75:
402:). The extent of the burrowing behavior depends on the type of soil present: in areas with fine deep soil their tunnels average 10.7 m (35 ft) long and up to 51 cm (20 in) beneath the surface, whereas in shallow rocky soils the average length is 3.3 m (11 ft) and they do not extend deeper than 19.4 cm (7.6 in). Additionally they have one to four escape routes besides the main entrance.
50:
31:
425:. Most of the plant material near the burrows in their home ranges are utilized. They achieve necessary water consumption from seeds and dew from the plant material in their diet, and will only drink from a puddle or direct water source if water intake isn't achieved for several weeks. If the dry food matter increases and humidity is decreased, the mean daily activity of the rats drastically declines.
511:, and with their eyes closed. Within 22 hours of birth, hair is already developing and beginning to obtain adult pigmentation, beginning at the head and eventually reaching the feet by day 7. Before day 9 it is not possible to differentiate sexes because external genitalia appear the same. Weaning is completed around day 25, and young begin hunting and scavenging independently by 4 weeks.
480:
interact with each other with a characteristic foot drumming, where increased foot drumming was associated with unwillingness to socialize and the absence of foot drumming was associated with willingness to socialize. High rates of interspecies competition has been observed; however, intraspecies competition between
Heermann's kangaroo rats has not been directly observed.
479:
They live a solitary life, however, experiments have shown that sociality does alter the rat's behaviors and that the rat does indeed have some ability to form generalized sociality. Sociality is measured by willingness to participate in social interactions. Kangaroo rats exhibit their willingness to
375:
With all the interconnected surface runways within a community composed of individual
Heermann's kangaroo rats, it is incredibly difficult to narrow down individual home ranges. Because of this difficulty in distinguishing home ranges, the estimated values fluctuate greatly. In one study, more than
384:
Population densities experience many ups and downs and have been shown to range between 2–30 kangaroo rats per hectare (1–12 per acre). There seems to be no way of predicting whether or not emigration has anything to do with these large fluctuations in population density. Typically, it is only the
307:
Heermann's kangaroo rat averages a total length of 250–313 mm (9.8–12.3 in), with their tail measuring 160–200 mm (6.3–7.9 in), their hind foot measuring 38–46 mm (1.5–1.8 in), and their ear measuring 10–17 mm (0.39–0.67 in). Additionally when looking at all
503:
Heermann's kangaroo rat rarely show increased levels of sexual behavior. Copulation is rather quick, and typically only lasts a couple seconds. If the animals are caged, the rats show no increase in sexual behavior. Females rats will even show aggression if her genitalia are swollen and enlarged.
491:
Traveling is mostly done in a bipedal position with occasional hops that generally reach distances about 15 cm (6 in). When moving slowly they are usually in a plantigrade position. On the other hand, when they are moving more quickly they can become saltatorial and can even become
476:, instead it remains more or less active during the year depending on time of day. It lives in a burrow for the majority of the day (up to 23 hours/day) and typically only comes out at night. Rain, fog and a bright full moon will usually prevent them from coming out of their burrow.
358:. They can be found in a range of habitats, however they do not surpass the altitude of 910 m (3,000 ft). Even with this small home range, the Heermann's kangaroo rat is listed as a species of least concern according to the IUCN. According to USFWS the sub-species
376:
half of all recaptured rats were found within 30.5 meters (100 ft) of their first capture. Home ranges can be very different from each other and can consist of differing levels of vegetation. Most common areas are on coastal plains or ridges with shallow soil.
487:
after foraging. This behavior consists of them lying on their bellies with they hind limbs extended or alternating keeping either their fore or hind limbs straight. It is thought to help withdraw oil and moisture, thus keeping their fur dry and sleek.
273:
It is considered "broad-faced", unlike many other species of kangaroo rats, which are considered to be "narrow-faced". It has five toes on each hind foot, and this small characteristic is important in distinguishing it from similar species such as
504:
During labor, the female rat will assist the delivery of the young with her front paws. The female
Heermann's kangaroo rats also fondle her babies after birth with fondling, smelling, and licking.
398:
Heermann's kangaroo rats are burrowing animals, and they manipulate the tunnels already made by other burrowing animals to make their own, such as tunnels made by ground squirrels (
212:. Their long smooth pelage resembles typical kangaroo rats, with their dorsal side showing a mixed range of olive, black and orange colors. There are 9 distinguished sub-species of
500:
Heermann's kangaroo rat has a wide window in which it primarily breeds, ranging from
February to October. Its highest breeding activity is in April, and this decreases in July.
1571:
1003:
Shier, Debra M.; Randall, Jan A. (2007-05-01). "Use of different signaling modalities to communicate status by dominant and subordinate
Heermann's kangaroo rats (
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ricochetal. When running rapidly their hops can range from 61 to 76 cm (24 to 30 in), and their tail aids in providing counterbalance.
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413:, especially during seasons of winter and spring. Additionally, in the wild they have been documented capturing insects at night such as
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larger rats that take part in emigration, and females have been shown to exhibit this behavior more often than males.
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1052:"Competitive Interactions Between Tipton and Heermann's Kangaroo Rats in the San Joaquin Valley, California"
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775:. 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 183.
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standard external measurements it has been found they demonstrate significant sexual dimorphism.
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Nichters, R. (1957). "The effect of variation in humidity and water intake on activity of
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464:. However, predation does not seem to have a noticeable impact on population densities.
