Robert Koch - Knowledge (XXG)

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complete failures. Rudolf Virchow's autopsy report of 21 subjects treated with tuberculin to the Berlin Medical Society on 7 January 1891 revealed that instead of healing tuberculosis, the subjects died because of the treatment. One week later, Koch publicised that the drug was a glycerine extract of a pure cultivation of the tuberculosis bacilli. The German official report in late 1891 declared that tuberculosis was not cured with tuberculin. From this moment onwards, Koch's prestige fell apart. The reason for his initial secrecy was due to an ambition for monetary benefits for the new drug, and with that establishment of his own research institute. Since 1885, he had tried to leave government service and create an independent state-run institute of his own. Following the disappointment, he was released from the University of Berlin and forced to work as Director of the Royal Prussian Institute for Infectious Diseases, a newly established institute, in 1891. He was prohibited from working on tuberculin and from claiming patent rights in any of his subsequent works.

499:. After officially becoming a district physician in Wollstein (today's Wolsztyn), Poland, in 1872, Robert began to delve into the disease called Anthrax. Near Wollstein, anthrax disease was regularly taking the lives of humans and livestock without evidence explaining why. Eventually, in 1876, Koch was able to make an incredible discovery that anthrax was triggered by one singular pathogen. Koch’s discovery of the dormant stage, the anthrax spores, allowed him to successfully unravel the mystery behind the anthrax disease. By gaining a better understanding of this pathogen, he was able to shed light on the bacterium’s remarkable resistance to environmental factors (“Robert Koch – Nobel Lecture” 2018). This groundbreaking achievement marked Koch as the pioneer scientist to discover that a microscopic organism was causing a disease to spread. His findings were especially impressive as they were done in a poorly equipped laboratory in Wollstein. 843: 835: 1149: 1370:. To the surprise of the Nobel Committee, the two nominees exchanged polemic arguments against each other publicly justifying the importance of their own works. Robert Koch was then appointed as a "neutral arbitrator" to make the final decision. To his disadvantage, Grassi had criticised Koch on his malaria research in 1898 during an investigation of the epidemic, while Ross had established a cordial relationship with Koch. Ross was selected for the award, as Koch "threw the full weight of his considerable authority in insisting that Grassi did not deserve the honour". 969:

Berlin to get Koch's remedy. While this was effective in humans, his experiments also revealed that when the substance was inoculated into his tuberculosis-infected test guinea pigs, they presented with severe symptoms. This outcome, characterized by an exaggerated immune response, coined the term “Koch’s phenomenon.” This is known as an extreme skin reaction that manifests itself at the BCG vaccination site within a few days after the vaccine is administered to an individual infected with tuberculosis. When a normal guinea pig was inoculated with pure

1125: 4921: 4844: 7097: 1139: 973:, the wound would close rapidly and heal within several days. Afterwards, the site of the injection would open and form an ulcer until the animal died. However, if the same inoculated culture was injected into a guinea pig that was previously infected with tuberculosis, the site of the injection becomes dark, and eventually heals normally and quickly (Moreland, 2024). The uncertainty in the chemical nature coined the term phenomenon in the name “Koch’s phenomenon.” 691:) has been known as the "Bible of Bacteriology." In it he described a novel method of using glass slide with agar to grow bacteria. The method involved pouring a liquid agar onto the glass slide and then spreading a thin layer of gelatin over it. The gelatin made the culture medium solidify, in which bacterial samples could be spread uniformly. The whole bacterial culture was then put on a glass plate together with a small wet paper. Koch named this container as 528: 4899: 535:

these herbivores. Anthrax infection is spread to humans when spores gain entry into the body, whether that is from inhalation, open wounds, or another method of entrance. Once inside, the spores are activated, allowing the bacteria to multiply and spread their toxins. Another spread of infection is through biting flies, like mosquitoes, that come in contact with the blood and feces of herbivores, preceded by contact with human flesh (information from Bergman

769: 590:), who helped him publish the discovery in 1876. Cohn had established the Institute of Plant Physiology and invited Koch to demonstrate his new bacterium there in 1877. Koch was transferred to Breslau as district physician in 1879. A year after, he left for Berlin when he was appointed a government advisor at the Imperial Health Office, where he worked from 1880 to 1885. Following his discovery of the tuberculosis bacterium, he was promoted to 51: 4928: 3154:(In the last report, I could already respectfully report that unusual characteristics were discovered in the bacteria of enteric cholera, by which they are to be distinguished with complete certainty from other bacteria. Of these features, the following are the most characteristic: the bacteria are not quite straight, like the rest of the bacilli, but a little bent, similar to a comma.) 951:. His notebook indicates that by February 1890, he tested hundreds of compounds. In one of such tests, he found that an extract from the tuberculosis bacterium culture dissolved in glycerine could cure tuberculosis in guinea pigs. Based on a series of experiments from April to July 1891, he could conclude that the extract did not kill the tuberculosis bacterium, but destroyed (by 447:, on 11 December 1843, to Hermann Koch (1814–1877) and Mathilde Julie Henriette (née Biewend; 1818–1871). His father was a mining engineer. He was the third of thirteen siblings. He excelled academically from an early age. Before entering school in 1848, he had taught himself how to read and write. He completed secondary education in 1862, having excelled in science and math. 760:. It is often asserted that Petri developed a new culture plate, but this was not so. He simply discarded the use of glass plate and instead used the circular glass dish directly, not just as a moist chamber, but as the main culture container. This further reduced the chances of contaminations. It would also have been appropriate if the name "Koch dish" had been given. 1306:) were different pathogens when he made the discovery in 1882. Two years later, he revoked that position and asserted that the two bacilli were the same type. This later assumption was taken as a fact in veterinary practice. Based on it, legislations were made in the US for the inspection of meat and milk. In 1898, an American veterinarian 659:. However, he soon realized that gelatin, like potato slices, was not the optimal medium for bacterial growth, as it did not remain solid at 37 °C, the ideal temperature for growth of most human pathogens. And also many bacteria can hydrolyze gelatin making it a liquid. As suggested to him by his post-doctoral assistant 1006:

The first report on the clinical trial in 1891 was disappointing. By then 1061 patients with tuberculosis of internal organs and of 708 patients with tuberculosis of external tissues were given the treatment. An attempt to use tuberculin as a therapeutic drug is regarded as Koch's "greatest failure."

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By November 1890, Koch demonstrated the effectiveness of the extract in treating humans by administering the vaccine through the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) technique. This absorbs the vaccine through the skin by means of multiple shallow punctures on the skin and many patients and doctors went to

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In a communication which I made a few months ago to the International Medical Congress , I described a substance of which the result is to make laboratory animals insensitive to inoculation of tubercle bacilli, and in the case of already infected animals, to bring the tuberculous process to a halt. I

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Im letzten Berichte konnte ich bereits gehorsamst mittheilen, dass an den Bacillen des Choleradarms besondere Eigenschaften aufgefunden wurden, durch welche sie mit aller Sicherheit von anderen Bakterien zu unterscheiden sind. Von diesen Merkmalen sind folgende die am meisten charakteristischen: Die

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Die Tuberkelbacillen lassen sich auch noch auf anderen Nährsubstraten kultivieren, wenn letztere ähnliche Eigenschaften wie das erstarrte Blutserum besitzen. So wachsen sie beispielsweise auf einer mit Agar-Agar bereiteten, bei Blutwärme hart bleibenden Gallerte, welche einen Zusatz von Fleischinfus

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in anthrax bacteria, which could remain dormant under specific conditions. However, under optimal conditions, the spores were activated and caused disease. To determine this causative agent, he dry-fixed bacterial cultures onto glass slides, used dyes to stain the cultures, and observed them through

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During his time as government advisor, Koch published a report on how he discovered and experimentally showed tuberculosis bacterium as the pathogen of tuberculosis. He described the importance of pure cultures in isolating disease-causing organisms and explained the necessary steps to obtain these

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When the cover-glasses were exposed to this staining fluid for 24 hours, very fine rod-like forms became apparent in the tubercular mass for the first time, having, as further observations showed, the power of multiplication and of spore formation and hence belonging to the same group of organisms

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in London in August 1881, Koch and Pasteur were friendly towards each other. But the rest of their careers followed with scientific disputes. The conflict started when Koch interpreted his discovery of anthrax bacillus in 1876 as causality, that is, the germ caused the anthrax infections. Although

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research. At the time, it was widely believed that tuberculosis was an inherited disease. However, Koch was convinced that the disease was caused by a bacterium and was infectious. In 1882, he published his findings on tuberculosis, in which he reported the causative agent of the disease to be the

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Anthrax particles live in a vegetative state until exposed to oxygen, where they form many infectious spores. They can live in the soil and be consumed by herbivores. Large herbivores, like cows, are most susceptible to anthrax disease, and humans are affected by animal waste, fecal or corpses, by

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which can be used in the determination of the cause of most infectious diseases. These postulates, which not only outlined a method for linking cause and effect of an infectious disease but also established the significance of laboratory culture of infectious agents, became the "gold standard" in

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can tell that much, that guinea pigs, which are highly susceptible to the disease , no longer react upon inoculation with tubercle virus when treated with that substance and that in guinea pigs, which are sick (with tuberculosis), the pathological process can be brought to a complete standstill.

