1373:
1641:
1282:
2016:, Parrish's reconstruction places the whorl deeper within the throat. This hypothesis was justified by the argument that the teeth supposedly had no wear marks, and the assumption that the whorl would have created a drag-inducing bulge on the chin of the animal if located in a symphysial position. They envisioned the tooth whorl as a structure derived from throat denticles and designed to assist swallowing. This would hypothetically negate the disadvantages the tooth whorl would produce if positioned further forward in the jaw. This reconstruction was criticized for the overly intricate and potentially ineffective design of such a structure, if solely used to assist swallowing.
1866:'s tooth whorl were abundant in the years following Karpinsky's monograph. In 1900, the publication was reviewed by Charles Eastman, who appreciated the paper as a whole but derided the sketch of the supposed life position of the whorl. Though Eastman admitted that the teeth of the whorl were very similar to those of other chondrichthyans, he still supported the idea that the whorl may have been a defensive structure embedded into the body of the animal, rather than the mouth. Shortly after his original monograph, Karpinsky published the argument that the whorl represented a curled, scute-covered tail akin to that of
1788:
867:
1473:
920:. Another well-preserved specimen, USNM 22577+494391 (the "Sweetwood specimen"), has demonstrated that the inner surface of the palatoquadrate was covered with numerous small (~2 mm wide) teeth. The palatoquadrate teeth were low and rounded, forming a "pavement" which scraped against the tooth whorl. When seen from behind, the palatoquadrate forms a paired jaw joint with the Meckel's cartilage. There is no evidence for an articulation between the palatoquadrate and the
985:
3570:
1024:
167:
1020:. (2015) suggests that the teeth in the whorl had distinct functions depending on where they were in the spiral. The frontmost teeth served to snag and pull prey further into the mouth, while the middle teeth spear and the hind teeth served to puncture and bring prey further into the throat, with the prey being squeezed between the whorl and the two halves of the palatoquadrate. The labial cartilage served to buttress and provide support to the whorl.
1178:, which was first utilized 70 years prior to Agassizodontidae. Helicoprionids (or agassizodontids) have large, cartilage-supported whorls with strongly arched shapes. Helicoprionids do not shed their teeth; instead, their tooth whorls continually add new teeth with bases inclined forwards at the top of the whorl. As most eugeneodonts are based on fragmentary tooth remains, concrete phylogenetic relationships within the group remain unclear.
1900:
134:
658:
822:
3558:
669:
1457:, though it differs from the former by having teeth with a wider cutting blade, and a shorter compound root, and differs from the latter by having fewer than 39 teeth per volution. Tapanila and Pruitt argued that the specimen was partially obscured by the surrounding matrix, resulting in an underestimation of tooth height. Taking into account intraspecific variation, they synonymized it with
1969:
forwards, then downwards and inwards. The series of teeth accumulate into a spiraling structure, which is housed within the cavity defined by the symphyseal crista. The lateral and lower edges of the tooth whorl would have been obscured by skin during life. According to Bendix-Almgreen, the most likely use of the tooth whorl was as a tool for tearing and cutting prey against the upper jaw.
853:. Tooth size increases away from the center of the spiral (abaxial), with the largest teeth possibly exceeding 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in length. The lower part of the teeth form projections that are shingled below the crown of the previous tooth. The lowest portion of the root below the enameloid tooth projections is referred to as the "shaft", and lies on
972:. The scales have a cap-shaped base with a concave lower surface. The crowns are conical and covered with serrated longitudinal ridges. The scales may be monodontode (with one crown per base) or polyodontode (with a bundle of multiple crowns resulting from the fusion of several odontodes into a larger structure). Compared to other eugeneodonts, the scales of
2026:. Lebedev's reconstruction presented a cartilage-protected tooth whorl in a symphysial position at the front of the long lower jaw. When the mouth was closed, the tooth whorl would fit into a deep longitudinal pocket on the upper jaw. Both the pocket in the upper jaw and the edges of the lower jaw would have been lined with dense rows of
1067:, which were abundant in Early Permian oceans. If a hard-shelled cephalopod was bitten head-on, it was possible that the whorl could have served to pull the soft body out of the shell and into the mouth. During jaw closure, the palatoquadrates and tooth whorl combined to form a three-point system, equivalent to the set-up of an inverted
1984:
describe and depict a reconstruction based on the information gleaned by Bendix-Almgreen (1966). They proposed that no teeth were present in the animal's upper jaw, besides crushing teeth for the whorl to cut against. The two envisioned the living animal to have a long and very narrow skull, creating
943:
This joint is facilitated via a long facet on the upper edge of Meckel's cartilage. The labial cartilage provides lateral support for the tooth whorl, widening near the root of each volution. By wedging into the palatoquadrate while the mouth is closed, the upper edge of the labial cartilage helps to
1911:
By the mid-20th century, the tooth whorl was generally accepted as positioned in the lower jaw of the animal. Though this general position was suspected almost immediately in the aftermath of
Karpinsky's monograph, it was not illustrated as such until the mid-1900s. Around that time, an artist known
1038:
may have started with a large gape during initial prey capture, followed by smaller jaw opening and closing cycles to further transport prey into the mouth, as is done by modern bite-feeding sharks. While modern sharks shake their heads from side to side to facilitate sawing and cutting their prey,
1968:
where the meckelian cartilages meet at the back of the jaw. Each loop arches up before curling back inwards, tracing over the root of the tooth whorl. The largest and youngest teeth form at the symphysis near the back of the jaw. Over time they are carried along the symphyseal crista, spiraling
1602:
was described by Stanisław
Siedlecki in 1970. The type specimen, a very large whorl with specimen number PMO A-33961, was noted for its narrow teeth that apparently are not in contact with each other. However, this seems to be a consequence of only the central part of the teeth being preserved,
915:
had an autodiastylic jaw suspension, meaning that the inner edge of the palatoquadrate was firmly attached (but not fused) to the chondrocranium at two separate points. These two attachment points are the dome-shaped ethmoid process at the front of the palatoquadrate, and the flange-like basal
2019:
Lebedev (2009) found more support for a reconstruction similar to those of Bendix-Almgreen (1966) and Troll (1994). A tooth whorl found in
Kazakhstan preserved radial scratch marks; the whorl was also found near several wide tuberculated teeth similar to those of the putative caseodontoid
1281:
1854:
noted that the bizarre nature of the tooth whorl made it difficult to reach precise conclusions on its function. He tentatively suggested that it curled up from the upper jaw for defensive or offensive purposes. This was justified by comparison to the upper tooth blades of
1693:, but it has unique flange-like edges on the apices of its teeth. IMNH 49382, also from Idaho, has the largest known whorl diameter at 56 cm (22 in) for the outermost volution (the only one preserved), but it is incompletely preserved and still partially buried.
1890:
data to adamantly argue that the whorls were toothed structures placed within the mouth. In 1911, Karpinsky illustrated the whorls as components of the dorsal fins. Reconstructions similar to those of
Karpinsky (1899) were common in Russian publications as late as 2001.
