690:
849:
129:
3456:
393:
2117:
674:
2125:
3590:
556:
108:
2109:
3080:
3087:
3072:
658:
646:
606:, fragmentary specimens are quite common and most often include isolated teeth, the distinctive rostrum, and fragments of the long saw-edged pectoral fin first described by Mantell. Usually, portions of the skull and postcranial skeleton are found separately. This preservational bias can be explained by the fact that the skeleton of
488:
and sent them back east. Between 1873 and 1877, Cope renamed three species based on Mudge's specimens, all of which would eventually be recognized as belonging to the genus
472:(Maastrichtian), but mistakenly identified it as having come from a dinosaur. During the 1870s, B. F. Mudge, a fossil collector supplying material to rival paleontologists
673:
3549:
3653:
3634:
689:
3668:
3683:
3688:
3536:
508:(1895), Loomis (1900), O. P. Hay (1903), in a series of important works, reviewed the genus, adding much to our understanding of this fish.
907:
3678:
3627:
800:
Loomis, F. B. (1900). "Die anatomie und die verwandtschaft der Ganoid-und
Knochen-fische aus der Kreide-Formation von Kansas, U.S.A".
657:
991:
3698:
3673:
3620:
128:
590:, and adults possessed large blade-like teeth (adults of living swordfish species are toothless). Complete skeletons of
531:
was named by Albin
Stewart in 1898, based on a specimen from the older Lincoln Member of the Greenhorn Limestone (Upper
3663:
3455:
2116:
743:. Report of the U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories. 2 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office):302 pp.
3200:
2124:
595:
3658:
3693:
2108:
237:
230:
3079:
872:
website. Includes detailed taxonomic history, life restorations, bibliography, many photos of fossil remains.
900:
3476:
3146:
1876:
618:
or decay before burial and fossilization (Everhart, 2005; p. 93). Like most of the
Cretaceous marine
1730:
730:
Cope, E. D. 1874. Review of the vertebrata of the
Cretaceous period found west of the Mississippi River.
3562:
1334:
505:
477:
244:
2695:
2688:
1283:
1151:
3373:
3023:
2717:
1962:
1897:
754:
Hay, O. P. (1903). "On certain genera and species of North
American Cretaceous Actinopterous Fishes".
3523:
3338:
3131:
3086:
2681:
2667:
2636:
2629:
2251:
1992:
1976:
1667:
1612:
1313:
1018:
885:
631:
603:
3248:
3177:
2857:
2795:
2738:
2703:
2587:
2579:
2515:
2453:
2334:
2296:
2088:
1948:
1911:
1825:
1737:
1681:
1253:
1202:
3514:
3366:
3303:
3239:
2864:
2806:
2615:
2572:
2468:
2068:
2048:
1985:
1934:
1927:
1774:
1688:
1582:
1540:
1463:
1434:
1374:
1121:
854:
473:
3255:
3071:
2961:
2947:
2913:
2822:
2731:
2529:
2522:
2445:
2361:
2327:
2311:
2272:
2201:
2078:
2058:
1955:
1832:
1818:
3228:
3170:
3016:
2995:
2899:
2759:
2724:
2654:
2594:
2506:
2436:
2348:
2181:
1869:
1839:
1674:
1660:
1653:
1526:
1470:
1404:
1394:
893:
788:
410:
123:
3394:
1568:
1505:
3567:
1795:
1131:
3554:
3189:
2840:
2565:
1941:
1846:
1723:
1695:
1192:
583:
3604:
1293:
645:
3310:
2815:
1883:
1484:
1418:
1354:
1344:
1303:
780:
297:
196:
183:
392:
3215:
3155:
2931:
2479:
2387:
2281:
1751:
1709:
1640:
1619:
923:
453:
30:
3380:
2892:
2849:
2766:
2710:
2551:
1860:
1809:
1591:
1547:
1498:
1243:
1172:
976:
954:
457:
429:
365:
321:
301:
170:
555:
464:, based on Mantell's English finds. Earlier, Leidy had published an illustration of a
3647:
3423:
3324:
3296:
3002:
2988:
2979:
2954:
2876:
2781:
2752:
2674:
2601:
2558:
2495:
2258:
