3175:
1902:. In the initial position, the glottal stop's phonemic value is debatable and most words that begin with a glottal stop according to Classical Arabic orthography can be analyzed as beginning with a vowel rather than a glottal stop. For example,
5051:
2607:
and neighboring dialects. When speaking or reading Modern
Standard Arabic, Hejazi speakers pronounce each consonant distinctly according to its modern standard phonemic value, and any mergers such as the merge between
5060:
3091:
depends on the nature of the surrounding consonants, whether the syllable is stressed or unstressed, the accent of the speaker, and rate of speech. As a general rule, word initial or medial
4223:('me and you') is either pronounced as , where is connected to the vowel before it, or pronounced as , where is connected to the vowel after it, or left as-is for emphasis .
5918:
5072:
118:
populations which is also currently spoken as well in the mentioned cities. However, the term most often applies to the urban variety which is discussed in this article.
2821:'animal', and have resurfaced in a number of words borrowed later from Modern Standard Arabic. This created a contrast with the inherited monophthongized words as in
5121:
3630:
being more tense in articulation than their short counterparts and in medial position, except at the end of words where they are all tense, e.g. short
5772:
5383:
645:
5911:
966:('Quran') which can be pronounced as by younger speakers or by older speakers. The two allophones might contrast for a number of speakers, e.g.
573:
538:
145:
2116:"he was flattened / he enjoyed" by the stress, in the former the stress falls on the last syllable while on the latter it falls on the first.
5388:
5351:
5016:
4210:('and') pronounced is often linked with the consonant (before it) or the vowel (before or after it) or for emphasis only left as-is :-
3905:
3572:
3538:
3128:
3755:
3506:
553:
530:
395:
5904:
5114:
3796:
3479:
3445:
3098:
142:
Hejazi consonant inventory depends on the speaker. Most speakers use 26 to 28 consonant phonemes in addition to the marginal phoneme
2759:'I told you' (to a female), is pronounced or in Hejazi with full vowels but pronounced with the reduced vowel as in most of the
1991:"he wrote". They can also occur phonemically at the end of words but are pronounced as a single consonant, not geminated, e.g. فَمّ
2690:
although they are not considered as separate phonemes. Unlike other Arabic dialects, it did not develop allophones for the vowels
5223:
5081:
4810:
Most word-final long vowels from the
Classical period have been shortened in Hejazi but they are lengthened when suffixed, as in
453:
409:
5609:
5596:
5150:
381:
52:
34:
5807:
5175:
423:
5767:
5732:
5373:
5165:
5107:
637:
351:
5037:
1969:
or double) consonants are pronounced exactly like short consonants; they occur between vowels and they are marked with a
5363:
5316:
5160:
3971:
3695:
3318:
2709:
2527:
Mergers depend on each word, while most words have only one pronunciation, few words have two optional mergers e.g. كذب
2885:'ophthalmic'. Not all instances of mid vowels are a result of monophthongization — some are from grammatical processes
4113:
3854:
3591:
3580:
3423:
3240:
3166:
3136:
482:
430:
2579:
Some speakers pronounce each consonant distinctly as in
Standard Arabic while others might refrain from the usage of
1930:, but it is still phonemic and distinguished in medial and final positions and distinguished as such in words, as in
5745:
5291:
5246:
5180:
5155:
3963:
3864:
3687:
3599:
3310:
3287:
3152:
2701:
686:
546:
388:
20:
6040:
5927:
5464:
5393:
5251:
5236:
4159:
3913:
3607:
3546:
3396:
3332:
3261:
2729:
416:
5777:
5469:
5403:
5368:
4021:
3745:
3498:
3487:
3415:
3247:
3158:
3106:
1824:
is a distinct phoneme not a merger, while other alternative pronunciations include mergers with other phonemes.
981:
928:
289:
204:
1005:⟩ are used by a number of speakers depending on their foreign language knowledge but many substitute them by
5621:
5514:
5484:
5449:
5185:
5170:
2714:
depending on the speaker. Hejazi also retains most of the long and short vowels of
Classical Arabic with no
678:
446:
328:
305:
3612:
can occur at the end of a foreign word but that depends on the speaker's knowledge of the foreign language.
3519:
can occur at the end of a foreign word but that depends on the speaker's knowledge of the foreign language.
6035:
5875:
5662:
5479:
5378:
4829:
4816:
4355:
4344:
4340:
4318:
4311:
4303:
4285:
4278:
4270:
4242:
4231:
4220:
4182:
4136:
4090:
4067:
4044:
3997:
3939:
3887:
3830:
3804:
3778:
3721:
3670:
3627:
3623:
3566:
3557:
3529:
3525:
3514:
3473:
3464:
3453:
3436:
3432:
3409:
3405:
3388:
3379:
3375:
3342:
3338:
3304:
3300:
3281:
3268:
3234:
3229:
3142:
3122:
3112:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3071:
3062:
3048:
3039:
3020:
3006:
2992:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2917:
2904:
2891:
2878:
2862:
2846:
2830:
2814:
2805:
2801:
2789:
2785:
2723:
2719:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2620:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2580:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2556:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2506:
2494:
2485:
2469:
2465:
2456:
2444:
2435:
2431:
2422:
2410:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2365:
2355:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2105:
2088:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2021:
2012:
2008:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1974:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1852:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1715:
1710:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1566:
1561:
1544:
1539:
1524:
1519:
1502:
1497:
1482:
1477:
1460:
1455:
1440:
1435:
1418:
1413:
1398:
1393:
1376:
1371:
1356:
1351:
1334:
1329:
1314:
1309:
1292:
1287:
1272:
1267:
1250:
1245:
1230:
1225:
1208:
1203:
1188:
1183:
1166:
1161:
1146:
1141:
1124:
1119:
1104:
1099:
1082:
1077:
1058:
1053:
1022:
1014:
1006:
998:
990:
963:
954:
938:
919:
915:
895:
879:
868:
852:
839:
831:
823:
819:
797:
767:
761:
750:
738:
732:
728:
717:
710:
706:
695:
665:
654:
624:
613:
606:
597:
588:
584:
475:
180:
173:
162:
151:
126:
80:
48:
44:
30:
5496:
5489:
5398:
5311:
5306:
502:
337:
256:
247:
5865:
5727:
5637:
5616:
5526:
5263:
4157:
4111:
4065:
4019:
3969:
3961:
3911:
3903:
3862:
3852:
3802:
3794:
3753:
3743:
