4348:('logs') (in addition to deleting the palatal plosive) develops a compensating palatal glide and surfaces as (and contrasts with the unpluralized ). Diphthongization compensates for the loss of the palatal stop (part of Catalan's segment loss compensation). There are other cases where diphthongization compensates for the loss of point of articulation features (property loss compensation) as in ('year') vs ('years'). The dialectal distribution of this compensatory diphthongization is almost entirely dependent on the dorsal plosive (whether it is velar or palatal) and the extent of consonant assimilation (whether or not it is extended to palatals).
848:
2467:
2455:
829:
36:
665:, is placed under the less prominent part of a diphthong to show that it is part of a diphthong rather than a vowel in a separate syllable: . When there is no contrastive vowel sequence in the language, the diacritic may be omitted. Other common indications that the two sounds are not separate vowels are a superscript, ⟨
1074:
While there are a number of similarities, diphthongs are not the same phonologically as a combination of a vowel and an approximant or glide. Most importantly, diphthongs are fully contained in the syllable nucleus while a semivowel or glide is restricted to the syllable boundaries (either the onset
5144:
The second table includes only 'false' diphthongs, composed of a semivowel + a vowel, not two vowels. The situation is more nuanced in the first table: a word such as 'baita' is actually pronounced and most speakers would syllabify it that way. A word such as 'voi' would instead be pronounced and
1079:, for example, consists of a palatal glide followed by a monophthong rather than a rising diphthong. In addition, the segmental elements must be different in diphthongs and so when it occurs in a language, it does not contrast with . However, it is possible for languages to contrast and .
5186:. There are, however, a host of other vowel combinations (more than any other major Romance language) which are classified as vowel glides. As a result of their origin (diphthongization of mid vowels under stress), the two true diphthongs appear only in stressed syllables and make
1003:. In languages with phonemically short and long vowels, diphthongs typically behave like long vowels, and are pronounced with a similar length. In languages with only one phonemic length for pure vowels, however, diphthongs may behave like pure vowels. For example, in
2902:
is supposed to be short. The factual basis of this presumed distinction seems very questionable." He goes on stating that in his own dialect, there is no length difference in these words, and that judgements on vowel length in front of non-prevocalic
4654:
has seven falling diphthongs and eight rising diphthongs. In addition, during fast speech, sequences of vowels in hiatus become diphthongs wherein one becomes non-syllabic (unless they are the same vowel, in which case they fuse together) as in
172:
4378:
has roughly the same amount, although the
European and non-European dialects have slightly different pronunciations ( is a distinctive feature of some southern and central Portuguese dialects, especially that of Lisbon). A onglide after
455:
Diphthongs often form when separate vowels are run together in rapid speech during a conversation. However, there are also unitary diphthongs, as in the
English examples above, which are heard by listeners as single-vowel sounds
1811:
language has its origin in Dutch but differs in many significant ways, including the use of diphthongs in the place of several non-diphthong Dutch double vowels, or double-vowels being pronounced differently. Examples include:
677:⟩. The tie bar can be useful when it is not clear which symbol represents the syllable nucleus, or when they have equal weight. Superscripts are especially used when an on- or off-glide is particularly fleeting.
1552:
are diphthongized in many dialects. In many cases they might be better transcribed as and , where the non-syllabic element is understood to be closer than the syllabic element. They are sometimes transcribed
990:
diphthongs are the opposite – they require a greater tongue movement, and their offsets are farther away from their starting points on the vowel chart. Examples of wide diphthongs are RP/GA English and .
5748:
is traditionally divided into
Northern and Southern dialects. In the north, some diphthongs may be short or long according to regular vowel length rules but in the south they are always short (see
1129:
326:
1788:, , and are normally pronounced as closing diphthongs except when preceding , in which case they are either centering diphthongs: , , and or are lengthened and monophthongized to , , and
8514:
7572:. Symposium on Segment Organization and the Syllable, Boulder, Colorado, October 21–23, 1977. North-Holland Linguistic Series. Vol. 40. Amsterdam: North-Holland. pp. 173–185.
2435:, other diphthongal combinations may occur. These are only phonetic diphthongs, not phonemic diphthongs, since the vocalic pronunciation alternates with consonantal pronunciations of
8148:
3519:). Other sequences are considered part of a glide formation process that turns a high vowel into a semivowel (and part of the syllable onset) when followed by another vowel.
6802:
diphthongs. The last are distinguished from long and short diphthongs by a markedly long and stressed second component. Diphthong quantity is not indicated in spelling.
5234:('sidewalk'), though Ioana Chițoran argues that these are best treated as containing glide-vowel sequences rather than diphthongs. In addition to these, the semivowels
2944:
also states that "laxing of the vowel is predicted to take place in shortened vowels; it does indeed seem to go hand in hand with the vowel shortening in many cases."
9241:
171:
8564:
Bertinetto, Pier Marco; Loporcaro, Michele (2005), "The sound pattern of
Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome",
1075:
or the coda). This often manifests itself phonetically by a greater degree of constriction, but the phonetic distinction is not always clear. The
English word
986:
diphthongs are the ones that end with a vowel which on a vowel chart is quite close to the one that begins the diphthong, for example
Northern Dutch , and .
8495:
776:, i.e. as synonyms of the terms "closing" and "opening". See below.) The less prominent component in the diphthong may also be transcribed as an
684:⟩ is the opposite of the non-syllabic diacritic: it represents a syllable break. If two vowels next to each other belong to two different
170:
9004:
6578:
in
English). Vowel combinations across syllables may in practice be pronounced as diphthongs, when an intervening consonant has elided, as in
408:, where the tongue or other speech organs do not move and the syllable contains only a single vowel sound. For instance, in English, the word
7886:
7666:
547:
6745:
varies considerably from one dialect to another. The
Western Finnmark dialects distinguish four different qualities of opening diphthongs:
2916:
According to the 'lengthless' analysis, the aforementioned 'long' diphthongs are analyzed as , , , , , , and . This makes non-prevocalic
520:
4399:. Additionally, in casual speech, adjacent heterosyllabic vowels may combine into diphthongs and triphthongs or even sequences of them.
812:
do not consider rising combinations to be diphthongs, but rather sequences of approximant and vowel. There are many languages (such as
509:
symbol. In the words above, the less prominent member of the diphthong can be represented with the symbols for the palatal approximant
8422:
4374:
has 14 phonemic diphthongs (10 oral and 4 nasal), all of which are falling diphthongs formed by a vowel and a nonsyllabic high vowel.
555:
8157:
9312:
9294:
9276:
9130:
9048:
9030:
8993:
8929:
8872:
8846:
8798:
8641:
8595:
8455:
8291:
7799:
7704:
7617:
7577:
7552:
7523:
7486:
6549:
There are additional diphthongs less commonly used, such as in
Euroopa (Europe), in söandama (to dare), and in näuguma (to mew).
1030:
is known to contrast long, short and "finally stressed" diphthongs, the last of which are distinguished by a longer second element.
384:
268:
119:
4252:
In standard
Eastern Catalan, rising diphthongs (that is, those starting with or ) are possible only in the following contexts:
2008:
847:
469:
169:
160:
142:
6230:
may be pronounced as a diphthong, but also as in hiatus or separated by a semivowel, . For example, in the first line of the
8787:
Kaye, Jonathan; Lowenstamm, Jean (1984), "De la syllabicité", in Dell, François; Vergnaud, Jean-Roger; Hirst, Daniel (eds.),
2016:
816:) that contrast one or more rising diphthongs with similar sequences of a glide and a vowel in their phonetic inventory (see
692:), meaning that they do not form a diphthong, they can be transcribed with two vowel symbols with a period in between. Thus,
57:
883:(e.g. ). Closing diphthongs tend to be falling (), and opening diphthongs are generally rising (), as open vowels are more
8788:
6243:
1007:, both monophthongs and diphthongs are pronounced long before single consonants and short before most consonant clusters.
724:
The non-syllabic diacritic is used only when necessary. It is typically omitted when there is no ambiguity, as in ⟨
7378:
4617:
1997:
is more accurate. In his analysis, he found that makes for 65% of the realisations, the other 35% being monophthongal,
899:
are true falling diphthongs, since they begin louder and with higher pitch and fall in prominence during the diphthong.
100:
9322:
8399:
7782:
Aikio, Ante; Ylikoski, Jussi (2022). "North Saami". In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.).
7568:
Allen, George D.; Hawkins, Sarah (1978). "Development of Phonological Rhythm". In Bell, Alan; Hooper, Joan B. (eds.).
7323:
5545:
5242:
can be combined (either before, after, or both) with most vowels, while this arguably forms additional diphthongs and
856:
528:
72:
6290:
All nine vowels can appear as the first component of an Estonian diphthong, but only occur as the second component.
2283:
The long diphthongs (or 'double vowels') are phonemically sequences of a free vowel and a non-syllabic equivalent of
887:
and therefore tend to be more prominent. However, exceptions to this rule are not rare in the world's languages. In
6231:
4258:
512:
53:
46:
4629:
1525:
634:⟩ is a less precise or broader transcription, since these diphthongs usually end in a vowel sound that is
321:. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of the
79:
9182:
8679:
7427:
1138:, most cases of the Modern English diphthongs originate from the Middle English long monophthongs through the
931:
diphthong is one that begins with a more peripheral vowel and ends with a more central one, such as , , and in
768:) diphthongs begin with a less prominent semivowel and end with a more prominent full vowel, similar to the in
6258:
2352:
by having a slightly different onset, although the exact nature of that difference is unclear. This means that
1179:
1143:
1026:, respectively. Languages that contrast three quantities in diphthongs are extremely rare, but not unheard of;
536:
2466:
2454:
8831:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
8958:
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish",
8281:
7690:
7389:
4363:
3801:
8940:
8650:
Chițoran, Ioana (2002a), "A perception-production study of Romanian diphthongs and glide-vowel sequences",
86:
9264:
9021:
Mascaró, Joan (2001), "Compensatory diphthongization in Majorcan Catalan", in Kreidler, Charles W. (ed.),
8746:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7497:
7493:
7286:
7265:
7261:
7226:
7198:
7075:
7071:
7030:
7026:
6889:
6779:
6769:
6759:
6749:
6575:
6571:
6203:
6184:
6174:
6164:
6144:
6140:
6130:
6126:
6104:
6099:
6073:
6055:
6050:
6032:
6027:
6009:
6004:
5986:
5955:
5950:
5932:
5927:
5896:
5878:
5873:
5855:
5850:
5832:
5813:
5795:
5790:
5762:
5758:
5267:
5263:
5251:
5247:
5239:
5235:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5183:
5179:
5149:
4603:
4460:
4384:
4380:
4345:
4329:
4325:
4324:(these exceptional cases even lead some scholars to hypothesize the existence of rare labiovelar phonemes
3784:
3774:
3764:
3754:
3745:
3735:
3726:
3716:
3707:
3697:
3687:
3668:
3622:
3580:
3526:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3477:
3465:
3453:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3405:
3393:
3386:
3372:
3360:
3348:
3336:
3324:
3312:
3285:
3275:
3266:
3248:
3239:
3230:
3221:
3212:
3199:
3190:
3180:
3097:
3019:
3009:
2999:
2989:
2979:
2969:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2908:
2904:
2851:
2817:
2796:
2771:
2750:
2727:
2706:
2685:
2664:
2643:
2618:
2593:
2572:
2548:
2527:
2506:
2436:
2428:
2410:
2398:
2386:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2288:
2284:
2265:
2260:
2243:
2238:
2221:
2216:
2199:
2194:
2177:
2172:
2155:
2150:
2133:
2128:
2111:
2106:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2025:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1976:
1959:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1918:
1913:
1892:
1880:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1529:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1480:
1451:
1428:
1405:
1382:
1356:
1332:
1308:
1272:
1233:
1209:
1164:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
932:
896:
892:
797:
793:
753:
729:
725:
718:
697:
681:
674:
670:
666:
643:
631:
627:
602:
596:
587:
576:
570:
499:
495:
491:
484:
477:
281:
156:
152:
138:
7728:
7313:
5557:
176:
American English pronunciation of "no highway cowboys" /noʊ ˈhaɪweɪ ˈkaʊbɔɪz/, showing five diphthongs:
9142:
The sounds of Afrikaans. Their Dialectic Variations and the Difficulties They Present to an Englishman
646:⟩ is a more precise or narrower transcription, since the English diphthongs usually end in the
68:
9140:
7318:
7110:
has rich vocalics with an extra distinction of long and short register to the vowels and diphthongs.