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developed in 1881 was. Koch published his conclusion in 1881 with a statement: "anthrax never occurs without viable anthrax bacilli or spores. In my opinion no more conclusive proof can be given that anthrax bacilli are the true and only cause of anthrax," and that vaccination such as claimed by

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When Koch discovered tuberculin in 1890 as a medication for tuberculosis, he kept the experiment secret and avoided disclosing the source. It was only after a year under public pressure that he publicly announced the experiment and the source. Clinical trials with tuberculin were disastrous and

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later recollected that this moment was his "single greatest scientific experience." Koch expanded the report and published it under the same title as a booklet in 1884, in which he concluded that the discovery of tuberculosis bacterium fulfilled the three principles, eventually known as Koch's

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Koch began conducting research on microorganisms in a laboratory connected to his patient's examination room. His early research in this laboratory yielded one of his major contributions to the field of microbiology, as he developed the technique of growing bacteria. Furthermore, he managed to

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to study natural science. He took up mathematics, physics and botany. He was appointed assistant in the university's Pathological Museum. After three semesters, he decided to change his area of study to medicine, as he aspired to be a physician. During his fifth semester at the medical school,

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to Germany for demonstration and disproved Koch's idea. They had a heated public debate at the International Congress for Hygiene in Geneva in 1882, where Koch criticised Pasteur's methods as "unreliable," and claimed they "are false and they inevitably lead to false conclusions." Koch later

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bacterium was a new species, and described as "a little bent, like a comma." His experiment using fresh blood samples indicated that the bacterium could kill red blood cells, and he hypothesized that some sort of poison was used by the bacterium to cause the disease. In 1959, Indian scientist

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was the source of cholera. He performed autopsies of almost 100 bodies, and found in each bacterial infection. He identified the same bacteria from water tanks, linking the source of the infection. He isolated the bacterium in pure culture on 7 January 1884. He subsequently confirmed that the

609:, which Koch had discovered and intended as a remedy for tuberculosis, that any of Koch's inventions would unconditionally belong to the government and he would not be compensated. Koch lost the right to apply for patent protection. In 1906, he moved to East Africa to research a cure for 1327:, held in London in July 1901, he said that cattle tuberculosis is not dangerous to humans and there is no need for medical attention. He said, "I therefore consider it unnecessary to take any measures against this form of TB. The fight against TB clearly has to concentrate on the human 1310:

published a detailed comparative study and found that the tuberculosis bacteria are different based on their structure, growth patterns, and pathogenicity. In addition, he also discovered that there were variations in each type. In his conclusion, he made two important points:

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Koch gave much of his research attention to tuberculosis throughout his career. After medical expeditions to various parts of the world, he again focussed on tuberculosis from the mid-1880s. By that time the Imperial Health Office was carrying out a project for disinfection of

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After graduation in 1866, Koch briefly worked as an assistant in the General Hospital of Hamburg. In October of that year, he moved to Idiot's Hospital of Langenhagen, near Hanover, as a general physician. In 1868, he moved to Neimegk and then to Rakwitz in 1869. As the

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By that time, there was evidence that cattle tuberculosis was transmitted to humans through meat and milk. Upon these reports, Koch conceded that the two bacilli were different but still advocated that cattle tuberculosis was of no health concern. Speaking at the Third

1184:, established to honour the greatest living physicians. Emperor Wilhelm I awarded him the Order of the Crown, 100,000 marks and appointment as Privy Imperial Councillor, Surgeon-General of Health Service, and Fellow of the Science Senate of Kaiser Wilhelm Society. 3806:"Wenn nun die Diphtherie eine durch Mikroorganismen bedingte Krankheit ist, so müssen sich auch bei ihr jene drei Postulate erfüllen lassen, deren Erfüllung für den stricten Beweis der parasitäten Natur einer jeden derartigen Krankheit unumgänglich nothwendig ist: 1002:

presented it as "glad tidings of great joy." Koch simply referred to the medication as "brownish, transparent fluid." Josephs Pohl-Pincus had used the name tuberculin in 1844 for tuberculosis culture media, and Koch subsequently adopted as "tuberkulin."

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With it his reputation greatly waned. But he devoted the rest of his life trying to make tuberculin as a usable medication. His discovery was not a total failure: the substance is now used to test for hypersensitivity in tuberculosis patients.

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Although Koch worked out the principles, he did not formulate the postulates, which were introduced by his assistant Friedrich Loeffler. Loeffler, reporting his discovery of diphtheria bacillus in 1883, stated three postulates as follows:

695:(moist chamber). The typical chamber was a circular glass dish 20 cm in diameter and 5 cm in height and had a lid to prevent contamination. The glass plate and the transparent culture media made observation of the bacterial growth easy. 1352:. Ross had discovered that the human malarial parasite was carried by certain mosquitoes in 1897, and the next year that bird malaria could be transmitted from infected to healthy birds by the bite of a mosquito. Grassi had discovered 601:. He became Director of Hygienic Institute and Chair (Professor of hygiene) of the Faculty of Medicine. In 1891, he relinquished his professorship and became a director of the Royal Prussian Institute for Infectious Diseases (now the 1100:

In July 1867, Koch married Emma (Emmy) Adolfine Josephine Fraatz, and the two had a daughter, Gertrude, in 1868. Their marriage ended after 26 years in 1893, and later that same year, he married actress Hedwig Freiberg (1872–1945).

895:). His experiment on animals using his pure bacteria culture did not cause the disease, and correctly explained that animals are immune to human pathogen. The bacterium was then known as "the comma bacillus", and scientifically as 4815:

Weindling, Paul. "Scientific elites and laboratory organization in fin de siècle Paris and Berlin: The Pasteur Institute and Robert Koch’s Institute for Infectious Diseases compared," in Andrew Cunningham and Perry Williams, eds.

3821:(Now if diphtheria is a disease that's caused by microorganisms, then it must also be able to fulfil those three postulates whose fulfilment is absolutely necessary for the strict proof of the parasitic nature of any such disease: 1041:. On the contrary, German settlers and Chinese workers, who had been brought to New Guinea, fell sick immediately. The longer they had stayed in the country, however, the more they too seemed to develop a resistance against it. 1343:

The Nobel Committee selected the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to be awarded for the discovery of the transmission of malaria. But it could not make the final decision on whom to give it to — the British surgeon

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his postulates were not yet formulated, he did not establish the bacterium as the cause of the disease: it was an inference. Pasteur therefore argued that Koch's discovery was not the full proof of causality, but Pasteur's

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as possible disinfectants. These chemicals and other available drugs did not work. His report in 1883 also mentioned a failed experiment in an attempt to make a tuberculosis vaccine. By 1888, Koch turned his attention to

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slices. Through these initial experiments, Koch observed individual colonies of identical, pure cells. He found that potato slices were not suitable media for all organisms, and later began to use nutrient solutions with

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All these factors together allow me to conclude that the bacilli present in the tuberculous lesions do not only accompany tuberculosis, but rather cause it. These bacilli are the true agents of tuberculosis.

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of people who died of cholera always had bacterial infection, yet could not confirm whether the bacteria were the causative pathogens. As the outbreak in Egypt declined, he was transferred to Calcutta (now

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2) The organisms to which one would attribute — according to their behaviour in the diseased parts — a relevance for the occurrence of these changes, must be isolated and cultured in pure form.

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as the anthrax bacillus... Microscopic examination then showed that only the previously blue-stained cell nuclei and detritus became brown, while the tubercle bacilli remained a beautiful blue.

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2) Die Organismen, welchen nach ihrem Verhalten zu den erkrankten Theilen eine Bedeutung für das Zustandekommen dieser Veränderungen beizulegen wäre, müssen isolirt und rein gezüchtet werden.

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Although Koch was convinced that the bacterium was the cholera pathogen, he could not entirely establish critical evidence the bacterium produced the symptoms in healthy subjects (following

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in 1840, asked him to participate in his research project on uterine nerve structure. This research won him a research prize from the university and enabled him to briefly study under

7520: 568:, Poland). As his family settled there, his wife gave him a microscope as a birthday gift. With the microscope, he set up a private laboratory and started his career in microbiology. 467:, who was at the time considered "Germany's most renowned physician". In his sixth semester, Koch began to research at the Physiological Institute, where he studied the secretion of 353:) in 1876 is considered as the birth of modern bacteriology. Koch used his discoveries to establish that germs "could cause a specific disease" and directly provided proofs for the 553:

started in 1870, he enlisted in the German army as a volunteer surgeon in 1871 to support the war effort. He was discharged a year later and was appointed as a district physician (

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as a medication for tuberculosis which was proven to be ineffective, but developed for diagnosis of tuberculosis after his death. For his research on tuberculosis, he received the

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continued to attack Pasteur, saying, "Pasteur is not a physician, and one cannot expect him to make sound judgments about pathological processes and the symptoms of disease."

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in Physiology and Medicine "for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis." In 1906, research on tuberculosis and tropical diseases won him the

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On 9 April 1910, Koch suffered a heart attack and never made a complete recovery. On 27 May, three days after giving a lecture on his tuberculosis research at the

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Koch established the Royal Prussian Institute for Infectious Diseases in Berlin in 1891. After his death, it was renamed Robert Koch Institute in his honour.

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physician Joaquim Balcells i Pascual around the same time. But they failed to identify the bacterium as the causative agent of cholera. Koch's colleague

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Christoph, Hans Gerhard: Robert Koch " Trias deutschen Forschergeistes " Naturheilpraxis / Pflaum- Verlag / Munich 70.Jahrgang December 2017 pages 90–93

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a microscope. His work with anthrax is notable in that he was the first to link a specific microorganism with a specific disease, rejecting the idea of

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as antibacterial chemicals. He developed a method for examining antibacterial activity by mixing the gelatin-based culture media with a yellow dye,

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The Christmas Seal Catalog is a simplified version of Green's Catalog of TB Seals of the World, part 1, U.S. National Christmas Seals.

3290: 3792:"Untersuchungen über die Bedeutung der Mikroorganismen für die Entstehung der Diphtherie beim Menschen, bei der Taube und beim Kalbe" 7767: 7297: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6532: 4682: 392:) made him the first to grow bacteria in the laboratory. In appreciation of his work, he was appointed to government advisor at the 295: 4034: 613:(sleeping sickness). He established the Bugula research camp where up to 1000 people a day were treated with the experimental drug 4006: 7792: 7737: 7525: 7351: 6376: 4884: 3998: 7165: 5569: 2414:

Christoph Gradmann: Laboratory Disease, Robert Koch's Medical Bacteriology. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2009,

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While working as a private physician, Koch developed many innovative techniques in microbiology. He was the first to use the

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remained sceptical. Virchow clung to his theory that all diseases are due to faulty cellular activities. On the other hand,

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During his time as the government advisor with the Imperial Health Agency in Berlin in the 1880s, Koch became interested in

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at the age of 66. Following his death, the Institute named its establishment after him in his honour. He was irreligious.

7505: 6016: 3257: 1105: 252: 33: 880:. Koch reported his discovery to the German Secretary of State for the Interior on 2 February, and published it in the 7641: 7024: 5219: 4912: 982: 735: 730: 185: 955:) the infected tissues, thereby depriving bacterial growth. He made a vague announcement in August 1890 at the Tenth 2433: 1148: 7616: 7439: 7135: 6976: 5996: 5777: 787: 451: 427:

in 1905. The day he announced the discovery of the tuberculosis bacterium, 24 March 1882, has been observed by the

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that remains solid at 37 °C, is not degraded by most bacteria, and results in a stable transparent medium.