3693:
3685:
3605:
3597:
3589:
3578:
3570:
3544:
3536:
3512:
3504:
3496:
3485:
3477:
3451:
3443:
3421:
3413:
3394:
3386:
3330:
3316:
3308:
3164:
3156:
3134:
3126:
3104:
3096:
2727:
2707:
2699:
979:
926:
778:
684:
676:
643:
635:
571:
358:
219:
143:
4934:
2737:
The main phonological feature that differentiates urban Hejazi from the neighboring dialects of the
6014:
5855:
5762:
5740:
5697:
5682:
5647:
5591:
5536:
5531:
5410:
5296:
5273:
5218:
4333:
994:
883:
375:
279:
5025:
5752:
5561:
5506:
5501:
5456:
5415:
5208:
5134:
3324:
2797:
1002:
871:
which differentiates it from other dialects in the
Arabian Peninsula that merge the phoneme into
826:
occur only in foreign words and are not considered to be part of the phonemic inventory but as a
780:
234:
177:
5652:
5099:
5880:
5845:
5830:
5814:
5802:
5787:
5757:
5717:
5687:
5667:
5657:
5601:
5581:
5571:
5556:
5541:
5436:
5431:
5358:
5328:
5323:
5301:
5283:
5278:
5268:
5258:
2965:
2738:
1863:
827:
815:
466:
460:
402:
344:
296:
224:
209:
5860:
5792:
5782:
5722:
5712:
5707:
5692:
5677:
5672:
5586:
5576:
5444:
5338:
5231:
5213:
5203:
2029:
438:
322:
199:
194:
84:
4989:
3174:
5870:
5850:
5835:
5797:
5702:
5642:
5566:
5551:
5546:
5519:
5346:
5333:
2774:
2764:
2746:
2715:
492:
214:
19:
For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Hejazi Arabic for
Knowledge (XXG) articles, see
4990:"Syllabification and metrification in Urban Hijazi Arabic: between rules and constraints"
2003:
Consonant assimilation is a phonological process which can occur between two consecutive
2698:
in the vicinity of emphatic consonants, and they are always pronounced as an open front
5998:
5957:
5885:
5840:
4997:
Syllabification and
Metrification in Urban Hijazi Arabic: Between Rules and Constraints
4935:"Ibn Khaldūn as a Historical Linguist with an Excursus on the Question of Ancient gāf"
2586:
2568:(second; number-two or unit of time) has made a split into two pronunciations (words)
2416:
2157:
2133:
744:
700:
670:
6029:
5977:
5967:
5962:
4448:
Vowel shortening also occurs only in few words as in جاي "I'm coming" pronounced /d͡ʒ
2760:
1771:
65:
4445:
but this does not effect third person masculine past verbs as in the example below.
5982:
4427:
nlu/. This can also affect the spelling of the words depending on the writer, e.g.
2778:
2671:
2510:
314:
88:
5018:
A Study of the
Phonological Structure and Representation of First Words in Arabic
5972:
5059:. Basic Course series. Washington, DC: Foreign Service Institute. Archived from
3224:
3212:
3202:
2925:
899:
520:
2614:
2500:
2474:
2382:
2149:
2141:
722:
3656:
3276:
3217:
3207:
2793:
903:
241:
5896:
5130:
3619:
3383:
3255:
2540:
2004:
934:
370:
274:
130:
69:
2767:
and urban Syrian. It also retains the
Classical mid breaking vowels as in
4893:
2375:, but most writers keep the Modern Standard Arabic spelling of the words.
2127:
1966:
1939:"he asks" or words under the influence of Modern Standard Arabic such as
911:
111:
40:
3651:
1970:
907:
122:
115:
98:
region, one by the urban population originally spoken in the cities of
94:
Strictly speaking, there are two main groups of dialects spoken in the
72:
4375:
Medial vowel shortening occurs before indirect object pronouns (e.g.,
2808:
respectively. However, they are still preserved in many words such as
5941:
3155:
in allophones is not found among all speakers of Hejazi and some use
2742:
727:
is used as an alternative phoneme, while most speakers merge it with
705:
is used as an alternative phoneme, while most speakers merge it with
103:
99:
957:('economy'), which can be pronounced or , or religious terms as in
2539:
by others. The partial merger between the phonemes has led to some
4386:
2750:
1805:
659:
107:
95:
76:
4390:
4382:
2625:
2450:
2370:
1857:
1071:
1018:
1010:
943:
889:
874:
862:
843:
835:
792:
788:
772:
756:
629:
618:
183:
are treated as separate phonemes from their plain counterparts.
167:
156:
5900:
5103:
4895:
Perceptions of Hijazi Arabic
Dialects: An Attitudinal Approach
2349:
The assimilation can also be reflected in the orthography, so
1995:('mouth') which is pronounced with a single final consonant .
948:
in a few words borrowed from Modern Standard Arabic, such as
650:
respectively by a number of speakers or in a number of words.
176:
and neighboring dialects. Being a Semitic language, the four
2603:
in others. This phenomenon might be due to the influence of
5024:(PhD dissertation). University of Leicester. Archived from
4245:('seventy five') is either pronounced or for emphasis .
4881:
Information Structure and Intonation in Hijazi Arabic.
5039:
Information Structure and Intonation in Hijazi Arabic
4234:('fifty one') is either pronounced or for emphasis .
587:('God') and words derived from it, it contrasts with
2773:("your dauɡhters") in Hejazi as opposed to or in
906:
pronunciation of the letter. He has also noted that
859:
A notable feature of Hejazi is the pronunciation of
110:
where they constitute the majority and partially in
39:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6007:
5991:
5950:
5934:
5823:
5630:
5424:
5196:
4824:
4811:
4790:
4784:
4776:
4755:
4743:
4737:
4725:
4713:
4691:
4679:
4667:
4648:
4636:
4630:
4618:
4606:
4600:
4588:
4577:
4549:
4543:
4531:
4525:
4513:
4502:
4440:
4434:
4404:
4237:
4226:
4215:
4205:
4166:
4120:
4074:
4028:
3981:
3923:
3872:
3814:
3763:
3705:
3637:
3631:
3561:
3552:
3468:
3459:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3185:
2873:
2857:
2841:
2825:
2809:
2123:
1731:
973:
967:
958:
949:
847:
807:
801:
601:
592:
579:
2745:is the constant use of full vowels and absence of
2543:that did not exist in Modern Standard Arabic e.g.
1834:occur only in loanwords and can be substituted by
867:as in Modern Standard Arabic. It is pronounced as
2911:'they said to her' (opposed to Classical Arabic
749:, while most speakers pronounce it distinctly as
3323:depending on the speaker, even when adjacent to
1866:period. This can be seen in Modern Hejazi as in
925:Due to the influence of Modern Standard Arabic,
53:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
2674:as a distinctive feature, and four diphthongs:
2338:is a distinct phoneme, not a merger, e.g. ظَنّ
2099:'I enjoyed it' → which is differentiated from
1034:Example words for consonant phonemes in Hejazi
3476:('his sister') pronounced with a lax initial
2800:in Hejazi and are realized as the long vowels
1025:is more integrated and used by most speakers.