5153:
4627:
4615:
4432:
4420:
4375:
4357:
4256:
2014:
2006:
1998:
689:
615:
553:
545:
534:
526:
518:
510:
449:
8751:
7358:
7191:
7079:
4427:
4415:
4371:
4367:
3305:
3109:
2049:
as a narrow back diphthong . However, newer sources describe its onset as more front. For example,
1808:
611:
8945:. Studies in Linguistics and Language Learning. Vol. 8. Seattle, WA: University of Washington
5270:
are restricted to the syllable boundary and therefore, strictly speaking, do not form diphthongs.
828:
9368:
9342:
9170:
8906:
8898:
8852:
8776:
8730:
8702:
8667:
8621:
7747:
6285:
5173:
3100:) in situations of coarticulatory phenomena or when words with such vowels are being emphasized.
2962:
1476:
1174:
1063:
1023:
1004:
1000:
805:
801:
8918:
Lass, Roger (1987). "Intradiphthongal Dependencies". In Anderson, John; Durand, Jacques (eds.).
618:(less precise or more precise phonetically) than others. Transcribing the English diphthongs in
9121:
Schane, Sanford (1995), "Diphthongization in Particle Phonology", in Goldsmith, John A. (ed.),
7452:
5222:
does not appear in the final syllable of a prosodic word, there are no monosyllabic words with
1042:, while in others they are analyzed as sequences of two vowels, or of a vowel and a semivowel.
9308:
9290:
9272:
9126:
9044:
9026:
8989:
8925:
8868:
8842:
8794:
8637:
8591:
8451:
8287:
7882:
7795:
7700:
7662:
7656:
7613:
7607:
7573:
7548:
7519:
7482:
7478:
7431:
7194:
has four diphthongs which may be located at the beginning, middle or end of a word. They are:
6885:
6567:
6558:
4651:
3887:
3079:
2424:
2000:
1796:
1139:
888:
480:⟩ represents a monophthong. Diphthongs are transcribed with two symbols, as in English
7876:
7694:
3030:
Apart from these phonemic diphthongs, Bernese German has numerous phonetic diphthongs due to
9334:
9227:
9205:
9162:
9110:
9088:
9066:
8967:
8890:
8834:
8816:
8768:
8722:
8694:
8659:
8613:
8573:
8551:
8529:
7787:
7759:
7612:. Translated by Trauth, Gregory; Kassazi, Kerstin. London/New York: Routledge. p. 316.
6815:
6564:
5561:
4341:
3496:
3173:
2379:
1508:
1194:
1189:
703:
647:
542:
433:
415:
336:
330:
224:
179:
8432:
8400:"Babić ne zagovara korijenski pravopis, nego traži da Hrvati ne piju mlijeko nego - mlieko"
9363:
8427:
7412:
7328:
6157:
5749:
5325:
5279:
2954:
2291:: . Both and tend to be pronounced as , but they are spelled differently: the former as
1575:
1511:– in some places they have become separate phonemes. GA has raising to a lesser extent in
1168:
943:
444:). Where two adjacent vowel sounds occur in different syllables (e.g. in the English word
7791:
4598:
In addition, phonetic diphthongs are formed in most Brazilian Portuguese dialects by the
6574:), which are not very common crosslinguistically compared to centering diphthongs (e.g.
2028:
has an unrounded offset. For some speakers, the onset is also unrounded. That can cause
8982:
7407:
7353:
7107:
7034:
6818:
has seven falling diphthongs, though they may be considered VC sequences phonemically.
5745:
5164:'coalition') with the process occurring more readily in syllables further from stress.
4599:
3811:
3031:
2958:
1135:
1083:
1055:
936:
852:
836:
772:. (Sometimes, however, the terms "falling" and "rising" are used, instead, to refer to
658:
93:
8286:(in Spanish) (2 ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 58.
8156:(in Catalan) (provisional draft ed.). Institut d'Estudis Catalans. Archived from
9357:
9346:
9174:
8910:
8856:
8780:
8734:
8706:
8625:
7151:
6742:
4747:
3807:
3515:
may be considered true diphthongs (that is, fully contained in the syllable nucleus:
2432:
1854:
1027:
832:
8671:
2348:, when it has arisen from diphthongisation of , differs from the phonemic diphthong
1975:
Rising diphthongs . These variants do not seem to appear word-finally. The sequence
906:
diphthongs, with both elements at the same vowel height. These may have occurred in
5207:
1866:
1483:
is monophthongal , leading to the stereotypical spelling "Dahntahn" for "downtown".
773:
322:
1654:
1640:
505:
Diphthongs may be transcribed with two vowel symbols or with a vowel symbol and a
9271:, Publications of the Philological Society, vol. 28, Oxford, UK: Blackwell,
9114:
8919:
8407:
7533:
as . However, on page 36, he admits that phonetically, are more precise symbols.
7472:
1799:) has five centring diphthongs and contrasts long and short forms of , , , and .
8881:
Lass, Roger (1984). "Vowel System Universals and Typology: Prologue to Theory".
7511:
7333:
1849:
1758:
1741:
1724:
1710:
1696:
1682:
1628:
1624:
1593:
1059:
1051:
1019:
907:
872:
809:
800:). Semivowels and approximants are not equivalent in all treatments, and in the
777:
639:
405:
35:
9289:, The Phonology of the World's Languages, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press,
7764:
756:(higher pitch or volume) and end in a semivowel with less prominence, like in
17:
9338:
9232:
9210:
9166:
9093:
9071:
8972:
8894:
8838:
8821:
8772:
8726:
8663:
8617:
8578:
8556:
8534:
8267:
7343:
5243:
4396:
1972:
Falling diphthongs. Their first element may be short or somewhat lengthened .
1949:
1859:
1668:
1159:
880:
7393:
7338:
6930:
4874:
The existence of true diphthongs in Italian is debated; however, a list is:
2310:
are realised as closing diphthongs . In the same environment, the sequences
1903:
1612:
1496:
817:
654:
506:
9242:"Akoestische kenmerken van de Nederlandse klinkers in drie Vlaamse regio's"
9057:
Peters, Jörg (2010), "The Flemish–Brabant dialect of Orsmaal–Gussenhoven",
3164:"in great haste". The number and form of diphthongs vary between dialects.
2341:
In practice, the diphthong is realised the same as the phonemic diphthong
8698:
6271:
whereas, in Standard Croatian and Serbian, these words are konj, rod, on.
6202:
in foreign words are not regarded as diphthongs, they are pronounced with
1066:
or smoothing is a vowel shift in which a diphthong becomes a monophthong.
4928:
884:
685:
398:
318:
148:
8542:
Birbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese",
2850:
notes that the length contrast is not very stable before non-prevocalic
2314:
are realized as , i.e. as closing diphthongs followed by palatal nasal.
1495:
Canadian English and some dialects of northern American English exhibit
8902:
6892:) plus a vowel, while falling sequences are regarded as one diphthong.
6790:
In terms of quantity, Northern Sami shows a three-way contrast between
3438:, "iodine", "jay", "yod" (only in a handful of words of foreign origin)
1984:
1039:
902:
A third, rare type of diphthong that is neither opening nor closing is
789:
457:
8377::8–9) for a brief overview of the views regarding Romanian semivowels
7383:
942:
Diphthongs may contrast in how far they open or close. For example,
9125:, Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics, Blackwell, pp. 586–608,
999:
Languages differ in the length of diphthongs, measured in terms of
472:(IPA), monophthongs are transcribed with one symbol, as in English
7746:
Paschen, Ludger; Fuchs, Susanne; Seifart, Frank (September 2022).
7699:. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 49.
7348:
3810:, long vowels are generally diphthongized in informal speech when
2465:
2453:
2076:
is more similar to the usual South African realization of English
1082:
Diphthongs are also distinct from sequences of simple vowels. The
846:
827:
635:
314:
167:
5752:). Southern dialects tend to simplify diphthongs in speech (e.g.
1022:, these behave like short and long vowels, occupying one and two
9079:
Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation",
6570:
are falling. Notably, Finnish has true opening diphthongs (e.g.
3149:
2738:
9218:
Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont",
3890:
possesses a number of phonetic diphthongs, all of which begin (
939:. Many centering diphthongs are also opening diphthongs (, ).
376:
206:
29:
8268:
Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003
7881:. Vol. 2. Boston/Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 20.
7453:"Unicode Character 'COMBINING INVERTED BREVE BELOW' (U+032F)"
6888:
are usually regarded as a combination of a medial semivowel (
2936::88) shows that they have somewhat different starting points.
436:
418:
370:
200:
2907:
which is itself vocalized are problematic, in particular if
239:
8924:. Dordrecht: Foris Publications Holland. pp. 109–131.
8680:"The phonology and morphology of Romanian diphthongization"
6242:
is pronounced as a diphthong, but in the first line of the
709:
359:
353:
342:
245:
194:
188:
182:
9323:"Die Afrikaanse diftong /E+/: 'n Eksperimentele ondersoek"
9153:
Tingsabadh, M.R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur (1993), "Thai",
8604:
Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan",
8062:
8060:
7984:
7982:
7980:
7955:
7953:
1532:
becomes monophthongal except before voiceless consonants.
1130:
International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects
792:, both elements are often transcribed with vowel symbols (
242:
9327:
Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies
8833:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89,
7999:
7997:
257:
233:
9009:(Doctoral thesis), Massachusetts Institute of Technology
5544:
For more detailed explanations of Gaelic diphthongs see
8713:
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",
8470:
4614:('south') as well as by yodization of vowels preceding
3096:
Diphthongs may reach a higher target position (towards
3034:
in the syllable coda, for instance the following ones:
2451:'I hear'. These phonetic diphthongs may be as follows:
2064:, the Afrikaans equivalent tends to be pronounced with
851:
Vowel diagram illustrating centering diphthongs of the
728:⟩. No words in English have the vowel sequences
700:⟩, with a period separating the first syllable,
325:) moves during the pronunciation of the vowel. In most
9101:
Padgett, Jaye (2007), "Glides, Vowels, and Features",
8634:
The Phonology of Romanian: A Constraint-based Approach
3381:, "bunk bed", "berth" (rare, only in handful of words)
788:. However, when the diphthong is analysed as a single
2060:
In some words which, in English, are pronounced with
1993:
is not a phonetically correct transcription and that
385:
367:
356:
339:
269:
236:
8586:
Borg, Albert J.; Azzopardi-Alexander, Marie (1997),
8496:
Minister of Education and Culture Decree No: 50/2015
8423:"Štokavsko narječje: prostiranje i osnovne značajke"
7748:"Final Lengthening and vowel length in 25 languages"
6266:
6221:
6215:
2338:
are realised as (with a monophthong), rather than .
835:
illustrating closing diphthongs of Belgian Standard
706:
373:
260:
254:
230:
147:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
8325:
8313:
7070:In addition to vowel nuclei following or preceding
7025:In addition to vowel nuclei following or preceding
3156:An additional diphthong, , occurs only in the word
2961:diphthongs, for instance, correspond rather to the
364:
350:
347:
251:
227:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8981:
8482:
8406:(in Croatian). Zagreb. 10 May 1999. Archived from
8134:
5254:can follow an obstruent-liquid cluster such as in
946:contrasts low-to-mid with low-to-high diphthongs:
752:) diphthongs start with a vowel quality of higher
9220:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
9198:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
9155:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
9081:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
9059:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
8960:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
8809:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
8761:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
8715:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
8652:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
8606:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
8566:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
8544:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
8522:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
7547:. Milano: Lampi di stampa (Hoepli). p. 224.
5198:. To native speakers, they sound very similar to
4622:or its allophone at syllable coda in terms like
3108:There are five diphthongs in the Oslo dialect of
9240:Verhoeven, Jo; Van Bael, C. (1 September 2002),
9196:Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch",
8513:Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004),
7609:Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics
7492:The author states that the Afrikaans diphthongs
7471:Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), "1. Pronunciation",
5156:can turn into glides in more rapid speech (e.g.
5145:syllabified as , yet again without a diphthong.
1979:is commonly realised as or, more often, , with
732:, so the non-syllabic diacritic is unnecessary.
161:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
6171:(almost exclusively in words of foreign origin)
3481:
3469:
3457:
3445:
3433:
3421:
3409:
3397:
3376:
3364:
3352:
3340:
3328:
3316:
2965:diphthongs than to standard German diphthongs:
2858::180), following the pronouncing dictionaries (
2359:
2353:
2270:
2248:
2226:
2204:
2182:
2160:
2138:
2116:
1050:Certain sound changes relate to diphthongs and
7878:The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar
7814:
4395:('guard') may also form rising diphthongs and
1070:Difference from semivowels and vowel sequences
9039:Meinhold, Gottfried; Stock, Eberhard (1980),
8255:
8251:
8249:
8240:
8236:
8234:
7786:. Oxford University Press. pp. 147–177.