1964:. His investigations reinterpreted the tooth-whorl as a symphyseal structure wedged between the meckelian cartilages, which were separated by a gap at the front. A pair of cartilage loops, the symphyseal crista, seems to develop as a paired extension of the jaw
1372:
1570:
mine by Elbert A. Stuart in 1929. This fossil, UNMMPC 1001, has been lost. It was reported as having originated from the
Rochester Trachyte deposits, which Wheeler considered to be of Artinskian age. However, the Rochester Trachyte is in fact Triassic, and
909:, the cartilaginous structure which would have housed the brain and sensory organs. The jaws are extensively laterally compressed (narrow) compared to living chondrichthyans, though this may at least partially be an artifact of post-mortem compression.
1920:" trading cards. Their reconstruction presented the tooth whorl as an external structure curling down from the lower jaw of the animal. Similar downward-curling reconstructions have also been created by modern paleontologists and artists such as
1846:
suggested that the jaw-like fossils were defensive spines of a stringray-like fish. Woodward eventually settled on E.D. Cope's argument that they represented pectoral fin spines from fish similar to "Pelecopterus" (now known as
Protosphyraena).
1697:, named by F.K.G. Müllerreid in 1945, was supposedly distinguished by its tooth ornamentation. Its holotype is currently missing, though its morphology was similar to that of IMNH 49382. In the absence of other material, it is currently a
893:, in order to reveal the cartilaginous remains in more detail. CT scanning revealed a nearly complete jaw apparatus, articulated in a closed position with three-dimensional preservation. Alongside the tooth whorl, the specimen preserves a
812:
tooth whorl, specimen IMNH 49382 representing an unknown species, reached 56 cm (22 in) in diameter and 14 cm (5.5 in) in crown height, which would have belonged to an individual over 7.6 m (25 ft) in length.
1640:
1071:. This system was effective at trapping and holding soft parts to increase cutting efficiency and provide leverage against hard-shelled prey. At the three points of contact, the estimated bite force ranges between 1,192 to 2,391
1440:
was described in 2007 from a nearly complete tooth whorl (YIGM V 25147) with more than four volutions across a part and counterpart slab. It was discovered during the construction of a road passing through the Lower
Permian
857:
that encapsulates the previous revolutions of the whorl. In a complete tooth whorl, the outermost part of the spiral terminates with an extended root that lacks the middle and upper portions of the tooth crown.
525:, though their relationship is very distant. The unusual tooth arrangement is thought to have been an adaption for feeding on soft bodied prey, and may have functioned as a deshelling mechanism for hard bodied
1668:
is also represented by several other specimens from the
Phosphoria Formation, though none of these show wear marks. This species is roughly intermediate between the two contrasting forms represented by
1051:
likely used a series of rapid, forceful jaw closures to initially capture and push prey deeper into the oral cavity, followed by cyclic opening and closing of the jaw to facilitate sawing through prey.
1329:
was initially differentiated using the metrics of tooth angle and height, but
Tapanila and Pruitt (2013) considered these characteristics to be intraspecifically variable. As a result, they reassigned
1664:
was named and described in detail within a 1966 monograph by Svend Erik Bendix-Almgreen. The holotype specimen ("Idaho 5"), now lost, bore breakage and wear marks indicative of its usage in feeding.
1945:. This taxon had a highly specialized skull with a small tooth whorl in a symphysial position, i.e. at the midline of the base of the lower jaw. Although skull material had also been reported for
944:
spread out the forces used to limit the extent of the jaw closure. The rear portion of the labial cartilage has a cup-like form, protecting the developing root of the last and youngest volution.
1194:
analyses, differing in the proportions of the upper, middle and lower sections of the tooth crown. These differences are only apparent in adult individuals past the 85th tooth of the spiral.
1149:
periods. Eugeneodonts have simple, autodiastylic skulls with reduced marginal dentition and enlarged whorls of blade-like symphysial teeth on the midline of the jaw. Within
Eugeneodontida,
1157:, a group of eugeneodonts with particularly tall and angled symphysial teeth. Members of the Edestoidea are divided into two families based on the style of the dentition. One family, the
489:
fish. Almost all fossil specimens are of spirally arranged clusters of the individuals' teeth, called "tooth whorls", which in life were embedded in the lower jaw. As with most extinct
1939:
Information on the position of eugeneodont tooth whorls was bolstered by two major publications in 1966. The first was Rainer Zangerl's description of a new Carboniferous eugeneodont,
3186:
1079:), with estimated bite stresses ranging from 397 to 797 million N/m (57,600 to 115,600 psi) during initial prey contact. This large bite force may have allowed
845:. The youngest and first tooth at the center of the spiral, referred to as the "juvenile tooth arch", is hooked, but all other teeth are generally triangular in shape,
1099:
Skull data from IMNH 37899 reveals several characteristics, such as an autodiastylic jaw suspension without an integrated hyomandibula, which confirm the placement of
889:. It was found in Idaho in 1950 and was originally described in 1966 by Svend Erik Bendix-Almgreen. A 2013 redescription by Tapanila and colleagues was accompanied by
3645:
2084:). These fish- and squid-eating mammals have reduced dentition, often restricted to the tip of the lower jaw. Lebedev's reconstruction approximates modern views on
1118:(containing true sharks, rays, and kin), euchondrocephalans are primarily an extinct group. Living members of Euchondrocephali are solely represented by the order
3799:
804:
individuals with tooth whorls reaching 35–40 cm (14–16 in) in diameter could reach 5–8 m (16–26 ft) in length, rivaling the size of modern
2603:
3759:
916:
process at its upper rear corner. Autodiastylic jaws are common in early euchondrocephalans, though in modern animals they can only be found in embryonic
3739:
1126:. Chimaeriforms, commonly known as chimaeras or ratfish, are a small and specialized group of rare deep-sea cartilaginous fish. The relationship between
1555:
species by a short and narrowly spaced tooth whorl, backward-directed tooth tips, obtusely-angled tooth bases, and a consistently narrow whorl shaft.
711:. However, the body shape can be estimated via postcranial remains known from a few eugeneodonts. Eugeneodonts with preserved postcrania include the
3632:
1369:
is characterized by its tall and widely spaced tooth whorl, with these becoming more pronounced with age. The teeth also noticeably curve forwards.
1993:
presented a similar reconstruction, albeit with sharp teeth at the front of the upper jaw and rows of low crushing teeth in the back of the jaw.
3744:
3724:
1611:, but it closely approaches the latter species in many aspects of its proportions. With a maximum volution height of 72 mm (2.8 in),
1882:(unrelated to Henry Woodward) followed this suggestion with the hypothesis that each whorl represented a tooth battery from a gigantic shark.
3749:
3714:
3478:
2547:
Ramsay, Jason B.; Wilga, Cheryl D.; Tapanila, Leif; Pruitt, Jesse; Pradel, Alan; Schlader, Robert; Didier, Dominique A. (2 September 2014).
1878:
noted the fragility of the structure and argued that it was most well-protected as a paired feeding apparatus in the cheek of the animal.