741:can be analyzed as an alternative phoneme for
5912:
5115:
5015:Abdoh, Eman Mohammed Abdulrahman (May 2010).
3307:are pronounced either as an open front vowel
3083:The pronunciation of word initial and medial
2638:Hejazi has eight vowel phonemes: three short
172:being used partially due to the influence of
114:, and another dialect spoken by the rural or
8:
4439:without the long vowel or it can be written
4428:
4414:
4394:
4376:
3146:
3116:
2982:
2947:
2938:
2929:
2912:
2899:
2886:
2768:
2754:
2560:
2550:
2544:
2489:
2480:
2460:
2439:
2426:
2405:
2392:
2359:
2350:
2100:
2083:
2062:
2041:
2016:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1917:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1797:
1791:
1763:
1757:
1720:
1691:
1685:
1651:
1645:
1609:
1603:
1571:
1549:
1529:
1507:
1487:
1465:
1445:
1423:
1403:
1381:
1361:
1339:
1319:
1297:
1277:
1255:
1235:
1213:
1193:
1171:
1151:
1129:
1109:
1087:
1063:
4423:nlu/ with a shortened /i/ and rarely /raːjħ
5919:
5905:
5897:
5122:
5108:
5100:
3551:in word initial or medial syllables, e.g.
3458:in word initial or medial syllables, e.g.
882:. Another feature which is shared by many
68:consists of approximately 26 to 28 native
3618:The close vowels can be distinguished by
2784:Most inherited words with the diphthongs
5045:(PhD dissertation). University of Essex.
4458:
4248:
3644:
3173:
2959:Example of borrowed vs. inherited terms
2957:
1032:
185:
4876:
4845:
4393:⟩) in verbs is shortened. For example,
3569:('you') pronounced with a lax initial
785:, which occurs before velar consonants
5074:The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic
4988:Al-Mohanna Abaalkhail, Faisal (1998).
4920:
1842:respectively depending on the speaker.
5036:Alzaidi, Muhammad Swaileh A. (2014).
4963:
4951:
4852:
4766:
3179:
2559:, while the assimilation of the word
2509:except in words derived from the two
2193:Common pronunciation in urban Hejazi
675:can be realised as uvular fricatives
191:
7:
4975:
4908:
4864:
4825:
4812:
4791:
4785:
4777:
4756:
4744:
4738:
4726:
4714:
4692:
4680:
4668:
4649:
4637:
4631:
4619:
4607:
4601:
4589:
4578:
4550:
4544:
4532:
4526:
4514:
4503:
4441:
4435:
4405:
4381:), where a medial word long vowel (⟨
4238:
4227:
4216:
4206:
4167:
4121:
4075:
4029:
3982:
3924:
3873:
3815:
3764:
3706:
3638:
3632:
3562:
3553:
3469:
3460:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
2874:
2858:
2842:
2826:
2810:
1984:"he made (someone) write" vs. كَتَب
1732:
974:
968:
959:
950:
848:
808:
802:
602:
593:
580:
43:. For the distinction between ,
4429:
4419:"going to him" is pronounced /raːjħ
4415:
4395:
4377:
3147:
3117:
2983:
2948:
2939:
2930:
2913:
2900:
2887:
2769:
2755:
2561:
2551:
2545:
2490:
2481:
2461:
2440:
2427:
2406:
2393:
2360:
2351:
2101:
2084:
2063:
2042:
2017:
1950:
1941:
1932:
1918:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1798:
1792:
1764:
1758:
1721:
1692:
1686:
1652:
1646:
1610:
1604:
1572:
1550:
1530:
1508:
1488:
1466:
1446:
1424:
1404:
1382:
1362:
1340:
1320:
1298:
1278:
1256:
1236:
1214:
1194:
1172:
1152:
1130:
1110:
1088:
1064:
5053:Saudi Arabic: Urban Hijazi Dialect
4413:dlahum/ "he repeated to them" and
1730:only occurs in words derived from
978:('centuries') which might suggest
14:
3646:Example words for vowel phonemes
3286:
3267:
3260:
3246:
3239:
3141:at the end of the word or before
2726:are pronounced with an open back
578:(dark l) only occurs in the word
552:
545:
537:
529:
501:
481:
474:
465:
459:
452:
445:
429:
422:
415:
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
357:
350:
343:
336:
327:
313:
304:
295:
288:
255:
246:
3604:or when isolate, although short
3511:or when isolate, although short
3187:Vowel phonemes of Hejazi Arabic
3178:Hejazi Arabic vowel chart, from
2413:'he studied', on the other hand
2270:ض - ظ full merger pronunciation
1884:"diagonal" vs. Classical Arabic
125:will be (written inside slashes
91:are both distinctive in Hejazi.
4898:(PhD). University of Sheffield.
4299:Vowel lengthening (word final)
3532:) has two main pronunciations:
3439:) has two main pronunciations:
3111:at the end of a word or before
1021:⟩ respectively, but in general
35:International Phonetic Alphabet
4892:Alhazmi, Laila (24 Jun 2019).
4266:Vowel shortening (word final)
3596:at the end of words or before
3503:at the end of words or before
2937:'why?' (from Classical Arabic
2028:'next to' → or , or between
1957:"administrator, responsible".
1908:"bracelet" can be analyzed as
16:Pronunciation of Hejazi Arabic
1:
4468:Present (Indicative) "write"
3560:('cinnamon') pronounced and
2130:with Standard Arabic phoneme
1818:pronounced or (Allophones).
187:Consonant phonemes of Hejazi
5071:Watson, Janet C. E. (2002).
3467:('unseal!') pronounced and
2599:in most words while keeping
2468:'phenomenon' or merges with
2455:is pronounced distinctly as
5352:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
4258:After operation (phonemic)
133:(written inside brackets ).
6057:
5050:Omar, Margaret K. (1975).