7777:
7775:
7696:The Cambridge History of the English Language
2855:
1142:, although some cases of originate from the
397:) has five distinct diphthongs, one in every
8:
9025:, vol. 3, Routledge, pp. 574–587,
9006:Catalan Phonology and the Phonological Cycle
8743:Applied Phonetics: Portuguese Text-to-Speech
8636:, Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter,
8098:
4362:The Portuguese diphthongs are formed by the
2957:differ from standard German diphthongs. The
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2863:
2826:
2805:
2780:
2759:
2736:
2715:
2694:
2673:
2652:
2627:
2602:
2581:
2557:
2536:
2515:
2470:German diphthongs ending in (part 2), from
2458:German diphthongs ending in (part 1), from
2446:
2440:
2414:
2402:
2390:
1062:in which a monophthong becomes a diphthong.
430:is spoken as a diphthong in most varieties (
9043:, Leipzig: VEB Bibliographisches Institut,
9023:Phonology: Critical Concepts in Linguistics
8867:, Leipzig: VEB Bibliographisches Institut,
8147:"Els diftongs, els triftongs i els hiats".
8081:
8079:
8077:
8075:
7908:
7693:; Burchfield, Robert William, eds. (1992).
7638:
7636:
6134:
6120:
5753:
9333:(3). Taylor & Francis Group: 319–334.
9041:Phonologie der deutschen Gegenwartssprache
8865:Großes Wörterbuch der deutschen Aussprache
8863:Krech, Eva Maria; Stötzer, Ursula (1982),
8450:. Kárášjohka: Davvi Girji. p. 40–41.
5340:). Group 2 are reflexes that occur before
2334:, respectively) and the diminutive suffix
9231:
9209:
9092:
9070:
8988:(in German) (3rd ed.). Dudenverlag.
8971:
8820:
8750:
8577:
8555:
8533:
8386:
8361:
8349:
8337:
8066:
8051:
8039:
8015:
8003:
7988:
7944:
7932:
7920:
7763:
7655:Crystal, David, ed. (2008). "diphthong".
7642:
5556:The following diphthongs are used in the
2306:formed to monosyllabic nouns, the vowels
1038:In some languages, diphthongs are single
840:
642:. Transcribing the diphthongs as ⟨
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
8807:Kleine, Ane (2003), "Standard Yiddish",
8374:
8122:
7784:The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages
7529:. The author transcribes the diphthongs
6292:
5767:
5574:
5350:
4876:
4673:
4401:
3900:
2477:
2085:
1834:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1572:
1148:
562:
525:, with the symbols for the close vowels
27:Combination of two adjacent vowel sounds
8213:
8201:
8189:
8178:
7971:
7838:
7658:Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics
7606:Bussmann, Hadumod (2006). "Diphthong".
7518:(6th ed.), Duden, pp. 36–37,
7370:
5288:aigh, aidh, agh, adh, eagh, eadh, eigh,
5187:
2932:may also merge, but the vowel chart in
2859:
2358:'point' sounds somewhat different from
1776:
1468:
1018:diphthongs. In some languages, such as
891:, for instance, the opening diphthongs
879:diphthongs, the second element is more
871:diphthongs, the second element is more
8889:. Cambridge University Press: 75–111.
8745:, University of California, Berkeley,
8283:Introducción a la lingüística española
8110:
7862:
7850:
7826:
4671:('line'). The Spanish diphthongs are:
4292:In the sequences or and vowel, e.g.
2933:
2471:
2459:
1540:
1538:
1491:
1489:
860:
9183:"Variation of vowel length in German"
8759:Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch",
8225:
8085:
7727:Anderson, Catherine (15 March 2018).
7661:(6 ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
4606:in the syllable coda with words like
2941:
2847:
1989:The scholar Daan Wissing argues that
1840:
1524:In several American dialects such as
1086:of Timor, for example, distinguishes
7:
8921:Explorations in Dependency Phonology
8793:, Paris: Hermann, pp. 123–159,
8471:Borg & Azzopardi-Alexander (1997
8448:The Saami Languages: An Introduction
8174:
8027:
7959:
4336:There are also certain instances of
2924:homophonous as or . Non-prevocalic
2050:
717:, from the second syllable, ⟨
151:. For the distinction between ,
58:adding citations to reliable sources
9307:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
9123:The Handbook of Phonological Theory
8829:Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German",
5564:. Each diphthong is given with its
5206:respectively. There are no perfect
2036:, which is considered non-standard.
313:, is a combination of two adjacent
7792:10.1093/oso/9780198767664.003.0010
5178:Romanian has two true diphthongs:
333:, the phrase "no highway cowboy" (
25:
6181:(in words of foreign origin only)
4403:Falling diphthongs of Portuguese
2072:. That happens because Afrikaans
8326:Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005
8314:Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005
8280:Azevedo, Milton Mariano (2004).
8150:Gramàtica de la llengua catalana
6582:instead of for the genitive of
6254:is pronounced as two syllables.
4273:Both occur between vowels as in
2423:In the varieties of German that
702:
669:⟩, or a tie bar, ⟨
432:
414:
335:
305: 'sound'), also known as a
223:
178:
34:
8483:Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993
8135:Carbonell & Llisterri (1992
4263:in word initial position, e.g.
3389:and a vowel are the following:
2884:to be long, while the vowel in
824:Closing, opening, and centering
517:and the labiovelar approximant
502:⟩ represent diphthongs.
470:International Phonetic Alphabet
143:International Phonetic Alphabet
45:needs additional citations for
7413:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
6156:There are three diphthongs in
808:languages, among others, many
1:
9181:Tröster-Mutz, Stefan (2011),
8942:Problems of Catalan Phonology
8431:(in Croatian). Archived from
7875:Schapper, Antoinette (2017).
7584:The authors contrast ⟨
6244:national anthem of Montenegro
4338:compensatory diphthongization
2087:Example words for diphthongs
813:
448:) the result is described as
291: 'two sounds', from
9115:10.1016/j.lingua.2007.10.002
5720:
5703:
5688:
5673:
5656:
5639:
5624:
5607:
5590:
5522:
5503:
5484:
5453:
5438:
5412:
5397:
5382:
5364:
4387:and before all vowels as in
3086:as in פּליטה ('refugee' f.)
1755:
1738:
1721:
1707:
1693:
1679:
1665:
1651:
1637:
1622:
1609:
1590:
1441:
1418:
1395:
1371:
1345:
1321:
1298:
1285:
1261:
1248:
1222:
1199:
1150:Standard English diphthongs
638:than the semivowels or the
412:is spoken as a monophthong (
9148:. Longmans, Green & Co.
8446:Sammallahti, Pekka (1998).
7815:Kaye & Lowenstamm (1984
7428:"Definition of 'Diphthong'"
7324:Index of phonetics articles
7283:(an expression when amazed)
6294:Common Estonian diphthongs
5546:Scottish Gaelic orthography
5342:-ll, -m, -nn, -bh, -dh, -gh
5262:('to mend'), implying that
5226:; exceptions might include
2053:, states that the onset of
1544:The erstwhile monophthongs
875:than the first (e.g. ); in
696:can be transcribed ⟨
9385:
8790:La forme sonore du langage
8256:Barbosa & Albano (2004
7765:10.1016/j.wocn.2022.101179
6556:
6283:
6232:national anthem of Croatia
5730:
5713:
5696:
5681:
5666:
5649:
5632:
5617:
5600:
5530:
5511:
5492:
5469:
5446:
5423:
5405:
5390:
5375:
5328:. Group 1 occur anywhere (
5324:There are 9 diphthongs in
5188:morphological alternations
5171:
4355:
3799:
3385:Combinations of semivowel
2864:Krech & Stötzer (1982)
2856:Meinhold & Stock (1980
2842:
2042:occur mainly in loanwords.
1795:The dialect of Hamont (in
1127:
298: 'twice' and
9339:10.2989/16073610509486393
9233:10.1017/S0025100307002940
9211:10.1017/S0025100305002173
9167:10.1017/S0025100300004746
9094:10.1017/S0025100304001768
9072:10.1017/S0025100310000083
8973:10.1017/S0025100303001373
8895:10.1017/S0952675700000300
8839:10.1017/S0025100300004874
8822:10.1017/S0025100303001385
8773:10.1017/S002510030000459X
8727:10.1017/S0025100300005223
8678:Chițoran, Ioana (2002b),
8664:10.1017/S0025100302001044
8618:10.1017/S0025100300004618
8579:10.1017/S0025100305002148
8557:10.1017/S0025100304001756
8535:10.1017/S0025100304001756
7543:Battisti, Carlo (2000) .
7244:(Indonesian given name),
6543:
6541:
6521:
6481:
6428:
6426:
6415:
6413:
6409:
6407:
6347:
6298:
6216:
6085:
6072:
6054:
5954:
5949:
5895:
5877:
5794:
5779:
5694:
5679:
5630:
5586:
5413:
5365:
5360:
5138:
5070:
4999:
4995:
4981:
4967:
4882:
4863:
4817:
4768:
4764:
4679:
4592:
4590:
4581:
4579:
4570:
4559:
4550:
4540:
4536:
4534:
4525:
4518:
4509:
4507:
4498:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4471:
4450:
4443:
4407:
4246:
4195:
4088:
4049:
4010:
3906:
2483:
2480:
2302:In diminutives ending in
1902:
1865:
1843:
1718:
1704:
1690:
1676:
1662:
1648:
1619:
1606:
1526:Southern American English
1461:
1438:
1415:
1392:
1342:
1318:
1295:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1219:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1144:Middle English diphthongs
1058:or diphthongization is a
582:
575:
541:, or the symbols for the
404:Diphthongs contrast with
9287:The Phonology Of Catalan
9285:Wheeler, Max W. (2005),
9139:Swanepoel, J.F. (1927).
8984:Das Aussprachewörterbuch
8939:Lleó, Concepció (1970).
8632:Chițoran, Ioana (2001),
7531:⟨ai au eu⟩
7516:Das Aussprachewörterbuch
6741:The diphthong system in
6248:Oj, svijetla majska zoro
6226:(in Ijekavian varieties)
5776:
5773:
5770:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5282:diphthongs are falling.
2701:gate/goal (in football)
2439:if a vowel follows, cf.
1010:Some languages contrast
610:Some transcriptions are
9321:Wissing, Daan (2009) .
9305:The Phonology of German
9303:Wiese, Richard (1996),
7735:– via Pressbooks.
7390:Oxford University Press
7154:has only monophthongs.
6933:has eleven diphthongs.
5148:In general, unstressed
4634:(or ) in terms such as
4364:labio-velar approximant
3802:Quebec French phonology
3112:, all of them falling:
2953:The diphthongs of some
2378:Phonemic diphthongs in
2045:Older sources describe
1119:Indo-European languages
317:sounds within the same
139:phonetic transcriptions
9003:Mascaró, Joan (1976),
8515:"Brazilian Portuguese"
7592:⟩ from ⟨
7588:⟩ from ⟨
7570:Syllables and Segments
7474:A Grammar of Afrikaans
7182:Austronesian languages
7082:has three diphthongs:
7037:has three diphthongs:
6875:Sino-Tibetan languages
6508:"face" (s. possessive)
6267:
6222:
6135:
6121:
5754:
5566:Revived Middle Cornish
4917:'I could' (past tense)
3482:
3470:
3458:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3398:
3377:
3365:
3353:
3341:
3329:
3317:
3082:has three diphthongs:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2827:
2806:
2781:
2760:
2737:
2716:
2695:
2674:
2653:
2628:
2603:
2582:
2558:
2537:
2516:
2475:
2463:
2447:
2441:
2415:
2403:
2391:
2360:
2354:
2308:/u,ɪə,ʊə,ɛ,ə,œ,ɔ,a,ɑː/
2271:
2249:
2227:
2205:
2183:
2161:
2139:
2117:
933:Received Pronunciation
864:
844:
452:, not as a diphthong.
214:
136:This article contains
9190:Universität Osnabrück
8980:Mangold, Max (1990).
8699:10.1515/prbs.2002.009
8163:on 30 September 2010.
7691:Blake, Norman Francis
7386:UK English Dictionary
7314:Digraph (orthography)
7177:(I fall/I am falling)
6206:between the vowels .
5572:(RLC) pronunciation.