2191:
2164:
2147:
2015:
1716:
1702:
1441:
1427:
1233:
1162:
1101:
540:
516:
450:
424:
spines belonging to this taxon were first recognized in 1822, from chalk deposits in
381:
277:
65:
875:
107:
3589:
3352:
3163:
2536:
2425:
2368:
2235:
2211:
1920:
1890:
1767:
1598:
1491:
1364:
1323:
1111:
587:
461:
421:
3508:
3439:
3387:
3345:
3331:
3289:
3273:
3120:
3104:
3038:
2968:
2920:
2906:
2418:
2411:
2397:
1788:
1605:
1561:
1519:
1477:
1448:
1003:
960:
862:
332:
40:
3597:
3432:
3262:
2829:
2622:
2244:
1999:
1760:
1456:
1263:
1182:
844:
544:
532:
469:
406:
269:
85:
50:
3499:
3408:
3401:
3359:
3317:
2788:
2774:
2544:
2488:
2375:
2320:
2289:
1781:
1626:
1554:
1384:
1273:
1212:
1141:
615:
441:
433:
377:
361:
356:
343:
328:
309:
305:
273:
265:
140:
90:
504:. Between 1895 and 1903, paleontologists in America and England, including
3493:
3009:
2885:
2745:
2461:
2404:
2221:
1512:
1222:
948:
814:
The fossils of the South Downs; or illustrations of the geology of Sussex
627:
611:
579:
437:
160:
80:
75:
60:
55:
45:
3541:
3108:
3042:
2608:
2160:
2143:
2035:
2010:
1084:
1071:
1030:
916:
792:
599:
425:
340:
336:
324:
95:
70:
3282:
2940:
942:
485:
418:
403:
289:
281:
150:
3470:
784:
739:
619:
554:
391:
285:
261:
836:. British Museum of Natural History, London. pp. i-xliii, 1–544.
372:
for an ancestral barracuda. Recent research shows that the genus
3600:
3528:
293:
3474:
3102:
2141:
1069:
935:
889:
748:
Oceans of Kansas: A Natural
History of the Western Interior Sea
725:
Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
713:
Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
630:; the resemblance to living swordfish apparently results from
543:
have come from the upper beds of the Dakota
Sandstone (middle
683:(from Hay, 1903); portions of dentary, splenial, pectoral fin
614:
than that of most bony fishes and tended to be torn apart by
594:
are relatively rare, but in parts of the
Niobrara Chalk, the
882:, on display at the Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center.
834:
Catalogue of the fossil fishes in the British Museum. Part 3
268:-like marine fish, that thrived worldwide during the Upper
547:) in Russell County, Kansas (Everhart, 2005; p. 91).
820:
Stewart, A. (1900). "Teleosts of the Upper Cretaceous".
3608:
740:
The Vertebrata of the Cretaceous Formations of the West
723:
Cope, E. D. 1873. On two new species of Saurodontidae.
732:
U. S. Geolological Survey of the Territories, Bulletin
515:
are recognized from the Niobrara Chalk of the western
484:
in Niobrara exposures in Rooks and Ellis counties in
468:
tooth from the Cretaceous-aged Navesink Formation of
3212:
3143:
2651:
2345:
2308:
2269:
2232:
2217:
2207:
2197:
2187:
2177:
2084:
2074:
2064:
2054:
2044:
1973:
1908:
1857:
1806:
1748:
1637:
1579:
1415:
1400:
1390:
1380:
1370:
1360:
1350:
1340:
1330:
1319:
1309:
1299:
1289:
1279:
1269:
1259:
1249:
1239:
1229:
1218:
1208:
1198:
1188:
1178:
1168:
1158:
1147:
1137:
1127:
1117:
1107:
1097:
3483:
3422:
3272:
3238:
3211:
3188:
3142:
3119:
3037:
2978:
2930:
2875:
2839:
2805:
2650:
2505:
2478:
2435:
2386:
2344:
2307:
2268:
2231:
2158:
2034:
2009:
1972:
1907:
1856:
1805:
1747:
1636:
1578:
1414:
1082:
1029:
1002:
975:
376:is not at all related to the true swordfish-family
773:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
756:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
316:was a large fish, averaging 2–3 metres in length.