3153:complementary distribution
3121:). Word initial or medial
2718:, although in a few words
2555:'mislead' both pronounced
2520:in which it is pronounced
2505:is always pronounced as a
933:has been introduced as an
21:Help:IPA for Hejazi Arabic
18:
5928:Languages of Saudi Arabia
5141:
4754:
4724:
4704:
4647:
4617:
4587:
4568:
4564:
4498:
4475:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4403:d/ "he repeated" becomes
4261:Pronunciation (phonetic)
3977:
3846:
3737:
3663:
3315:or an open central vowel
3285:
3280:
3233:
3228:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3005:
2981:
2572:(second; number-two) and
2284:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2219:
2192:
2156:
2140:
2132:
1862:was lost early on in the
1729:
1704:
1047:
1041:
918:pronunciation instead of
902:states may have been the
519:
491:
369:
273:
240:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
4204:The linking conjunction
3642:('in him', 'there is').
2576:(second; unit of time).
2342:('he thought') vs. زَنّ
886:is the pronunciation of
777:has the velar allophone
5384:Regional North American
3382:are pronounced as true-
2977:Modern Standard Arabic
2583:as a pronunciation for
2531:might be pronounced as
1973:if needed, e.g. كَتَّب
986:as a marginal phoneme.
31:phonetic transcriptions
5808:Dialects and varieties
5379:Received Pronunciation
5224:American Sign Language
4200:Phonological processes
3345:in some words such as
3183:
2605:Modern Standard Arabic
2387:came to be pronounced
764:depending on the word.
735:depending on the word.
713:depending on the word.
174:Modern Standard Arabic
81:/a,u,i,aː,uː,oː,iː,eː/
28:This article contains
4933:Heinrichs, Wolfhart.
3661:Position in the word
3363:('dad') and Japan'),
3177:
3133:, and strictly as an
2924:), and some occur in
2518:⟨ض ر ط⟩
2514:⟨ض ب ط⟩
2421:is mostly pronounced
989:Two foreign phonemes
570:the marginal phoneme
4471:Imperative "write!"
4055:'win!' (Imperative)
3337:is an allophone for
2630:can be stigmatized.
2535:by some speakers or
2497:'nail'. In contrast
2479:in other words like
1922:"I eat" analyzed as
150:, with the phonemes
6015:Saudi Sign Language
5733:Proto-Indo-European
5389:White South African
4310:'they read' + ـها
3647:
3325:emphatic consonants
3188:
3171:in all positions.
3059:appoint! (command)
2960:
2120:Dental Assimilation
2074:'serve myself' → ,
1035:
806:('it spilled') and
188:
178:emphatic consonants
62:phonological system
4939:Harvard University
3920:initial or medial
3811:initial or medial
3645:
3577:and a tense final
3528:(also analyzed as
3484:and a tense final
3435:(also analyzed as
3412:are pronounced as
3186:
3184:
3103:, but strictly as
2958:
2798:monophthongization
2781:and rural Hejazi.
1948:"environment" and
1705:Marginal Phonemes
1033:
1029:Illustrative words
894:as a voiced velar
816:Consonant clusters
634:are realised as a
186:
6023:
6022:
5951:Vernacular Arabic
5935:Official language
5894:
5893:
5394:Standard Canadian
5135:world's languages
4999:. Chapter 3: 119.
4836:"they call her".
4806:Vowel lengthening
4803:
4802:
4773:
4710:
4664:
4574:
4368:
4367:
4197:
4196:
3294:
3293:
3081:
3080:
2964:Example (without
2926:portmanteau words
2796:period underwent
2739:Arabian peninsula
2434:'bull' or rarely
2329:
2328:
2030:dental consonants
1864:Old Hejazi Arabic
1851:The glottal stop
1812:
1811:
914:may have had the
753:or merge it with
691:in few instances.
564:
563:
6048:
6041:Arabic phonology
5921:
5914:
5907:
5898:
5746:Kerkrade dialect
5369:General American
5124:
5117:
5110:
5101:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5086:
5080:. Archived from
5079:
5067:
5065:
5058:
5046:
5044:
5032:
5030:
5023:
5001:
5000:
4994:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4930:
4924:
4918:
4912:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4889:
4883:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4835:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4815:
4814:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4780:
4779:
4771:
4759:
4758:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4740:
4729:
4728:
4717:
4716:
4708:
4695:
4694:
4683:
4682:
4671:
4670:
4662:
4652:
4651:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4633:
4622:
4621:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4603:
4592:
4591:
4581:
4580:
4572:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4546:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4528:
4517:
4516:
4506:
4505:
4459:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4418:
4417:
4408:
4407:
4398:
4397:
4380:
4379:
4371:Vowel Shortening
4361:
4350:
4342:
4332:Vowel deletion (
4324:
4313:
4309:
4291:
4280:
4276:
4249:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4233:
4232:/waːħiduxamsiːn/
4230:
4229:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4209:
4208:
4188:
4170:
4169:
4163:
4142:
4124:
4123:
4117:
4096:
4078:
4077:
4071:
4050:
4032:
4031:
4025:
4003:
3985:
3984:
3975:
3967:
3945:
3927:
3926:
3917:
3909:
3893:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3861:final or before
3858:
3836:
3818:
3817:
3808:
3800:
3784:
3767:
3766:
3759:
3752:final or before
3749:
3727:
3709:
3708:
3699:
3691:
3648:
3641:
3640:
3636:('in') and long
3635:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3611:
3603:
3595:
3584:
3576:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3542:
3531:
3527:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3449:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3392:
3381:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3296:Phonetic notes:
3290:
3283:
3271:
3264:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3231:
3189:
3170:
3162:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3077:
3068:
3054:
3045:
3026:
3012:
2998:
2986:
2985:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2923:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2876:
2868:
2861:
2860:
2853:'acoustic', and
2852:
2845:
2844:
2836:
2829:
2828:
2820:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2791:
2787:
2772:
2771:
2758:
2757:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2706:or open central
2705:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2629:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2582:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:trilateral roots
2508:
2504:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2374:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2358:'three' becomes
2357:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2124:
2115:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2053:'I took' → , or
2052:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2010:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:"they read" and
1874:
1871:
1870:
1861:
1854:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1712:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1563:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1521:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1499:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1479:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1457:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1437:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1395:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1353:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1269:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1227:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1185:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1143:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1079:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1055:
1036:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1000:
992:
985:
977:
976:
971:
970:
965:
962:
961:
956:
953:
952:
947:
940:
932:
921:
917:
912:prophet Muhammad
910:and the Islamic
897:
893:
881:
878:
870:
866:
854:
851:
850:
841:
833:
825:
821:
811:
810:
805:
804:
799:
796:
784:
776:
769:
763:
760:
752:
748:
740:
734:
730:
726:
719:
712:
708:
704:
697:
690:
682:
674:
667:
663:
656:
649:
641:
633:
626:
622:
615:
608:
605:
604:
600:('i swear') vs.