5558:Standard Written Form
4084:'he/she is carrying'
2866:) judge the vowel in
2469:
2457:
1134:In words coming from
850:
831:
498:⟩ and ⟨
175:
9269:Phonology of Catalan
8741:Faria, Arlo (2003),
8435:on 17 February 2008.
8410:on 21 November 2000.
7752:Journal of Phonetics
6884:Rising sequences in
6236:Lijepa naša domovina
6119:† The plural ending
5570:Revived Late Cornish
5190:with the mid vowels
4638:('world peace') and
4376:Brazilian Portuguese
4358:Portuguese phonology
3092:as in אופֿן ('way')
3089:as in נײַן ('nine')
2324:⟨-aat⟩
2320:⟨-aad⟩
673:⟩ or ⟨
630:⟩ or ⟨
603:narrow transcription
566:vowel and semivowel
54:improve this article
8241:Cruz-Ferreira (1995
7962:, pp. 117–119.
7947:, pp. 2, 8–10.
7496:can be transcribed
7061:Mon-Khmer languages
7016:Tai–Kadai languages
6295:
6261:dialects also have
6133:in the south, e.g.
5332:is usually before
4879:
4878:Italian diphthongs
4676:
4675:Spanish diphthongs
4404:
4372:European Portuguese
4368:palatal approximant
3903:
3902:Catalan diphthongs
3308:are the following:
3282:(can also be short)
3263:(can also be short)
3187:(can also be short)
2638:I/he/she/it became
2297:⟨eeu⟩
2293:⟨ieu⟩
2088:
1837:
1836:Diphthong phonemes
1578:
1151:
857:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven
680:The period ⟨
577:broad transcription
494:, in which ⟨
476:, in which ⟨
8883:Phonology Yearbook
8099:Tröster-Mutz (2011
8097:Also supported by
7689:Hogg, Richard M.;
7416:. Merriam-Webster.
6293:
6286:Estonian phonology
5174:Romanian phonology
4877:
4674:
4402:
4179:'he/she was doing'
3901:
3896:falling diphthongs
3160:in the expression
2963:Middle High German
2588:he/she/it becomes
2476:
2464:
2086:
1835:
1573:
1477:Pittsburgh English
1149:
1064:Monophthongization
865:
845:
741:Falling and rising
663:⟨◌̯⟩
583:two vowel symbols
426:), while the word
215:
9109:(12): 1937–1955,
8054:, pp. 10–11.
7909:Gussenhoven (1992
7888:978-1-61451-902-7
7668:978-1-4051-5297-6
7545:Fonetica generale
7479:Mouton de Gruyter
7432:SIL International
7396:on 13 April 2021.
7170:(I am placing it)
7162:are semi-vowels:
6806:Semitic languages
6559:Finnish phonology
6547:
6546:
6194:The vowel groups
6129:in the north and
6116:
6115:
5738:
5737:
5542:
5541:
5142:
5141:
4867:
4866:
4596:
4595:
4250:
4249:
3892:rising diphthongs
2837:
2836:
2281:
2280:
1969:
1968:
1773:
1772:
1465:
1464:
1140:Great Vowel Shift
653:The non-syllabic
648:near-close vowels
608:
607:
543:near-close vowels
173:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
9376:
9350:
9317:
9299:
9281:
9260:
9259:
9257:
9236:
9235:
9214:
9213:
9192:
9187:
9177:
9149:
9147:
9135:
9117:
9097:
9096:
9075:
9074:
9053:
9035:
9017:
9016:
9014:
8999:
8987:
8976:
8975:
8954:
8952:
8950:
8935:
8914:
8877:
8859:
8825:
8824:
8803:
8783:
8755:
8754:
8737:
8709:
8684:
8674:
8646:
8628:
8600:
8582:
8581:
8560:
8559:
8538:
8537:
8519:
8500:
8499:, Jakarta, 2015.
8492:
8486:
8480:
8474:
8468:
8462:
8461:
8443:
8437:
8436:
8418:
8412:
8411:
8396:
8390:
8384:
8378:
8371:
8365:
8359:
8353:
8347:
8341:
8335:
8329:
8323:
8317:
8311:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8300:
8277:
8271:
8265:
8259:
8253:
8244:
8238:
8229:
8223:
8217:
8211:
8205:
8199:
8193:
8187:
8181:
8171:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8155:
8144:
8138:
8132:
8126:
8120:
8114:
8108:
8102:
8095:
8089:
8083:
8070:
8067:Donaldson (1993)
8064:
8055:
8052:Donaldson (1993)
8049:
8043:
8040:Donaldson (1993)
8037:
8031:
8025:
8019:
8016:Swanepoel (1927)
8013:
8007:
8004:Donaldson (1993)
8001:
7992:
7989:Donaldson (1993)
7986:
7975:
7969:
7963:
7957:
7948:
7945:Donaldson (1993)
7942:
7936:
7930:
7924:
7918:
7912:
7906:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7895:
7872:
7866:
7860:
7854:
7848:
7842:
7836:
7830:
7824:
7818:
7812:
7806:
7805:
7779:
7770:
7769:
7767:
7743:
7737:
7736:
7729:"2.8 Diphthongs"
7724:
7718:
7717:
7715:
7713:
7686:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7675:
7652:
7646:
7640:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7626:
7603:
7597:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7565:
7559:
7558:
7540:
7534:
7532:
7528:
7507:
7501:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7481:, pp. 8–9,
7467:
7461:
7460:
7449:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7438:
7424:
7418:
7417:
7404:
7398:
7397:
7392:. Archived from
7375:
7288:
7268:in Indonesian):
7267:
7263:
7236:('autodidact'),
7228:
7200:
7077:
7073:
7032:
7028:
6891:
6880:Mandarin Chinese
6800:finally stressed
6781:
6771:
6761:
6751:
6577:
6573:
6459:"right, correct"
6365:"accomplishment"
6296:
6275:Uralic languages
6270:
6268:kuonj, ruod, uon
6225:
6219:
6218:
6205:
6186:
6176:
6166:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6106:
6101:
6075:
6057:
6052:
6034:
6029:
6011:
6006:
5988:
5957:
5952:
5934:
5929:
5898:
5880:
5875:
5857:
5852:
5834:
5815:
5797:
5792:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5575:
5351:
5269:
5265:
5253:
5249:
5241:
5237:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5185:
5181:
5151:
4880:
4677:
4667:('teacher') and
4633:
4621:
4605:
4462:
4405:
4386:
4382:
4347:
4344:dialect so that
4331:
4327:
4262:
3904:
3786:
3776:
3766:
3756:
3747:
3737:
3728:
3718:
3709:
3699:
3689:
3670:
3624:
3582:
3528:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3388:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3287:
3277:
3268:
3250:
3241:
3232:
3223:
3214:
3201:
3192:
3182:
3099:
3021:
3011:
3001:
2991:
2981:
2971:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2853:
2846:
2830:
2819:
2809:
2798:
2788:
2773:
2766:he/she/it dries
2763:
2752:
2742:
2729:
2719:
2708:
2698:
2687:
2677:
2666:
2656:
2645:
2635:
2620:
2610:
2595:
2585:
2574:
2564:
2550:
2540:
2529:
2519:
2508:
2478:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2430:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2312:/ɛn,ən,œn,ɔn,an/
2309:
2305:
2298:
2295:, the latter as
2294:
2290:
2286:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2208:
2201:
2196:
2186:
2179:
2174:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2089:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2048:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1978:
1961:
1956:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1873:
1838:
1789:
1786:
1579:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1533:
1531:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1509:Canadian raising
1506:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1482:
1473:
1453:
1430:
1407:
1384:
1358:
1334:
1310:
1274:
1235:
1211:
1152:
1109:
1105:
1102:'stare at', and
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
898:
894:
799:
795:
731:
727:
720:
716:
715:
712:
711:
708:
699:
683:
676:
672:
668:
664:
645:
633:
629:
598:
589:
572:
563:
559:
551:
540:
532:
524:
516:
501:
497:
493:
486:
479:
443:
442:
439:
438:
425:
424:
421:
420:
393:
389:
383:
382:
379:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
362:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
345:
344:
341:
323:speech apparatus
276:
272:
267:
266:
263:
262:
259:
256:
253:
248:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
213:
212:
209:
208:
203:
202:
197:
196:
191:
190:
185:
184:
174:
158:
154:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
9384:
9383:
9379:
9378:
9377:
9375:
9374:
9373:
9354:
9353:
9320:
9315:
9302:
9297:
9284:
9279:
9265:Wheeler, Max W.
9263:
9255:
9253:
9246:Taal en Tongval
9239:
9217:
9195:
9185:
9180:
9152:
9145:
9138:
9133:
9120:
9100:
9078:
9056:
9051:
9038:
9033:
9020:
9012:
9010:
9002:
8996:
8979:
8957:
8948:
8946:
8938:
8932:
8917:
8880:
8875:
8862:
8849:
8828:
8806:
8801:
8786:
8758:
8752:10.1.1.134.8785
8740:
8712:
8682:
8677:
8649:
8644:
8631:
8603:
8598:
8585:
8563:
8541:
8517:
8512:
8509:
8504:
8503:
8493:
8489:
8481:
8477:
8469:
8465:
8458:
8445:
8444:
8440:
8420:
8419:
8415:
8398:
8397:
8393:
8387:Chițoran (2002b
8385:
8381:
8372:
8368:
8362:Chițoran (2002b
8360:
8356:
8350:Chițoran (2002a
8348:
8344:
8338:Chițoran (2002a
8336:
8332:
8324:
8320:
8312:
8308:
8298:
8296:
8294:
8279:
8278:
8274:
8266:
8262:
8254:
8247:
8239:
8232:
8224:
8220:
8212:
8208:
8200:
8196:
8188:
8184:
8172:
8168:
8160:
8153:
8146:
8145:
8141:
8133:
8129:
8121:
8117:
8109:
8105:
8096:
8092:
8084:
8073:
8065:
8058:
8050:
8046:
8038:
8034:
8026:
8022:
8014:
8010:
8002:
7995:
7987:
7978:
7970:
7966:
7958:
7951:
7943:
7939:
7933:Verhoeven (2007
7931:
7927:
7921:Verhoeven (2005
7919:
7915:
7907:
7903:
7893:
7891:
7889:
7874:
7873:
7869:
7861:
7857:
7849:
7845:
7837:
7833:
7825:
7821:
7813:
7809:
7802:
7781:
7780:
7773:
7745:
7744:
7740:
7726:
7725:
7721:
7711:
7709:
7707:
7688:
7687:
7683:
7673:
7671:
7669:
7654:
7653:
7649:
7643:Chițoran (2002a
7641:
7634:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7605:
7604:
7600:
7580:
7567:
7566:
7562:
7555:
7542:
7541:
7537:
7530:
7526:
7510:
7508:
7504:
7489:
7470:
7468:
7464:
7457:FileFormat.Info
7451:
7450:
7446:
7436:
7434:
7426:
7425:
7421:
7406:
7405:
7401:
7377:
7376:
7372:
7367:
7329:Table of vowels
7310:
7189:
7184:
7149:
7144:
7142:Bantu languages
7105:
7068:
7063:
7023:
7018:
6928:
6882:
6877:
6813:
6808:
6739:
6704:(to smarten up)
6561:
6555:
6538:
6529:
6516:
6507:
6498:
6489:
6476:
6467:
6458:
6449:
6441:(s. possessive)
6440:
6438:
6423:
6404:
6395:
6387:(s. possessive)
6386:
6384:
6373:
6364:
6355:
6344:
6333:
6324:
6315:
6307:"fence, garden"
6306:
6288:
6282:
6277:
6212:
6154:
5750:Welsh phonology
5743:
5554:
5326:Scottish Gaelic
5322:
5320:Scottish Gaelic
5298:abh, amh, eabh,
5276:
5176:
5170:
4872:
4648:
4642:('ten years').
4360:
4354:
3958:'we will fall'
3885:
3804:
3798:
3493:
3302:
3170:
3106:
3077:
2955:German dialects
2951:
2840:
2376:
2374:Standard German
2371:
2323:
2319:
2296:
2292:
1954:
1927:
1908:
1887:
1871:
1841:Starting point
1805:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1778:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1543:
1536:
1523:
1519:
1494:
1487:
1474:
1470:
1184:North American
1158:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1072:
1048:
1036:
997:
981:
979:Narrow and wide
904:height-harmonic
841:Verhoeven (2005
826:
820:for examples).