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Hugh, Rudolph (1965). "Nomenclature and taxonomy of Vibrio cholerae Pacini 1854 and Vibrio eltor Pribam 1933".

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Bacillen sind nicht ganz geradlinig, wie die übrigen Bacillen, sondern ein wenig gekrümmt, einem Komma ähnlich.

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1) Es müssen constant in den local erkrankten Parteien Organismen in typischer Anordnung nachgewiesen werden.

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that enabled smaller objects to be seen. In addition, he was also the first to effectively use photography (

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Ed. Brenda Wilmoth Lerner and K. Lee Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Biography in Context. Web. 14 April 2013.

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Ed. Brenda Wilmoth Lerner and K. Lee Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2007. Biography in Context. Web. 14 April 2013.

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Photograph of Koch (third from the right) and other members of the German Cholera Commission in Egypt, 1884

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Koch's name is one of 23 from the fields of hygiene and tropical medicine featured on the frieze of the

602: 583: 405: 393: 361:, saving millions of lives. For his life's work Koch is seen as one of the founders of modern medicine. 7414: 5689: 5482: 4866: 2514:]. Klassische Texte der Wissenschaft. Vol. 19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 221–30. 1079:

3. The pure culture must cause the same disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible individual.

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Mittheilungen aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte (Reports from the Imperial Office of Public Health)

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Die Ätiologie der Milzbrand-Krankheit, Begründet auf die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Bacillus Anthracis

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immediately published the English version simultaneously. The English version was also reproduced in

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Winslow, C. E.; Broadhurst, J.; Buchanan, R. E.; Krumwiede, C.; Rogers, L. A.; Smith, G. H. (1920).

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Booss, John; Tselis, Alex C. (2014), "A history of viral infections of the central nervous system",

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1. The organism must always be present in every case of the disease, but not in healthy individuals.

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A large marble statue of Koch stands in a small park known as Robert Koch Platz, just north of the

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1) In the given diseased patients, there must always be shown organisms in typical disposition.

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Thomas D. Brock (1988). Robert Koch: A Life in Medicine and Bacteriology. ASM Press. p. 296.

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The methods Koch used in bacteriology led to the establishment of a medical concept known as

327:. As the discoverer of the specific causative agents of deadly infectious diseases including 7802: 7444: 7029: 6873: 6848: 6802: 6573: 6444: 6432: 6424: 6408: 6396: 6307: 6156: 6120: 6092: 6036: 5912: 5729: 5601: 5573: 5462: 5289: 5253: 5227: 5032: 4903: 4709: 4544: 4534: 4464: 4431: 4391: 4350: 4342: 4303: 4230:"Scientific failure in an age of optimism: public reaction to Robert Koch's tuberculin cure" 4202: 3930: 3922: 3858: 3762: 3690: 3648: 3617: 3576: 3528: 3520: 3479: 3448: 3407: 3397: 3350: 3243: 3185: 3177: 3092: 3051: 3010: 3002: 2963: 2915: 2868: 2835: 2827: 2763: 2713: 2679: 2625: 2600: 2515: 2473: 2384: 2376: 2272: 2187: 2156: 2097: 2049: 2041: 1931: 1889: 1835: 1734: 1651: 1643: 1577: 1569: 1528: 1453: 1445: 1354: 988: 768: 647: 373: 278: 256: 237: 17: 4052: 3294: 2952:"100th anniversary of Robert Koch's Nobel Prize for the discovery of the tubercle bacillus" 7661: 7434: 7424: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 6471: 6463: 6420: 6416: 6380: 6352: 6311: 6279: 6227: 6104: 6008: 5968: 5868: 5833: 5829: 5797: 5649: 5613: 5418: 5269: 5112: 4873: 4701: 3123:"Sechster Bericht der deutschen wissenschaftlichen Commission zur Erforschung der Cholera" 2579: 1275: 1270: 917: 639: 610: 512: 172: 7454: 5745: 4292:"Veterinarians challenge Dr. Robert Koch regarding bovine tuberculosis and public health" 4094: 899:. It was later realised that the bacterium was already described by an Italian physician 509:

The Etiology of Anthrax Disease, Based on the Developmental History of Bacillus Anthracis

4507: 4169:

Koch, R. (2010) . "Zur Ätiologie des Milzbrandes" [On the etiology of anthrax].

4038: 3854: 3818:

3) Mit den Reinculturen muss die Krankheit experimentell wieder erzeugt werden können."

3572: 2553:, which remains solid at blood temperature, and which has received a supplement of meat 2268: 7399: 7049: 6635: 6364: 6291: 6271: 6247: 6223: 6207: 6168: 6164: 6096: 6072: 5936: 5932: 5888: 5872: 5785: 5769: 5753: 5749: 5525: 5377: 5325: 5203: 5136: 4920: 4843: 4760: 4549: 4522: 4436: 4419: 4396: 4379: 4355: 4330: 3935: 3910: 3767: 3750: 3533: 3508: 3484: 3467: 3412: 3385: 3097: 3080: 3015: 2990: 2919: 2840: 2815: 2629: 2389: 2364: 2102: 2085: 1656: 1631: 1458: 1433: 1307: 1129: 944: 900: 873: 809: 672: 643: 614: 464: 324: 260: 242: 4853: 4833: 4468: 3621: 3190: 3165: 2683: 2054: 2029: 1935: 1582: 1557: 1335:

reprimanded Koch and explained the medical evidence of cattle tuberculosis in humans.

1076:

2. The organism must be isolated from a diseased individual and grown in pure culture.

630:

Robert Koch made two important developments in microscopy; he was the first to use an

347:), and as the father of medical bacteriology. His discovery of the anthrax bacterium ( 7681: 7449: 7419: 7277: 7105: 6863: 6853: 6512: 6360: 6327: 6239: 6144: 6044: 5813: 5801: 5765: 5713: 5693: 5665: 5641: 5625: 5593: 5561: 5438: 5128: 5072: 4767: 4735: 2733: 1332: 1225: 1202: 1024: 877: 703: 660: 468: 377: 358: 344: 109: 3878: 3702: 3660: 3370: 2888: 2717: 2294: 1689: 1128:

In 1938 the National Tuberculosis Association paid tribute to Koch and issued a U.S.

7636: 7626: 7611: 7459: 7292: 7282: 7238: 7216: 7034: 6992: 6482: 6436: 6384: 6275: 6251: 6235: 6215: 6060: 5916: 5884: 5761: 5677: 5661: 5645: 5609: 5597: 5585: 5341: 5329: 5309: 5188: 5180: 5096: 3723:

21. Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte und Leistungen auf dem Gebiete der Hygiene.

3590: 2365:"Robert Koch and the pressures of scientific research: tuberculosis and tuberculin" 1738: 1416: 1236: 1091:

4. The same pathogen must be isolated from the experimentally infected individuals.

813: 781: 573: 477: 340: 328: 218: 4307: 2503: 808:

There was no particular reaction to this announcement. Eminent scientists such as

50: 6731: 4908: 4746:. Blue Ribbon Books. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company Inc. pp. 105–144 4672: 4331:"A comparative study of bovine tubercle bacilli and of human bacilli from sputum" 3316: 1533: 1516: 1027:, the indigenous inhabitants, and their blood samples and noticed they contained 404:

in 1885, and the Royal Prussian Institute for Infectious Diseases (later renamed

7565: 7315: 7287: 7267: 7262: 7189: 6907: 6901: 6556: 6348: 6263: 6259: 6172: 6148: 6056: 5721: 5517: 5434: 5056: 5040: 4890: 4881:, original microscope out of the laboratory Robert Koch used in Wollstein (1877) 3827:

3) The disease must be able to be reproduced experimentally via pure cultures.)

3181: 2546: 2519: 2176:"Verfahren zur Untersuchung, zum Konservieren und Photographieren der Bakterien" 1345: 1173: 1109: 1038: 1023:, which was then a protectorate of the German Reich. Koch serially examined the 664: 456: 101: 4206: 3898:. Vol. 1. Washington. D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington. p. 9. 2768: 2751: 1840: 1823: 1358:

and the bird malaria parasite, and towards the end of 1898 the transmission of

1037:, but their bouts of malaria were mild or could not even be noticed, i.e. were 7631: 7409: 7272: 7257: 7206: 7076: 7013: 6868: 6199: 5458: 5406: 5353: 4927: 4112: 3338: 2967: 2477: 2380: 1701: 1397: 1274:

Pasteur would be impossible. To prove his vaccine, Pasteur sent his assistant

1213: 1206: 1061: 1029: 994: 948: 867:) India, where there was a more severe outbreak. He soon found that the river 818: 757: 725: 606: 420: 385: 381: 168: 6524: 3926: 3402: 3006: 2485: 1893: 1878:"Robert Koch: Nobel laureate and controversial figure in tuberculin research" 1746: 1239:, who developed a mechanism to diagnose TB, were portrayed in the 1940 movie 597:

In 1885, Koch received two appointments as an administrator and professor at

7323: 7247: 7221: 7211: 7194: 6878: 6400: 5952: 4785: 4727: 3862: 3127:(Sixth report of the German scientific commission for research on cholera), 3056: 3039: 2550: 904: 821:, which were formulated by his assistant Friedrich Loeffler in 1883, saying: 650:. In an attempt to grow bacteria, Koch began to use solid nutrients such as 444: 320: 75: 4626: 4592: 4558: 4476: 4452: 4405: 4364: 4276: 4260: 4214: 4190: 3944: 3870: 3838: 3776: 3694: 3542: 3524: 3493: 3421: 3223:(Microscopic observations and pathological deductions on Asiatic cholera), 3199: 3139:(12): 191–192. On page 191, he mentions the characteristic comma shape of 3106: 3065: 2975: 2951: 2927: 2903: 2880: 2856: 2831: 2777: 2725: 2701: 2647: 2398: 2333: 2309: 2286: 2111: 1943: 1919: 1901: 1877: 1849: 1754: 1679:

https://history.info/on-this-day/1843-robert-koch-man-saved-millions-lives/

1665: 1542: 1490: 1474: 1449: 4878: 4838: 4539: 4346: 4315: 4291: 4245: 4229: 4155: 4131: 3665:

Pohl-Pincus wrote: Wir werden deshalb alas Tuberculin darzustellen suchen

3362: 3024: 2624:, Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol. 123, Elsevier, pp. 3–44, 2063: 1591: 7621: 6195: 3436: 3219:"Osservazioni microscopiche e deduzioni patologiche sul cholera asiatico" 2594: 2175: 2144: 2045: 1573: 952: 939: 854:

In August 1883, the German government sent a medical team led by Koch to

715: 565: 7556:

Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis

4674:

Parasites and Infectious Disease: Discovery by Serendipity and Otherwise

4657: 4641: 4147: 2872: 2325: 2086:"Robert koch: centenary of the discovery of the tubercle bacillus, 1882" 2030:"Robert Koch: centenary of the discovery of the tubercle bacillus, 1882" 2005: 1989: 7570: 3652: 3354: 2558: 1706: 1034: 935: 864: 739: 656: 558: 490: 336: 332: 120: 7606: 7601: 7333: 7328: 4523:"History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors" 3726:

1903. Publisher: Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig, 1905. p. 68

3636: 3581: 3556: 2277: 2252: 1647: 1229: 1221: 931: 868: 651: 343:. As such he is popularly nicknamed the father of microbiology (with 4491: 3437:"Fortsetzung der Mitteilungen über ein Heilmittel gegen Tuberkulose" 2702:"The "Petri" Dish: A Case of Simultaneous Invention in Bacteriology" 1475:"Robert Koch (1843-1910): father of microbiology and Nobel laureate" 858:, to investigate a cholera epidemic there. Koch soon found that the 2549:. Thus they grow, for example, on a gelatinous mass prepared with 3452: 2604: 2554: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2191: 2160: 1517:"Robert Koch and the white death: from tuberculosis to tuberculin" 1318:

But cattle bacillus may infect humans since it is very pathogenic.

1217: 1153: 1147: 1142:

Statue of Koch at Robert-Koch-Platz (Robert Koch square) in Berlin

1137: 1123: 841: 833: 767: 526: 3386:"The Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis-The Koch Phenomenon Reinstated" 4642:"The mosquito-theory of malaria and the late Prof. G. B. Grassi" 1418:"Koch". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 1083:

The fourth postulate was added by an American plant pathologist

668: 6965: 6961: 6735: 6528: 4985: 4132:"The Koch-Pasteur dispute on establishing the cause of anthrax" 2904:"Robert Koch (1843-1910) and dermatology on his 171st birthday" 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 976:

Koch published his experiments in the 15 January 1891 issue of

1019:. On 26 December 1900, he arrived as part of an expedition to 471:, which is a signalling molecule that is also involved in the 7501:

European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership

3751:"Koch's postulates, carnivorous cows, and tuberculosis today" 3040:"The greatest steps towards the discovery of Vibrio cholerae" 698:

Koch publicly demonstrated his plating method at the Seventh

493:, discovering the causative agent of the fatal disease to be 4119:

from the original on 2021-11-11 – via www.youtube.com.

850:(standing) investigating cholera outbreak in Bombay, India. 3339:"Robert Koch: The story of his discoveries in tuberculosis" 2793:"Eine kleine Modification des Koch'schen Plattenverfahrens" 287: 4380:"Bovine Tuberculosis in its Relation to the Public Health" 1702:"Louis Pasteur vs Robert Koch: The History of Germ Theory" 1632:"The Legacy of Robert Koch: Surmise, search, substantiate" 752:

developed an improved method and published it in 1887 as "

284: 7546:

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Structural Genomics Consortium

7536:

International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease

2125: 2123: 2121: 754:

Eine kleine Modification des Koch’schen Plattenverfahrens

4762:

The blue death: disease, disaster and the water we drink

2310:"Reminiscences of the summer semester, 1877, at Breslau" 1994:

Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

1228:

in the title role. On 10 December 2017, Google showed a

7521:

The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria

4608:"Battista Grassi (1854-1925) & Malaria Controversy" 4577:"Grassi versus Ross: who solved the riddle of malaria?" 1789:

The Founders of Modern Medicine: Pasteur, Koch, Lister.

339:, he is regarded as one of the main founders of modern 7788:

Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences

4849:

The Current State of the Struggle against Tuberculosis

4795:

Laboratory Disease: Robert Koch's Medical Bacteriology

4296:

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

3509:"A Further Communication on a Remedy for Tuberculosis" 3468:"A Further Communication on a Remedy for Tuberculosis" 1558:"Early clinical pathologists: Robert Koch (1843-1910)" 4646:

Science Progress in the Twentieth Century (1919-1933)

4615:

The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India

1969:

Gale, 2006. Biography in Context. Web. 14 April 2013.

1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 772:

Koch's drawing of tuberculosis bacilli in 1882 (from

576:. His discovery of the anthrax bacillus (later named 296: 281: 7728:

German military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War

2950:

Kaufmann, Stefan H. E.; Schaible, Ulrich E. (2005).

2239:

Brock Biology of Microorganisms: Thirteenth edition.

911:

correctly identified the comma bacillus as Pacini's

419:. A major controversy followed when Koch discovered 7743:

Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin

7579: 7473: 7370: 7344: 7306: 7232: 7145: 7104: 6999: 6933: 6892: 6836: 6770: 6645: 6626: 6607: 6583: 6564: 6182: 5847: 5508: 5244: 5023: 1791:

Classics of Medicine Library: Delanco, 2006. Print.