599:
596:
595:
590:
586:
583:
582:
577:
566:Phonetic notes:
556:
549:
541:
533:
505:
485:
478:
469:
463:
456:
449:
433:
426:
419:
412:
405:
398:
391:
384:
361:
354:
347:
340:
331:
317:
308:
299:
292:
259:
250:
189:
182:
171:
164:
160:
153:
149:
128:
85:Consonant length
82:
50:
46:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6003:
5987:
5946:
5930:
5925:
5895:
5890:
5819:
5773:Scottish Gaelic
5626:
5480:Standard Modern
5420:
5232:Modern Standard
5192:
5137:
5128:
5098:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5010:
5005:
5004:
4992:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4974:
4970:
4962:
4958:
4950:
4946:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4919:
4915:
4907:
4903:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4875:
4871:
4863:
4859:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4823:"they call" →
4808:
4373:
4343:'don't' + تقول
4327:'they read it'
4243:/xamsausabʕiːn/
4202:
3910:or less likely
3801:or less likely
3543:or less likely
3450:or less likely
3151:), though this
3036:aid! (command)
2946:'for what' and
2837:'my voice' vs.
2753:). For example
2747:vowel reduction
2716:vowel reduction
2636:
2623:
2612:
2591:and only merge
2584:
2517:
2513:
2498:
2472:
2448:
2414:
2380:
2368:
2122:
2001:
1963:
1855:
1849:
1699:
1690:
1675:
1659:
1650:
1635:
1617:
1608:
1593:
1326:'he protected'
1031:
941:
887:
884:Arabic dialects
872:
860:
786:
770:
754:
742:
720:
698:
668:
657:
627:
616:
165:
154:
140:
58:
57:
56:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6054:
6052:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6028:
6027:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6011:
6009:
6008:Sign languages
6005:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5995:
5993:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5901:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5778:Serbo-Croatian
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5459:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5439:
5434:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5153:
5148:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5104:
5097:
5096:
5068:
5066:on 2021-05-23.
5047:
5033:
5031:on 2018-11-01.
5011:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4980:
4968:
4956:
4944:
4925:
4913:
4901:
4884:
4869:
4857:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4782:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4753:
4735:
4723:
4711:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4689:
4677:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4646:
4628:
4616:
4598:
4586:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4541:
4523:
4511:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4352:
4337:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4315:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4282:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4235:
4224:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4180:
4171:
4164:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4134:
4125:
4118:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4088:
4079:
4072:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4042:
4033:
4026:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4004:
3995:
3986:
3979:
3976:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3937:
3928:
3921:
3918:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3885:
3877:
3870:
3859:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3828:
3819:
3812:
3809:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3776:
3768:
3761:
3750:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3719:
3710:
3703:
3700:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3654:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3586:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3493:
3429:
3402:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3125:is pronounced
3095:is pronounced
3079:
3078:
3069:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3046:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3004:
2990:
2987:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:Hejazi Arabic
2972:
2969:
2898:'they said' →
2650:and five long
2635:
2632:
2549:'dimming' and
2377:
2376:
2347:
2346:('he nagged').
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2121:
2118:
2000:
1997:
1962:
1959:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1825:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1789:
1780:
1775:
1768:
1755:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1728:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1683:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1643:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1601:
1584:
1579:
1578:'expenditure'
1576:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1410:'caterpillar'
1408:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1030:
1027:
972:('horns') vs.
857:
856:
813:
765:
736:
714:
692:
651:
623:and the trill
610:
562:
561:
559:
557:
550:
543:
534:
527:
525:
523:
517:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
499:
497:
495:
489:
488:
486:
479:
472:
470:
457:
450:
443:
441:
435:
434:
427:
420:
413:
406:
399:
392:
385:
378:
373:
367:
366:
364:
362:
355:
348:
341:
334:
332:
325:
319:
318:
311:
309:
302:
300:
293:
286:
284:
282:
277:
271:
270:
268:
266:
264:
262:
260:
253:
251:
244:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
205:Denti-alveolar
202:
197:
192:
139:
136:
135:
134:
51:⟩, see
27:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6053:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6036:Hejazi Arabic
6034:
6033:
6031:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5922:
5917:
5915:
5910:
5908:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5816:
5813:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5622:Luxembourgish
5620:
5618:
5615:
5611:
5610:Maastrichtian
5608:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5151:Orthographies
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5125:
5120:
5118:
5113:
5111:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5087:on 2016-03-01
5083:
5076:
5075:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5054:
5048:
5041:
5040:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5007:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4945:
4940:
4936:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4905:
4902:
4897:
4896:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4877:Alzaidi (2014
4873:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4849:
4846:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4820:
4805:
4798:
4783:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4763:
4751:
4736:
4733:
4721:
4712:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4690:
4687:
4678:
4675:
4666:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4644:
4629:
4626:
4614:
4599:
4596:
4585:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4561:
4557:
4542:
4539:
4524:
4521:
4512:
4510:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4426:
4422:
4412:
4402:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4370:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4348:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4307:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4277:'tell' + لهم
4274:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4236:
4225:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4199:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4172:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4126:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4080:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4034:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3965:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3929:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3907:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3820:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3711:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3643:
3621:
3609:
3601:
3593:
3587:
3582:
3574:
3548:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3494:
3489:
3481:
3455:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3430:
3428:respectively.
3425:
3417:
3403:
3401:respectively.
3398:
3390:
3385:
3373:
3351:('Germany'),
3334:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3320:
3312:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3289:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3160:
3154:
3138:
3130:
3108:
3100:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3002:
2996:
2991:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2956:
2927:
2921:
2908:
2895:
2882:
2872:
2869:'my eye' vs.