743:
738:
705:
701:
662:
466:
435:
431:
417:
413:
391:
387:
363:
346:
338:
334:
274:
270:
250:
226:
222:
205:
199:
193:
187:
181:
177:
168:
166:
165:
164:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Height-harmonic
15:
12:
11:
5:
9382:
9380:
9372:
9371:
9366:
9356:
9355:
9352:
9351:
9318:
9313:
9300:
9295:
9282:
9277:
9261:
9237:
9226:(2): 219–225,
9215:
9204:(2): 243–247,
9193:
9178:
9150:
9136:
9131:
9118:
9098:
9087:(2): 239–245,
9076:
9065:(2): 239–246,
9054:
9049:
9036:
9031:
9018:
9000:
8994:
8977:
8966:(2): 255–259,
8955:
8936:
8930:
8915:
8878:
8873:
8860:
8847:
8826:
8815:(2): 261–265,
8804:
8799:
8784:
8756:
8738:
8710:
8693:(2): 205–246,
8675:
8658:(2): 203–222,
8647:
8642:
8629:
8612:(1–2): 53–56,
8601:
8596:
8583:
8572:(2): 131–151,
8561:
8550:(2): 227–232,
8539:
8528:(2): 227–232,
8508:
8505:
8502:
8501:
8487:
8475:
8463:
8456:
8438:
8421:Lisac, Josip.
8413:
8391:
8379:
8375:Chițoran (2001
8366:
8354:
8342:
8330:
8318:
8306:
8292:
8272:
8260:
8245:
8230:
8218:
8206:
8194:
8182:
8179:Wheeler (1979)
8166:
8139:
8127:
8123:Chițoran (2001
8115:
8103:
8090:
8071:
8056:
8044:
8032:
8030:, p. 102.
8020:
8008:
7993:
7976:
7974:, p. 333.
7972:Wissing (2009)
7964:
7949:
7937:
7925:
7913:
7901:
7887:
7867:
7855:
7843:
7831:
7819:
7807:
7800:
7771:
7738:
7719:
7705:
7681:
7667:
7647:
7632:
7618:
7598:
7578:
7560:
7553:
7535:
7524:
7502:
7487:
7462:
7444:
7419:
7399:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7361:
7356:
7354:Vowel breaking
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7304:
7296:('property'),
7284:
7259:
7224:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7178:
7171:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7108:Khmer language
7104:
7101:
7100:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7057:
7051:
7045:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7005:
7004:(陪, accompany)
6998:
6991:
6984:
6977:
6970:
6963:
6956:
6949:
6942:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6922:
6915:
6908:
6901:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6862:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6829:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6788:
6787:
6777:
6767:
6757:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6726:
6719:
6711:
6710:
6706:
6705:
6698:
6691:
6684:
6676:
6675:
6671:
6670:
6663:
6656:
6649:
6642:
6635:
6628:
6621:
6614:
6607:
6600:
6592:
6591:
6557:Main article:
6554:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6533:
6531:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6511:
6509:
6502:
6500:
6493:
6491:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6471:
6469:
6462:
6460:
6453:
6451:
6444:
6442:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6399:
6397:
6390:
6388:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6374:"in spite of"
6368:
6366:
6359:
6357:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6328:
6326:
6319:
6317:
6310:
6308:
6301:
6299:
6284:Main article:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6259:Serbo-Croatian
6228:
6227:
6211:
6210:Serbo-Croatian
6208:
6196:ia, ie, ii, io
6192:
6191:
6182:
6172:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6125:is reduced to
6114:
6113:
6107:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6082:
6076:
6071:
6065:
6064:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6042:
6041:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5899:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5835:
5830:
5823:
5822:
5816:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5761:is reduced to
5742:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5695:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5680:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5631:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5606:
5605:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5579:
5553:
5550:
5540:
5539:
5529:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5510:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5491:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5468:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5445:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5422:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5404:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5389:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5374:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5310:
5304:
5294:
5275:
5272:
5218:, and because
5172:Main article:
5169:
5166:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4925:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4898:
4896:
4895:'mountain hut'
4893:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4744:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4650:Phonetically,
4647:
4644:
4626:('rice'), and
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4519:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4481:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4465:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4370:with a vowel,
4356:Main article:
4353:
4350:
4334:
4333:
4290:
4271:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3800:Main article:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3782:
3772:
3762:
3752:
3743:
3733:
3724:
3714:
3705:
3695:
3681:
3680:
3666:
3665:"continuation"
3620:
3578:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3475:
3463:
3451:
3439:
3427:
3415:
3403:
3383:
3382:
3370:
3358:
3346:
3334:
3322:
3304:Diphthongs in
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3283:
3273:
3264:
3246:
3237:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3197:
3188:
3172:Diphthongs in
3169:
3166:
3154:
3153:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3105:
3102:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3032:L-vocalization
3028:
3027:
3017:
3007:
2997:
2987:
2977:
2959:Bernese German
2950:
2949:Bernese German
2947:
2946:
2945:
2938:
2937:
2913:
2912:
2860:Mangold (1990)
2835:
2834:
2831:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2421:
2420:
2408:
2396:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2346:
2339:
2326:(phonemically
2279:
2278:
2275:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2068:, rather than
2043:
2037:
2032:to merge with
2022:
1987:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1804:
1801:
1791:
1790:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1574:Diphthongs of
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1534:
1517:
1485:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1162:
1155:
1136:Middle English
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1106:'choice' from
1084:Bunaq language
1071:
1068:
1056:Vowel breaking
1047:
1044:
1035:
1032:
996:
993:
980:
977:
976:
975:
969:
962:
955:
925:
924:
918:
825:
822:
742:
739:
737:
734:
659:inverted breve
606:
605:
600:
592:
591:
584:
580:
579:
574:
567:
465:
462:
159:⟩, see
135:
134:
133:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9381:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9361:
9359:
9348:
9344:
9340:
9336:
9332:
9328:
9324:
9319:
9316:
9314:0-19-824040-6
9310:
9306:
9301:
9298:
9296:0-631-11621-4
9292:
9288:
9283:
9280:
9278:0-631-11621-4
9274:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9251:
9247:
9243:
9238:
9234:
9229:
9225:
9221:
9216:
9212:
9207:
9203:
9199:
9194:
9191:
9184:
9179:
9176:
9172:
9168:
9164:
9160:
9156:
9151:
9144:
9143:
9137:
9134:
9132:0-631-20126-2
9128:
9124:
9119:
9116:
9112:
9108:
9104:
9099:
9095:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9077:
9073:
9068:
9064:
9060:
9055:
9052:
9050:3-323-00159-1
9046:
9042:
9037:
9034:
9032:0-415-20347-3
9028:
9024:
9019:
9008:
9007:
9001:
8997:
8995:3-411-20916-X
8991:
8986:
8985:
8978:
8974:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8956:
8944:
8943:
8937:
8933:
8931:90-6765-297-0
8927:
8923:
8922:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8896:
8892:
8888:
8884:
8879:
8876:
8874:3-323-00140-0
8870:
8866:
8861:
8858:
8854:
8850:
8848:0-521-65236-7
8844:
8840:
8836:
8832:
8827:
8823:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8805:
8802:
8800:2-7056-1411-7
8796:
8792:
8791:
8785:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8762:
8757:
8753:
8748:
8744:
8739:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8724:
8720:
8716:
8711:
8708:
8704:
8700:
8696:
8692:
8688:
8681:
8676:
8673:
8669:
8665:
8661:
8657:
8653:
8648:
8645:
8643:3-11-016766-2
8639:
8635:
8630:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8602:
8599:
8597:0-415-02243-6
8593:
8590:, Routledge,
8589:
8584:
8580:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8562:
8558:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8540:
8536:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8516:
8511:
8510:
8506:
8498:
8497:
8491:
8488:
8484:
8479:
8476:
8472:
8467:
8464:
8459:
8457:82-7374-398-5
8453:
8449:
8442:
8439:
8434:
8430:
8429:
8424:
8417:
8414:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8395:
8392:
8388:
8383:
8380:
8376:
8370:
8367:
8363:
8358:
8355:
8351:
8346:
8343:
8339:
8334:
8331:
8327:
8322:
8319:
8315:
8310:
8307:
8295:
8293:0-13-110959-6
8289:
8285:
8284:
8276:
8273:
8269:
8264:
8261:
8257:
8252:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8237:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8222:
8219:
8215:
8214:Mascaró (2001
8210:
8207:
8203:
8202:Mascaró (2001
8198:
8195:
8191:
8190:Wheeler (2005
8186:
8183:
8180:
8176:
8170:
8167:
8159:
8152:
8151:
8143:
8140:
8136:
8131:
8128:
8124:
8119:
8116:
8112:
8107:
8104:
8100:
8094:
8091:
8087:
8082:
8080:
8078:
8076:
8072:
8069:, p. 11.
8068:
8063:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8048:
8045:
8042:, p. 12.
8041:
8036:
8033:
8029:
8024:
8021:
8018:, p. 44.
8017:
8012:
8009:
8005:
8000:
7998:
7994:
7991:, p. 10.
7990:
7985:
7983:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7968:
7965:
7961:
7956:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7941:
7938:
7934:
7929:
7926:
7922:
7917:
7914:
7910:
7905:
7902:
7890:
7884:
7880:
7879:
7871:
7868:
7864:
7859:
7856:
7852:
7847:
7844:
7840:
7839:Padgett (2007
7835:
7832:
7828:
7823:
7820:
7816:
7811:
7808:
7803:
7801:9780191821516
7797:
7793:
7789:
7785:
7778:
7776:
7772:
7766:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7742:
7739:
7734:
7730:
7723:
7720:
7708:
7706:0-521-26475-8
7702:
7698:
7697:
7692:
7685:
7682:
7670:
7664:
7660:
7659:
7651:
7648:
7644:
7639:
7637:
7633:
7621:
7619:0-203-98005-0
7615:
7611:
7610:
7602:
7599:
7581:
7579:0-444-85241-7
7575:
7571:
7564:
7561:
7556:
7554:88-488-0088-2
7550:
7546:
7539:
7536:
7527:
7525:3-411-04066-1
7521:
7517:
7513:
7509:Used e.g. by
7506:
7503:
7490:
7488:3-11-013426-8
7484:
7480:
7476:
7475:
7469:Used e.g. by
7466:
7463:
7458:
7454:
7448:
7445:
7433:
7429:
7423:
7420:
7415:
7414:
7409:
7403:
7400:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7385:
7380:
7374:
7371:
7364:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7311:
7307:
7302:
7301:
7295:
7293:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7276:('boycott'),
7275:
7273:
7260:
7257:
7256:
7251:('buffalo'),
7250:
7249:
7243:
7241:
7235:
7233:
7225:
7222:
7221:
7215:
7214:
7208:
7206:
7197:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7172:
7169:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7146:
7141:
7137:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7102:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7065:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7050:
7046:
7044:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7007:eui: , as in
7006:
7003:
6999:
6996:
6992:
6989:
6985:
6982:
6978:
6975:
6971:
6968:
6964:
6961:
6957:
6954:
6950:
6947:
6944:aau: , as in
6943:
6940:
6937:aai: , as in
6936:
6935:
6934:
6932:
6925:
6920:
6916:
6913:
6909:
6906:
6902:
6899:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6887:
6879:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6810:
6805:
6803:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6785:
6778:
6775:
6768:
6765:
6758:
6755:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6743:Northern Sami
6737:Northern Sami
6736:
6731:
6727:
6724:
6720:
6717:
6713:
6712:
6708:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6696:
6692:
6689:
6685:
6682:
6678:
6677:
6673:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6661:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6643:
6640:
6636:
6633:
6629:
6626:
6622:
6619:
6615:
6612:
6608:
6605:
6601:
6598:
6594:
6593:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6581:
6569:
6566:
6560:
6552:
6550:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6412:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6291:
6287:
6279:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6264:
6260:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6224:
6214:
6213:
6209:
6207:
6201:
6197:
6190:
6183:
6180:
6173:
6170:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6151:
6139:'battles' is
6137:
6123:
6118:
6117:
6111:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6077:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6059:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6039:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6013:
6008:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5962:
5959:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5903:
5900:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5885:
5882:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5836:
5831:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5820:
5817:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5769:
5766:
5756:
5751:
5747:
5740:
5733:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5699:
5692:
5689:
5684:
5677:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5635:
5628:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5499:
5495:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5408:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5273:
5271:
5261:
5258:('frog') and
5257:
5245:
5233:
5230:('veil') and
5229:
5209:
5208:minimal pairs
5189:
5175:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5146:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4748:seine fishing
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4653:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4609:
4601:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4351:
4349:
4343:
4339:
4323:
4321:
4315:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3808:Quebec French
3803:
3796:Quebec French
3795:
3790:
3783:
3780:
3773:
3770:
3763:
3760:
3753:
3751:
3744:
3741:
3734:
3732:
3725:
3722:
3715:
3713:
3706:
3703:
3696:
3693:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3498:
3490:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3464:
3460:
3452:
3450:, "Christmas"
3448:
3440:
3436:
3428:
3424:
3416:
3412:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3379:
3371:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3281:
3274:
3272:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3245:
3238:
3236:
3229:
3227:
3220:
3218:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3162:i hui og hast
3159:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3103:
3101:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3025:
3018:
3015:
3008:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2988:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2915:
2914:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2492:Phonetically
2491:
2489:Phonemically
2488:
2487:
2479:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2445:'you hear' –
2443:
2434:
2433:syllable coda
2426:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2347:
2340:
2318:The suffixes
2317:
2316:
2315:
2300:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2059:
2058:
2057:is central .