1164:Koch was made a Knight Grand Cross in the Prussian 248: 236: 224: 214: 178: 136: 126: 116: 90: 57: 41: 4847:, including the Nobel Lecture on 12 December 1905 4759: 4189:Rietschel, Ernst Th; Cavaillon, Jean-Marc (2002). 4172:Mittheilungen aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte 3641:Vierteljahresschrift für Dermatologie und Syphilis 1824:"Robert Koch and the 'golden age' of bacteriology" 586:, professor at the University of Breslau (now the 396:in 1880, promoted to a senior executive position ( 7202:Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility assay 4178:. Berlin: Robert Koch-Institut. pp. 174–206. 2991:"Robert Koch and the cholera vibrio: a centenary" 2902:Grzybowski, Andrzej; Pietrzak, Krzysztof (2014). 2797:Centralblatt für Bacteriologie und Parasitenkunde 1776:Robert Koch: A life in medicine and bacteriology. 1690:https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=245261433654285 1315:Human tuberculosis bacillus cannot infect cattle. 934:of tuberculosis patients. Koch experimented with 7753:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 4856:, Robert Koch Biography and bibliography in the 4706:Robert Koch: A Life in Medicine and Bacteriology 4677:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 137–138. 4053:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905" 4005:(in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1886, p. 3984:. The Christmas Seal and Charity Stamp Society. 3735:Amsterdamska, Olga. "Bacteriology, Historical." 2668:"Dr. Robert Koch:: a founding father of biology" 1199:London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine 4862:Max Planck Institute for the History of Science 319:; 11 December 1843 – 27 May 1910) was a German 27:German physician and bacteriologist (1843–1910) 7773:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) 4820:(Cambridge University Press, 1992) pp: 170–88. 3079:Nair, G. Balakrish; Takeda, Yoshifumi (2011). 2205: 2203: 2201: 1822:Blevins, Steve M.; Bronze, Michael S. (2010). 1339:The 1902 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1300:) and cattle tuberculosis bacilli (now called 1170:Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) 489:Robert Koch is widely known for his work with 7491:Center for Global Infectious Disease Research 6977: 6923: 6747: 6540: 4997: 3225: 3216: 689:Methods for the Study of Pathogenic Organisms 671:to grow and isolate pure cultures. Agar is a 594:, a senior executive position, in June 1882. 357:, therefore creating the scientific basis of 8: 4606:Pai-Dhungat, J. V.; Parikh, Falguni (2015). 3737:International Encyclopedia of Public Health. 3721: 3715: 3146: 3129: 3120: 2537: 2348:International Encyclopedia of Public Health. 1828:International Journal of Infectious Diseases 1612:. National Academies Press (US). 2023-10-20. 1403:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 1190:The World Health Organization has observed " 503:He published the discovery in a booklet as " 450:At the age of 19, in 1862, Koch entered the 7748:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences 1156:frieze in Keppel Street, Bloomsbury, London 846:Koch (on the microscope) and his colleague 7486:Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines 6984: 6970: 6962: 6754: 6740: 6732: 6547: 6533: 6525: 5004: 4990: 4982: 4919: 4842: 4019:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3837:Byrd, Allyson L.; Segre, Julia A. (2016). 3606:"Professor Koch's Remedy for Tuberculosis" 2752:"Robert Koch: the grandfather of cloning?" 2596:Zur Untersuchung von Pathogenen Organismen 1056:cultures, methods which are summarized in 685:Zur Untersuchung von Pathogenen Organismen 49: 38: 7758:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine 4548: 4538: 4435: 4395: 4354: 4003:Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (supp.) 3934: 3766: 3679:"Weitere Mittheilung über das Tuberkulin" 3580: 3532: 3483: 3411: 3401: 3189: 3096: 3055: 3014: 2839: 2767: 2388: 2346:O’Connor, T.M. "Tuberculosis, Overview." 2276: 2101: 2053: 1882:Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases 1839: 1655: 1581: 1532: 1457: 1015:Koch observed the phenomenon of acquired 683:Koch's booklet published in 1881 titled " 572:isolate and grow selected pathogens in a 384:and glass plates (later developed as the 4867:Biography on the Science Museum web site 2149:Cohns Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 1636:Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal 32:For other people named Robert Koch, see 7357:Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis 4037:. London: Royal Society. Archived from 3717:Hugo Kronecker: Hygienische Topographie 3287:Col·legi Oficial de Metges de Barcelona 2241:Benjamin Cummings: Boston, 2012. Print. 2155:(2). Robert Koch-Institut: 277 (1–22). 1390: 1168:on 19 November 1890, and was elected a 7531:International Congress on Tuberculosis 6941:Discovery of disease-causing pathogens 4570: 4568: 4012: 3895:Bacteria in Relation to Plant Diseases 3332: 3330: 3328: 3085:The Indian Journal of Medical Research 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2575: 2565: 2504:"Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose (1882)" 2410: 2408: 2358: 2356: 1913: 1911: 1817: 1778:ASM Press: Washington DC, 1999. Print. 1325:International Congress on Tuberculosis 1264:At their first meeting at the Seventh 903:in 1854, and was also observed by the 5017:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 4909:Newspaper clippings about Robert Koch 4818:The Laboratory Revolution in Medicine 2745: 2743: 2695: 2693: 2497: 2495: 2462:"A Minor Modification by R. J. Petri" 2455: 2453: 2434:"When Africa was a German laboratory" 2211:World of Microbiology and Immunology. 2131:World of Microbiology and Immunology. 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1172:in 1897. In 1905, he was awarded the 925:Tuberculosis treatment and tuberculin 425:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 306: 7: 7783:Foreign members of the Royal Society 7713:German infectious disease physicians 4335:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 3557:"Dr. Koch's Remedy for Tuberculosis" 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1296:Koch initially believed that human ( 376:in microscopy. His invention of the 7362:Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis 4136:Bulletin of the History of Medicine 3683:Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 3441:Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 3044:Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2314:Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1232:in celebration of Koch's birthday. 978:Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 909:Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer 882:Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 848:Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer 459:, an anatomist who had published a 7763:People from the Kingdom of Hanover 4492:"Joseph Lister, his Life and Work" 4457:Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland) 4234:New York State Journal of Medicine 3227:Gazzetta Medica Italiana: Toscana 3131:Deutsche medizinische Wochenscrift 2920:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.10.005 2630:10.1016/b978-0-444-53488-0.00001-8 2180:Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 1364:between humans through mosquitoes 165:Discovery of tuberculosis bacillus 25: 3455:– via Robert Koch-Institut. 3318:Public Health Service Publication 2194:– via Robert Koch-Institut. 1152:Koch's name as it appears on the 791:. He published the discovery as " 708:"C'est un grand progrès, Monsieur 702:in London in August 1881. There, 663:, who got the idea from his wife 7526:Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis 7352:Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis 7095: 4926: 4740:"ch. IV Koch: The Death Fighter" 4384:Public Health Papers and Reports 3343:Irish Journal of Medical Science 3081:"Dr Sambhu Nath De: unsung hero" 2599:. Berlin: Robert Koch-Institut. 2460:Hufford, David C. (1988-03-01). 1965:"Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch." 277: 4451:Kaufmann, Stefan H. E. (2003). 3038:Lippi, D.; Gotuzzo, E. (2014). 2718:10.1016/j.endeavour.2019.04.001 2672:Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS 2090:The Canadian Veterinary Journal 1721:Margo, Curtis E. (2011-04-11). 1473:Tan, S. Y.; Berman, E. (2008). 228:Imperial Health Office, Berlin 7818:19th-century German physicians 7813:19th-century German biologists 7778:University of Göttingen alumni 7185:Interferon gamma release assay 7087:Post-tuberculosis lung disease 4972:New International Encyclopedia 4799:Johns Hopkins University Press 4035:"Fellows of the Royal Society" 3975:Denune, John Jr., ed. (2014). 3242:Reprinted (more legibly) as a 2791:Petri, Julius Richard (1887). 1967:World of Scientific Discovery. 1739:10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.53 1610:Science, Medicine, and Animals 1266:International Medical Congress 957:International Medical Congress 700:International Medical Congress 667:, in 1881, Koch started using 473:metabolism of the mitochondria 1: 7718:19th-century German inventors 7703:People from Goslar (district) 7652:Tuberculosis in human culture 7496:Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake 7481:Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium 4900:Works by or about Robert Koch 4469:10.1016/s1472-9792(02)00064-1 4308:10.2460/javma.1990.196.04.574 4195:Journal of Endotoxin Research 3637:"Angioneurotische Dermatosen" 3622:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)15705-9 2684:10.1016/S1068-607X(02)00167-1 1936:10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70018-9 1920:"Robert Heinrich Herman Koch" 1562:Journal of Clinical Pathology 1292:Human and cattle tuberculosis 1235:Koch and his relationship to 793:Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose 774:Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose 173:Discovery of cholera bacillus 161:Discovery of anthrax bacillus 7798:Robert Koch Institute people 4793:Gradmann, Christoph (2009). 3839:"Adapting Koch's postulates" 3790:Loeffler, Friedrich (1884). 3293:(in Catalan). Archived from 3291:"Joaquim Balcells i Pascual" 3264:(in Spanish). Archived from 3262:"Joaquín Balcells y Pasqual" 3258:Real Academia de la Historia 2820:Emerging Infectious Diseases 2512:The Etiology of Tuberculosis 2237:Madigan, Michael T., et al. 1534:10.1016/j.micinf.2005.06.004 1515:Gradmann, Christoph (2006). 1106:Prussian Academy of Sciences 876:discovered this poison, the 797:The Etiology of Tuberculosis 748:) in 1884. Koch's assistant 648:Bismarck (Vesuvin) brown dye 626:Techniques in bacteria study 273:Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch 253:Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle 249:Other academic advisors 62:Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch 34:Robert Koch (disambiguation) 18:Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch 7642:Tuberculosis classification 7025:Extrapulmonary tuberculosis 6109:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard 4913:20th Century Press Archives 4113:"Robert Koch Google Doodle" 3182:10.1128/JB.5.3.191-229.1920 2520:10.1007/978-3-662-56454-7_4 2502:Koch, Robert (1882-03-24). 1918:Akkermans, Rebecca (2014). 1432:Fleming, Alexander (1952). 