3794:
3734:
154:
792:
had five well-exposed gill slits, possibly with a vestigial sixth gill. There is no evidence of the specialized gill basket and fleshy
3764:
3754:
2619:
2001:
1583:
by its pattern of whorl expansion and tooth height, but Leif Tapanila and Jesse Pruitt showed in 2013 that these were consistent with
3157:
Eastman, 1902 (Chondrichthyes, Helicoprionidae), including new occurrences from the Upper Pennsylvanian of New Mexico and Texas, USA"
2110:
3449:
2162:
1000:
implies a diet of soft bodied prey, as hard shelled prey would simply slip out of the mouth. Due to the narrow nature of the jaw,
901:(forming the lower jaw), and a robust labial cartilage bracing the tooth whorl. All of these structures are composed of prismatic
1829:
3522:
1055:
Ramsay and colleagues further suggested that the whorl could have served as an effective mechanism for deshelling hard-shelled
931:, likely served to limit jaw closure to prevent the whorl from puncturing the chondrocranium. Another unique characteristic of
3122:
LONG J. 2002. The Dinosaur Dealers. Mission: to uncover international fossil smuggling. Allen & Unwin, Melbourne, p. 53-57
2797:Записки Императорскаго С.-Петербургскаго Минералогическаго Обществ(Notes of the Imperial St. Petersburg Mineralogical Society)
927:
Meckel's cartilage has an additional projection right before the joint with the palatoquadrate. This extra process, unique to
2814:
2784:
3729:
3719:
2507:
3507:
166:
1806:'s tooth whorls were controversial from the moment it was discovered. Woodward (1886), who referred the first known
1787:
1222:
3784:
3709:
2958:Извѣстія Императорской Академіи Наук = Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. VI Серия
1210:
1068:
1575:
likely did not originate in the Rochester Trachyte, thus rendering its true age unknown. Wheeler differentiated
3774:
3769:
1321:
with his new genus and species. However, Karpinsky separated the two species once more and transferred them to
1130:
and living chimaeras is very distant, but had been previously suspected based on details of its tooth anatomy.
2402:
Karpinsky, 1899 from Kazakhstanian Cisurals and a new reconstruction of its tooth whorl position and function"
2081:
764:(with two equally-sized lobes). This general body plan is shared by active, open-water predatory fish such as
1711:
from two teeth in 1953. He provided no distinguishing traits for this species, thus it must be regarded as a
1677:, having tall but narrowly-spaced teeth. Its teeth are also gently curved, with obtusely-angled tooth bases.
1385:
3779:
3470:
712:
1997:
703:
had skeletons made of cartilage. As a result, the entire body disintegrated once it began to decay, unless
3585:
1925:
1540:
1293:) tooth-whorl from the Phosphoria Formation, and the only specimen in the genus with preserved soft tissue
3231:
Naugolnykh, S.V. (2018). "Artinskian (Early Permian) Sea Basin and Its Biota (Krasnoufimsk, Cis-Urals)".
3789:
3671:
3180:
2808:
2778:
1879:
1649:
1275:
2912:"On the nature of Edestus and related genera, with descriptions of one new genus and three new species"
1875:
898:
2982:
in the Anthracolithic (Late Paleozoic) of Nevada and California, and its Stratigraphic Significance".
2953:
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2337:
2181:
1843:
1524:
1442:
1306:
633:
146:
3387:
3364:
3341:
3318:
2244:
Tapanila, L.; Pruitt, J.; Pradel, A.; Wilga, C.D.; Ramsay, J.B.; Schlader, R.; Didier, D.A. (2013).
1472:
3574:
2829:
1791:
1237:
720:
264:
3414:
2013:
2005:
866:
3299:
3256:
3132:
Hoffet, J.H. (1933). "Étude géologique sur le centre de l'Indochine entre Tourane et le Mekong".
3072:
3038:
2991:
2892:
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2736:
2686:
2639:
2584:
2361:
2197:
2009:
1977:
1249:
838:
327:
161:
2073:
1883:
1087:, as its jaw apparatus was more than capable of cutting through skeletal elements of unarmoured
984:
3676:
2326:"New eugeneodontid sharks from the Lower Triassic Sulphur Mountain Formation of Western Canada"
1491:
species to be described, it was the first known from complete tooth whorls, demonstrating that
1487:
was first described in an 1899 monograph by Alexander Karpinsky. Although it was not the first
1023:
3658:
3650:
3474:
3445:
2931:
2792:
2678:
2631:
2623:
2576:
2483:
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2353:
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2065:
2061:
1839:
1704:
1423:
1218:
846:
565:
3686:
3663:
3623:
3530:
3291:
3248:
3168:
3103:
3030:
2923:
2857:
2728:
2709:"On a Remarkable Ichthyodorulite from the Carboniferous Series, Gascoyne, Western Australia"
2670:
2615:
2568:
2465:
2413:
2345:
2269:
2261:
2189:
1990:
1396:
1298:
1108:
793:
3275:
2246:"Jaws for a spiral-tooth whorl: CT images reveal novel adaptation and phylogeny in fossil
2030:-like teeth. This was similar to the situation reported in related helicoprionids such as
1899:
1766:
1660:
is known from the Phosphoria Formation of Idaho. However, it is comparatively much rarer.
1175:
1001:
881:
specimens preserving more than tooth whorls are very rare. The best-preserved specimen of
445:
244:
3244:
3152:
3026:
2853:
2724:
2341:
2310:. Handbook of Paleoichthyology. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag. pp. i–iii, 1–115.
2185:
960:
remains in Kazakhstan. They are broadly similar to scales of other eugeneodonts such as
707:. This can make it difficult to draw precise conclusions on the full body appearance of
133:
2274:
2245:
2205:
1528:
1334:
1214:
1154:
1138:
1115:
1104:
1044:
906:
894:
704:
700:
692:
637:
490:
486:
231:
208:
2769:. По Физико-математическому отдѣленіи (Physics and Mathematics section) (in Russian).
2454:"Saws, Scissors, and Sharks: Late Paleozoic Experimentation with Symphyseal Dentition"
1932:. The utility of the tooth whorl in this type of reconstruction was inferred based on
800:. Based on the proportional size of caseodontoid tooth whorls, Lebedev suggested that
3703:
3260:
2869:
2740:
2658:
2548:
2417:
2397:
2365:
2325:
1741:
1271:
1191:
1072:
936:
902:
805:
597:
91:
17:
3303:
3042:
2760:
2690:
2643:
2588:
2201:
657:
2927:
2659:"Relationships of the Chimaeriformes and the basal radiation of the Chondrichthyes"
2549:"Eating with a saw for a jaw: Functional morphology of the jaws and tooth-whorl in
1986:
1941:
1921:
1821:
1699:
1627:
1504:
1258:
1112:
1088:
1013:
968:
921:
821:
788:, they would have had broad keels along the side of the body up to the caudal fin.
542:
273:
1828:, argued that they represented the jaws of "plagiostomous" (chondrichthyan) fish.
668:
3617:
3562:
2767:Записки Императорской Академіи Наукъ (Notes of the Imperial Academy of Sciences)
2051:
1713:
1591:
1170:
1123:
514:
218:
66:
45:
3009:
Chen, Xiao Hong; Long, Cheng; Yin, Kai Guo (August 2007). "The first record of
1603:
according to Tapanila and Pruitt. Since the whorl shaft is partially obscured,
3252:
3034:
2861:
2732:
2674:
2032:
1936:, which incapacitate prey via lateral blows of their denticle-covered snouts.
