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One limitation of the detector's design is its small size; due to the limited amount of surplus lead available, half of the neutrons generated escape before hitting a neutron detector. To mitigate this, it is surrounded by a layer of water to reflect some of the neutrons back in. Budget permitting,
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was originally proposed in 1996 by Cliff
Hargrove as the "lead astronomical neutrino detector" (LAND), and in 2004, Charles Duba, then a PhD student working on SNO, proposed re-using them for this purpose, prompting the renaming to HALO. Design of the current detector began in 2007.
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there are plans for a larger detector using 1000 t of lead and the remaining leftover He detectors (Due to lead's high density; 1000 t is a cube 4.45 m (14.6 ft) on a side, not an impractical size for underground installation.)
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88:" of both protons and neutrons, so the neutrons pass through to the He detectors. If enough neutrons are detected in a short time, an alert is generated.
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It was designed to be a low-cost, low-maintenance detector with limited capabilities sufficient for the burst of neutrinos generated by a nearby
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Hargrove, C.K.; Batkin, I.; Sundaresan, M.K.; Dubeau, J. (August 1996), "A lead astronomical neutrino detector: LAND",
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The HALO supernova neutrino detector in SNOLAB has joined the international SuperNova Early
Warning System (SNEWS).
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39:(SNEWS). It began engineering operation on May 8, 2012, and joined as an operational part of
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50:. Its major components are left over from other decommissioned experiments: 76 tons of
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collides with a lead nucleus, it causes a nuclear transmutation that ends with a
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Duba, C A; Duncan, F; Farine, J; Habig, A; Hime, A; Robertson, R G H;
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113:; Shantz, T; Virtue, C J; Wilkerson, J F; Yen, S (1 November 2008).
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December 2015: HALO joins SNEWS, bringing total to 7 experiments.
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115:"HALO – the helium and lead observatory for supernova neutrinos"
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from an earlier cosmic-ray experiment, and 128 three-metre-long
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84:. Lead does not absorb neutrons readily since Pb it has a "
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Core-Collapse
Supernovae: Models and Observable Signals
183:"HALO experiment joins SuperNovae Early Warning System"
266:(There is a video of the talk at the conference page.)
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350:Neutrino detectors, experiments, and facilities
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1183:Buildings and structures in Greater Sudbury
1110:BNO (Baksan or Baxan Neutrino Observatory)
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119:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
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237:HALO: a Helium and Lead Observatory
185:(Press release). SNOLAB. 2015-10-16
234:Virtue, C.J. (22–23 August 2007).
14:
1074:Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment
68:The idea of using lead to detect
240:. SNOLAB Workshop VI. Sudbury.
140:10.1088/1742-6596/136/4/042077
37:Supernova Early Warning System
1:
391:Lederman–Schwartz–Steinberger
251:Yen, Stanley (19 July 2012).
1130:List of neutrino experiments
298:10.1016/0927-6505(96)00019-9
63:Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
21:Helium And Lead Observatory
16:Neutrino detector in Canada
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314:http://www.snolab.ca/halo/
164:. Duke Neutrino Group blog
278:Astroparticle Physics
445:Neutrino oscillation
1159:46.4719°N 81.1866°W
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1115:Kamioka Observatory
290:1996APh.....5..183H
131:2008JPhCS.136d2077D
70:supernova neutrinos
162:"HALO is running!"
1164:46.4719; -81.1866
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872:Heidelberg-Moscow
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596:ICARUS (Fermilab)
78:electron neutrino
59:neutron detectors
43:in October 2015.
29:neutrino detector
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284:(2): 183–196,
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160:(2012-05-09).
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1079:NEMO Project
837:Double Chooz
744:Construction
513:
476:Astronomical
364:Cowan–Reines
281:
277:
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253:
246:
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216:
210:. Retrieved
207:"SNEWS News"
201:
193:
187:. Retrieved
177:
166:. Retrieved
122:
118:
111:Scholberg, K
104:
90:
86:magic number
75:
67:
45:
24:
20:
18:
1162: /
685:KamLAND-Zen
584:Accelerator
462:(divided by
357:Discoveries
1150:81°11′12″W
1147:46°28′19″N
902:Kamiokande
857:Gargamelle
761:Baikal-GVD
616:NA61/SHINE
601:MicroBooNE
264:. Sudbury.
212:2015-12-06
189:2015-12-06
168:2014-11-22
96:References
1057:Cancelled
877:Homestake
827:Cuoricino
791:SuperNEMO
611:MiniBooNE
460:Operating
61:from the
48:supernova
1177:Category
1103:See also
1048:WATCHMAN
998:JEM-EUSO
981:Proposed
967:Soudan 2
957:SciBooNE
690:MAJORANA
640:Collider
560:Daya Bay
504:Borexino
466:neutrino
76:When an
56:helium-3
35:for the
1028:Nucifer
847:EXO-200
800:Retired
756:ARIANNA
652:SND@LHC
606:MINERνA
565:KamLAND
553:Reactor
519:IceCube
489:ANTARES
468:source)
464:primary
450:SN 1987
286:Bibcode
127:Bibcode
27:) is a
1125:SNOLAB
1069:LAGUNA
1013:LEGEND
932:MINOS+
907:KARMEN
882:ICARUS
852:GALLEX
807:AMANDA
786:KM3NeT
726:KATRIN
700:PandaX
575:STEREO
435:τ
430:ν
408:μ
403:ν
376:ν
33:SNOLab
1094:BOREX
1033:P-ONE
1003:GRAND
988:CUPID
947:OPERA
927:MINOS
922:MACRO
862:GERDA
832:DONUT
817:Chooz
731:WITCH
719:Other
710:XMASS
680:CUORE
675:COBRA
670:AMoRE
647:FASER
591:ANNIE
544:SNEWS
529:NEVOD
499:BDUNT
484:ANITA
418:DONUT
258:(PDF)
41:SNEWS
1120:LNGS
1038:SBND
1018:LENA
993:nEXO
972:Utah
952:RICE
942:NEMO
937:NARC
917:LSND
887:IGEX
842:ERPM
822:CNGS
812:CDHS
781:JUNO
771:DUNE
766:BEST
705:SNO+
695:NEXT
662:0νββ
626:NuMI
621:NOvA
570:RENO
534:SAGE
514:HALO
509:BUST
52:lead
25:HALO
19:The
1089:SOX
1043:UNO
1008:INO
962:SNO
912:KGF
897:K2K
892:IMB
867:GNO
751:ARA
631:T2K
524:LVD
494:ASD
294:doi
135:doi
123:136
31:at
1179::
292:,
280:,
260:.
224:^
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149:^
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381:e
366:(
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328:v
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282:5
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23:(
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