2866:
2856:
2850:
2840:
2834:
2824:
2818:
2799:
2795:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2717:
2711:
2703:
2673:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2616:
2606:
2588:
2577:
2542:
2525:
2512:
2502:
2476:
2452:
2418:
2384:
2372:
2348:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2268:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2096:
2092:
2071:
2050:
2031:
2025:
2006:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1983:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1958:
1865:
1859:
1846:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1790:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1756:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1726:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1684:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1644:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1602:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1158:'difference'
1157:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1028:
1026:
1020:
1012:
1004:
996:
987:
983:
945:
936:
930:
923:
913:
909:
905:
901:
891:
885:
876:
864:
845:
837:
829:
817:
814:
794:
790:
782:
774:
766:
758:
746:
737:
724:
715:
702:
693:
688:
680:
672:
661:
653:the phonemes
652:
647:
639:
631:
620:
612:the phonemes
611:
575:
569:
568:
567:
560:
558:
555:
551:
548:
544:
540:
535:
532:
528:
526:
524:
522:
518:
515:
513:
511:
509:
507:
504:
500:
498:
496:
494:
490:
487:
484:
480:
477:
473:
471:
468:
462:
458:
455:
451:
448:
444:
442:
440:
437:
436:
432:
428:
425:
421:
418:
414:
411:
407:
404:
400:
397:
393:
390:
386:
383:
379:
377:
374:
372:
368:
365:
363:
360:
356:
353:
349:
346:
342:
339:
335:
333:
330:
326:
324:
321:
320:
316:
312:
310:
307:
303:
301:
298:
294:
291:
287:
285:
283:
281:
278:
276:
272:
269:
267:
265:
263:
261:
258:
254:
252:
249:
245:
243:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
190:
184:
181:/sˤ,dˤ,tˤ,zˤ/
179:
175:
169:
158:
147:
137:
132:
124:
121:
120:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
78:
74:
71:
67:
66:Hejazi Arabic
63:
54:
42:
38:
36:
32:
22:
5992:other spoken
5876:West Frisian
5663:Massachusett
5241:
5176:Prepositions
5145:
5089:. Retrieved
5082:the original
5073:
5061:the original
5052:
5038:
5026:the original
5017:
5008:Bibliography
4996:
4983:
4971:
4959:
4947:
4938:
4928:
4921:Watson (2002
4916:
4904:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4872:
4860:
4848:
4831:
4818:
4809:
4796:
4761:
4749:
4731:
4719:
4697:
4685:
4673:
4654:
4642:
4624:
4612:
4594:
4583:
4559:
4555:
4537:
4519:
4508:
4465:Past "went"
4453:
4449:
4447:
4424:
4420:
4410:
4400:
4374:
4364:'don't say'
4357:
4346:
4320:
4314:'it (fem.)'
4305:
4294:'tell them'
4287:
4272:
4239:خمسة و سبعين
4228:واحد و خمسين
4203:
4184:
4175:
4173:
4152:
4138:
4129:
4127:
4106:
4092:
4083:
4081:
4060:
4046:
4037:
4035:
4014:
3999:
3990:
3988:
3956:
3941:
3932:
3930:
3889:
3881:
3879:
3847:
3832:
3823:
3821:
3780:
3772:
3771:
3738:
3723:
3714:
3712:
3680:
3617:
3295:
3082:
3073:
3064:
3050:
3041:
3028:
3022:
3008:
3000:
2994:
2919:
2906:
2893:
2880:
2870:
2864:
2854:
2848:
2838:
2832:
2822:
2816:
2783:
2749:(use of the
2736:
2637:
2578:
2526:
2466:/zˤaːh(i)ra/
2378:
2330:
2111:
2107:
2094:
2090:
2069:
2048:
2023:
2002:
1999:Assimilation
1988:
1981:
1964:
1850:
1847:Glottal Stop
1813:
1388:'yesterday'
1346:'blindness'
1242:'he shrank'
1220:'he pulled'
1178:'lightning'
988:
955:/igtiˈsˤaːd/
924:
858:
812:('brazier').
716:the phoneme
694:the phoneme
565:
141:
93:
89:vowel length
61:
59:
47:and ⟨
29:
5606:Limburgish
5497:Greenlandic
5374:New Zealand
5307:Northern Wu
5166:Determiners
5146:Phonologies
5131:Phonologies
4964:Abdoh (2010
4952:Abdoh (2010
4853:Abdoh (2010
4462:Tense/Mood
4378:لي ,له ,لها
4147:'religion'
3951:'medicine'
3898:'my color'
3869:or isolate
3760:or isolate
3357:('Japan'),
3180:Abdoh (2010
2989:ophthalmic
2955:'thing').
2761:Gulf region
2488:'dark' and
2379:The letter
2085:أَنْبَسَطْت
1472:'religion'
900:Ibn Khaldun
521:Approximant
6030:Categories
5866:Vietnamese
5737:Ripuarian
5728:Portuguese
5638:Macedonian
5617:Lithuanian
5527:Hindustani
5364:Australian
5317:Historical
5264:Belarusian
5161:Adjectives
5091:2017-03-22
4976:Omar (1975
4909:Omar (1975
4865:Omar (1975
4840:References
4452:j/ or /d͡ʒ
4252:Operation
4221:/anauinti/
4217:انا و إنتِ
4101:'victory'
3657:Allophones
3622:with long
3384:mid vowels
2966:diacritics
2794:Old Arabic
2557:/tadˤliːl/
2541:homophones
2447:'stable'.
2400:'gold' or
2102:أَنْبَسَطْ
2064:أَتْضَيَّف
2005:consonants
1961:Gemination
1891:/jaqraʔuː/
1616:'envelope'
1556:'harmful'
1536:'he flew'
1368:'whisper'
964:/gurˈʔaːn/
904:Old Arabic
642:and a tap
220:Pharyngeal
138:Consonants
131:allophones
79:phonemes:
5856:Ukrainian
5763:Sardinian
5741:Colognian
5698:Old Saxon
5683:Norwegian
5648:Maldivian
5592:Latgalian
5537:Icelandic
5532:Hungarian
5411:Esperanto
5297:Cantonese
5274:Bulgarian
5247:Levantine
5219:Afrikaans
4781:rāḥat-lu
4757:يروحوا له
4709:masculine
4620:تروحوا له
4573:masculine
4491:Singular
4485:Singular
4479:Singular
4416:رايحين له
4317:قِرْيوها
4255:Original
4009:'he won'
3789:'asthma'
3667:Phonemic
3620:tenseness
3567:/(ʔ)inti/
3474:/(ʔ)uxtu/
3029:inherited
2914:قالوا لها
2901:قالوا لها
2855:inherited
2823:inherited
2792:from the
2770:بَناتَكُم
2566:/θaːnija/
2486:/dˤalaːm/
2356:/talaːta/
2294:/θalaːθa/
2234:/talaːta/
1955:/masʔuːl/
1914:/ʔiswara/
1514:'button'
1494:'secret'
935:allophone
855:('Chad').
376:voiceless
371:Fricative
280:voiceless
275:Occlusive
70:consonant
5753:Romanian
5562:Japanese
5520:Biblical
5507:Hawaiian
5502:Gujarati
5465:Standard
5457:Galician
5445:Parisian
5416:Estonian
5347:Standard
5292:Mandarin
5288:Chinese
5252:Tunisian
5237:Egyptian
5209:Acehnese
5181:Pronouns
5156:Grammars
4772:feminine
4727:راحوا له
4681:تروحي له
4663:feminine
4650:روحوا له
4590:رحتوا له
4442:نروح لهم
4433:becomes
4354:لا تقول
3733:'mouth'
3675:Meaning
3671:Phonetic
3664:Example
3369:('mom').
