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market.) This arrangement provided a stable supply of food and goods which encouraged population growth. Measures were also taken to guard against the flooding which had plagued the residents of
Nagaoka-kyō. Although there was no natural river in the center of Heian-kyō, two artificial canals (the present day Horikawa and Nishi Horikawa) were dug whose water level could be adjusted, simultaneously securing a supply of water and guarding against flooding. Similar to the previous capital of Nagaoka-kyō, the construction of Buddhist temples in Heian-kyō was formally forbidden, with the sole exception of the East and West temples, with the thought that their power might protect the city from natural disaster and disease, and priests such as
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790:, Edo was re-christened Tokyo (becoming the new capital of Japan). Although Heian-kyō lost its status as capital city, it became a backup capital while the emperor was away in Tokyo. Since that time the emperor has not returned to Kyoto. However, at the direction of the Emperor Meiji, the imperial residences have been preserved and the
730:
system was almost at an end, the district had become so dilapidated that it began to be used as farmland, something which had previously been forbidden within the city limits. With the exception of an area in the north of the Right
Capital near to the palace, the residential areas which housed the
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were set up along the river next to the city. These ports acted as a transit base for collecting in goods from all over the country and for forwarding them on to the city. The goods which arrived in Heian-kyō reached the people by way of one of the two large markets (the East market and the West
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It is thought that the construction of Heian-kyō began from the palace, with the construction of the remainder of the city following afterwards. As a display of the emperor's authority the
Daigokuden (main building of the palace) was constructed at the far north of the central thoroughfare,
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were welcomed, being able men, well versed in
Buddhist scripture and with no interest in political power. On 22 October 794 AD, Emperor Kammu arrived at the new city and on 8 November proclaimed, "I hereby name this city Heian-kyō." On 8 November, he changed the second
630:.) The location for the new capital was to be Kadono located between two rivers in the north of Yamashiro, ten kilometers to the northeast of Nagaoka-kyō. It is said that the Emperor Kammu had previously looked out on Kadono from the Shōgun Tsuka in
739:, beyond the eastern limits of the city, and on the eastern banks of the river temples and country homes sprung up. So started a tendency for the city to extend out to the east. In 980 AD, at the southern tip of Suzaku-oji the
743:(the grandest of the two city gates) collapsed never to be rebuilt. In this way the original borders of Heian-kyō extended out to the east, forming the streets of first medieval and then modern-day Kyoto.
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as follows: "Kadono has beautiful mountains and rivers as well as good transport links by sea and land making it convenient for people to assemble there from all four corners of the country."
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The Cho which shared the same Jo and Bo were each given a number from 1 to 16. In this way addresses could be identified as follows: "Right
Capital, Jō Five, Bō Two, Chō Fourteen"
694:("castle") because the capital looked like a naturally formed "mountain castle" surrounded by the Eastern (Higashiyama), Northern (Kitayama), and Western (Nishiyama) mountains.
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faction. However, only 9 years later in
January 793 AD, Emperor Kammu assembled his retainers and announced another relocation of the capital (for the reason see the entry on
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thought that keeping the capital in Heian-kyō would be best for the stability of the country and resisted this movement, naming Heian-kyō "The
Eternal City"
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with the exception that Heian-kyō had no city walls. It is thought that the site for the city was selected according to the principles of
Shijinsōō
291:. The city boundaries formed a rectangle measuring 4.5 km from east to west and 5.2 km from north to south. The city layout followed
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The gates of the
Daidairi are marked in Japanese Kanji in the above grid, below are the romanization of said gate names alongside the kanji:
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340:
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A movement in favor of returning the capital to Heijō-kyō arose in 810 AD, during a standoff over the emperor's succession. However,
1410:
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1252:. Oxford: Oxbow Books : Orca Book Services : Oxford University Press Southern Africa : David Brown Book Company.