1929:
1685:
Several large whorls are difficult to assign to any particular species group,
1626:
was stolen, but afterwards was shortly recovered with the aid of an anonymous
1548:
1516:
1404:
1084:
1060:
1056:
962:
842:
777:
761:
753:
621:
573:
534:
526:
506:
502:
475:
111:
76:
49:
41:
3608:
2935:
2682:
2627:
2479:
2425:
2357:
1262:, but this proposal was never widely accepted. Karpinsky's identification of
3108:
3091:
1981:
1965:
1887:
1520:
1158:
1064:
854:
850:
834:
769:
737:
530:
178:
116:
60:
2635:
2580:
2487:
2283:
2265:
905:
cartilage, as with modern chondrichthyans. The specimen did not preserve a
833:
specimens are known solely from "tooth whorls", which consist of dozens of
3495:
3396:
Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologié, de Paléontologie et d'Hydrologie
3369:
Bulletin de la Société belge de géologie, de paléontologie et d'hydrologie
3346:
Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologié, de Paléontologie et d'Hydrologie
3323:
Bulletin de la Société Belge de Géologié, de Paléontologie et d'Hydrologie
3172:
2883:
Teichert, Curt (1940). "Helicoprion in the Permian of Western Australia".
1859:, which by 1899 had been re-evaluated as structures belonging to the jaw.
1213:
9080, a 15-tooth fragment of a tooth whorl found along a tributary of the
1047:-like path of the front teeth, similar to the slashing motion of a knife.
3602:
2620:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199901)239:1<45::AID-JMOR3>3.0.CO;2-S
2046:
2022:
1871:
1737:
1146:
1142:
1119:
953:
917:
797:
781:
773:
757:
749:
745:
724:
716:
522:
198:
106:
101:
86:
81:
71:
1974:
Planet Ocean: A Story of Life, the Sea, and Dancing to the Fossil Record
1689:
among them. IMNH 14095, a specimen from Idaho, appears to be similar to
1426:. Tapanila and Pruitt determined that the distinguishing shaft range of
1161:, has relatively short tooth blades with roots which incline backwards.
3637:
3442:
Planet Ocean: A Story of Life, the Sea and Dancing to the Fossil Record
3076:
2995:
2896:
2572:
1933:
1834:
1419:
1362:
1358:
1314:
1227:
890:
730:
609:
510:
498:
121:
96:
53:
2452:
Tapanila, Leif; Pruitt, Jesse; Wilga, Cheryl D.; Pradel, Alan (2020).
996:
The unusual saw-like tooth whorl and the lack of wear on the teeth of
2519:
Biol. Skrifter Udgivet Af Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab
2470:
2453:
1745:
1595:
1567:
1532:
1408:
1354:
1346:
1043:
would likely further cut the prey during the jaw opening, due to the
1009:
605:
593:
589:
585:
561:
188:
3579:
2349:
1874:). This proposal was immediately criticized by various researchers.
3295:
2193:
1619:, which has a maximum volution height of 76 mm (3.0 in).
3419:, from the Pennsylvanian Mecca and Logan quarry shales of Indiana"
2056:
1898:
1786:
1639:
1590:
Based on isolated teeth and partial whorls found on the island of
1544:
1471:
1446:
1389:
1371:
1350:
1310:
1280:
983:
865:
820:
613:
601:
577:
569:
553:
to be valid, with some of the larger tooth whorls being outliers.
482:
478:
150:
2000:
created a new reconstruction for the renovated Ocean Hall at the
1957:
was the first eugeneodont to have its skull described in detail.
1141:, an order of shark-like euchondrocephalans which lived from the
3319:"Ueber die Reste von Edestiden und die neue Gattung Helicoprion"
2793:"Ueber die Reste von Edestiden und die neue Gattung Helicoprion"
2765:[On the edestid remains and the new genus Helicoprion].
1722:
765:
617:
581:
3583:
2604:"Description of the chimaerid jaw and its phylogenetic origins"
1907:, with the skull based on a figure published by Janvier (1996).
939:(fused joint) with the upper surface of the Meckel's cartilage
1418:
was described from a specimen (UNMMPC 1002) found in glacial
2602:
Grogan, Eileen D.; Lund, Richard; Didier, Dominique (1999).
1814:, discussed the various hypotheses concerning the nature of
1422:
deposits in Eastern California, likely originating from the
1274:, who described several more complete tooth whorls from the
1748:. However, this species has subsequently been removed from
1168:, is sometimes called Agassizodontidae, based on the genus
1794:'s 1899 hypothesis of the placement of the tooth whorl on
1752:
and placed as a second species of the related eugeneodont
1960:
The other publication was Bendix-Almgreen's monograph on
1587:
at the developmental stage that the specimen represents.
1225:
described the fossil in 1886 and named it as the species
748:(streamlined, torpedo-shaped) body plan, with triangular
2092:-like lateral dentition has been superseded by CT data.
2044:'s ecology, it was compared to modern cetaceans such as
636:
of Idaho. An additional 25% of fossils are found in the
2512:
from the Phosphoria Formation of south-east Idaho, USA"
952:
Tooth-like chondricthyan scales, specifically known as
2762:Объ остаткахъ eдестидъ и о новомъ ихъ родѣ Helicoprion
560:
have been found worldwide, as the genus is known from
1232:
commemorating the man who discovered it. Upon naming
885:
is IMNH 37899 (also known as "Idaho 4"), referred to
497:
are known from a 20 million year timespan during the
3592:
3465:Janvier, Philippe (1998). "4.13 - Chondrichthyes".
1886:illustrated Karpinsky's various proposals and used
3523:"Unraveling the Nature of the Whorl-Toothed Shark"
3214:Zapiski Ural'skogo Obshchestva Estestvoispytatelei
3092:"On a Fusulina-Limeston with Helicoprion in Japan"
2954:""Замѣчанія о Helicoprion и о другихъ едестидахъ""
2754:
2752:
2750:
2324:Mutter, Raoul J.; Neuman, Andrew G. (2008-01-01).
1721:specimens have been described from Canada, Japan,
1301:described a new genus and species of eugeneodont,
517:(Middle Permian). The closest living relatives of
3342:"Ce que doit signifier la spirale de Helicoprion"
3185:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2088:'s anatomy, though the hypothetical long jaw and
1832:agreed, specifically comparing it to the jaws of
1566:, is based on a single partial fossil found in a
1515:is primarily based on a number of specimens from
1476:Cast of specimen TsNIGR 1/1865, a well-preserved
1449:Province, China. The specimen is very similar to
3429:. Chicago Field Museum of Natural History: 1–42.
2916:Proceedings of the United States National Museum
2330:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1305:, from numerous fossils found in phosphate-rich
1174:. However, other authors prefer the family name
2657:Lund, Richard; Grogan, Eileen D. (1997-03-01).
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
1774:does represent a junior synonym of this genus.
935:is that the preserved labial cartilage forms a
3134:Bulletin de la Service géologique du Indochine
3096:The Journal of the Geological Society of Japan
2973:
2971:
3054:
3052:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
1802:Hypotheses for the placement and identity of
1764:and reclassified it under the new genus name
1480:tooth-whorl from the Ural Mountains of Russia
992:. Interior revolutions of the whorl not shown
493:, the skeleton is mostly unknown. Fossils of
8:
624:). More than 50% of the fossils referred to
3151:Itano, Wayne M.; Lucas, Spencer G. (2018).