2052:
2044:
2038:
2023:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1988:
1986:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:Ending point
1839:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1586:
1584:Netherlandic
1583:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1568:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1510:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1098:'dance' from
1094:'be amused',
1085:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:Sound changes
1045:
1043:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1028:Northern Sami
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
994:
992:
989:
985:
978:
973:
970:
967:
963:
960:
956:
953:
949:
948:
947:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
922:
919:
916:
913:
912:
911:
909:
905:
900:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
862:
858:
854:
849:
842:
838:
834:
833:Vowel diagram
830:
823:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
740:
735:
733:
722:
714:
695:
691:
687:
678:
660:
656:
651:
649:
641:
637:
625:
621:
617:
613:
604:
601:
594:
593:
585:
581:
578:
568:
565:
564:
561:
557:
549:
544:
538:
530:
522:
514:
508:
503:
490:
483:
475:
471:
464:Transcription
463:
461:
459:
453:
451:
447:
441:
429:
423:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
395:
381:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:gliding vowel
304:
300:
297:
293:
290:
289:(díphthongos)
286:
283:
282:Ancient Greek
279:
278:
265:
220:
211:
162:
150:
146:
144:
140:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
9330:
9326:
9304:
9286:
9268:
9254:, retrieved
9249:
9245:
9223:
9219:
9201:
9197:
9189:
9161:(1): 24–28,
9158:
9154:
9141:
9122:
9106:
9102:
9084:
9080:
9062:
9058:
9040:
9022:
9011:, retrieved
9005:
8983:
8963:
8959:
8947:. Retrieved
8941:
8920:
8886:
8882:
8864:
8830:
8812:
8808:
8789:
8767:(2): 45–47,
8764:
8760:
8742:
8721:(2): 90–94,
8718:
8714:
8690:
8686:
8655:
8651:
8633:
8609:
8605:
8587:
8569:
8565:
8547:
8543:
8525:
8521:
8507:Bibliography
8494:
8490:
8478:
8466:
8447:
8441:
8433:the original
8426:
8416:
8408:the original
8403:
8394:
8382:
8369:
8357:
8345:
8333:
8321:
8309:
8297:. Retrieved
8282:
8275:
8263:
8221:
8209:
8197:
8185:
8169:
8158:the original
8149:
8142:
8130:
8118:
8111:Kleine (2003
8106:
8093:
8047:
8035:
8023:
8011:
8006:, p. 9.
7967:
7940:
7928:
7916:
7904:
7892:. Retrieved
7877:
7870:
7863:Schane (1995
7858:
7851:Schane (1995
7846:
7834:
7827:Schane (1995
7822:
7810:
7783:
7755:
7751:
7741:
7732:
7722:
7710:. Retrieved
7695:
7684:
7672:. Retrieved
7657:
7650:
7623:. Retrieved
7608:
7601:
7569:
7563:
7544:
7538:
7515:
7512:Mangold, Max
7505:
7473:
7465:
7456:
7447:
7435:. Retrieved
7422:
7411:
7402:
7394:the original
7382:
7373:
7299:
7297:
7291:
7290:
7279:
7277:
7271:
7269:
7254:
7252:
7247:
7245:
7239:
7237:
7231:
7230:
7219:
7217:
7212:
7210:
7204:
7202:
7190:
7174:
7167:
7159:
7155:
7150:
7106:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7069:
7054:
7048:
7042:
7024:
7008:
7001:
7000:ui: , as in
6994:
6993:ou: , as in
6987:
6986:oi: , as in
6980:
6979:iu: , as in
6973:
6972:eu: , as in
6969:(機, machine)
6966:
6965:ei: , as in
6959:
6958:au: , as in
6955:(雞, chicken)
6952:
6951:ai: , as in
6948:(爆, explode)
6945:
6938:
6929:
6918:
6917:ou: , as in
6911:
6910:ao: , as in
6904:
6903:ei: , as in
6897:
6896:ai: , as in
6883:
6868:
6864:
6859:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6831:
6826:
6822:
6814:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6789:
6783:
6773:
6763:
6753:
6740:
6729:
6722:
6715:
6701:
6694:
6687:
6680:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6638:
6631:
6624:
6617:
6610:
6603:
6596:
6583:
6579:
6562:
6548:
6535:
6526:
6513:
6504:
6495:
6486:
6473:
6464:
6455:
6446:
6435:
6420:
6401:
6392:
6381:
6370:
6361:
6352:
6341:
6330:
6321:
6312:
6303:
6289:
6262:
6256:
6251:
6247:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6199:
6195:
6193:
6188:
6178:
6168:
6155:
6109:
6091:
6086:
6078:
6068:
6060:
6045:
6037:
6022:
6014:
5999:
5991:
5981:
5973:
5968:
5960:
5945:
5937:
5922:
5914:
5909:
5901:
5891:
5883:
5868:
5860:
5845:
5837:
5826:
5818:
5808:
5800:
5785:
5744:
5731:
5722:
5714:
5705:
5697:
5690:
5682:
5675:
5667:
5658:
5650:
5641:
5633:
5626:
5618:
5609:
5601:
5592:
5569:
5565:
5555:
5543:
5535:
5531:
5526:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5497:
5493:
5488:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5447:
5442:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5419:
5406:
5401:
5391:
5386:
5376:
5371:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5313:
5307:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5287:
5277:
5259:
5255:
5231:
5227:
5210:to contrast
5177:
5161:
5160:'biennial';
5157:
5147:
5143:
5131:
5119:
5109:
5097:
5087:
5075:
5061:
5051:
5039:
5029:
5017:
5007:
4988:
4974:
4960:
4948:
4938:
4922:
4912:
4900:
4890:
4873:
4856:
4844:
4834:
4822:
4808:
4798:
4786:
4776:
4757:
4741:
4731:
4719:
4709:
4697:
4687:
4668:
4664:
4663:('pillow'),
4660:
4656:
4649:
4639:
4635:
4623:
4611:
4610:('sun') and
4607:
4600:vocalization
4597:
4586:
4575:
4564:
4555:
4546:
4530:
4521:
4514:
4503:
4494:
4483:
4476:
4467:
4455:
4446:
4439:
4392:
4391:('when') or
4388:
4361:
4337:
4335:
4319:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4295:
4293:
4284:
4282:
4276:
4274:
4265:
4264:
4251:
4238:
4225:
4213:
4201:
4185:
4174:
4160:
4148:
4134:
4122:
4108:
4096:
4079:
4068:
4055:
4040:
4029:
4016:
4001:
3990:
3977:
3966:
3952:
3940:
3926:
3914:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3805:
3788:
3778:
3768:
3758:
3749:
3739:
3730:
3720:
3711:
3701:
3691:
3682:
3679:"ooze (tar)"
3676:
3672:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3521:
3494:
3384:
3303:
3293:
3289:
3279:
3270:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3243:
3234:
3225:
3216:
3207:
3203:
3194:
3184:
3171:
3161:
3157:
3155:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3107:
3095:
3078:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3029:
3023:
3013:
3003:
2993:
2983:
2973:
2952:
2942:Wiese (1996)
2934:Kohler (1999
2848:Wiese (1996)
2841:
2783:
2680:(you) hear!
2630:
2605:
2559:
2501:Translation
2498:Orthography
2472:Kohler (1999
2460:Kohler (1999
2422:
2377:
2301:
2282:
2098:Orthography
2024:Most often,
1983:realised as
1933:œɪ̯,ɔɪ̯,oːɪ̯
1828:
1822:
1816:
1806:
1794:
1760:
1757:
1743:
1740:
1726:
1723:
1712:
1709:
1698:
1695:
1684:
1681:
1670:
1667:
1656:
1653:
1642:
1639:
1613:
1611:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1520:
1471:
1445:
1443:
1422:
1420:
1399:
1397:
1375:
1373:
1349:
1347:
1325:
1323:
1302:
1300:
1289:
1287:
1265:
1263:
1252:
1250:
1226:
1224:
1203:
1201:
1133:
1090:'exit' from
1081:
1076:
1073:
1052:monophthongs
1049:
1037:
1015:
1011:
1009:
998:
987:
983:
982:
971:
965:
958:
951:
941:
935:or and in
928:
926:
920:
914:
903:
901:
876:
868:
866:
861:Peters (2010
810:phoneticians
785:
781:
774:vowel height
769:
765:
761:
757:
749:
745:
744:
723:
693:
679:
652:
640:close vowels
623:
619:
609:
504:
488:
481:
473:
467:
454:
445:
427:
409:
406:monophthongs
403:
310:
306:
302:
299:
295:
292:
288:
285:
218:
216:
155:and ⟨
137:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
9013:12 December
8226:Faria (2003
8175:Lleó (1970)
8086:Wiese (1996
8028:Lass (1984)
7960:Lass (1987)
7408:"diphthong"
7379:"diphthong"
7334:Monophthong
6941:(街, street)
6627:(at nights)
6586:('sight').
6143:(north) or
5515:"crooked",
5244:triphthongs
4979:'you' (pl.)
4636:paz mundial
4397:triphthongs
4191:'question'
4166:'ointment'
4140:'sequence'
3898:) in or .
3683:Semivowels
3637:"boxwood",
3522:Diphthongs
3474:, "oh well"
2051:Lass (1984)
1831:as in buite
1060:vowel shift
1020:Old English
908:Old English
855:dialect of
780:, thus in
778:approximant
626:as ⟨
311:vowel glide
303:(phthóngos)
280:; from
69:"Diphthong"
9358:Categories
9256:5 February
8949:5 February
7865::589, 606)
7758:: 101179.
7733:Pressbooks
7437:17 January
7365:References
7344:Triphthong
7303:('survey')
7223:('clever')
7216:('shop'),
7209:('hall'),
7192:Indonesian
7187:Indonesian
7080:Vietnamese
7066:Vietnamese
7011:(醉, drunk)
6976:(掉, throw)
6907:(累, tired)
6766:"language"
6702:siistiytyä
6568:diphthongs
6517:"to meow"
6424:"when, if"
6112:'weather'
5976:'excited'
5886:'to work'
5568:(RMC) and
5481:"soldier"
5431:"speech",
5427:"grease",
5358:Spellings
5312:, spelled
5306:, spelled
5296:, spelled
5286:, spelled
5162:coalizione
4827:'we went'
4791:'picture'
4724:'neutral'
4659:('poet'),
4352:Portuguese
4231:'payment'
4206:'penguin'
4006:'his/her'
3946:'children'
3894:) or end (
3779:grenouille
3595:"quince",
3591:"corner",
3587:"muzzle",
3545:"finger",
3414:, "manger"
3333:, "enough"
3127:, "island"
2854:and that "
2481:Diphthong
2167:'to know'
1825:as in deur
1819:as in leer
1180:S.W. Irish
1175:Australian
1160:diaphoneme
1128:See also:
954:'probably'
754:prominence
750:descending
721:⟩.
80:newspapers
9369:Phonetics
9347:145686875
9175:242001518
8911:143681251
8857:249404451
8781:243772965
8747:CiteSeerX
8735:249414876
8707:170373800
8626:249411809
8204::580–581)
7596:⟩.