1421:, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 1087:in 1905, and is stated as: 983:The British Medical Journal 736:Georg Theodor August Gaffky 731:Corynebacterium diphtheriae 714:discovered the bacteria of 7834: 7617:List of tuberculosis cases 7136:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 4834:Audio version of this page 4581:International Microbiology 4207:10.1179/096805102125000218 4009:– via hathitrust.org 3978:The Christmas Seal Catalog 3911:"The infection connection" 3720:In: A. Pfeiffer (Editor): 3472:The Indian Medical Gazette 3384:Hunter, Robert L. (2020). 2769:10.1016/j.cell.2005.11.001 2308:Salomonsen, C. J. (1950). 2129:"Germ theory of disease." 1841:10.1016/j.ijid.2009.12.003 1298:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1257: 1242:Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet 1048: 1044: 788:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 532:The Anthrax Disease Cycle. 408:after his death) in 1891. 31: 7808:Physicians of the Charité 7506:Glen Lake Children's Camp 7465:Edward Livingston Trudeau 7405:Friedrich Franz Friedmann 7093: 7082:Giant multinucleated cell 7055:Tuberculous lymphadenitis 6951:Social history of viruses 6664: 5306:Charles Scott Sherrington 5282:Frederick Gowland Hopkins 4758:Morris, Robert D (2007). 4095:"Celebrating Robert Koch" 3909:Hadley, Caroline (2006). 3749:Tabrah, Frank L. (2011). 3135:(German Medical Weekly), 3119:Koch, R. (20 March 1884) 2989:Howard-Jones, N. (1984). 2968:10.1016/j.tim.2005.08.003 2381:10.1017/s0025727300000028 1990:"Robert Koch (1843-1910)" 1727:Archives of Ophthalmology 1479:Singapore Medical Journal 1348:or the Italian biologist 1331:" Chair of the congress, 679:Development of Petri dish 435:" every year since 1982. 429:World Health Organization 266: 207: 48: 7768:Tuberculosis researchers 7587:Tuberculosis elimination 7166:Löwenstein–Jensen medium 6296:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi 3927:10.1038/sj.embor.7400699 3892:Smith, Erwin F. (1905). 3403:10.3390/pathogens9100813 3007:10.1136/bmj.288.6414.379 2855:Zhang, Shuguang (2004). 2816:"Etymologia: Petri Dish" 2814:Mahajan, Monika (2021). 2750:Weiss, Robin A. (2005). 2540:und Pepton erhalten hat. 1894:10.1053/spid.2002.127205 1630:Lakhtakia, Ritu (2014). 1350:Giovanni Battista Grassi 1033:parasites, the cause of 621:Scientific contributions 439:Early life and education 378:bacterial culture method 149:Bacterial culture method 7793:Prussian Army personnel 7738:German military doctors 7592:2007 tuberculosis scare 7372:History of tuberculosis 7175:Chest photofluorography 7115:Mycobacterium africanum 4957:Encyclopædia Britannica 4527:Parasites & Vectors 4490:Clark, Paul F. (1920). 4424:British Medical Journal 3863:10.1126/science.aad6753 3604:Richmond, W.S. (1891). 3567:(1108): 281–282. 1891. 3513:British Medical Journal 3170:Journal of Bacteriology 3057:10.1111/1469-0691.12390 2995:British Medical Journal 2857:"Beyond the Petri dish" 2700:Shama, Gilbert (2019). 2478:10.1093/labmed/19.3.169 1556:Lakhani, S. R. (1993). 1438:British Medical Journal 888:) the following month. 574:pure laboratory culture 452:University of Göttingen 355:germ theory of diseases 192:Nobel Prize in Medicine 131:University of Göttingen 7733:German Nobel laureates 7723:German microbiologists 7708:German bacteriologists 7667:World Tuberculosis Day 7657:Tuberculosis radiology 7551:National Jewish Health 7147:Tuberculosis diagnosis 7060:Tuberculous meningitis 7009:Pulmonary tuberculosis 6670:Nobel Prize recipients 6647:Physiology or Medicine 5077:Santiago Ramón y Cajal 4960:(11th ed.). 1911. 4942:Encyclopedia Americana 4496:The Scientific Monthly 4378:Bergey, D. H. (1897). 4290:Packer, R. A. (1990). 4259:Packer, R. A. (1987). 4228:Leibowitz, D. (1993). 4130:Carter, K. C. (1988). 3755:Hawaii Medical Journal 3722: 3716: 3695:10.1055/s-0029-1206810 3525:10.1136/bmj.1.1568.125 3435:Koch, Robert (2010) . 3226: 3217: 3215:Fillipo Pacini (1854) 3147: 3130: 3121: 2956:Trends in Microbiology 2908:Clinics in Dermatology 2832:10.3201/eid2701.ET2701 2593:Koch, Robert (2010) . 2538: 2174:Koch, Robert (2010) . 2143:Koch, Robert (2010) . 1876:Ligon, B. Lee (2002). 1521:Microbes and Infection 1450:10.1136/bmj.2.4778.269 1434:"Freelance of Science" 1192:World Tuberculosis Day 1166:Order of the Red Eagle 1157: 1143: 1133: 1058:Koch's four postulates 966: 851: 839: 827: 806: 777: 592:Geheimer Regierungsrat 540: 522:germ theory of disease 518:spontaneous generation 433:World Tuberculosis Day 417:Bradford Hill criteria 398:Geheimer Regierungsrat 394:Imperial Health Office 308:[ˈʁoːbɛʁtˈkɔx] 153:Germ theory of disease 7647:Tuberculosis in China 7541:Millennium Foundation 7253:4-Aminosalicylic acid 7160:Auramine phenol stain 7106:Mycobacterium species 7002:associated conditions 5578:Dickinson W. Richards 5262:Julius Wagner-Jauregg 4931:Texts on Wikisource: 4540:10.1186/1756-3305-3-5 4430:(1072): 85–86. 1881. 4420:"Reviews and Notices" 4347:10.1084/jem.3.4-5.451 3466:Koch, Robert (1891). 3337:Sakula, Alex (1985). 2666:Hurt, Leslie (2003). 2363:Gradmann, C. (2001). 1988:Ernst, H. C. (1918). 1380:Robert Koch Institute 1361:Plasmodium falciparum 1258:Further information: 1151: 1141: 1127: 1065:infectious diseases. 961: 886:German Medical Weekly 845: 837: 823: 801: 771: 603:Robert Koch Institute 588:University of Wrocław 584:Ferdinand Julius Cohn 530: 406:Robert Koch Institute 7597:Baumgarten-Tangl law 7511:Glen Lake Sanatorium 7129:Mycobacterium caprae 7065:Miliary tuberculosis 7040:Canga's bead symptom 7000:Symptoms, signs and 6946:Smallpox eradication 6884:Israel Jacob Kligler 6001:Rita Levi-Montalcini 5362:Albert Szent-Györgyi 4891:Works by Robert Koch 3999:"Rother Adler-orden" 2861:Nature Biotechnology 2253:"Medical luminaries" 2046:10.1136/thx.37.4.246 1574:10.1136/jcp.46.7.596 1260:Koch–Pasteur rivalry 1178:Order Pour le Merite 750:Julius Richard Petri 390:Julius Richard Petri 231:University of Berlin 157:Medical microbiology 145:Koch–Pasteur rivalry 106:Grand Duchy of Baden 84:German Confederation 7561:Stop TB Partnership 7516:Glenn Dale Hospital 7155:Ziehl–Neelsen stain 7122:Mycobacterium bovis 7072:Latent tuberculosis 6771:Individual diseases 6764:infectious diseases 6393:William C. Campbell 6304:Elizabeth Blackburn 6141:Robert F. Furchgott 6133:Stanley B. Prusiner 6125:Rolf M. Zinkernagel 6025:George H. Hitchings 5989:Joseph L. Goldstein 5949:Bengt I. Samuelsson 5778:Earl Sutherland Jr. 4508:1920SciMo..11..518C 4265:Veterinary Heritage 4077:"Behind the frieze" 3855:2016Sci...351..224B 3573:1891Natur..43..281. 2873:10.1038/nbt0204-151 2466:Laboratory Medicine 2269:2001Natur.411..885P 2084:Sakula, A. (1983). 2028:Sakula, A. (1982). 1787:Metchnikoff, Elie. 1606:"A Theory of Germs" 1303:Mycobacterium bovis 998:in the same month. 745:Salmonella enterica 738:, the bacterium of 721:Burkholderia mallei 582:) hugely impressed 551:Franco-Prussian War 520:and supporting the 461:theory of contagion 7415:Philip D'Arcy Hart 6617:Bertha von Suttner 6598:Henryk Sienkiewicz 6453:William Kaelin Jr. 6449:Peter J. Ratcliffe 6192:Leland H. Hartwell 6081:Richard J. Roberts 5961:Barbara McClintock 5905:Godfrey Hounsfield 5806:Nikolaas Tinbergen 5738:Marshall Nirenberg 5706:Charles B. Huggins 5495:Tadeusz Reichstein 5483:António Egas Moniz 5278:Christiaan Eijkman 4872:2016-01-25 at the 4858:Virtual Laboratory 4841:on Nobelprize.org 4575:Capanna E (2012). 4329:Smith, T. (1898). 3653:10.1007/BF02097828 3355:10.1007/BF02938285 1367:Anopheles claviger 1158: 1144: 1134: 1116:Awards and honours 959:in Berlin, saying, 915:and renamed it as 852: 840: 778: 712:Friedrich Loeffler 632:oil immersion lens 579:Bacillus anthracis 557:) in Wollstein in 541: 496:Bacillus anthracis 445:Clausthal, Germany 366:oil immersion lens 350:Bacillus anthracis 80:Kingdom of Hanover 7675: 7674: 7180:GeneXpert MTB/RIF 6959: 6958: 6920:COVID-19 pandemic 6914:HIV/AIDS pandemic 6844:Alexander Fleming 6729: 6728: 6619:(Austria-Hungary) 6522: 6521: 6487:Ardem Patapoutian 6336:Ralph M. Steinman 6332:Jules A. Hoffmann 6320:Robert G. Edwards 6288:Harald zur Hausen 6212:H. Robert Horvitz 6113:Eric F. Wieschaus 6049:E. Donnall Thomas 6033:J. Michael Bishop 6021:Gertrude B. Elion 5893:Hamilton O. Smith 5818:Christian de Duve 5554:Frederick Robbins 5431:Alexander Fleming 5370:Corneille Heymans 5216:Frederick Banting 5121:Allvar Gullstrand 4895:Project Gutenberg 4808:978-0-8018-9313-1 4777:978-0-06-073089-5 4719:978-1-55581-143-3 4640:Ross, R. (1925). 3963:978-1-55581-143-3 3849:(6270): 224–226. 3689:(43): 1189–1192. 3677:Koch, R. (1891). 3519:(1568): 125–127. 3507:Koch, R. (1891). 3001:(6414): 379–381. 2639:978-0-444-53488-0 2529:978-3-662-56454-7 2438:www.aljazeera.com 2420:978-0-8018-9313-1 2251:Pick, E. (2001). 1182:Robert Koch Medal 1180:and in 1908, the 1162: 1161: 1085:Erwin Frink Smith 1051:Koch's postulates 1045:Koch's postulates 1021:German New Guinea 1011:Acquired immunity 971:tubercle bacillus 893:Koch's postulates 860:intestinal mucosa 856:Alexandria, Egypt 599:Berlin University 443:Koch was born in 413:Koch's postulates 402:Berlin University 388:by his assistant 270: 269: 209:Scientific career 141:Koch's postulates 16:(Redirected from 7825: 7445:Mario Raviglione 7099: 7045:Prosector's wart 7030:Caseous necrosis 6986: 6979: 6972: 6963: 6925: 6874:Ignaz Semmelweis 6849:Maurice Hilleman 6756: 6749: 6742: 6733: 6672: 6574:Adolf von Baeyer 6549: 6542: 6535: 6526: 6515: 6500: 6489: 6474: 6468:Michael Houghton 6455: 6445:Gregg L. Semenza 6439: 6433:James P. Allison 6427: 6425:Michael W. Young 6411: 6409:Yoshinori Ohsumi 6403: 6387: 6371: 6369:Thomas C. Südhof 6355: 6343: 6322: 6314: 6308:Carol W. Greider 6298: 6282: 6266: 6254: 6242: 6230: 6218: 6202: 6175: 6159: 6151: 6135: 6127: 6121:Peter C. Doherty 6115: 6099: 6093:Alfred G. Gilman 6087: 6075: 6063: 6051: 6039: 6037:Harold E. Varmus 6027: 6011: 6003: 5991: 5979: 5963: 5955: 5939: 5923: 5913:Baruj Benacerraf 5907: 5895: 5879: 5863: 5840: 5824: 5808: 5792: 5780: 5772: 5756: 5740: 5730:Robert W. Holley 5724: 5708: 5696: 5680: 5668: 5652: 5636: 5634:Georg von Békésy 5628: 5616: 5604: 5602:Joshua Lederberg 5588: 5580: 5574:Werner Forssmann 5564: 5556: 5540: 5528: 5520: 5501: 5485: 5473: 5465: 5463:Bernardo Houssay 5449: 5441: 5425: 5413: 5401: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5380: 5372: 5364: 5356: 5344: 5336: 5320: 5312: 5300: 5292: 5290:Karl Landsteiner 5284: 5272: 5264: 5256: 5254:Johannes Fibiger 5237: 5236: 5230: 5228:Willem Einthoven 5222: 5210: 5198: 5197: 5191: 5183: 5175: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5147: 5139: 5131: 5123: 5115: 5107: 5099: 5093:Élie Metchnikoff 5087: 5085:Alphonse Laveran 5079: 5067: 5059: 5051: 5043: 5035: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4983: 4976: 4961: 4946: 4930: 4923: 4904:Internet Archive 4846: 4812: 4789: 4765: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4731: 4710:Washington, D.C. 4702:Brock, Thomas D. 4689: 4688: 4671:Esch GW (2007). 4668: 4662: 4661: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4612: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4572: 4563: 4562: 4552: 4542: 4521:Cox FEG (2010). 4518: 4512: 4511: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4399: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4358: 4341:(4–5): 451–511. 