2308:Chondrichthyes I – Paleozoic Elasmobranchii
3580:
2111:"Ancient shark relative had buzzsaw mouth"
1770:, but it has been recently suggested that
1728:In 1922, Karpinsky named a new species of
132:
31:
3365:"Note Sur l'Helicoprion et les Edestides"
3107:
3013:Karpinsky (Helicoprionidae) from China".
2469:
2273:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
752:. There is a single large and triangular
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
1022:
1004:is unlikely to have been effective, and
756:without a fin spine, and a tall, forked
545:analysis of the tooth whorls found only
3363:Woodward, A. Smith (19 December 1899).
3340:Van den Broeck, E. (21 November 1899).
3233:Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation
2101:
1430:was well within the variation found in
1278:of Western Australia in the late 1930s.
837:covered teeth embedded within a common
413:
392:
345:
3415:"A new shark of the family Edestidae,
3178:
2806:
2776:
2163:"Unravelling species concepts for the
2109:Viegas, Jennifer (February 27, 2013).
1562:species described by Wheeler in 1939,
1551:. It can be differentiated from other
825:Diagram of the teeth within the spiral
705:preserved by exceptional circumstances
3800:Prehistoric cartilaginous fish genera
3440:Matsen, Bradford; Troll, Ray (1994).
3059:Larson, E. R.; Scott, J. B. (1955). "
2947:
2945:
2702:
2700:
2663:Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries
2002:Smithsonian Museum of Natural History
7:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2506:Bendix-Almgreen, Svend Erik (1966).
2501:
2499:
2497:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2319:
2317:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
1725:, Idaho, Utah, Wyoming, and Nevada.
1658:H. davisii, Helicoprion ergassaminon
1341:. Outside the Phosphoria Formation,
1137:can be characterized as a member of
640:of Russia, belonging to the species
3510:from the original on June 18, 2018.
3494:Purdy, Robert (February 29, 2008).
1985:a long nose akin to the modern-day
1190:are currently considered valid via
155:Utah Field House of Natural History
3760:Paleozoic life of British Columbia
3521:Brian Switek (February 29, 2008).
3317:Karpinsky, A. (21 November 1899).
2004:. Designed under the direction of
1615:is similar in size to the largest
1539:specimens are also known from the
1345:specimens have also been found in
1031:after Ramsay and colleagues (2015)
956:, have been found associated with
537:. In 2013, systematic revision of
25:
3740:Prehistoric fish of North America
3413:Zangerl, Rainer (17 March 1966).
2161:Tapanila, L.; Pruitt, J. (2013).
1607:cannot be definitely assigned to
1164:The other family, which contains
521:(and other eugeneodonts) are the
3568:
3556:
3386:Simoens, G. (19 December 1899).
2418:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00353.x
667:
656:
165:
1756:. In 1924, Karpinsky separated
776:sharks. Eugeneodonts also lack
760:which externally appears to be
2928:10.5479/si.00963801.37-1699.43
2842:Geological Magazine. Decade IV
1850:Karpinsky's 1899 monograph on
1717:. Various other indeterminate
1270:would eventually be upheld by
681:(top) and life restoration of
1:
3745:Fossil taxa described in 1899
3725:Prehistoric fish of Australia
2952:Karpinsky, Alexander (1911).
1862:Debates over the identity of
1648:tooth-whorl from Gay Mine in
1547:and Artinskian-age strata in
1399:described two new species of
306:(Woodward, 1886), originally
3750:Fossils of the United States
3715:Cisuralian first appearances
2828:Eastman, C.R. (April 1902).
2553:: Jaw and Tooth Function in
1903:An outdated illustration of
988:Cross section of the jaw of
870:Restoration of the skull of
366:Chen, Cheng, & Yin, 2007
3063:from Elko County, Nevada".
1912:only as "F. John" depicted
1824:, who originally described
1384:) tooth-whorl found in the
1091:and other chondrichthyans.
976:are more strongly pointed.
3816:
3795:Permian cartilaginous fish
3735:Prehistoric fish of Europe
3504:NMNH Paleobiology Features
2910:Hay, Oliver Perry (1909).
2813:: CS1 maint: postscript (
2803:: 361–476. 1899; Pl. I–IV.
2783:: CS1 maint: postscript (
2715:. New Series, Decade III.
1778:Historical reconstructions
1285:IMNH 37899 ("Idaho 4"), a
1008:is thought to have been a
3765:Paleozoic life of Nunavut
3755:Paleozoic life of Alberta
3253:10.1134/S0869593818070080
3200:Karpinsky, A.P. (1924). "
3035:10.1007/s11434-007-0321-y
2862:10.1017/S0016756800180926
2733:10.1017/S0016756800144450
1622:In 1999, the holotype of
1069:three-point flexural test
897:(forming the upper jaw),
333:
326:
297:
292:
279:
272:
162:Scientific classification
160:
140:
131:
34:
3015:Chinese Science Bulletin
2978:Wheeler, H. E. (1939). "
2761:
2707:Woodward, Henry (1886).
1783:Earliest reconstructions
1646:Helicoprion ergassaminon
547:H. davisii, H. bessonowi
353:(Hay, 1907), originally
3575:Paleontology portal
3471:Oxford University Press
3284:The American Naturalist
3161:Acta Geologica Polonica
3109:10.5575/geosoc.10.113_1
3065:Journal of Paleontology
2984:Journal of Paleontology
2885:Journal of Paleontology
2759:Карпинскій, А. (1899).
2675:10.1023/A:1018471324332
2508:"New investigations on
2174:Journal of Paleontology
1416:Helicoprion sierrensis,
1395:In a 1939 publication,
1111:. In contrast to their
1014:Biomechanical modelling
509:(Early Permian) to the
3274:Eastman, C.R. (1900).
3175:(inactive 2024-09-12).
2396:Lebedev, O.A. (2009).
2266:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0057
1908:
1799:
1653:
1481:
1392:
1317:. He also synonymized
1309:on the border between
1294:
1205:The first specimen of
1083:to expand its diet to
1032:
993:
875:
826:
27:Genus of fossil fishes
3672:Paleobiology Database
3417:Ornithoprion hertwigi
3390:Helicoprion bessonowi
3173:10.1515/agp-2018-0007
2608:Journal of Morphology
2561:Journal of Morphology
2458:The Anatomical Record
2082:Cuvier's beaked whale
1989:. A 1996 textbook by
1902:
1895:Later reconstructions
1842:. On the other hand,
1790:
1650:Bingham County, Idaho
1643:
1485:Helicoprion bessonowi
1478:Helicoprion bessonowi
1475:
1375:
1284:
1026:
987:
874:, based on IMNH 37899
869:
849:compressed and often
824:
784:fins, and judging by
409:Indeterminate species
319:Bendix-Almgreen, 1966
282:Helicoprion bessonowi
145:tooth-whorl from the
18:Helicoprion bessonovi
3730:Permian fish of Asia
3473:. pp. 135–150.
2773:(7): 1–67; Pl. I–IV.
2306:Zangerl, R. (1981).
