Heliosphere - Knowledge (XXG)

45: 1120: 1229: 304: 65: 76: 888: 485: 4967: 1087: 385: 56: 1456:, took similar data as Pioneer out to 44.7 AU in 1995 when that mission was concluded. Pioneer 11 had a similar instrument suite as 10 but also had a flux-gate magnetometer. Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft were on different trajectories and thus recorded data on the heliosphere in different overall directions away from the Sun. Data obtained from Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft helped corroborate the detection of a hydrogen wall. 516: 5373: 4767: 1213: 631: 1194: 1098:(IBEX), launched in October 2008, revealed a previously unpredicted "very narrow ribbon that is two to three times brighter than anything else in the sky." Initial interpretations suggest that "the interstellar environment has far more influence on structuring the heliosphere than anyone previously believed" "No one knows what is creating the ENA (energetic neutral atoms) ribbon, ..." 5349: 820: 5361: 1008: 5325: 5299: 5337: 812: 316:

heliosphere's shape and size are also fluid. Changes in the solar wind, however, more strongly alter the fluctuating position of the boundaries on short timescales (hours to a few years). The solar wind's pressure varies far more rapidly than the outside pressure of the ISM at any given location. In particular, the effect of the 11-year

1105:) maps and revise the way we understand our heliosphere and how it interacts with the galaxy." In October 2010, significant changes were detected in the ribbon after 6 months, based on the second set of IBEX observations. IBEX data did not support the existence of a bow shock, but there might be a 'bow wave' according to one study. 792:– IBEX), is that of a four-leaf clover. The particles in the tail do not shine, therefore it cannot be seen with conventional optical instruments. IBEX made the first observations of the heliotail by measuring the energy of "energetic neutral atoms", neutral particles created by collisions in the Solar System's boundary zone. 867:(ISM) into the heliosphere has been measured by at least 11 different spacecraft as of 2013. By 2013, it was suspected that the direction of the flow had changed over time. The flow, coming from Earth's perspective from the constellation Scorpius, has probably changed direction by several degrees since the 1970s. 1783:

K. E.; Magnes, W.; McNutt, R. L.; Miller, J.; Moebius, E.; Mostafavi, P.; Opher, M.; Paxton, L.; Plaschke, F.; Poppe, A. R.; Roelof, E. C.; Runyon, K.; Redfield, S.; Schwadron, N.; Sterken, V.; Swaczyna, P.; Szalay, J.; Turner, D.; Vannier, H.; Wimmer-Schweingruber, R.; Wurz, P.; Zirnstein, E. J. (2023).

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turbulence. A bow shock was thought to possibly occur at about 230 AU, but in 2012 it was determined it probably does not exist. This conclusion resulted from new measurements: The velocity of the LISM (local interstellar medium) relative to the Sun's was previously measured to be 26.3 km/s by

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Predicted to be a region of hot hydrogen, a structure called the "hydrogen wall" may be between the bow shock and the heliopause. The wall is composed of interstellar material interacting with the edge of the heliosphere. One paper released in 2013 studied the concept of a bow wave and hydrogen wall.

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On a broader scale, the motion of the heliosphere through the fluid medium of the ISM results in an overall comet-like shape. The solar wind plasma which is moving roughly "upstream" (in the same direction as the Sun's motion through the galaxy) is compressed into a nearly-spherical form, whereas the

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Brandt, P. C.; Provornikova, E.; Bale, S. D.; Cocoros, A.; DeMajistre, R.; Dialynas, K.; Elliott, H. A.; Eriksson, S.; Fields, B.; Galli, A.; Hill, M. E.; Horanyi, M.; Horbury, T.; Hunziker, S.; Kollmann, P.; Kinnison, J.; Fountain, G.; Krimigis, S. M.; Kurth, W. S.; Linsky, J.; Lisse, C. M.; Mandt,

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The heliopause is the final known boundary between the heliosphere and the interstellar space that is filled with material, especially plasma, not from the Earth's own star, the Sun, but from other stars. Even so, just outside the heliosphere (i.e. the "solar bubble") there is a transitional region,