409:discovered by 19th century paleontologists, the
3628:
901:
8:
3635:
3621:
3471:
3220:
3116:
3099:
2659:
2353:
2170:
2155:
2138:
1090:
1079:
1066:
1008:
981:
972:
932:
908:
894:
886:
822:The University Geological Survey of Kansas
106:
20:
641:
582:, though it was smaller with a shorter
480:, discovered a number of specimens of
3654:Late Cretaceous fish of North America
816:. London: Lupton Relfe. xiv + 327 pp.
7:
3586:
3584:
380:, but belongs to the extinct family
296:, it is perhaps best known from the
750:. Indiana University Press: 323 pp.
350:is a combination of the Greek word
3669:Prehistoric ray-finned fish genera
3607:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
320:shared the Cretaceous oceans with
115:Skull and pectoral fin fossils of
14:
3684:Coniacian genus first appearances
626:became extinct at the end of the
535:). Perhaps the oldest remains of
3588:
3454:
3085:
3078:
3070:
2123:
2115:
2107:
847:
688:
672:
656:
644:
127:
3689:Maastrichtian genus extinctions
866:: A Late Cretaceous "Swordfish"
876:The most complete skeleton of
767:Leidy, J. (1857). "Remarks on
563:- the larger (about 3 m long)
445:. In 1857, the fish was named
1:
417:has had a confusing history.
335:, as well as with many other
502:"Pelecopterus" pernicciosus
3715:
3583:
596:Mooreville Chalk Formation
574:In its general body plan,
304:Formation of Kansas (Late
3679:Cretaceous fish of Europe
3451:
3223:
3115:
3098:
3067:
2662:
2356:
2173:
2154:
2137:
2104:
1093:
1078:
1065:
1011:
984:
971:
931:
697:Protosphyraena perniciosa
527:. An additional species,
402:As is the case with many
397:Protosphyraena perniciosa
238:Protosphyraena bentoniana
231:Protosphyraena perniciosa
226:
221:
124:Scientific classification
122:
114:
105:
23:
878:Protosphyraena pernicosa
711:Cope, E. D. (1873). "".
436:who also discovered the
288:have been found in both
36:Coniacian–Maastrichtian
16:Extinct genus of fishes
832:Woodward, A. S. 1895.
746:Everhart, M. J. 2005.
571:
559:Two species of Kansas
511:Today, two species of
399:
3699:Cretaceous fish stubs
3596:This article about a
3563:Paleobiology Database
681:Protosphyraena nitida
665:Protosphyraena nitida
604:geological formations
558:
506:Arthur Smith Woodward
478:Othniel Charles Marsh
395:
360:, the genus name for
245:Protosphyraena nitida
3674:Cretaceous bony fish
3147:Orthogonikleithridae
1877:Gondwanapleuropholis
663:Holotype rostrum of
632:convergent evolution
586:, was somewhat less
447:Protosphyraena ferox
432:, the physician and
388:History and taxonomy
2807:Chuhsiungichthyidae
1935:Neopholidophoropsis
1731:Pseudopholidoctenus
1541:Pseudoasthenocormus
1435:Australopachycormus
855:Paleontology portal
695:Pectoral girdle of
578:resembled a modern
474:Edward Drinker Cope
3664:Marine fish genera
3171:Orthogonikleithrus
2655:Ichthyodectiformes
2507:Pachyrhizodontidae
2349:Crossognathiformes
2182:Antofagastaichthys
1870:Austropleuropholis
1335:Pholidophorichthys
922:de Pinna, 1996 (=
812:Mantell, G. 1822.
737:Cope, E. D. 1875.