1541:Tanukihara Formation
1307:Phosphoria Formation
1209:to be described was
808:. The largest known
677:Skeletal diagram of
634:Phosphoria Formation
147:Phosphoria Formation
3720:Permian extinctions
3496:"The Orthodonty of
3444:. Ten Speed Press.
3276:"Karpinsky's Genus
3245:2018SGC....26..734N
3027:2007ChSBu..52.2246C
2854:1902GeoM....9..148E
2725:1886GeoM....3....1W
2713:Geological Magazine
2551:Helicoprion davisii
2398:"A new specimen of
2342:2008GSLSP.295....9M
2186:2013JPal...87..965T
2115:science.nbcnews.com
1792:Alexander Karpinsky
1303:Lissoprion ferrieri
1287:Helicoprion davisii
1238:Alexander Karpinsky
1182:History and species
1133:More specifically,
1075:(268 to 538 lb
887:Helicoprion davisii
862:Cartilaginous skull
693:chondrichthyan fish
632:specimens from the
355:Lissoprion ferrieri
143:Helicoprion davisii
2573:10.1002/jmor.20319
2066:pygmy sperm whales
1909:
1835:Janassa bituminosa
1800:
1654:
1495:was distinct from
1482:
1393:
1297:In 1907 and 1909,
1295:
1276:Wandagee Formation
1250:Charles R. Eastman
1033:
994:
899:Meckel's cartilage
876:
839:logarithmic spiral
827:
796:present in living
744:These taxa have a
491:cartilaginous fish
3697:
3696:
3659:Open Tree of Life
3586:Taxon identifiers
3480:978-0-19-854047-2
3467:Early Vertebrates
3423:Fieldiana Geology
3090:Yabe, H. (1903).
3021:(16): 2246–2251.
2799:. 2 (in German).
1972:In the 1994 book
1916:within a set of "
1876:E. Van den Broeck
1705:Vladimir Obruchev
1424:Goodhue Formation
1376:FMNH PF 74455, a
1256:to his new genus
1219:Western Australia
1186:Three species of
1153:is placed within
566:Western Australia
467:
466:
460:
442:
432:
422:
410:
401:
389:
377:
367:
357:
342:
320:
310:
268:
16:(Redirected from
3807:
3785:Guadalupian life
3710:Agassizodontidae
3690:
3689:
3680:
3679:
3667:
3666:
3654:
3653:
3641:
3640:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3581:
3573:
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3571:
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3456:
3455:
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3431:
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3410:
3404:
3403:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3290:(403): 579–582.
3271:
3265:
3264:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3176:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3129:
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3114:
3113:
3111:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2964:(16): 1105–1122.
2949:
2940:
2939:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2838:-like Dentition"
2834:, a New Form of
2825:
2819:
2818:
2812:
2804:
2790:Also printed as
2788:
2782:
2774:
2756:
2745:
2744:
2704:
2695:
2694:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2544:
2527:
2526:
2516:
2503:
2492:
2491:
2473:
2471:10.1002/ar.24046
2449:
2430:
2429:
2393:
2370:
2369:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2303:
2288:
2287:
2277:
2241:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2210:
2204:. Archived from
2171:
2158:
2119:
2118:
2106:
1991:Philippe Janvier
1918:Tiere der Urwelt
1397:Harry E. Wheeler
1299:Oliver Perry Hay
1266:as a species of
1122:in the subclass
1109:Euchondrocephali
671:
660:
501:period from the
458:
440:
431:Mullerried, 1945
430:
420:
408:
399:
384:
375:
365:
352:
337:
318:
305:
263:
256:
243:
230:
170:
169:
141:FHPR L2003-2, a
136:
126:
63:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3775:Artinskian life
3770:Cisuralian life
3700:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3685:
3683:
3675:
3670:
3662:
3657:
3649:
3644:
3636:
3631:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3588:
3569:
3567:
3563:Fish portal
3557:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3536:
3534:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3506:. Smithsonian.
3493:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3385:
3384:
3380:
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3361:
3357:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3206:Parahelicoprion
3199:
3198:
3194:
3177:
3153:"A revision of
3150:
3149:
3145:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3058:
3057:
3050:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2951:
2950:
2943:
2922:(1699): 43–61.
2909:
2908:
2904:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2805:
2791:
2789:
2775:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2748:
2706:
2705:
2698:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2546:
2545:
2530:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2495:
2451:
2450:
2433:
2395:
2394:
2373:
2350:10.1144/SP295.3
2323:
2322:
2315:
2305:
2304:
2291:
2260:(2): 20130057.
2254:Biology Letters
2243:
2242:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2122:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2074:Risso's dolphin
2010:Victor Springer
1897:
1785:
1780:
1772:Parahelicoprion
1767:Parahelicoprion
1683:
1638:
1635:H. ergassaminon
1525:Divya Formation
1499:. As a result,
1470:
1443:Qixia Formation
1386:Glass Mountains
1264:Edestus davisii
1203:
1184:
1176:Helicoprionidae
1097:
1078:
1002:suction feeding
982:
950:
864:
819:
689:
688:
687:
686:
674:
673:
672:
663:
662:
661:
650:
551:H. ergassaminon
463:
459:Karpinsky, 1916
441:Siedlecki, 1970
412:
411:
404:
391:
390:
380:
344:
343:
315:H. ergassaminon
308:Edestus davisii
288:
287:Karpinsky, 1899
285:
262:
254:
245:Helicoprionidae
241:
228:
164:
127:
125:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
58:
57:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3813:
3811:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3780:Kungurian life
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3702:
3701:
3695:
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3692:
3691:
3681:
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3642:
3629:
3614:
3598:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3565:
3551:
3550:External links
3548:
3545:
3544:
3513:
3486:
3479:
3457:
3450:
3432:
3405:
3378:
3355:
3332:
3309:
3296:10.1086/277706
3266:
3239:(7): 734–754.
3223:
3192:
3167:(3): 403–419.
3143:
3124:
3115:
3082:
3071:(5): 918–919.
3048:
3001:
2990:(1): 103–114.
2967:
2960:(in Russian).
2941:
2902:
2891:(2): 140–149.
2875:
2848:(4): 148–152.
2820:
2746:
2696:
2649:
2594:
2528:
2493:
2464:(2): 363–376.
2431:
2406:Acta Zoologica
2371:
2313:
2289:
2221:
2194:10.1666/12-156
2180:(6): 965–983.
2120:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2094:
1896:
1893:
1830:William Davies
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1744:) strata near
1682:
1681:Other material
1679:
1644:IMNH 30900, a
1637:
1632:
1529:Ural Mountains
1503:serves as the
1469:
1463:
1438:H. jingmenense
1414:One of these,
1335:junior synonym
1223:Henry Woodward
1215:Gascoyne River
1202:
1196:
1183:
1180:
1139:Eugeneodontida
1120:Chimaeriformes
1116:Elasmobranchii
1105:chondrichthyan
1096:
1095:Classification
1093:
1076:
1027:Jaw motion of
981:
978:
949:
946:
907:chondrocranium
895:palatoquadrate
863:
860:
818:
815:
806:basking sharks
676:
675:
666:
665:
664:
655:
654:
653:
652:
651:
649:
646:
638:Ural Mountains
465:
464:
462:
461:
443:
433:
423:
421:Obruchev, 1953
407:
406:
405:
403:
402:
383:
382:
381:
379:
378:
368:
362:H. jingmenense
358:
336:
335:
334:
331:
330:
324:
323:
322:
321:
311:
295:
294:
293:Other species
290:
289:
286:
277:
276:
270:
269:
252:
248:
247:
239:
235:
234:
232:Eugeneodontida
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
209:Chondrichthyes
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
158:
157:
138:
137:
129:
128:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
64:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3812:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3688:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3566:
3564:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3537:September 23,
3532:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3499:
3490:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3451:9780898157789
3447:
3443:
3436:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3418:
3409:
3406:
3402:(4): 235–244.