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307:(Suzaku-ōji), the main thoroughfare extending from the palace down through the center of the city, dividing it into the Right (
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416:(Teramachi-dōri). The location of Nishi-kyōgoku-ōji at the western limit is estimated as a line running north to south from
315:) (the eastern side being the Left and the western side being the Right from the emperor's viewpoint.) The design followed
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of Kyoto City, deciding then that it was a suitable location for the capital. Emperor Kammu's words are recorded in the
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235:, Heian remained the site of the Imperial Court and seat of Imperial power, and thus remained the official capital.
142:, palace in the center) and the cityscape of Heian-kyō (miniature model at the Kyoto City Life-long Learning Center)
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and even by the 9th century little progress had been made in developing the area. By the 10th century when the
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805:—a special throne whose location traditionally marked the seat of the emperor—remains at the palace in Kyoto.
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813:
The green areas in the diagram are markets, temples and a garden. There were two large markets, West Market
778:) cities each becoming places of little note. However, the two were to be reunited into one city during the
479:. Four lines of chō running east to west (excepting the first 2 rows in the north) were together called a jō
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of
Japanese history. According to modern scholarship, the city is thought to have been modelled after the
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aristocracy were all situated in the Left Capital, with the highest echelon of aristocrats such as the
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gathering in the northernmost part of the district. The poor of Heian-kyō began to set up home by the
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Heian-kyō was built in what is now the central part of Kyoto city covering an area spanning the Kadono
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Though political power would be wielded by the samurai class over the course of three different
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Suzaku-oji, making the building visible from anywhere in the city. Ports such as Yodonotsu
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Note that there were more paths cut short by residences straddling multiple blocks.
532:. Almost all of the streets in present-day Kyoto have become considerably narrower.
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The boundaries of Heian-kyō were smaller than those of modern Kyoto, with Ichijō-ōji
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1203:, a visual novel interactive computer game for Windows 3.1 set in 900 AD Heian-kyō
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built on the southern edge of the capital. An imperial garden called Shinsenen
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Pre-modern East Asia, to 1800 : a cultural, social, and political history
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Archaeology of East Asia: the Rise of Civilisation in China, Korea and Japan
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for over one thousand years, from 794 to 1868 with an interruption in 1180.
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which was the power base for the temples and aristocrats who supported the
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The layout of Heian-kyō was plotted in accordance with the principles of
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The land of the Right Capital overlapped the wetlands formed by the
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and four lines of chō running from north to south were called a bō
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and Higashi-kyōgoku-ōji in the east corresponding to present-day
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International Research Center for Japanese Studies (Nichibunken)
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at the northern limit corresponding to present-day Ichijō-dōri
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when almost half the city was burnt to the ground during the
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459:. The city was further divided by major streets called ōji
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was one of several former names for the city now known as
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was the basic unit of measurement. 40 sq. jō made a chō
1285:(3rd ed.). Boston: Wadsworth. pp. 79, 111.
393:, Kyūjō-ōji in the south corresponding to Kujō-dōri
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
176:established it as the capital in 794, moving the
247:Miniature model of the ancient capital Heian-kyō
1426:Populated places established in the 8th century
1225:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 516–17.
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912:" erroneously listed twice in the diagram.
129:Former name of the city now known as Kyoto
1281:Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Anne (2014) .