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of the surrounding stars. This is the boundary where the interstellar medium and solar wind pressures balance. The crossing of the heliopause should be signaled by a sharp drop in the temperature of solar wind-charged particles, a change in the direction of the magnetic field, and an increase in the

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produces a "shock wave" in its travels within the interstellar medium. It would occur if the interstellar medium is moving supersonically "toward" the Sun, since its solar wind moves "away" from the Sun supersonically. When the interstellar wind hits the heliosphere it slows and creates a region of

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Another hypothesis suggests that the heliopause could be smaller on the side of the Solar System facing the Sun's orbital motion through the galaxy. It may also vary depending on the current velocity of the solar wind and the local density of the interstellar medium. It is known to lie far outside

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long tail of the heliosphere, and thus the Solar System's tail. It can be compared to the tail of a comet (however, a comet's tail does not stretch behind it as it moves; it is always pointing away from the Sun). The tail is a region where the Sun's solar wind slows down and ultimately escapes the

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side, its thickness is estimated to be between 10 and 100 AU. Voyager project scientists have determined that the heliosheath is not "smooth" – it is rather a "foamy zone" filled with magnetic bubbles, each about 1 AU wide. These magnetic bubbles are created by the impact of the solar wind and the

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around 0.001 km/s.) The interstellar medium, although very low in density, nonetheless has a relatively constant pressure associated with it; the pressure from the solar wind decreases with the square of the distance from the Sun. As one moves far enough away from the Sun, the pressure of the

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spacecraft is to find and study the termination shock, heliosheath, and heliopause. Meanwhile, the IBEX mission is attempting to image the heliopause from Earth orbit within two years of its 2008 launch. Initial results (October 2009) from IBEX suggest that previous assumptions are insufficiently

607:, forming a disk of shallow, rapidly diverging flow (analogous to the tenuous, supersonic solar wind). Around the periphery of the disk, a shock front or wall of water forms; outside the shock front, the water moves slower than the local wave speed (analogous to the subsonic interstellar medium). 420:

The outer structure of the heliosphere is determined by the interactions between the solar wind and the winds of interstellar space. The solar wind streams away from the Sun in all directions at speeds of several hundred km/s in the Earth's vicinity. At some distance from the Sun, well beyond the

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The tail has been shown to contain fast and slow particles; the slow particles are on the side and the fast particles are encompassed in the center. The shape of the tail can be linked to the Sun sending out fast solar winds near its poles and slow solar winds near its equator more recently. The

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detected a 'stagnation region' within the heliosheath. In this region, the solar wind slowed to zero, the magnetic field intensity doubled and high-energy electrons from the galaxy increased 100-fold. At about 122 AU, the spacecraft entered a new region that Voyager project scientists called the

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It was previously thought that once subsonic, the solar wind would be shaped by the ambient flow of the interstellar medium, forming a blunt nose on one side and comet-like heliotail behind, a region called the heliosheath. However, observations in 2009 showed that this model is incorrect. As of

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The shock arises because solar wind particles are emitted from the Sun at about 400 km/s, while the speed of sound (in the interstellar medium) is about 100 km/s. (The exact speed depends on the density, which fluctuates considerably. For comparison, the Earth orbits the Sun at about

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Plasma Science Experiment (PLS) observed a sharp decline in the speed of solar wind particles on 5 November and there has been no sign of it since. The three other instruments on board measuring cosmic rays, low-energy charged particles, and magnetic fields also recorded the transition. The

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Despite its name, the heliosphere's shape is not a perfect sphere. Its shape is determined by three factors: the interstellar medium (ISM), the solar wind, and the overall motion of the Sun and heliosphere as it passes through the ISM. Because the solar wind and the ISM are both fluid, the

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The heliosheath is the region of the heliosphere beyond the termination shock. Here the wind is slowed, compressed, and made turbulent by its interaction with the interstellar medium. At its closest point, the inner edge of the heliosheath lies approximately 80 to 100

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returned scientific data until March 1997, including data on the solar wind out to about 67 AU. It was also contacted in 2003 when it was a distance of 7.6 billion miles from Earth (82 AU), but no instrument data about the solar wind was returned then.