3401:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3382:
3379:
3375:(4): 230–234.
3374:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3356:
3352:(4): 215–218.
3351:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3333:
3329:(4): 205–215.
3328:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3270:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3110:
3105:
3102:(113): 1–13.
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2669:(1): 65–123.
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2511:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2211:on 2016-06-01
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1953:at the time,
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1926:Todd Marshall
1923:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1880:A.S. Woodward
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1844:J.S. Newberry
1841:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1826:Edestus vorax
1823:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:Carboniferous
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1709:H. karpinskii
1706:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1666:H. ergassimon
1663:
1662:H. ergassimon
1659:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1628:fossil dealer
1625:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:H. nevadensis
1574:
1573:H. nevadensis
1569:
1565:
1564:H. nevadensis
1561:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1428:H. sierrensis
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1272:Curt Teichert
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:the teeth of
1037:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
991:
986:
979:
977:
975:
971:
970:
965:
964:
959:
955:
947:
945:
942:
938:
937:synchondrosis
934:
930:
925:
923:
919:
918:chimaeriforms
914:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
868:
861:
859:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
823:
816:
814:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
750:pectoral fins
747:
742:
741:
739:
734:
732:
728:
726:
722:
721:caseodontoids
718:
714:
713:Pennsylvanian
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
684:
680:
670:
659:
647:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:United States
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
513:stage of the
512:
508:
505:stage of the
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
477:
473:
472:
457:
456:
455:
451:
449:
444:
439:
438:
434:
429:
428:
424:
419:
418:
417:H. karpinskii
414:
400:Wheeler, 1939
398:
397:
396:H. nevadensis
393:
388:
376:Wheeler, 1939
374:
373:
372:H. sierrensis
369:
364:
363:
359:
356:
351:
350:
346:
341:
332:
329:
325:
317:
316:
312:
309:
304:
303:
299:
298:
296:
291:
284:
283:
278:
275:
271:
266:
261:
260:
253:
250:
249:
246:
240:
237:
236:
233:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
168:
163:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
135:
130:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
62:
59:290–270
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
3790:Roadian life
3593:
3535:. Retrieved
3526:
3516:
3503:
3497:
3489:
3466:
3460:
3441:
3435:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3408:
3399:
3395:
3392:(Karpinsky)"
3389:
3381:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3269:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3181:cite journal
3164:
3160:
3155:Campyloprion
3154:
3146:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3118:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3004:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2961:
2957:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:Campyloprion
2831:
2823:
2809:cite journal
2800:
2796:
2779:cite journal
2770:
2766:
2716:
2712:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2614:(1): 45–59.
2611:
2607:
2597:
2567:(1): 47–64.
2564:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2461:
2457:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2333:
2329:
2307:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2213:. Retrieved
2206:the original
2177:
2173:
2167:tooth whorl"
2164:
2114:
2104:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2055:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2014:Matt Carrano
2006:Robert Purdy
1998:Mary Parrish
1995:
1987:goblin shark
1973:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1955:Ornithoprion
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:Ornithoprion
1940:
1938:
1922:John A. Long
1917:
1913:
1910:
1905:H. bessonowi
1904:
1888:histological
1867:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1838:, a Permian
1833:
1825:
1822:Joseph Leidy
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1796:H. bessonowi
1795:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1754:Campyloprion
1753:
1749:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1718:
1712:
1708:
1700:nomen dubium
1698:
1695:H. mexicanus
1694:
1691:H. bessonowi
1690:
1686:
1684:
1674:
1671:H. bessonowi
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1645:
1634:
1624:H. bessonowi
1623:
1621:
1617:H. bessonowi
1616:
1612:
1609:H. bessonowi
1608:
1604:
1599:
1589:
1585:H. bessonowi
1584:
1581:H. bessonowi
1580:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1537:H. bessonowi
1536:
1513:H. bessonowi
1512:
1508:
1505:type species
1501:H. bessonowi
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1468:and synonyms
1466:H. bessonowi
1465:
1458:
1455:H. bessonowi
1454:
1450:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1415:
1411:
1400:
1394:
1381:
1377:
1366:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1267:
1263:
1259:Campyloprion
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1234:H. bessonowi
1233:
1226:
1206:
1204:
1201:and synonyms
1198:
1192:morphometric
1187:
1185:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1150:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1113:sister group
1100:
1098:
1080:
1054:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1029:Helicoprion,
1028:
1017:
1005:
997:
995:
989:
980:Paleobiology
973:
969:Ornithoprion
967:
961:
958:H. bessonowi
957:
951:
940:
932:
928:
926:
922:hyomandibula
912:
911:
886:
882:
878:
877:
871:
830:
828:
817:Tooth whorls
809:
801:
789:
785:
743:
736:
729:
723:
708:
701:eugeneodonts
696:
690:
682:
679:H. bessonowi
678:
642:H. bessonowi
641:
629:
625:
557:
555:
550:
546:
543:morphometric
538:
518:
494:
470:
469:
468:
453:
452:
447:
446:
436:
435:
427:H. mexicanus
426:
425:
416:
415:
395:
394:
387:H. bessonowi
386:
385:Synonyms of
371:
370:
361:
360:
354:
348:
347:
339:
338:Synonyms of
314:
313:
307:
301:
300:
281:
280:
274:Type species
258:
257:
142:
35:
29:
3624:Helicoprion
3618:Wikispecies
3594:Helicoprion
3533:. p. 3
3498:Helicoprion
3278:Helicoprion
3202:Helicoprion
3061:Helicoprion
3011:Helicoprion
2980:Helicoprion
2555:Helicoprion
2510:Helicoprion
2412:: 171–182.
2400:Helicoprion
2336:(1): 9–41.