3001:borrowed
2971:Meaning
2871:borrowed
2839:borrowed
2775:Egyptian
2765:Lebanese
2741:and the
2628:⟩
2624:⟨
2617:⟩
2613:⟨
2589:⟩
2585:⟨
2574:/saːnja/
2570:/taːnja/
2562:ثَانِيَة
2503:⟩
2499:⟨
2495:/dˤifir/
2477:⟩
2473:⟨
2453:⟩
2449:⟨
2445:/saːbit/
2419:⟩
2415:⟨
2411:/zaːkar/
2385:⟩
2381:⟨
2373:⟩
2369:⟨
2314:/ðˤarar/
2254:/dˤarar/
2167:Example
2128:Grapheme
2072:dˤajːaf/
1979:/kattab/
1975:/katːab/
1967:geminate
1937:/jisʔal/
1928:/ʔaːkul/
1910:/iswara/
1900:/maːʔil/
1882:/maːjil/
1860:⟩
1856:⟨
1814:Notes:
1787:/foːlfu/
1783:/voːlvu/
1737:/aɫːaːh/
1727:'c'mon'
1698:'climax'
1658:'wealth'
1599:/dˤifir/
1595:/ðˤifir/
1430:'paper'
1419:/waraga/
1399:/jaraga/
1304:'cloud'
1209:/d͡ʒarː/
1136:'mercy'
1094:'river'
1048:Example
1045:Phoneme
1042:Example
1039:Phoneme
946:⟩
942:⟨
898:, which
892:⟩
888:⟨
877:⟩
873:⟨
865:⟩
861:⟨
853:/ˈtʃaːd/
828:sequence
795:⟩
787:⟨
775:⟩
771:⟨
759:⟩
755:⟨
747:⟩
743:⟨
725:⟩
721:⟨
703:⟩
699:⟨
673:⟩
669:⟨
662:⟩
658:⟨
632:⟩
628:⟨
621:⟩
617:⟨
585:/aɫːaːh/
235:emphatic
170:⟩
166:⟨
159:⟩
155:⟨
127:/ /
123:phonemes
73:phonemes
45:/ /
41:Help:IPA
5958:Baharna
5881:Yiddish
5846:Turkish
5831:Tagalog
5815:Swedish
5803:Spanish
5788:Slovene
5758:Russian
5718:Persian
5688:Occitan
5668:Medumba
5658:Marathi
5602:Latvian
5582:Kurdish
5572:Konkani
5557:Italian
5542:Ingrian
5511:Hebrew
5485:Ancient
5470:Bernese
5461:German
5441:French
5437:Finnish
5432:Faroese
5359:English
5329:Cornish
5324:Chukchi
5302:Hokkien
5284:Catalan
5279:Burmese
5269:Bengali
5259:Avestan
5228:Arabic
5133:of the
4830:/jizham
4826:يزهموها
4817:/jizham
4792:تروح له
4778:راحت له
4745:يروح له
4693:روحي له
4669:رحتي له
4608:تروح له
4551:نروح له
4533:أروح له
4515:رحنا له
4494:Plural
4488:Plural
4482:Plural
4476:Person
4436:نرح لهم
4406:عاد لهم
4389:⟩ and ⟨
4334:syncope
4290:llahum/
4284:قل لهم
4279:/lahum/
4193:'debt'
3816:جُغْمَة
3652:Phoneme
3558:/girfa/
3554:قِرْفَة
3348:ألمانيا
3145:(as in
3115:(as in
3017:my eye
2944:/liʔaj/
2763:or in
2670:, with
2537:/kizib/
2533:/kidib/
2529:/kiðib/
2398:/dahab/
2364:with a
2340:/zˤanː/
2331:Notes:
2324:/ðˤulm/
2319:/ðˤilː/
2299:/θawra/
2264:/zˤulm/
2259:/dˤilː/
2239:/sawra/
2078:before
2057:before
2036:before
2011:before
1986:/katab/
1971:shaddah
1946:/biːʔa/
1924:/aːkul/
1873:/jigru/
1716:/jaɫːa/
1700:'tail'
1673:/zarwa/
1669:/ðarwa/
1660:'bull'
1633:/sarwa/
1629:/θarwa/
1618:'nail'
1591:/zˤarf/
1587:/ðˤarf/
1582:/ðˤ⁓zˤ/
1567:/sˤarf/
1545:/dˤaːr/
1525:/tˤaːr/
1293:/ɣeːma/
1284:'tent'
1273:/xeːma/
1200:'evil'
1125:/raħma/
1116:'meat'
1105:/laħma/
1083:/nahar/
1059:/mahar/
908:Quraysh
609:('or').