572:
498:"Portheus" gladius
400:
368:initially mistook
3616:
3615:
3578:
3577:
3477:Taxon identifiers
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3449:
3448:
3418:
3417:
3201:Osteoglossomorpha
3190:Osteoglossomorpha
3094:
3093:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3033:
3032:
2841:Bardackichthyidae
2696:Ascalabothrissops
2689:Antarctithrissops
2646:
2645:
2133:
2132:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
1942:Pholidophoristion
1724:Pholidorhynchodon
1696:Parapholidophorus
1284:Luxembourgichthys
1152:Diplospondichthys
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
802:Palaeontographica
771:and its allies".
699:and other fossils
298:Smoky Hill Member
253:
252:
217:
3706:
3659:Pachycormiformes
3637:
3630:
3623:
3592:
3585:
3571:
3570:
3558:
3557:
3545:
3544:
3532:
3531:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3472:
3459:
3458:
3374:Pseudothryptodus
3311:Enischnorhynchus
3221:
3214:
3145:
3117:
3100:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3074:
3024:Vallecillichthys
2816:Chuhsiungichthys
2660:
2653:
2354:
2347:
2310:
2271:
2234:
2219:
2209:
2199:
2189:
2179:
2171:
2156:
2139:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2086:
2076:
2066:
2056:
2046:
1975:
1963:Steurbautichthys
1910:
1898:Zurupleuropholis
1884:Parapleuropholis
1859:
1808:
1750:
1639:
1583:Aspidorhynchidae
1581:
1417:
1402:
1392:
1382:
1372:
1362:
1355:Pholidophoropsis
1352:
1345:Pholidophoroides
1342:
1332:
1321:
1311:
1304:Marcopoloichthys
1301:
1291:
1281:
1271:
1261:
1251:
1241:
1231:
1220:
1210:
1200:
1190:
1180:
1170:
1160:
1149:
1139:
1129:
1119:
1109:
1099:
1091:
1080:
1067:
1009:
982:
973:
966:
965:
933:
910:
903:
896:
887:
870:Oceans of Kansas
857:
852:
851:
850:
829:
809:
796:
763:
720:
692:
676:
667:(from Hay, 1903)
660:
648:
494:Erisichte nitida
449:by the renowned
284:remains of this
215:
208:
195:
184:Pachycormiformes
182:
132:
131:
110:
100:
37:
29:Temporal range:
21:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3694:Demopolis Chalk
3644:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3581:
3579:
3574:
3566:
3561:
3553:
3548:
3540:
3535:
3527:
3522:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3479:
3469:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3414:
3268:
3234:
3216:Tselfatiiformes
3207:
3184:
3156:Cavenderichthys
3138:
3111:
3090:
3077:
3069:
3057:
3029:
2974:
2932:Ichthyodectidae
2926:
2871:
2835:
2801:
2682:Altamuraichthys
2668:Africathrissops
2642:
2637:Tingitanichthys
2630:Stanhopeichthys
2501:
2480:Crossognathidae
2474:
2431:
2388:Varasichthyidae
2382:
2340:
2303:
2282:Cavenderichthys
2264:
2252:Longileptolepis
2227:
2167:
2150:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2094:
2030:
2014:
2005:
1993:Kisanganichthys
1977:Catervariolidae
1968:
1903:
1852:
1801:
1752:Archaeomaenidae
1743:
1710:Pholidophoretes
1668:Eopholidophorus
1643:
1641:Pholidophoridae
1632:
1620:Richmondichthys
1613:Pseudovinctifer
1574:
1410:
1314:Neobaleiichthys
1087:
1074:
1045:
1025:
998:
967:
938:
937:
927:
924:Teleosteomorpha
914:
853:
848:
846:
843:
819:
799:
785:10.2307/3231930
766:
753:
710:
707:
700:
693:
684:
677:
668:
661:
652:
649:
640:
553:
390:
366:paleontologists
354:("early") plus
346:fish. The name
214:
206:
193:
180:
126:
101:
99:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
35:
34:
31:Late Cretaceous
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3712:
3710:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3593:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3559:
3546:
3533:
3520:
3515:Protosphyraena
3505:
3489:
3487:
3485:Protosphyraena
3481:
3480:
3475:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3436:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3381:Rhamphoichthys
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3249:Abisaadichthys
3244:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3224:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3178:Waldmanichthys
3174:
3167:
3160:
3151:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3125:
3123:
3113:
3112:
3103:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2984:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2893:Chirocentrites
2889:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2861:
2858:Bardackichthys
2854:
2850:Amakusaichthys
2845:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2796:Verraesichthys
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2767:Pachythrissops
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2739:Garganoichthys
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2711:Carsothrissops
2707:
2704:Capassoichthys
2700:
2692:
2685:
2678:
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2640:
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2605:
2598:
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2588:Motlayoichthys
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2548:
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2297:Waldmanichthys