7359:Diaeresis
7339:Semivowel
7258:('lemon')
7168:ngiyabeka
6997:(高, high)
6990:(愛, love)
6983:(叫, call)
6962:(勾, hook)
6931:Cantonese
6926:Cantonese
6921:(豆, bean)
6900:(愛, love)
6786:"to swim"
6776:"to come"
6683:(to swim)
6669:(to find)
6655:(to waft)
6468:"promise"
6345:"to know"
6325:"to lose"
6094:'rudder'
6063:'colour'
5917:'tyrant'
5771:Grapheme
5670:"colour"
5534:"mound",
5498:aoibhneas
5479:saighdear
5473:"badge",
5361:Examples
5136:'feather'
5124:'watery'
5056:'bellows'
5052:soffietto
4953:'neuter'
4781:'towards'
4346:/ˈtroncs/
4244:'yoghurt'
4102:'grandma'
3850:"neutral"
3750:Marseille
3657:"night",
3641:"fruit",
3633:"noise",
3629:"eight",
3611:"point",
3553:"faith",
3549:"right",
3541:"cross",
3537:"quiet",
3462:, "giant"
3321:, "eight"
3306:Icelandic
3300:Icelandic
3150:Sami song
3141:, "shark"
3134:, "sheep"
3110:Norwegian
3104:Norwegian
2911:precedes.
2364:'rubble'.
2211:'burlap'
2200:/ˈχɔɪ̯əŋ/
2040:/ɔɪ̯,aɪ̯/
1955:unrounded
1909:unrounded
1872:unrounded
1809:Afrikaans
1803:Afrikaans
1497:allophony
1034:Phonology
1005:Icelandic
974:'a cloud'
929:centering
818:semivowel
766:ascending
686:syllables
655:diacritic
636:more open
599:⟩
597:haɪ̯ kaʊ̯
590:⟩
588:hai̯ kau̯
573:⟩
507:semivowel
327:varieties
287:δίφθογγος
219:diphthong
110:June 2019
9267:(1979),
8672:10104718
8299:24 March
7894:24 March
7712:24 March
7674:24 March
7625:24 March
7514:(2005),
7498:/eᵊøᵊoᵊ/
7494:/eəøəoə/
7308:See also
6914:(道, way)
6886:Mandarin
6718:(tongue)
6697:(violin)
6648:(school)
6620:(mother)
6450:"needle"
6439:"tether"
6334:"table"
6280:Estonian
6265:, as in
6220:, as in
6147:(south).
6040:'sense'
6028:/ʊɨ,uːɨ/
6017:'brown'
6005:/ɔu,oːu/
5974:cyffrous
5951:/ɔɨ,ɔːɨ/
5928:/ɛu,eːu/
5904:'spend'
5884:gweithio
5851:/au,ɑːu/
5803:'stone'
5780:Example
5734:"alive"
5685:"happy"
5587:Example
5538:"brown"
5496:"back",
5477:"bite",
5433:aimhreit
5409:"mouth"
5168:Romanian
5158:biennale
5114:'flower'
5102:'quota'
5080:'guide'
4929:pleurisy
4923:pleurite
4883:falling
4849:'quota'
4702:'pause'
4680:falling
4661:almohada
4640:dez anos
4342:Majorcan
4219:'iodine'
4128:'we see'
3971:'remedy'
3932:'table'
3907:falling
3836:"flower"
3829:"father"
3812:stressed
3675:"June",
3661:"rain",
3653:"harm",
3649:"glow",
3645:"leak",
3615:"fist",
3603:"less",
3569:"roof",
3565:"silk",
3561:"prey",
3533:"king",
3369:, "they"
3357:, "dear"
3070:'guilty'
3063:'elects'
3042:'stable'
2613:dignity
2567:holiday
2484:Example
2448:ich höre
2442:du hörst
2425:vocalize
2361:puintjie
2266:/ˈbaɪ̯ə/
2233:'bread'
2189:'house'
2092:Phoneme
1960:aɪ̯,ɑːɪ̯
1587:Belgian
1195:Canadian
1114:Examples
1110:'good'.
1040:phonemes
917:"bright"
885:sonorous
814:Romanian
784:and in
760:, while
616:narrower
595:⟨
586:⟨
569:⟨
458:phonemes
446:re-elect
399:syllable
319:syllable
273:-thong,
153:/ /
149:Help:IPA
8903:4615383
8588:Maltese
8404:Vjesnik
7234:todidak
7173:as in
7166:as in
6816:Maltese
6811:Maltese
6784:vuodjat
6774:boahtit
6756:"to be"
6732:(night)
6709:opening
6606:(swing)
6590:closing
6565:Finnish
6553:Finnish
6530:"coals"
6514:näuguma
6477:"chin"
6362:teostus
6356:"bread"
6322:kaotama
6223:mlijeko
6145:/ˈkade/
6141:/ˈkada/
5994:'turn'
5963:'bald'
5902:treulio
5821:'work'
5763:/ɡwaːθ/
5759:/ɡwaiθ/
5700:"more"
5653:"wolf"
5636:"hair"
5621:"kiss"
5604:"rain"
5562:Cornish
5552:Cornish
5519:"head"
5489:ui, aoi
5450:"sing"
5435:"riot"
5394:"cold"
5336:, e.g.
5314:ua, uai
5308:ia, iai
5256:broască
5246:, only
5232:trotuar
5120:acquoso
5066:'that'
5040:quercia
5022:'ford'
5000:rising
4965:'later'
4870:Italian
4861:'widow'
4839:'radio'
4813:'fire'
4803:'earth'
4769:rising
4736:'today'
4665:maestro
4652:Spanish
4646:Spanish
4340:in the
4114:'four'
4089:rising
4073:'today'
4060:'yoke'
4021:'nest'
3982:'foot'
3920:'water'
3888:Catalan
3883:Catalan
3843:"other"
3769:feuille
3740:travail
3607:"far",
3599:"hay",
3577:"voice"
3573:"way",
3557:"law",
3486:, "yes"
3426:, "yes"
3402:, "eat"
3345:, "eye"
3174:Faroese
3168:Faroese
3080:Yiddish
3075:Yiddish
3068:tschúud
3056:'world'
3049:'steel'
3026:'trees'
2996:'tired'
2875:Schwert
2431:in the
2407:'mouse'
2355:puntjie
2277:'many'
2255:'cold'
2244:/kœʊ̯t/
2222:/brʊət/
2178:/ɦœɪ̯s/
1985:breathy
1928:rounded
1888:rounded
1855:Central
1797:Limburg
1507:called
1452://ʊər//
1429://ɛər//
1406://ɪər//
1169:British
1157:English
1124:English
889:Finnish
877:opening
869:closing
859:, from
839:, from
806:Italian
802:English
790:phoneme
746:Falling
726:haɪ kaʊ
675:a͜ɪ a͜ʊ
671:a͡ɪ a͡ʊ
644:aɪ̯ aʊ̯
632:ai̯ au̯
612:broader
571:haj kaw
468:In the
331:English
301:φθόγγος
141:in the
94:scholar
9364:Vowels
9345:
9311:
9293:
9275:
9252:: 1–23
9173:
9129:
9103:Lingua
9047:
9029:
8992:
8928:
8909:
8901:
8871:
8855:
8845:
8797:
8779:
8749:
8733:
8705:
8687:Probus
8670:
8640:
8624:
8594:
8454:
8290:
7885:
7841::1938)
7798:
7703:
7665:
7616:
7576:
7551:
7522:
7485:
7384:Lexico
7319:Hiatus
7294:gendom
6782:as in
6772:as in
6764:giella
6762:as in
6752:as in
6728:as in
6721:as in
6714:as in
6700:as in
6693:as in
6690:(lead)
6686:as in
6679:as in
6667:löytää
6665:as in
6662:(full)
6658:as in
6653:leyhyä
6651:as in
6644:as in
6641:(mild)
6637:as in
6634:(mild)
6630:as in
6623:as in
6616:as in
6609:as in
6602:as in
6599:(ship)
6595:as in
6539:"rope"
6499:"full"
6465:tõotus
6405:"food"
6385:"room"
6371:kiuste
6342:teadma
6316:"wide"
6198:, and
6187:as in
6177:as in
6167:as in
6110:tywydd
6081:'god'
5940:'fat'
5863:'big'
5840:'sun'
5819:gwaith
5777:South
5774:North
5755:gwaith
5717:"god"
5651:bleydh
5578:Graph
5500:"joy"
5429:cainnt
5379:"ask"
5338:Seumas
5260:dreagă
5154:hiatus
5150:/ieou/
5092:'nail'
5088:chiodo
5062:quello
5044:'oak'
5034:'full'
5008:chiave
4949:neutro
4905:'car'
4823:fuimos
4799:tierra
4787:cuadro
4762:'very'
4720:neutro
4714:'king'
4541:nasal
4393:guarda
4389:quando
4154:'seat'
4045:'new'
3995:'king'
3874:as in
3871:"well"
3867:as in
3864:"thin"
3860:as in
3857:"bank"
3855:banque
3853:as in
3848:neutre
3846:as in
3839:as in
3832:as in
3825:as in
3822:"late"
3818:as in
3787:as in
3781:"frog"
3777:as in
3771:"leaf"
3767:as in
3761:"ball"
3757:as in
3748:as in
3742:"work"
3738:as in
3729:as in
3723:"foot"
3719:as in
3712:Ariège
3710:as in
3704:"bond"
3700:as in
3690:as in
3671:as in
3625:as in
3619:"care"
3583:as in
3529:as in
3497:French
3491:French
3480:as in
3468:as in
3466:/jai̯/
3459:jötunn
3456:as in
3444:as in
3442:/jou̯/
3432:as in
3420:as in
3418:/jau̯/
3408:as in
3396:as in
3375:as in
3363:as in
3351:as in
3339:as in
3327:as in
3315:as in
3288:as in
3278:as in
3269:as in
3251:as in
3242:as in
3233:as in
3224:as in
3215:as in
3202:as in
3193:as in
3183:as in
3144:as in
3137:as in
3130:as in
3123:as in
3120:, "no"
3116:as in
3066:as in
3059:as in
3052:as in
3045:as in
3038:as in
3022:as in
3016:'tree'
3012:as in
3002:as in
2992:as in
2986:'good'
2982:as in
2976:'dear'
2972:as in
2893:Furcht
2791:north
2413:as in
2401:as in
2389:as in
2380:German
2369:German
2206:goiing
2156:/vɪət/
2134:/ɦəɪ̯/
2123:'son'
2112:/sɪøn/
2101:Gloss
1867:Closed
1333://ɔɪ//
1309://eɪ//
1273://aɪ//
1234://aʊ//
1210://oʊ//
1104:/po͡i/
1096:/te͡i/
1088:/sa͡i/
995:Length
984:Narrow
968:'gold'
944:Samoan
923:"cold"
915:beorht
762:rising
698:ˈloʊ.ɚ
690:hiatus
661:below
657:, the
450:hiatus
157:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
9343:S2CID
9186:(PDF)
9171:S2CID
9146:(PDF)
8907:S2CID
8899:JSTOR
8853:S2CID
8777:S2CID
8731:S2CID
8703:S2CID
8683:(PDF)
8668:S2CID
8622:S2CID
8518:(PDF)
8473::299)
8389::213)
8364::217)
8352::206)
8340::204)
8328::139)
8316::138)
8270::256)
8258::230)
8216::581)
8192::101)
8173:e.g.
8161:(PDF)
8154:(PDF)
8113::263)
8101::20).