590:Perspective Pictures of Places in Japan:
405:slightly to the south of the present-day
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
930:
546:wide. In addition a river ran alongside
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1142:Below is a 1696 map of Kyoto, known as
184:at the recommendation of his advisor
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610:In 784 AD emperor Kammu constructed
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55:adding citations to reliable sources
1406:8th-century establishments in Japan
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42:needs additional citations for
1223:The Cambridge History of Japan
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469:and minor streets called koji
678:character of Yamashiro from
457:, 121.2 meters on each side)
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1431:History of Kyoto Prefecture
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1336:Fukuhara-kyō
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1183:Heian Palace
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1040:Tsuchimikado
942:Street name
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1309:Nagaoka-kyō
985:Kōgamon-ōji
936:(direction)
628:Nagaoka-kyō
612:Nagaoka-kyō
297:Nara period
239:Description
182:Nagaoka-kyō
66:"Heian-kyō"
1395:Categories
1351:Tokyo City
1268:1118490353
1232:0521223571
1208:References
1117:Nakamikado
1111:Taiken-mon
1046:North side
1016:Nakamikado
1010:Sōheki-mon
997:Datten-mon
972:Suzaku-ōji
966:Suzaku-mon
953:Bifuku-mon
947:South side
792:takamikura
737:Kamo River
534:Suzaku-ōji
420:on the JR
368:, between
264:Kadono-gun
233:shogunates
218:Genpei War
136:Daidairi (
77:newspapers
1148:元禄九年京都大絵図
1124:Ikuhō-mon
1100:Yōmei-mon
1081:East side
1072:Tachi-mon
1034:Jōsai-mon
991:West side
939:Gate name
760:Muromachi
750:centered
658:and Ōitsu
504:右京五条二坊十四町
337:Feng shui
293:Heijō-kyō
282:Otagi-gun
147:Heian-kyō
18:Heian-kyo
1368:135°46′E
1188:Chiteiki
1177:See also
1155:Archived
1130:Ōimikado
1087:Jōtō-mon
1062:Ikan-mon
1052:Anka-mon
1023:Impu-mon
1003:Ōimikado
979:Kōga-mon
835:Shichijō
776:Shimogyō
768:Ōnin war
752:Kamakura
728:Ritsuryō
598:Toyoharu
594:in Kyoto
437:geomancy
301:Daidairi
222:Kamakura
210:Minamoto
202:Chang'an
196:for the
1365:35°00′N
904:Note: "
772:Kamigyō
741:Rajōmon
573:History
428:on the
321:Changan
91:scholar
1289:
1266:
1256:
1229:
1105:Konoe
1028:Konoe
882:ja:神泉苑
862:Sai-ji
652:, now
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
924:Gates
873:were
849:Tō-ji
837:-ōji
748:Kanto
676:kanji
671:Kūkai
564:西堀川小路
313:Sakyō
214:Taira
206:Xi'an
164:Kyoto
98:JSTOR
84:books
1287:ISBN
1264:OCLC
1254:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1126:郁芳門
1113:待賢門
1102:陽明門
1089:上東門
1074:達智門
1064:偉鑒門
1054:安嘉門
1036:上西門
1025:殷富門
1012:藻壁門
999:談天門
981:皇嘉門
968:朱雀門
959:Mibu
955:美福門
934:Side
908:七条大路
860:and
842:七条大路
762:and
754:and
654:Yodo
554:堀川小路
387:丸太町通
376:今出川通
351:一条大路
329:四神相応
309:Ukyō
158:lit.
70:news
1138:Map
799:高御座
706:万代宮
663:大井津
424:to
399:九条通
362:一条通
317:Sui
287:of
275:愛宕郡
257:葛野郡
153:平安京
139:大内裏
53:by
1397::
1262:.
1165:.
868:西寺
855:東寺
847:.
828:東市
818:西市
719:.
709:,
649:淀津
602:c.
600:,
569:.
509:.
474:小路
464:大路
432:.
407:JR
279:,
261:,
228:.
156:,
1295:.
1270:.
1235:.
1152:)
885:)
879:(
865:(
852:(
845:)
839:(
831:)
825:(
821:)
815:(
803:)
795:(
716:)
703:(
690:城
682:背
666:)
660:(
656:)
646:(
567:)
561:(
557:)
551:(
541:丈
538:(
527:丈
524:(
517:丈
514:(
507:)
501:(
497:)
494:坊
491:(
487:)
484:条
481:(
477:)
471:(
467:)
461:(
454:町
451:(
444:丈
441:(
403:)
395:(
391:)
383:(
379:)
373:(
366:)
358:(
354:)
348:(
325:(
285:)
271:(
267:)
253:(
150:(
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
47:.
20:)
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