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406:
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Fitch, H. S. (1948). "Habits and
Economic Relationships of the Tulare Kangaroo Rat".
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The young are born bright pink, wrinkled, hairless (except for colorless vibrissae),
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59:
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Grinnell, Joseph (1922). "A Geographical Study of the
Kangaroo Rats of California".
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in the United States. The range is limited as well, extending north to south from
409:, and seeds provide a significant nutritional value to their diet. They are also
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Williams, D; Genoways, H; Braun, J (1993). "Biology of the
Heteromyidae".
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Tappe, D. T. (1941). "Natural
History of the Tulare kangaroo rat".
594:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 845–846.
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591:
Mammal
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
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Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2009).
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1050:Tennant, Erin N.; Germano, David J. (2013-06-01).
737:(323). The American Society of Mammalogists: 1–7.
556:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42600A22227931.en
1131:
827:"Species Profile for Morro Bay kangaroo rat (
8:
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1138:
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48:
29:
20:
649:
554:
682:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
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788:
924:
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722:Kelt, Douglas A. (27 December 1988).
717:
472:The Heermann's kangaroo rat does not
7:
1711:Endemic rodents of the United States
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621:
619:
428:They do have some predators such as
1701:IUCN Red List least concern species
1009:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
542:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1726:Taxa named by John Eatton Le Conte
1111:University of California, Berkeley
286:. Additionally it is smaller than
14:
825:Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife.
366:Home range and population density
773:The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals
73:
829:Dipodomys heermanni morroensis
1:
1289:San José Island kangaroo rat
405:Heermann's kangaroo rats are
1410:(Microdipodops megacephalus)
1305:Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat
350:, and east to west from the
1716:Endemic fauna of California
1361:Banner-tailed kangaroo rat
1056:The Southwestern Naturalist
1742:
1377:Narrow-faced kangaroo rat
1068:10.1894/0038-4909-58.2.258
1721:Mammals described in 1853
1427:
1345:Phillips's kangaroo rat (
1265:San Quintin kangaroo rat
1159:
1146:Extant species of family
1021:10.1007/s00265-006-0335-5
362:is listed as endangered.
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1418:(Microdipodops pallidus)
1369:Stephens's kangaroo rat
1339:(Dipodomys panamintinus)
1273:Heermann's kangaroo rat
1259:(Dipodomys elephantinus)
1233:Gulf Coast kangaroo rat
1227:(Dipodomys californicus)
1225:California kangaroo rat
795:: CS1 maint: location (
483:They have been observed
254:. The dental formula of
24:Heermann's kangaroo rat
1363:(Dipodomys spectabilis)
1323:(Dipodomys nitratoides)
1297:Merriam's kangaroo rat
1257:Big-eared kangaroo rat
651:2027/hvd.32044107347767
313:Adolphus Lewis Heermann
196:Heermann's kangaroo rat
1337:Panamint kangaroo rat
1313:Nelson's kangaroo rat
588:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
354:mountain range to the
301:Dipodomys elephantinus
277:Dipodomys californicus
1371:(Dipodomys stephensi)
1353:Dulzura kangaroo rat
1347:Dipodomys phillipsii)
1291:(Dipodomys insularis)
1275:(Dipodomys heermanni)
1235:(Dipodomys compactus)
582:"Family Heteromyidae"
549:: e.T42600A22227931.
283:Dipodomys nitratoides
1416:Pale kangaroo mouse
1408:Dark kangaroo mouse
1379:(Dipodomys venustus)
1355:(Dipodomys simulans)
1321:Fresno kangaroo rat
1299:(Dipodomys merriami)
1267:(Dipodomys gravipes)
1241:Desert kangaroo rat
970:Journal of Mammalogy
931:Journal of Mammalogy
875:Journal of Mammalogy
812:Journal of Mammalogy
630:Journal of Mammalogy
531:Cassola, F. (2016).
389:Ecology and behavior
348:Santa Barbara County
315:, who collected the
1499:Dipodomys_heermanni
1485:Dipodomys heermanni
1455:Dipodomys heermanni
1329:Ord's kangaroo rat
1315:(Dipodomys nelsoni)
1307:(Dipodomys microps)
1281:Giant kangaroo rat
1249:Texas kangaroo rat
1243:(Dipodomys deserti)
1217:Agile kangaroo rat
1102:Dipodomys heermanni
1005:Dipodomys heermanni
814:. Taxonomy: 38–196.
726:Dipodomys heermanni
676:Dipodomys heermanni
535:Dipodomys heermanni
328:Dipodomys heermanni
256:Dipodomys heermanni
214:Dipodomys heermanni
201:Dipodomys heermanni
179:Dipodomys heermanni
40:Conservation status
1283:(Dipodomys ingens)
1251:(Dipodomys elator)
1219:(Dipodomys agilis)
380:Population density
311:It is named after
295:Dipodomys venustus
222:D.h. berkeleyensis
204:) is a species of
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1687:
1663:Open Tree of Life
1447:Taxon identifiers
1438:
1437:
1401:
1331:(Dipodomys ordii)
1210:
735:Mammalian Species
601:978-0-8018-8221-0
319:of this species.
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161:D. heermanni
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16:Species of rodent
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238:D.h. jolonensis
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515:References
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411:herbivores
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371:Home range
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