8088::198)
7935::221)
7923::245)
7853::606)
7829::588)
7817::139)
7645::203)
7349:Vowel
7287:/ei̯/
7266:/ʊi̯/
7262:/oi̯/
7227:/au̯/
7199:/ai̯/
7175:ngiwa
7103:Khmer
7097:ua~uô
7092:ưa~ươ
7087:ia~iê
7047:เ–ือ
7041:เ–ีย
7009:zeoi3
6946:baau3
6939:gaai1
6796:short
6725:(bog)
6716:kieli
6695:viulu
6688:lyijy
6674:close
6660:täysi
6646:koulu
6639:leuto
6632:lauha
6625:öisin
6613:(boy)
6611:poika
6604:keinu
6597:laiva
6490:"day"
6396:"dog"
6257:Some
6217:i(j)e
6189:koule
6185:/oʊ̯/
6175:/eʊ̯/
6165:/aʊ̯/
6158:Czech
6152:Czech
6136:cadau
6038:pwyll
6015:brown
5915:teyrn
5791:/ɑːɨ/
5746:Welsh
5741:Welsh
5683:lowen
5517:ceann
5508:a, ea
5494:druim
5475:greim
5471:loinn
5448:seinn
5425:saill
5280:Irish
5274:Irish
5252:/o̯a/
5248:/e̯a/
5224:/o̯a/
5220:/o̯a/
5212:/o̯a/
5184:/o̯a/
5180:/e̯a/
5132:piuma
5110:fiore
5098:quota
5076:guida
5030:pieno
5018:guado
5012:'key'
4943:'six'
4913:potei
4891:baita
4857:viuda
4845:cuota
4835:radio
4809:fuego
4777:hacia
4698:pausa
4692:'air'
4669:línea
4657:poeta
4624:arroz
4587:muita
4576:anões
4515:moita
4477:anéis
4408:oral
4314:estió
4268:ogurt
4261:]
4257:[
4034:'boy'
3878:"one"
3862:mince
3841:autre
3834:fleur
3791:"old"
3789:vieux
3759:bille
3698:/jɛ̃/
3694:"yes"
3677:suint
3669:/ɥɛ̃/
3663:suite
3659:pluie
3651:nuire
3647:luire
3643:fuite
3639:fruit
3631:bruit
3613:poing
3609:point
3601:moins
3593:coing
3585:groin
3581:/wɛ̃/
3559:proie
3547:droit
3543:doigt
3539:croix
3513:/ɥɛ̃/
3505:/wɛ̃/
3361:/ei̯/
3349:/ai̯/
3337:/øi̯/
3325:/ou̯/
3313:/au̯/
3280:hoyra
3226:nevnd
3176:are:
3061:wääut
3047:Staau
3020:/øi̯/
3010:/ou̯/
3006:'leg'
3000:/ei̯/
2990:/yə̯/
2980:/uə̯/
2970:/iə̯/
2926:/ɛːr/
2918:/aːr/
2881:Fahrt
2833:hard
2812:true
2797:/aːr/
2761:dörrt
2745:Erft
2722:bear
2707:/ɛːr/
2686:/oːr/
2665:/øːr/
2659:more
2644:/eːr/
2549:/uːr/
2528:/yːr/
2507:/iːr/
2419:'new'
2411:/ɔʏ̯/
2399:/aʊ̯/
2395:'egg'
2387:/aɪ̯/
2332:/ɑːt/
2328:/ɑːd/
2261:/aɪ̯/
2239:/œʊ̯/
2228:brood
2195:/ɔɪ̯/
2173:/œɪ̯/
2145:'he'
2129:/əɪ̯/
2078:/əʊ̯/
2074:/œʊ̯/
2066:/œʊ̯/
2062:/əʊ̯/
2034:/əɪ̯/
2030:/œɪ̯/
2026:/œɪ̯/
2019:]
2015:[
2011:]
2007:[
2003:]
1999:[
1995:/æɛ̯/
1991:/əɪ̯/
1977:/ɦʊə/
1938:ʏə,ʊə
1850:Front
1576:Dutch
1569:Dutch
1530:/aɪ̯/
1513:/aɪ̯/
1505:/aɪ̯/
1501:/aʊ̯/
1481:/aʊ̯/
1190:GenAm
1108:/loi/
1100:/tei/
1092:/sai/
1024:morae
1012:short
1001:morae
961:'but'
937:Irish
921:ċeald
897:/uo̯/
893:/ie̯/
873:close
863::241)
853:Dutch
843::245)
837:Dutch
798:/ɪ̯a/
794:/aɪ̯/
736:Types
694:lower
667:aᶦ aᶷ
628:aj aw
558:]
554:[
550:]
546:[
539:]
535:[
531:]
527:[
523:]
519:[
515:]
511:[
492:/kaʊ/
485:/haɪ/
390:-way
315:vowel
309:or a
296:(dís)
284:
145:(IPA)
101:JSTOR
87:books
9309:ISBN
9291:ISBN
9273:ISBN
9258:2024
9127:ISBN
9045:ISBN
9027:ISBN
9015:2013
8990:ISBN
8951:2024
8926:ISBN
8869:ISBN
8843:ISBN
8795:ISBN
8638:ISBN
8592:ISBN
8485::25)
8452:ISBN
8428:Kolo
8373:See
8301:2023
8288:ISBN
8243::92)
8137::54)
8125::11)
7911::46)
7896:2023
7883:ISBN
7796:ISBN
7714:2023
7701:ISBN
7676:2023
7663:ISBN
7627:2023
7614:ISBN
7574:ISBN
7549:ISBN
7520:ISBN
7483:ISBN
7439:2008
7298:surv
7264:(or
7246:kerb
7218:pand
7207:rung
7158:and
7152:Zulu
7147:Zulu
7074:and
7053:–ัว
7035:Thai
7029:and
7021:Thai
7002:pui4
6995:gou1
6981:giu3
6974:deu6
6967:gei1
6953:gai1
6890:,,or
6798:and
6792:long
6780:/uo/
6770:/oa/
6760:/ie/
6754:leat
6750:/eæ/
6681:uida
6618:äiti
6584:näkö
6580:näön
6576:/uə/
6572:/uo/
6563:All
6536:köis
6527:söed
6496:täis
6487:päev
6474:lõug
6456:õige
6447:nõel
6402:toit
6393:koer
6353:leib
6331:laud
6179:euro
6169:auto
6105:/əu/
6100:/əu/
6092:llyw
6074:/ɨu/
6061:lliw
6056:/ɪu/
6051:/ɪu/
6033:/ʊi/
6010:/ɔu/
5992:troi
5987:/ɔi/
5961:moel
5956:/ɔi/
5933:/ɛu/
5897:/əɨ/
5879:/əi/
5874:/əi/
5861:mawr
5856:/au/
5838:haul
5833:/aɨ/
5814:/ai/
5801:maen
5796:/ai/
5634:blew
5602:glaw
5584:RLC
5581:RMC
5536:donn
5407:beul
5392:fuar
5377:iarr
5344:and
5302:eamh
5292:eidh
5278:All
5266:and
5250:and
5238:and
5228:voal
5216:/wa/
5214:and
5204:/wa/
5202:and
5200:/ja/
5194:and
5182:and
4993:'he'
4901:auto
4688:aire
4366:and
4330:/kʷ/
4328:and
4326:/ɡʷ/
4318:ping
4281:and
4241:gurt
4200:ping
4188:stió
4137:ncia
3943:nada
3827:père
3820:tard
3785:/jø/
3775:/uj/
3765:/œj/
3755:/ij/
3746:/ɛj/
3736:/aj/
3727:/ji/
3721:pied
3717:/je/
3708:/jɛ/
3702:lien
3688:/wi/
3673:juin
3655:nuit
3635:buis
3627:huit
3623:/ɥi/
3617:soin
3605:loin
3597:foin
3589:coin
3575:voix
3571:voie
3567:toit
3563:soie
3527:/wa/
3511:and
3509:/ɥi/
3501:/wa/
3478:/ju/
3471:jæja
3454:/jœ/
3430:/jo/
3411:jata
3406:/ja/
3394:/jɛ/
3378:koja
3373:/ɔi/
3366:þeir
3342:auga
3318:átta
3286:/ɔu/
3276:/ɔi/
3267:/ɔa/
3249:/ʊi/
3240:/ʉu/
3235:nøvn
3231:/œu/
3222:/ɛu/
3213:/ɛi/
3200:/ɛa/
3195:havn
3191:/au/
3185:bein
3181:/ai/
3146:joik
3054:Wäut
3040:Stau
3024:Böim
3014:Boum
2994:müed
2984:guet
2974:lieb
2930:/ɛr/
2928:and
2922:/ar/
2920:and
2899:hart
2828:hart
2818:/ar/
2807:wahr
2772:/ɔr/
2751:/œr/
2739:Erft
2728:/ɛr/
2675:hör!
2654:mehr
2619:/ʊr/
2594:/ʏr/
2583:wird
2573:/ɪr/
2562:laub
2543:for
2495:IPA
2474::88)
2462::88)
2427:the
2404:Maus
2350:/œi/
2343:/əi/
2336:/ki/
2330:and
2322:and
2304:/ki/
2272:baie
2250:koud
2217:/ʊə/
2184:huis
2162:weet
2151:/ɪə/
2118:seun
2107:/ɪø/
2095:IPA
2070:/ʊə/
2055:/œu/
2047:/œu/
2013:and
1950:Open
1860:Back
1807:The
1657:ieuw
1643:eeuw
1629:louw
1625:zout
1559:/ij/
1557:and
1555:/uw/
1550:/uː/
1548:and
1546:/iː/
1503:and
1383:/iː/
1357:/uː/
1016:long
1014:and
988:Wide
966:auro
895:and
881:open
804:and
786:yard
770:yard
764:(or
748:(or
622:and
620:high
552:and
533:and
482:high
394:-boy
386:noh
73:news
9335:doi
9228:doi
9206:doi
9163:doi
9111:doi
9107:118
9089:doi
9067:doi
8968:doi
8891:doi
8835:doi
8817:doi
8769:doi
8723:doi
8695:doi
8660:doi
8614:doi
8574:doi
8552:doi
8530:doi
8228::7)
7788:doi
7760:doi
7590:o͜i
7278:amb
7274:kot
7253:lim
7242:fik
7211:ked
7203:bal
7076:/w/
7072:/j/
7049:uea
7031:/w/
7027:/j/
6988:oi3
6960:au1
6919:dòu
6912:dào
6905:lèi
6869:għu
6867:or
6860:għu
6858:or
6836:għi
6834:or
6827:għi
6825:or
6723:suo
6505:näo
6436:lõa
6421:kui
6382:toa
6313:lai
6304:aed
6252:ije
6240:ije
6204:/j/
6131:/e/
6127:/a/
6122:-au
6079:duw
5938:tew
5765:).
5732:byw
5715:duw
5698:moy
5668:liw
5619:bay
5560:of
5532:tom
5513:cam
5346:-mh
5300:or
5290:or
5268:/w/
5264:/j/
5240:/w/
5236:/j/
5196:/o/
5192:/e/
5152:in
4989:lui
4975:voi
4961:poi
4939:sei
4758:muy
4742:bou
4732:hoy
4710:rey
4612:sul
4608:sol
4604:/l/
4602:of
4565:cem
4556:mão
4547:mãe
4531:fui
4522:dou
4504:mói
4495:viu
4484:véu
4468:meu
4456:sei
4447:mau
4440:sai
4385:/ɡ/
4383:or
4381:/k/
4306:ota
4298:ant
4159:ung
4133:seq
4111:tre
3965:rem
3955:rem
3917:gua
3869:bon
3806:In
3731:yin
3692:oui
3555:loi
3551:foi
3535:coi
3531:roi
3517:,,,
3495:In
3447:jól
3435:joð
3399:éta
3387:/j/
3354:kær
3330:nóg
3294:ovn
3290:sól
3271:ráð
3253:mín
3244:hús
3217:hey
3208:mær
3204:har
3158:hui
3148:, "
3139:hai
3132:sau
3118:nei
3098:/i/
3004:Bei
2909:/a/
2905:/r/
2887:Ort
2869:Art
2852:/r/
2786:den
2717:Bär
2696:Tor
2538:für
2522:we
2517:wir
2437:/r/
2429:/r/
2416:neu
2289:/u/
2287:or
2285:/i/
1981:/ɦ/
1943:œʊ̯
1914:əɪ̯
1904:Mid
1893:uɪ̯
1881:iʊ̯
1713:oei
1699:aai
1685:ooi
1598:s,
1499:of
1475:In
1446:ure
1423:air
1400:eer
1290:igh
1077:yes
867:In
782:eye
758:eye
624:cow
614:or
489:cow
487:or
474:sun
460:).
392:KOW
329:of
294:δίς
275:DIP
271:DIF
56:by
9360::
9341:.
9331:23
9329:.
9325:.
9250:54
9248:,
9244:,
9224:37
9222:,
9202:35
9200:,
9188:,
9169:,
9159:23
9157:,
9105:,
9085:34
9083:,
9063:40
9061:,
8964:33
8962:,
8905:.
8897:.
8885:.
8851:,
8841:,
8813:33
8811:,
8775:,
8765:22
8763:,
8729:,
8719:25
8717:,
8701:,
8691:14
8689:,
8685:,
8666:,
8656:32
8654:,
8620:,
8610:22
8608:,
8570:35
8568:,
8548:34
8546:,
8526:34
8524:,
8520:,
8425:.
8402:.
8248:^
8233:^
8177:,
8074:^
8059:^
7996:^
7979:^
7952:^
7794:.
7774:^
7756:94
7754:.
7750:.
7731:.
7635:^
7594:oᶤ
7586:oi
7477:,
7455:.
7430:.
7410:.
7388:.
7381:.
7300:ei
7292:ei
7289::
7280:oi
7272:oi
7255:au
7248:au
7240:au
7232:au
7229::
7220:ai
7213:ai
7205:ai
7201::
7078:,
7055:ua
7043:ia
7033:,
6898:ài
6865:ow
6856:aw
6851:ew
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