2248:Helicoprion
2165:Helicoprion
2086:Helicoprion
2052:sperm whale
2042:Helicoprion
2038:Agassizodus
1980:and artist
1978:Brad Matsen
1962:Helicoprion
1914:Helicoprion
1868:Hippocampus
1864:Helicoprion
1852:Helicoprion
1810:fossils to
1808:Helicoprion
1804:Helicoprion
1762:Helicoprion
1750:Helicoprion
1730:Helicoprion
1719:Helicoprion
1714:nomen nudum
1592:Spitsbergen
1560:Helicoprion
1558:One of two
1553:Helicoprion
1509:Helicoprion
1493:Helicoprion
1489:Helicoprion
1451:H. ferrieri
1401:Helicoprion
1382:H. ferrieri
1331:H. ferrieri
1327:H. ferrieri
1323:Helicoprion
1291:H. ferrieri
1268:Helicoprion
1248:. In 1902,
1246:Helicoprion
1240:reassigned
1207:Helicoprion
1188:Helicoprion
1171:Agassizodus
1166:Helicoprion
1151:Helicoprion
1135:Helicoprion
1128:Helicoprion
1124:Holocephali
1103:within the
1101:Helicoprion
1085:vertebrates
1081:Helicoprion
1057:cephalopods
1049:Helicoprion
1041:Helicoprion
1036:Helicoprion
1010:bite feeder
1006:Helicoprion
998:Helicoprion
990:Helicoprion
974:Helicoprion
933:Helicoprion
929:Helicoprion
913:Helicoprion
891:CT scanning
883:Helicoprion
879:Helicoprion
872:Helicoprion
831:Helicoprion
829:Almost all
810:Helicoprion
802:Helicoprion
798:chimaeroids
709:Helicoprion
697:Helicoprion
691:Like other
648:Description
626:Helicoprion
558:Helicoprion
556:Fossils of
539:Helicoprion
527:cephalopods
519:Helicoprion
515:Guadalupian
495:Helicoprion
487:eugeneodont
471:Helicoprion
349:H. ferrieri
259:Helicoprion
219:Holocephali
46:Guadalupian
36:Helicoprion
3704:Categories
3388:"Note sur
2719:(1): 1–7.
2525:(5): 1–54.
2215:2017-07-26
2096:References
2033:Sarcoprion
1947:Sarcoprion
1930:Karen Carr
1884:G. Simoens
1840:petalodont
1734:H. ivanovi
1707:described
1675:H. davisii
1549:Kazakhstan
1517:Artinskian
1459:H. davisii
1432:H. davisii
1405:California
1378:H. davisii
1367:H. davisii
1343:H. davisii
1339:H. davisii
1319:H. davisii
1254:H. davisii
1242:E. davisii
1199:H. davisii
1155:Edestoidea
1065:nautiloids
1016:by Ramsay
963:Sarcoprion
762:homocercal
758:caudal fin
754:dorsal fin
699:and other
683:H. davisii
630:H. davisii
622:California
596:, and the
574:Kazakhstan
531:nautiloids
507:Cisuralian
503:Artinskian
340:H. davisii
302:H. davisii
215:Subclass:
50:Artinskian
42:Cisuralian
3261:135304766
2936:0096-3801
2870:128874659
2741:128724775
2683:1573-5184
2628:1097-4687
2480:1932-8494
2426:0001-7272
2366:130268582
2358:0305-8719
2040:. As for
1996:In 2008,
1982:Ray Troll
1976:, author
1966:symphysis
1872:seahorses
1818:fossils.
1758:H. clerci
1687:H. svalis
1613:H. svalis
1605:H. svalis
1600:H. svalis
1527:, in the
1521:limestone
1325:in 1911.
1252:referred
1236:in 1899,
1159:Edestidae
1107:subgroup
1089:bony fish
1061:ammonoids
954:odontodes
903:calcified
855:cartilage
847:laterally
835:enameloid
794:operculum
786:Romerodus
770:swordfish
738:Romerodus
535:ammonoids
523:chimaeras
437:H. svalis
265:Karpinsky
185:Kingdom:
179:Eukaryota
3603:Wikidata
3508:Archived
3304:84684628
3140:: 3–154.
3043:96676181
2830:"II.—On
2691:40689320
2644:44140851
2636:29847876
2589:38974953
2581:25181366
2488:30536888
2284:23445952
2202:53587115
2090:Campodus
2047:Physeter
2028:Campodus
2023:Campodus
1740:(latest
1738:Gzhelian
1230:davisii,
1147:Triassic
1143:Devonian
1059:such as
851:serrated
841:-shaped
746:fusiform
725:Caseodus
717:Triassic
685:(bottom)
529:such as
328:Synonyms
238:Family:
199:Chordata
195:Phylum:
189:Animalia
175:Domain:
3687:4189333
3664:4950050
3651:1059378
3638:4825217
3609:Q133376
3527:Laelaps
3241:Bibcode
3220:: 1–10.
3077:1300414
3023:Bibcode
2996:1298628
2897:1298567
2850:Bibcode
2836:Edestus
2721:Bibcode
2338:Bibcode
2275:3639784
2182:Bibcode
2078:Ziphius
2076:), and
2070:Grampus
1951:Fadenia
1934:sawfish
1857:Edestus
1816:Edestus
1812:Edestus
1736:, from
1568:Nevadan
1523:of the
1497:Edestus
1420:moraine
1363:Alberta
1359:Nunavut
1315:Wyoming
1228:Edestus
1073:newtons
790:Fadenia
731:Fadenia
610:Wyoming
511:Roadian
499:Permian
476:extinct
251:Genus:
225:Order:
205:Class:
54:Roadian
3684:uBio:
3477:
3448:
3302:
3259:
3210:clerci
3208:n.g.)
3075:
3041:
2994:
2934:
2895:
2868:
2739:
2689:
2681:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2587:
2579:
2486:
2478:
2424:
2364:
2356:
2282:
2272:
2200:
2012:, and
1746:Moscow
1596:Norway
1533:Russia
1409:Nevada
1355:Canada
1353:, and
1347:Mexico
948:Scales
778:pelvic
774:lamnid
772:, and
620:, and
606:Nevada
594:Mexico
590:Canada
586:Norway
562:Russia
485:-like
474:is an
454:clerci
267:, 1899
3677:34459
3646:IRMNG
3531:Wired
3300:S2CID
3257:S2CID
3073:JSTOR
3039:S2CID
2992:JSTOR
2893:JSTOR
2866:S2CID
2737:S2CID
2687:S2CID
2640:S2CID
2585:S2CID
2515:(PDF)
2362:S2CID
2209:(PDF)
2198:S2CID
2170:(PDF)
2062:dwarf
2057:Kogia
2050:(the
1760:from
1656:Like
1579:from
1545:Japan
1519:-age
1447:Hubei
1403:from
1390:Texas
1351:Texas
1333:as a
1311:Idaho
1211:WAMAG
1018:et al
719:-age
614:Texas
602:Idaho
578:Japan
570:China
483:shark
479:genus
151:Idaho
3633:GBIF
3539:2012
3475:ISBN
3446:ISBN
3187:link
2932:ISSN
2815:link
2785:link
2679:ISSN
2632:PMID
2624:ISSN
2577:PMID
2484:PMID
2476:ISSN
2422:ISSN
2354:ISSN
2280:PMID
2064:and
2036:and
1949:and
1928:and
1723:Laos
1673:and
1507:for
1453:and
1407:and
1361:and
1313:and
1063:and
966:and
843:root
782:anal
780:and
766:tuna
735:and
628:are
618:Utah
582:Laos
549:and
541:via
533:and
67:PreꞒ
3292:doi
3249:doi
3212:".
3169:doi
3104:doi
3031:doi
2924:doi
2858:doi
2729:doi
2671:doi
2616:doi
2612:239
2569:doi
2565:276
2466:doi
2462:303
2414:doi
2346:doi
2334:295
2270:PMC
2262:doi
2190:doi
2068:),
2054:),
1543:of
1531:of
1445:of
1388:of
1365:).
1337:of
1244:to
1217:in
1145:to
1045:arc
715:to
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