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2255:
2248:
2240:
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2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2105:
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2100:
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2089:Xenoleptolepis
2082:
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1861:Pleuropholidae
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1826:Dsungarichthys
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1738:Zambellichthys
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1682:Lombardichthys
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1649:
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1592:Aspidorhynchus
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1548:Rhinconichthys
1544:
1537:
1534:Protosphyraena
1530:
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1499:Martillichthys
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1254:Jialingichthys
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1244:Ichthyokentema
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1216:
1206:
1203:Grimmenichthys
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1186:
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1173:Elpistoichthys
1166:
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537:Protosphyraena
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513:Protosphyraena
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466:Protosphyraena
458:paleontologist
430:Gideon Mantell
415:Protosphyraena
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3304:Dixonanogmius
3301:
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3007:
3005:
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3003:Saurocephalus
3000:
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2990:
2989:Gwawinapterus
2986:
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2980:Saurodontidae
2977:
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2966:
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2959:
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2955:Ichthyodectes
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2865:Heckelichthys
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2782:Sultanuvaisia
2779:
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2764:
2762:
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2757:
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2753:Occithrissops
2750:
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2675:Allothrissops
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2604:
2603:
2602:Pachyrhizodus
2599:
2597:
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2592:
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2570:
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2259:Proleptolepis
2256:
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2241:
2239:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2216:
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2206:
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2203:
2196:
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2192:Araripichthys
2186:
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2176:
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2157:
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2063:
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2049:Archengraulis
2043:
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1717:Pholidophorus
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1707:
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1703:Pholidoctenus
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1464:Germanostomus
1461:
1459:
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1442:Bonnerichthys
1439:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1428:Asthenocormus
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1419:Pachycormidae
1413:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1375:Ruedersdorfia
1369:
1367:
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1359:
1357:
1356:
1349:
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1339:
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1234:Hungkiichthys
1228:
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1217:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1187:
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1175:
1174:
1167:
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1163:Dorsetichthys
1157:
1154:
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1146:
1144:
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1136:
1134:
1133:
1126:
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1123:
1122:Barschichthys
1116:
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1102:Atacamichthys
1096:
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769:Saurocephalus