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detected a rapid increase in such cosmic rays (a 9% increase in a month, following a more gradual increase of 25% from January 2009 to January 2012), suggesting it was approaching the heliopause. Between late August and early September 2012,

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was launched in March 1972, and within 10 hours passed by the Moon; over the next 35 years or so the mission would be the first out, laying out many firsts of discoveries about the nature of heliosphere as well as Jupiter's impact on it.

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The twin Voyagers are the only man-made objects to have entered interstellar space. However, while they have left the heliosphere, they have not yet left the boundary of the Solar System which is considered to be the outer edge of the

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from the Sun. Three major sections from the beginning of the heliosphere to its edge are the termination shock, the heliosheath, and the heliopause. Five spacecraft have returned much of the data about its furthest reaches, including

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The NASA black Brant IX sounding rocket carried the payload to an apogee of 177 miles before descending by parachute and landing at White Sands. Preliminary indications show that vehicle systems performed as planned and data was

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began detecting returning particles when it was only 76 AU from the Sun, in May 2006. This implies that the heliosphere may be irregularly shaped, bulging outwards in the Sun's northern hemisphere and pushed inward in the south.

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Outside the heliosphere, there is a forty-fold increase in plasma density. There is also a radical reduction in the detection of certain types of particles from the Sun, and a large increase in galactic cosmic rays.

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mission detected a sudden decrease in the flux of low-energy ions. At the same time, the level of cosmic rays increased. This demonstrated that the spacecraft crossed the heliopause at a distance of 119 AU

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regions of opposite polarity. Extending throughout the heliosphere, the heliospheric current sheet could be considered the largest structure in the Solar System and is said to resemble a "ballerina's skirt".

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The outer surface of the heliosheath, where the heliosphere meets the interstellar medium, is called heliopause. This is the edge of the entire heliosphere. Observations in 2009 led to changes to this model.

1101:"The IBEX results are truly remarkable! What we are seeing in these maps does not match with any of the previous theoretical models of this region. It will be exciting for scientists to review these ( 373:

gets wrapped into a spiral. The solar wind affects many other systems in the Solar System; for example, variations in the Sun's own magnetic field are carried outward by the solar wind, producing

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solar wind drops to where it can no longer maintain supersonic flow against the pressure of the interstellar medium, at which point the solar wind slows to below its speed of sound, causing a

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Lallement, R.; Quémerais, E.; Bertaux, J. L.; Ferron, S.; Koutroumpa, D.; Pellinen, R. (March 2005). "Deflection of the Interstellar Neutral Hydrogen Flow Across the Heliospheric Interface".

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data led to a new theory that the heliosheath has "magnetic bubbles" and a stagnation zone. Also, there were reports of a "stagnation region" within the heliosheath, starting around 113

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During a total eclipse the high-temperature corona can be more readily observed from Earth solar observatories. During the Apollo program the Solar wind was measured on the Moon via the

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Illustration of the heliosphere as released on 28 June 2013 which incorporates results from the Voyager spacecraft. The heliosheath is between the termination shock and the heliopause.

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witnessed a sharp drop in protons from the Sun, from 25 particles per second in late August, to about 2 particles per second by early October. In September 2013, NASA announced that

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spacecraft passed the termination shock in December 2004, when it was about 94 AU from the Sun, by virtue of the change in magnetic readings taken from the craft. In contrast,

840:. Just as some interstellar pressure was detected as early as 2004, some of the Sun's material seeps into the interstellar medium. The heliosphere is thought to reside in the 588:. Further from the Sun, the termination shock is followed by heliopause, where the two pressures become equal and solar wind particles are stopped by the interstellar medium. 324:

plasma moving "downstream" (opposite the Sun's motion) flows out for a much greater distance before giving way to the ISM, defining the long, trailing shape of the heliotail.

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becomes the first spacecraft to explore the heliosphere past Mars, flying by Jupiter on 4 December 1973 and continuing to return solar wind data out to a distance of 67 AU.