607:/walːa/
598:/waɫːa/
225:Glottal
210:Palatal
116:Bedouin
64:of the
33:in the
5978:Hejazi
5968:Bedawi
5963:Bareqi
5942:Arabic
5861:Uyghur
5793:Somali
5783:Slovak
5723:Polish
5713:Pashto
5708:Ottawa
5693:Ojibwe
5678:Nepali
5673:Navajo
5587:Kyrgyz
5577:Korean
5515:Modern
5476:Greek
5450:Quebec
5404:Middle
5343:Dutch
5339:Danish
5242:Hejazi
5214:Adyghe
5204:Abkhaz
4813:يزهموا
4786:ترح له
4739:يرح له
4715:راح له
4638:روح له
4602:ترح له
4579:رحت له
4545:نرح له
4527:أرح له
4504:رحت له
4356:/laː.t
4351:'say'
4319:/girˈj
4302:قريوا
4281:them'
3888:/ˈloːn
3842:'sip'
3588:tense
3524:short
3495:tense
3470:أُخْته
3465:/fukː/
3431:short
3194:Short
3031:form)
3003:term)
2953:/ʃajʔ/
2935:/leːʃ/
2922:lahaː/
2905:/gaːˈl
2875:عَيْني
2843:صَوْتي
2756:قلت لك
2743:Levant
2672:length
2634:Vowels
2438:as in
2432:/toːr/
2425:as in
2404:as in
2391:as in
2344:/zanː/
2309:/ðanb/
2304:/ðeːl/
2249:/zanb/
2244:/deːl/
2170:ثلاثة
2082:as in
2061:as in
2040:as in
2015:as in
2007:as in
1993:/famː/
1982:kattab
1965:Long (
1887:يقرؤوا
1753:/boːl/
1749:/poːl/
1681:/deːl/
1677:/ðeːl/
1641:/toːr/
1637:/θoːr/
1503:/zirː/
1483:/sirː/
1461:/diːn/
1452:'fig'
1441:/tiːn/
1377:/ʔams/
1357:/hams/
1335:/ʕama/
1315:/ħama/
1262:'hay'
1251:/gaʃː/
1231:/kaʃː/
1189:/ʃarː/
1167:/barg/
1147:/farg/
1013:⟩ and
997:⟩ and
951:اقتصاد
849:تْشَاد
846:⟩, in
838:⟩ and
809:مِنقَل
800:as in
439:voiced
323:voiced
231:plain
200:Dental
195:Labial
129:) and
104:Medina
100:Jeddah
75:and 8
49:
5999:Faifi
5983:Najdi
5871:Welsh
5851:Ubykh
5836:Tamil
5798:Sotho
5768:Scots
5703:Oromo
5653:Māori
5643:Malay
5597:Latin
5567:Kiowa
5552:Irish
5547:Inuit
5490:Koine
5334:Czech
5186:Verbs
5171:Nouns
5085:(PDF)
5078:(PDF)
5064:(PDF)
5057:(PDF)
5043:(PDF)
5029:(PDF)
5022:(PDF)
4993:(PDF)
4911::xiv)
4879::73)
4799:ḥ-lu
4760:yirūḥ
4752:ḥ-lu
4722:ḥ-lu
4684:tirūḥ
4645:ḥ-lu
4632:رح له
4623:tirūḥ
4615:ḥ-lu
4582:ruḥt-
4540:ḥ-lu
4507:ruḥt-
4360:guːl/
4349:guːl/
4341:/laː/
4312:/-ha/
4304:/girj
4162:]
4158:[
4116:]
4112:[
4070:]
4066:[
4024:]
4020:[
3974:]
3970:[
3966:]
3962:[
3916:]
3912:[
3908:]
3904:[
3867:]
3863:[
3857:]
3853:[
3831:/ˈd͡ʒ
3807:]
3803:[
3799:]
3795:[
3779:/ˈrab
3758:]
3754:[
3748:]
3744:[
3698:]
3694:[
3690:]
3686:[
3610:]
3606:[
3602:]
3598:[
3594:]
3590:[
3583:]
3579:[
3575:]
3571:[
3563:إنْتِ
3549:]
3545:[
3541:]
3537:[
3517:]
3513:[
3509:]
3505:[
3501:]
3497:[
3490:]
3486:[
3482:]
3478:[
3456:]
3452:[
3448:]
3444:[
3426:]
3422:[
3418:]
3414:[
3404:long
3399:]
3395:[
3391:]
3387:[
3374:long
3354:يابان
3335:]
3331:[
3321:]
3317:[
3313:]
3309:[
3225:Close
3213:Front
3203:Front
3197:Long
3169:]
3165:[
3161:]
3157:[
3148:هِيَّ
3139:]
3135:[
3131:]
3127:[
3118:هُوَّ
3109:]
3105:[
3101:]
3097:[
2928:e.g.
2918:/qaːl
2909:laha/
2892:/gaːl
2888:قالوا
2819:waːn/
2811:حيوان
2779:Najdi
2777:and
2751:schwa
2732:]
2728:[
2712:]
2708:[
2704:]
2700:[
2595:with
2552:تضليل
2546:تظليل
2462:ظاهرة
2394:ذَهَب
2361:تلاتة
2352:ثلاثة
2173:ثورة
2110:ˈbasa
2093:baˈsa
2022:/d͡ʒa
2018:جَنْب
1989:katab
1951:مسؤول
1905:إسورة
1869:يقروا
1806:Volvo
1799:فولفو
1793:ڤولڤو
1204:/d͡ʒ/
984:]
980:[
931:]
927:[
830:e.g.
818:like
798:/k,ɡ/
783:]
779:[
689:]
685:[
681:]
677:[
648:]
644:[
640:]
636:[
614:/d͡ʒ/
603:ولَّا
594:والله
493:Trill
242:Nasal
215:Velar
112:Ta'if
108:Mecca
96:Hejaz
77:vowel
37:(IPA)
5973:Gulf
5886:Zuni
5841:Taos
4978::xv)
4966::84)
4954::83)
4923::16)
4867::xv)
4855::84)
4764:-lu
4734:-lu
4705:3rd
4700:-lu
4688:-lu
4676:-lu
4672:ruḥt
4657:-lu
4627:-lu
4597:-lu
4593:ruḥt
4584:allu
4569:2nd
4522:-lu
4518:ruḥn
4509:allu
4499:1st
4456:j/.
4430:نروح
4385:⟩ ,⟨
4269:قول
4153:/eː/
4107:/iː/
4061:/oː/
4015:/uː/
4006:or
3978:all
3957:/aː/
3948:or
3940:/ˈtˤ
3874:لوني
3839:or
3835:ɣma/
3730:or
3702:all
3628:/iː/
3626:and
3624:/uː/
3535:lax
3442:lax
3420:and
3410:/iː/
3408:and
3406:/uː/
3393:and
3380:/eː/
3378:and
3376:/oː/
3366:ماما
3360:بابا
3341:and
3339:/aː/
3305:/aː/
3303:and
3277:Open
3218:Back
3208:Back
3182::84)
3163:and
3087:and
3076:ini/
3067:ini/
2984:عيني
2859:عيني
2827:صوتي
2806:/oː/
2804:and
2802:/eː/
2790:/aw/
2788:and
2786:/aj/
2724:/aː/
2722:and
2696:/aː/
2694:and
2688:/ij/
2686:and
2684:/aj/
2680:/iw/
2676:/aw/
2668:/eː/
2666:and
2664:/iː/
2660:/oː/
2656:/uː/
2652:/aː/
2621:/ðˤ/
2619:and
2610:/dˤ/
2522:/zˤ/
2516:and
2507:/dˤ/
2482:ظلام
2470:/dˤ/
2457:/zˤ/
2441:ثابت
2407:ذاكر
2336:/zˤ/
2287:/ðˤ/
2227:/zˤ/
2222:/dˤ/
2188:ظلم
2182:ضرر
2179:ذنب
2176:ذيل
2161:/ðˤ/
2153:/dˤ/
2076:/tˤ/
2059:/dˤ/
2047:/axa
2043:أخذت
1942:بيئة
1933:يسأل
1916:and
1896:مائل
1893:and
1878:مايل
1838:and
1830:and
1822:/zˤ/
1772:Paul
1733:الله
1687:ذروة
1647:ثروة
1562:/sˤ/
1540:/dˤ/
1520:/tˤ/
1425:ورقة
1405:يرقة
1299:غيمة
1279:خيمة
1131:رحمة
1111:لحمة
1072:Mahr
975:قرون
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55:.
23:.
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