galatians
5680:Psalm 151
5548:apocrypha
5526:Zechariah
5516:Zephaniah
5401:1β2 Kings
5366:Leviticus
4557:162215529
4496:4 October
4451:4 October
4418:4 October
4169:Apographa
3782:Euripides
3690:Fragment
3592:Complete
3560:Complete
3528:Fragment
3334:Fragment
3306:Fragment
3272:Complete
3248:2 Timothy
3218:1 Timothy
3030:Ephesians
2996:Galatians
2511:Condition
2416:, sy for
2398:. In the
2278:Von Soden
2099:ascenders
2091:minuscule
2077:from the
2036:parchment
1691:9th/10th
1331:parchment
1315:Bethlehem
1078:Masoretic
942:with the
658:Inerrancy
468:Canonical
463:Redaction
355:Artifacts
136:Apocrypha
65:and books
6288:Category
6187:Peshitta
6084:Catholic
6079:Pastoral
6064:Epistles
6057:Synoptic
5944:Philemon
5757:2 Baruch
5744:Peshitta
5718:Jubilees
5670:2 Esdras
5665:1 Esdras
5560:Catholic
5511:Habakkuk
5456:Jeremiah
5436:Proverbs
5416:Nehemiah
5194:Archived
5125:(2005).
5099:(1992).
5058:(2004).
4993:(1964).
4636:Archived
4353:Archived
4141:See also
3976:Philemon
3838:Listings
3750:a priori
3314:Philemon
2422:Peshitta
2392:versions
2322:script (
2240:(A) and
2167:and the
2148:ΞΊΞ΅Οαλαία
2128:and the
2095:baseline
1651:8th/9th
1611:7th/8th
1571:6th/7th
1531:5th/6th
1491:4th/5th
1451:3rd/4th
1411:2nd/3rd
1383:Uncials
1262:Armenian
1250:Ethiopic
1029:Peshitta
929:β587 BCE
899:Language
896:Examples
758:polyglot
753:Tefillin
607:Violence
592:Serpents
582:Prophecy
577:Muhammad
292:Peshitta
282:Targumim
34:a series
32:Part of
6324:Scribes
6260:Studies
6228:Related
6199:Vulgate
6069:Pauline
6047:Gospels
5964:2 Peter
5959:1 Peter
5949:Hebrews
5852:Matthew
5742:Syriac
5628:Susanna
5531:Malachi
5491:Obadiah
5466:Ezekiel
5371:Numbers
5356:Genesis
5329:of the
5200:19 June
5175:7 April
5008:19 June
5001:(ed.).
4686:30 June
4646:website
4642:at the
4446:"Waltz"
4397:25 July
4284:Metzger
4134:Vulgate
3947:Gospels
3870:Gallery
3816:scribes
3804:Albania
3770:wrote,
3474:2 Peter
3434:1 Peter
3342:Hebrews
2520:Matthew
2440:at work
2410:Vulgate
2402:of the
2309:papyrus
2215:Gospels
2055:codices
2051:scrolls
2022:papyrus
2001:scribes
1374:Uncials
1364:Century
1305:in the
1149:Aramaic
1052:Vulgate
975:β 70 CE
940:amulets
893:Version
866:of the
864:scrolls
775:works.
761:codices
744:scrolls
647:Quranic
642:Islamic
637:Gnostic
612:Warfare
602:Slavery
542:Alcohol
504:Midrash
448:Textual
304:Vulgate
90:Ketuvim
85:Nevi'im
6293:Portal
6170:Targum
5979:3 John
5974:2 John
5969:1 John
5877:Romans
5830:Jewish
5655:Others
5614:Baruch
5609:Sirach
5604:Wisdom
5584:Judith
5569:Others
5521:Haggai
5471:Daniel
5451:Isaiah
5431:Psalms
5421:Esther
5386:Judges
5381:Joshua
5361:Exodus
5153:
5133:
5107:
5085:
5066:
5044:
5025:
4967:
4948:
4709:
4555:
4491:"Seid"
4413:"Seid"
4289:papyri
3793:adds,
3737:, the
3568:3 John
3536:2 John
3508:1 John
2870:Romans
2438:scribe
2428:Dating
2370:, and
2229:, and
2207:uncial
2161:, the
2040:vellum
1369:Papyri
1335:script
1319:folios
1260:, and
1258:Nubian
1254:Coptic
1246:Gothic
1242:Slavic
1238:Syriac
1181:Coptic
1170:Coptic
1142:Targum
1119:Hebrew
1092:Hebrew
1036:Syriac
844:Qumran
836:Tanakh
823:) and
748:Jewish
572:Incest
552:Ethics
509:Pardes
499:Pesher
453:Source
382:Places
377:People
360:Dating
187:Dating
141:Jewish
75:Tanakh
63:Canons
36:on the
5954:James
5939:Titus
5713:Enoch
5579:Tobit
5506:Nahum
5501:Micah
5496:Jonah
5476:Hosea
5331:Bible
5327:Books
5231:: 40.
4997:. In
4553:S2CID
4253:Notes
3777:Iliad
3394:James
3280:Titus
2258:aleph
2191:Jesus
2044:paper
1988:1879
1982:2667
1972:Total
1951:16th
1911:15th
1871:14th
1831:13th
1791:12th
1751:11th
1711:10th
1307:Sinai
1282:cache
1271:(the
1234:Latin
1230:Greek
1061:Latin
1011:Greek
740:Bible
617:Women
567:Humor
387:Names
80:Torah
42:Bible
6052:List
5984:Jude
5872:Acts
5867:John
5862:Luke
5857:Mark
5818:list
5695:Odes
5486:Amos
5481:Joel
5411:Ezra
5391:Ruth
5251:site
5202:2007
5177:2021
5151:ISBN
5131:ISBN
5105:ISBN
5083:ISBN
5064:ISBN
5042:ISBN
5023:ISBN
5010:2007
4965:ISBN
4946:ISBN
4907:2013
4707:ISBN
4688:2021
4498:2014
4453:2014
4420:2014
4399:2018
4361:2008
3955:Mark
3951:Acts
3949:and
3712:and
3600:Jude
2806:Acts
2700:John
2648:Luke
2614:Mark
2504:Date
2490:Book
2382:and
2368:2928
2364:0323
2337:and
2328:e.g.
2223:Acts
2101:and
1985:286
1979:269
1966:194
1960:136
1926:171
1920:241
1886:308
1880:511
1846:394
1840:547
1806:486
1800:555
1766:227
1760:429
1723:108
1720:124
1683:113
1671:9th
1631:8th
1591:7th
1551:6th
1511:5th
1471:4th
1431:3rd
1391:2nd
1224:The
1005:and
876:1QIs
872:1QIs
854:and
812:The
587:Rape
458:Form
254:and
5545:and
5426:Job
4545:doi
4271:MSS
3224:π
2386:).
2351:).
2134:).
1976:94
1866:17
1860:28
1826:17
1820:26
1786:13
1780:33
1763:15
1726:38
1717:17
1680:13
1677:53
1643:22
1637:29
1597:28
1557:51
1537:10
1517:36
1477:14
1474:14
1434:28
842:at
597:Sex
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5280:.
5229:27
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4854:.
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4577:^
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4541:19
4539:.
4390:.
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4267:MS
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3992:π
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3680:c.
3672:π
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1957:-
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1946:2
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