4326: 4320: 4319: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4018: 4010: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3972: 3966: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3938: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3834: 3828: 3803: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3770: 3746: 3740: 3733: 3727: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3635:Caspary (1884). 3632: 3626: 3625: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3584: 3582:10.1038/043281a0 3553: 3547: 3546: 3536: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3487: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3415: 3405: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3334: 3323: 3322: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3273: 3254: 3248: 3229: 3222: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3193: 3161: 3155: 3151: 3133: 3126: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3100: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3059: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3018: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2947: 2932: 2931: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2771: 2747: 2738: 2737: 2697: 2688: 2687: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2577: 2573: 2571: 2563: 2542: 2499: 2490: 2489: 2457: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2432:Bonhomme, Edna. 2429: 2423: 2412: 2403: 2402: 2392: 2360: 2351: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2280: 2278:10.1038/35082239 2248: 2242: 2235: 2214: 2207: 2196: 2195: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2140: 2134: 2127: 2116: 2115: 2105: 2081: 2068: 2067: 2057: 2025: 2010: 2009: 1985: 1970: 1963: 1948: 1947: 1915: 1906: 1905: 1873: 1854: 1853: 1843: 1819: 1792: 1785: 1779: 1772: 1759: 1758: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1698: 1692: 1687: 1681: 1676: 1670: 1669: 1659: 1648:10.12816/0003334 1627: 1614: 1613: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1585: 1553: 1547: 1546: 1536: 1512: 1495: 1494: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1461: 1429: 1423: 1422: 1413: 1407: 1395: 1355:Plasmodium vivax 1214:Charity Hospital 1120: 1119: 640:microphotography 478:maxima cum laude 374:microphotography 318: 317: 316: 310: 305: 299: 294: 293: 290: 289: 286: 283: 257:Karl Ewald Hasse 238:Doctoral advisor 97: 72:11 December 1843 71: 69: 53: 39: 21: 7833: 7832: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7823: 7822: 7678: 7677: 7676: 7671: 7662:Tygerberg score 7575: 7469: 7435:Charles Mantoux 7425:George M. Heath 7395:Christopher Dye 7390:Albert Calmette 7385:Hermann Brehmer 7380:Manuel de Abreu 7366: 7340: 7302: 7236: 7228: 7141: 7100: 7091: 7001: 6995: 6990: 6960: 6955: 6929: 6894:Major epidemics 6888: 6832: 6766: 6760: 6730: 6725: 6668: 6660: 6641: 6622: 6603: 6579: 6560: 6553: 6523: 6518: 6503: 6492: 6477: 6472:Charles M. Rice 6464:Harvey J. Alter 6458: 6442: 6430: 6421:Michael Rosbash 6417:Jeffrey C. Hall 6414: 6406: 6390: 6381:May-Britt Moser 6374: 6358: 6353:Shinya Yamanaka 6346: 6325: 6317: 6312:Jack W. Szostak 6301: 6285: 6280:Oliver Smithies 6269: 6257: 6245: 6233: 6228:Peter Mansfield 6221: 6216:John E. Sulston 6205: 6189: 6178: 6162: 6154: 6138: 6130: 6118: 6105:Edward B. Lewis 6102: 6090: 6078: 6066: 6054: 6042: 6030: 6014: 6009:Susumu Tonegawa 6006: 5994: 5982: 5966: 5958: 5942: 5926: 5910: 5898: 5882: 5869:Roger Guillemin 5866: 5861:Daniel Gajdusek 5857:Baruch Blumberg 5854: 5843: 5834:Renato Dulbecco 5830:David Baltimore 5827: 5811: 5798:Karl von Frisch 5795: 5783: 5775: 5759: 5743: 5727: 5718:Haldan Hartline 5711: 5699: 5683: 5671: 5655: 5650:Maurice Wilkins 5639: 5631: 5619: 5614:Arthur Kornberg 5607: 5591: 5583: 5567: 5559: 5543: 5531: 5523: 5515: 5504: 5488: 5476: 5468: 5452: 5444: 5428: 5419:Joseph Erlanger 5416: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5375: 5367: 5359: 5347: 5339: 5323: 5315: 5303: 5295: 5287: 5275: 5270:Charles Nicolle 5267: 5259: 5251: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5225: 5213: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5186: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5142: 5134: 5126: 5118: 5113:Albrecht Kossel 5110: 5102: 5090: 5082: 5070: 5062: 5054: 5046: 5038: 5030: 5019: 5010: 4964: 4949: 4934: 4874:Wayback Machine 4830: 4809: 4792: 4778: 4757: 4749: 4747: 4744:Microbe Hunters 4734: 4720: 4700: 4697: 4695:Further reading 4692: 4685: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4652:(78): 311–320. 4639: 4638: 4634: 4610: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4574: 4573: 4566: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4175: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4061: 4059: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4033: 4032: 4028: 4011: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3981: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3956: 3952: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3734: 3730: 3714: 3710: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3616:(3514): 56–57. 3603: 3602: 3598: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3336: 3335: 3326: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3300: 3298: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3271: 3269: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3211: 3207: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3141:Vibrio cholerae 3118: 3114: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3037: 3036: 3032: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2962:(10): 469–475. 2949: 2948: 2935: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2749: 2748: 2741: 2699: 2698: 2691: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2650: 2640: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2574: 2564: 2534:From page 225: 2530: 2501: 2500: 2493: 2459: 2458: 2451: 2442: 2440: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2413: 2406: 2369:Medical History 2362: 2361: 2354: 2345: 2341: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2236: 2217: 2209:"Robert Koch." 2208: 2199: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2128: 2119: 2083: 2082: 2071: 2027: 2026: 2013: 2000:(10): 825–827. 1987: 1986: 1973: 1964: 1951: 1917: 1916: 1909: 1875: 1874: 1857: 1834:(9): e744–751. 1821: 1820: 1795: 1786: 1782: 1774:Brock, Thomas. 1773: 1762: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1688: 1684: 1677: 1673: 1629: 1628: 1617: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1514: 1513: 1498: 1485:(11): 854–855. 1472: 1471: 1467: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1376: 1341: 1294: 1285: 1276:Louis Thuillier 1271:anthrax vaccine 1262: 1256: 1251: 1118: 1108:, Koch died in 1098: 1053: 1047: 1013: 927: 832: 766: 734:) in 1884; and 681: 628: 623: 611:trypanosomiasis 546: 502: 487: 441: 313: 312: 311: 303: 297: 280: 276: 259: 255: 229: 203: 171: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 112: 99: 95: 86: 73: 67: 65: 64: 63: 44: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7831: 7829: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7680: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7583: 7581: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7440:Richard Morton 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7400:Marcos Espinal 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7376: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7348: 7346: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7318: 7312: 7310: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7244: 7242: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7204: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7192: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7162: 7157: 7151: 7149: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7118: 7110: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7050:Lupus vulgaris 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7022: 7021: 7020: 7018:Ghon's complex 7005: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6981: 6974: 6966: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6917: 6916:(1981–present) 6911: 6905: 6898: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6774: 6772: 6768: 6767: 6761: 6759: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6736: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6651: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6636:Philipp Lenard 6632: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6613: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6594: 6592: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6577: 6570: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6554: 6552: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6529: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6509:Katalin Karikó 6501: 6490: 6475: 6456: 6440: 6428: 6412: 6404: 6388: 6372: 6365:Randy Schekman 6356: 6344: 6323: 6315: 6299: 6292:Luc Montagnier 6283: 6272:Mario Capecchi 6267: 6255: 6248:Barry Marshall 6243: 6231: 6224:Paul Lauterbur 6219: 6208:Sydney Brenner 6203: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6169:Paul Greengard 6165:Arvid Carlsson 6160: 6152: 6136: 6128: 6116: 6100: 6097:Martin Rodbell 6088: 6076: 6073:Edwin G. Krebs 6069:Edmond Fischer 6064: 6052: 6040: 6028: 6017:James W. Black 6012: 6004: 5992: 5980: 5977:César Milstein 5973:Georges Köhler 5964: 5956: 5945:Sune Bergström 5940: 5937:Torsten Wiesel 5933:David H. Hubel 5924: 5908: 5896: 5889:Daniel Nathans 5880: 5873:Andrew Schally 5864: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5825: 5809: 5793: 5786:Gerald Edelman 5781: 5773: 5770:Julius Axelrod 5757: 5754:Salvador Luria 5750:Alfred Hershey 5741: 5725: 5709: 5697: 5686:François Jacob 5681: 5669: 5653: 5637: 5629: 5617: 5605: 5589: 5581: 5570:André Cournand 5565: 5557: 5541: 5529: 5526:Selman Waksman 5521: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5491:Edward Kendall 5486: 5474: 5466: 5450: 5447:Hermann Muller 5442: 5426: 5423:Herbert Gasser 5414: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5378:Gerhard Domagk 5373: 5365: 5357: 5345: 5337: 5334:William Murphy 5326:George Whipple 5321: 5313: 5301: 5293: 5285: 5273: 5265: 5257: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5238: 5231: 5223: 5211: 5204:Archibald Hill 5199: 5192: 5184: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5140: 5137:Charles Richet 5132: 5124: 5116: 5108: 5100: 5088: 5080: 5068: 5060: 5052: 5044: 5036: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5020: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4977: 4962: 4947: 4924: 4906: 4897: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4864: 4851: 4836: 4829: 4828:External links 4826: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4813: 4807: 4790: 4776: 4755: 4736:de Kruif, Paul 4732: 4718: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4690: 4683: 4663: 4632: 4598: 4564: 4513: 4502:(6): 518–539. 4482: 4463:(1–3): 86–90. 4443: 4411: 4370: 4321: 4302:(4): 574–575. 4282: 4251: 4220: 4181: 4161: 4122: 4115:. 2017-12-09. 4104: 4099:www.google.com 4086: 4068: 4057:NobelPrize.org 4044: 4041:on 2015-03-16. 4026: 3990: 3967: 3950: 3921:(5): 470–473. 3901: 3884: 3829: 3782: 3761:(7): 144–148. 3741: 3728: 3708: 3669: 3647:(1): 141–155. 3627: 3596: 3548: 3499: 3458: 3427: 3376: 3324: 3307: 3289:, ed. (2015). 3278: 3260:, ed. (2018). 3249: 3247: 3246: 3240: 3235:(50):397–401; 3231:, 2nd series, 3205: 3176:(3): 191–229. 3156: 3112: 3071: 3050:(3): 191–195. 3030: 2981: 2933: 2914:(3): 448–450. 2894: 2867:(2): 151–152. 2847: 2806: 2783: 2762:(4): 539–542. 