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encountered Jupiter's enormous (compared to Earth) magnetosphere and would pass in and out of it and its heliosphere 17 times charting its interaction with the solar wind.

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has been shown to have both a debris tail of ejecta from the star and a distinct shock in the direction of its movement through space (at over 130 kilometers per second).

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of different densities. Evidence suggests that up to three million years ago Earth was exposed to the interstellar medium due to it shrinking the heliosphere to the

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between matter originating from the Sun and matter originating from the rest of the galaxy, spacecraft that depart the heliosphere (such as the two Voyagers) are in

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10 mi) from the Sun, entered a new region they called the "magnetic highway", an area still under the influence of the Sun but with some dramatic differences.

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Gladstone, G. Randall; Pryor, W. R.; Stern, S. Alan; Ennico, Kimberly; et al. (7 August 2018). "The Lyman-α Sky Background as Observed by New Horizons".

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in 2010. There, the solar wind velocity drops to zero, the magnetic field intensity doubles, and high-energy electrons from the galaxy increase 100-fold.

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Krimigis, S. M.; Roelof, E. C.; Decker, R. B.; Hill, M. E. (16 June 2011). "Zero outward flow velocity for plasma in a heliosheath transition layer".

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s Ion and Neutral Camera (MIMI / INCA). Rather than being dominated by the collisions between the solar wind and the interstellar medium, the INCA (

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observations complement data from NASA's IBEX mission. NASA is also preparing an additional mission, Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (

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were launched in 1977 and operated continuously to at least the late 2010s and encountered various aspects of the heliosphere past Pluto. In 2012

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Stone, E. C.; Cummings, A. C.; Heikkila, B.C.; Lal, Nand (2019). "Cosmic ray measurements from Voyager 2 as it crossed into interstellar space".

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was the first spacecraft to detect sodium and aluminum ions in the solar wind, as well as helium in the inner Solar System. In November 1972,

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led the team of researchers who determined that the shape of the heliosphere is a crescent that can be described as a deflated croissant.

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data challenged the "heliotail" theory in 2009. In July 2013, IBEX results revealed a 4-lobed tail on the Solar System's heliosphere.

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detected a sudden increase in cosmic rays, an apparent sign of approach to the heliopause. In the summer of 2013, NASA announced that

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The limited data available and the unexplored nature of these structures have resulted in many theories as to their form. In 2020,

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suggested the velocity of the Sun through the interstellar medium is too low for it to form. It may be a more gentle "bow wave".

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The heliosphere is thought to change significantly over the course of millions of years due to extrasolar effects such as closer

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October 2010: significant changes were detected in the ribbon after six months, based on the second set of IBEX observations.

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clover-shaped tail moves further away from the Sun, which makes the charged particles begin to morph into a new orientation.

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This phenomenon has been observed outside the Solar System, around stars other than the Sun, by NASA's now retired orbital

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began detecting evidence of the bubbles in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The probably sausage-shaped bubbles are formed by

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Other termination shocks can be seen in terrestrial systems; perhaps the easiest may be seen by simply running a water

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Brumfiel, G. (15 June 2011). "Voyager at the edge: spacecraft finds unexpected calm at the boundary of Sun's bubble".

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orbits the Earth at about 7.7 km/s, airliners fly over the ground at about 0.2–0.3 km/s, a car on a typical

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The heliosphere is the area under the influence of the Sun; the two major components to determining its edge are the

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of a comet, and trails several times that distance in the direction opposite to the Sun's path through space. At its

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spacecraft explored the outer reaches of the heliosphere, passing through the termination shock and the heliosheath.

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at 69.4 AU on 17 February 1998, because it was traveling faster, gaining about 1.02 AU per year. On July 18, 2023,

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encountered the heliopause on 25 August 2012, when the spacecraft measured a forty-fold sudden increase in plasma

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Flowing unimpeded through the Solar System for billions of kilometers, the solar wind extends far beyond even the

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is a ripple in the heliosphere created by the rotating magnetic field of the Sun. It marks the boundary between

244:(AU), and on the other side being tail shaped, known as the "heliotail", trailing for several thousands of AUs. 5413: 1119: 1078:) maps suggest that the interaction is controlled more by particle pressure and magnetic field energy density. 841: 3240:

Zank, G. P.; Heerikhuisen, J.; Wood, B. E.; Pogorelov, N. V.; Zirnstein, E.; McComas, D. J. (1 January 2013).