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565:P. perniciosa
562:
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541:North America
538:
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525:P. perniciosa
522:
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382:Pachycormidae
379:
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342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:Maastrichtian
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:
247:
246:
242:
240:
239:
235:
233:
232:
228:
227:
225:
220:
213:
212:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:Pachycormidae
192:
189:
188:
185:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
130:
125:
121:
118:
113:
109:
104:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
32:
26:
22:
19:
3609:expanding it
3595:
3580:
3484:
3438:
3431:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3353:Pentanogmius
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3261:
3256:Eusebichthys
3254:
3247:
3227:
3176:
3169:
3164:Leptolepides
3162:
3154:
3076:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2967:
2962:Postredectes
2960:
2953:
2948:Ghrisichthys
2946:
2939:
2919:
2914:Cladocynodon
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2863:
2856:
2848:
2828:
2823:Jinjuichthys
2821:
2814:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2732:Furloichthys
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2537:Chongichthys
2535:
2530:Cavinichthys
2528:
2523:Aquilopiscis
2521:
2514:
2494:
2487:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2446:Bavarichthys
2444:
2426:Varasichthys
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2374:
2369:Chongichthys
2367:
2362:Bavarichthys
2360:
2333:
2328:Ebertichthys
2326:
2319:
2312:Ascalaboidae
2295:
2288:
2280:
2273:Luisiellidae
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:Leptolepidae
2220:
2212:Pholidolepis
2210:
2202:Paraclupavus
2200:
2190:
2180:
2113:
2087:
2079:Sphaeronchus
2077:
2067:
2059:Bicavolithus
2057:
2047:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1961:
1956:Songaichthys
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1921:Ankylophorus
1919:
1896:
1891:Pleuropholis
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1845:
1838:
1833:Manasichthys
1831:
1824:
1819:Bogdaichthys
1817:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1768:Archaeomaene
1766:
1759:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1599:Belonostomus
1597:
1590:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1492:Leedsichthys
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1403:
1393:
1383:
1373:
1365:Prohalecites
1363:
1353:
1343:
1333:
1324:Oligopleurus
1322:
1312:
1302:
1292:
1282:
1272:
1262:
1252:
1242:
1232:
1221:
1211:
1201:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1150:
1140:
1130:
1120:
1112:Baleiichthys
1110:
1100:
919:
877:
869:
863:
833:
825:
821:
813:
805:
801:
776:
772:
768:
759:
755:
747:
738:
731:
724:
716:
712:
696:
680:
679:Holotype of
664:
651:Skull fossil
623:
607:
602:, and other
591:
588:hydrodynamic
575:
573:
568:
567:and smaller
564:
560:
536:
528:
524:
520:
512:
510:
501:
497:
493:
489:
481:
465:
462:Joseph Leidy
446:
440:
414:
401:
396:
373:
369:
355:
351:
347:
317:
313:
260:is a fossil
256:
255:
254:
243:
236:
229:
210:
209:
116:
24:
18:
3509:Wikispecies
3440:Euteleostei
3388:Syntegmodus
3346:Paranogmius
3332:Moorevillia
3290:Bananogmius
3274:Plethodidae
3229:Eoplethodus
3132:Elopomorpha
3121:Elopomorpha
3017:Unamichthys
2996:Prosaurodon
2969:Xiphactinus
2921:Eubiodectes
2907:Cladocyclus
2900:Chiromystus
2760:Ogunichthys
2725:Faugichthys
2595:Nardopiscis
2437:Notelopidae
2419:Protoclupea
2412:Luisichthys
2398:Bobbichthys
1840:Siyuichthys
1789:Wadeichthys
1675:Knerichthys
1661:Ceneichthys
1654:Annaichthys
1606:Jonoichthys
1562:Saurostomus
1527:Pachycormus
1520:Orthocormus
1478:Hypsocormus
1471:Haasichthys
1449:Eugnathides
1405:Signeuxella
1395:Seinstedtia
1019:Neopterygii
1004:Neopterygii
961:Neopterygii
727:25:337-339.
407:vertebrates
333:plesiosaurs
216:Leidy, 1857
3648:Categories
3598:Cretaceous
3433:Otocephala
3395:Thryptodus
3263:Protobrama
3052:see below↓
2830:Mesoclupea
2623:Rhacolepis
2245:Leptolepis
2025:see below↓
2000:Songanella
1761:Aphnelepis
1569:Simocormus
1506:Notodectes
1457:Euthynotus
1264:Koonwarria
1183:Eurycormus
1040:see below↓
959:Subclass:
828:: 257–403.
808:: 213–283.
734:1(2):3-48.
719:: 280–281.
705:References
616:scavengers
545:Cenomanian
533:Cenomanian
470:New Jersey
454:naturalist
327:, such as
280:). Though
270:Cretaceous
3409:Zanclites
3402:Tselfatia
3360:Plethodus
3318:Luxilites
3109:Teleostei
3043:Teleostei
2789:Thrissops
2775:Prymnetes
2545:Elopopsis
2489:Apsopelix
2376:Salminops
2321:Ascalabos
2290:Luisiella
1796:Zaxilepis
1782:Oreochima
1627:Vinctifer
1555:Sauropsis
1385:Seefeldia
1274:Ligulella
1213:Hengnania
1142:Ceramurus
1132:Bunoderma
1085:Teleostei
1072:Teleostei
1031:Teleostei
941:Kingdom:
917:Teleostei
880:yet found
779:: 91–95.