2739: 2712:(1–2): 11–16. 2689: 2658: 2638: 2610: 2585: 2576:|journal= 2528: 2491: 2472:(3): 169–170. 2449: 2424: 2404: 2352: 2339: 2320:(4): 333–351. 2300: 2243: 2215: 2197: 2166: 2135: 2117: 2096:(4): 127–131. 2069: 2040:(4): 246–251. 2011: 1971: 1949: 1930:(4): 264–265. 1907: 1888:(4): 289–299. 1855: 1793: 1780: 1760: 1733:(4): 498–500. 1713: 1693: 1682: 1671: 1615: 1597: 1568:(7): 596–598. 1548: 1527:(1): 294–301. 1496: 1465: 1424: 1408: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1382: 1375: 1372: 1340: 1337: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1308:Theobald Smith 1293: 1290: 1284: 1281: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1160: 1159: 1145: 1135: 1130:Christmas Seal 1117: 1114: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1049:Main article: 1046: 1043: 1012: 1009: 945:synthetic dyes 926: 923: 918:Vibrio cholera 901:Filippo Pacini 897:Bacillus comma 874:Sambhu Nath De 831: 828: 810:Rudolf Virchow 765: 762: 724:) in 1882 and 693:feuchte Kammer 680: 677: 673:polysaccharide 644:methylene blue 627: 624: 622: 619: 545: 542: 486: 483: 465:Rudolf Virchow 440: 437: 325:microbiologist 268: 267: 264: 263: 261:Rudolf Virchow 250: 246: 245: 243:Georg Meissner 240: 234: 233: 226: 222: 221: 216: 212: 211: 205: 204: 202: 201: 198:Pour le Mérite 195: 189: 182: 180: 176: 175: 138: 137:Known for 134: 133: 128: 124: 123: 118: 114: 113: 100: 98:(aged 66) 92: 88: 87: 74: 61: 59: 55: 54: 46: 45: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7830: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7474:Organizations 7472: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7420:F. R. G. Heaf 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7320:Experimental 7319: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7278:Thioacetazone 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7235: 7231: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7133: 7131: 7130: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7117: 7116: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7103: 7098: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7026: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7004: 6998: 6994: 6987: 6982: 6980: 6975: 6973: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6932: 6922:(2019–present 6921: 6918: 6915: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6864:Louis Pasteur 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6854:Edward Jenner 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6835: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6823:Typhoid fever 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6757: 6752: 6750: 6745: 6743: 6738: 6737: 6734: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6666: 6663: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6558: 6550: 6545: 6543: 6538: 6536: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6514: 6513:Drew Weissman 6510: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6441: 6438: 6434: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6413: 6410: 6405: 6402: 6398: 6397:Satoshi Ōmura 6394: 6389: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6373: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6361:James Rothman 6357: 6354: 6350: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6328:Bruce Beutler 6324: 6321: 6316: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6268: 6265: 6261: 6256: 6253: 6249: 6244: 6241: 6240:Linda B. Buck 6237: 6232: 6229: 6225: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6161: 6158: 6157:Günter Blobel 6153: 6150: 6146: 6145:Louis Ignarro 6142: 6137: 6134: 6129: 6126: 6122: 6117: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6101: 6098: 6094: 6089: 6086: 6085:Phillip Sharp 6082: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6053: 6050: 6046: 6045:Joseph Murray 6041: 6038: 6034: 6029: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6013: 6010: 6005: 6002: 5998: 5997:Stanley Cohen 5993: 5990: 5986: 5985:Michael Brown 5981: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5965: 5962: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5941: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5901:Allan Cormack 5897: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5881: 5878: 5877:Rosalyn Yalow 5874: 5870: 5865: 5862: 5858: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5826: 5823: 5822:George Palade 5819: 5815: 5814:Albert Claude 5810: 5807: 5803: 5802:Konrad Lorenz 5799: 5794: 5791: 5790:Rodney Porter 5787: 5782: 5779: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5766:Ulf von Euler 5763: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5726: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5714:Ragnar Granit 5710: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5695: 5694:Jacques Monod 5691: 5687: 5682: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5667: 5666:Andrew Huxley 5663: 5659: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5642:Francis Crick 5638: 5635: 5630: 5627: 5626:Peter Medawar 5623: 5618: 5615: 5611: 5606: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5594:George Beadle 5590: 5587: 5582: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5563: 5562:Hugo Theorell 5558: 5555: 5551: 5550:Thomas Weller 5547: 5542: 5539: 5538:Fritz Lipmann 5535: 5530: 5527: 5522: 5519: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5475: 5472: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5448: 5443: 5440: 5439:Howard Florey 5436: 5432: 5427: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5382: 5379: 5374: 5371: 5366: 5363: 5358: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5343: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5319: 5318:Thomas Morgan 5314: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5299: 5294: 5291: 5286: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5271: 5266: 5263: 5258: 5255: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5232: 5229: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5209: 5208:Otto Meyerhof 5205: 5200: 5193: 5190: 5185: 5182: 5177: 5170: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5146: 5145:Róbert Bárány 5141: 5138: 5133: 5130: 5129:Alexis Carrel 5125: 5122: 5117: 5114: 5109: 5106: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5086: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5073:Camillo Golgi 5069: 5066: 5061: 5058: 5053: 5050: 5045: 5042: 5037: 5034: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5007: 5002: 5000: 4995: 4993: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4800: 4797:. Baltimore: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4769: 4768:HarperCollins 4764: 4763: 4756: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4712:: ASM Press. 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4684:9781139464109 4680: 4676: 4675: 4667: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4602: 4599: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4447: 4444: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4224: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4182: 4174: 4173: 4165: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4022: 4016: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3979: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3902: 3897: 3896: 3888: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3830: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3798:(in German). 3797: 3793: 3786: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3685:(in German). 3684: 3680: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3643:(in German). 3642: 3638: 3631: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3503: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3459: 3454: 3453:10.25646/5100 3450: 3446: 3443:(in German). 3442: 3438: 3431: 3428: 3423: 3419: 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Hench 5411:Edward Doisy 5342:Hans Spemann 5330:George Minot 5310:Edgar Adrian 5298:Otto Warburg 5220:John Macleod 5189:August Krogh 5181:Jules Bordet 5097:Paul Ehrlich 5064: 5049:Niels Finsen 5033:Emil Behring 4970: 4967:Koch, Robert 4955: 4952:Koch, Robert 4940: 4937:Koch, Robert 4885:Musoptin.com 4879:Musoptin.com 4854:MPIWG-Berlin 4848: 4817: 4794: 4766:. 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Web. 1924:The Lancet 1386:References 1283:Tuberculin 1207:Bloomsbury 1062:postulates 1030:Plasmodium 1000:The Lancet 995:The Lancet 819:postulates 758:Petri dish 726:diphtheria 607:tuberculin 421:tuberculin 386:Petri dish 169:tuberculin 68:1843-12-11 7324:M72/AS01E 7248:Isoniazid 7222:Tine test 7212:Heaf test 7195:T-SPOT.TB 6879:John Snow 6657:(Germany) 6638:(Germany) 6576:(Germany) 6566:Chemistry 6559:laureates 6401:Tu Youyou 5953:John Vane 5848:1976–2000 5509:1951–1975 5455:Carl Cori 5245:1926–1950 5024:1901–1925 5013:Laureates 3390:Pathogens 3244:pamphlet. 2734:139105012 2706:Endeavour 2578:ignored ( 2568:cite book 2551:agar-agar 2486:0007-5027 1747:0003-9950 1329:bacillus. 1216:, in the 921:in 1896. 636:condenser 370:condenser 321:physician 127:Education 76:Clausthal 7622:Plombage 7308:Vaccines 6813:Syphilis 6808:Smallpox 6783:HIV/AIDS 6600:(Poland) 6196:Tim Hunt 4870:Archived 4786:71266565 4738:(1926). 4728:39951653 4704:(1999). 4658:43427633 4627:26543977 4593:16636993 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4246:8429953 4156:3285924 3936:1479565 3851:Bibcode 3843:Science 3768:3158372 3591:4050612 3569:Bibcode 3534:2196966 3485:5150357 3413:7601602 3363:3897123 3098:3089041 3025:6419937 3016:1444283 2841:7774570 2559:peptone 2390:1044696 2265:Bibcode 2103:1790283 2064:6180494 1707:YouTube 1657:3916274 1592:8157741 1459:2020971 1035:malaria 949:auramin 936:arsenic 905:Catalan 865:Kolkata 830:Cholera 740:typhoid 657:gelatin 539:, 2006) 491:anthrax 485:Anthrax 337:anthrax 333:cholera 304:German: 7607:ESAT-6 7602:CFP-10 7334:RBCG30 7329:MVA85A 6837:People 6798:Plague 6443:2019: 6431:2018: 6415:2017: 6407:2016: 6391:2015: 6375:2014: 6359:2013: 6347:2012: 6326:2011: 6318:2010: 6302:2009: 6286:2008: 6270:2007: 6258:2006: 6246:2005: 6234:2004: 6222:2003: 6206:2002: 6190:2001: 6163:2000: 6155:1999: 6139:1998: 6131:1997: 6119:1996: 6103:1995: 6091:1994: 6079:1993: 6067:1992: 6055:1991: 6043:1990: 6031:1989: 6015:1988: 6007:1987: 5995:1986: 5983:1985: 5967:1984: 5959:1983: 5943:1982: 5927:1981: 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3531: 3492: 3482: 3420: 3410: 3369: 3361: 3198: 3191:378870 3188: 3105: 3095: 3064: 3023: 3013: 2974: 2926: 2887: 2879: 2838: 2776: 2732: 2724: 2646: 2636: 2526: 2484: 2418: 2397: 2387: 2332: 2324: 2293: 2285: 2257:Nature 2110: 2100: 2062: 2055:459292 2052: 2034:Thorax 2004: 1942: 1900: 1848: 1753: 1745: 1664: 1654: 1590: 1583:501383 1580: 1541: 1489: 1456: 1398:"Koch" 1230:Doodle 1222:Berlin 992:, and 989:Nature 980:, and 932:sputum 869:Ganges 652:potato 634:and a 615:Atoxyl 544:Career 537:et al. 513:spores 380:using 372:, and 215:Fields 200:(1906) 194:(1905) 188:(1897) 179:Awards 121:German 7580:Other 6934:Other 6803:Polio 6696:1905 6609:Peace 6555:1905 4654:JSTOR 4611:(PDF) 4176:(PDF) 4144:JSTOR 4081:LSHTM 3982:(PDF) 3875:S2CID 3699:S2CID 3657:S2CID 3587:S2CID 3367:S2CID 3212:See: 2885:S2CID 2730:S2CID 2555:broth 2510:[ 2322:JSTOR 2291:S2CID 2002:JSTOR 1218:Mitte 1154:LSHTM 564:(now 562:Posen 7170:MGIT 6721:1910 6716:1909 6711:1908 6706:1907 6701:1906 6691:1904 6686:1903 6681:1902 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