610:was less
569:P. nitida
521:P. nitida
442:Iguanodon
434:geologist
378:Xiphiidae
362:barracuda
357:Sphyraena
344:predatory
329:mosasaurs
310:Campanian
306:Coniacian
274:Coniacian
266:swordfish
147:Kingdom:
141:Eukaryota
3494:Wikidata
3339:Niobrara
3010:Saurodon
2886:Aidachar
2746:Gillicus
2718:Dugaldia
2566:Kradimus
2462:Notelops
2405:Domeykos
2222:Todiltia
2161:Teleosts
2144:Teleosts
2011:Teleosts
1847:Wukangia
1513:Ohmdenia
1223:Hulettia
1193:Galkinia
949:Chordata
947:Phylum:
943:Animalia
628:Mesozoic
612:ossified
580:sailfish
451:American
438:dinosaur
422:pectoral
411:taxonomy
325:reptiles
272:Period (
222:Species
190:Family:
161:Chordata
157:Phylum:
151:Animalia
137:Domain:
3555:1018258
3542:4839279
3529:4654856
3500:Q391039
2609:Platinx
2335:Tharsis
2036:Otolith
1294:Majokia
953:Class:
868:at the
793:3231930
762:: 1–95.
638:Gallery
600:Alabama
584:rostrum
551:Anatomy
426:England
341:extinct
337:species
322:aquatic
308:-Early
300:of the
203:Genus:
177:Order:
167:Class:
3283:Bachea
2941:Cooyoo
2580:Michin
2454:Michin
1485:Kaykay
791:
500:, and
486:Kansas
419:Fossil
404:fossil
352:protos
290:Europe
282:fossil
3603:is a
3568:35294
3550:IRMNG
3105:Crown
3039:Crown
2163:with
2146:with
920:sensu
789:JSTOR
620:fauna
428:, by
364:, as
286:taxon
262:genus
3605:stub
3601:fish
3537:GBIF
3199:see
3130:see
2038:taxa
2013:with
1017:see
990:see
523:and
476:and
456:and
331:and
294:Asia
292:and
41:PreꞒ
3524:EoL
781:doi
598:of
539:in
413:of
339:of
312:).
264:of
3650::
3565::
3552::
3539::
3526::
3511::
3496::
824:.
806:46
804:.
787:.
777:11
775:.
760:19
758:.
717:24
715:.
634:.
622:,
519::
496:,
492::
460:,
384:.
91:Pg
33:,
3636:e
3629:t
3622:v
3611:.
3213:†
3181:?
3159:?
3144:†
3107:-
3041:-
2868:?
2853:?
2770:?
2699:?
2652:†
2583:?
2540:?
2457:?
2449:?
2390:?
2379:?
2346:†
2309:†
2300:?
2285:?
2270:†
2233:†
2218:†
2208:†
2198:†
2188:†
2178:†
2085:†
2075:†
2065:†
2055:†
2045:†
1974:†
1909:†
1858:†
1807:†
1749:†
1638:†
1580:†
1452:?
1416:†
1401:†
1391:†
1381:†
1371:†
1361:†
1351:†
1341:†
1331:†
1327:?
1320:†
1310:†
1300:†
1290:†
1280:†
1270:†
1260:†
1250:†
1240:†
1230:†
1226:?
1219:†
1209:†
1199:†
1189:†
1179:†
1169:†
1159:†
1155:?
1148:†
1138:†
1128:†
1118:†
1108:†
1098:†
926:)
909:e
902:t
895:v
826:6
795:.
783::
276:-
207:†
194:†
181:†
96:N
86:K
81:J
76:T
71:P
66:C
61:D
56:S
51:O
46:Ꞓ
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