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heliosphere, slowly evaporating because of charge exchange. The shape of the heliotail (newly found by NASA's

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as the solar wind slows down. They probably represent self-contained structures that have detached from the

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NASA Advisory Council Workshop on Science Associated with the Lunar Exploration Architecture: White Papers

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Schwadron, Nathan A.; et al. (September 2011). "Does the space environment affect the ecosphere?".

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The precise distance to and shape of the heliopause are still uncertain. Interplanetary/interstellar

980: 711: 685:"magnetic highway", an area still under the influence of the Sun but with some dramatic differences. 670: 202: 3726: 2230:"New Interstellar Boundary Explorer data show heliosphere's long-theorized bow shock does not exist" 1067: 800: 5365: 5230: 5071: 4845: 4522: 2317: 1512: 1314: 1065:

Rather than a comet-like shape, the heliosphere appears to be bubble-shaped according to data from

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In December 2012, NASA announced that in late August 2012, Voyager 1, at about 122 au (1.83

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can penetrate the heliosphere from the outside. Originating at the extremely hot surface of the

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until it encounters the "termination shock", where its motion slows abruptly due to the outside

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Examples of missions that have or continue to collect data related to the heliosphere include:

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had crossed the heliopause as of 25 August 2012. This was at a distance of 121 AU (1.81

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measuring a drop of the solar wind's high-energy particles at the termination shock (right)

5275: 5235: 5225: 5197: 5140: 5076: 4945: 4682: 4662: 4637: 4532: 4477: 4453: 4330: 4249: 2609: 2545:"Voyager Discovers Possible Sea of Huge, Turbulent, Magnetic Bubbles at Solar System Edge" 1911:"A small and round heliosphere suggested by magnetohydrodynamic modelling of pick-up ions" 1620: 1310: 948: 649: 615: 456: 248: 117: 107:: the boundary between the solar wind and interstellar wind where they are in equilibrium. 3150: 2746: 2347: 1014:, on display at the National Air and Space Museum, was a canceled probe to study the Sun. 455:

In theory, heliopause causes turbulence in the interstellar medium as the Sun orbits the

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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J. Dessler, Alexander (February 1967). "Solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field".

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crosses the heliopause, becoming the first human-made object to depart the heliosphere.

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spacecraft becomes the first to explore the mid and high latitudes of the heliosphere.

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indicates the magnetic field of the galaxy is aligned with the solar magnetic field.

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from the Sun. A proposed model hypothesizes that the heliosheath is shaped like the

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1 is thought to have passed through heliopause, and Voyager 2 did the same in 2018

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This article is about the Sun's astrosphere. For astrospheres of other stars, see

4016:"50th Anniversary: Mariner 2, The Venus Mission – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory" 3938:"Voyager 2 crosses solar boundary, moves into interstellar space – Astronomy Now" 3763: 3663:"Pioneer 10: first probe to leave the inner solar system & precursor to Juno" 166:. In plasma physics terms, it is the cavity formed by the Sun in the surrounding 101:: the outer region of the heliosphere; the solar wind is compressed and turbulent 5108: 5081: 4998: 4950: 4613: 4527: 4512: 4485: 4395: 4349: 1587:

emission. These neutral atoms are thought to be originating from the heliopause.

1322: 1302: 1294: 592: 328: 317: 308: 272: 229: 221: 163: 151: 4045: 1808: 1193: 5192: 5098: 4687: 4517: 4325: 4315: 3393:"NASA Spotted a Vast, Glowing 'Hydrogen Wall' at the Edge of Our Solar System" 3366:"NASA Spotted a Vast, Glowing 'Hydrogen Wall' at the Edge of Our Solar System" 2944: 2873: 2860: 1944: 1645: 1538: 1475: 1412: 1248: 1035: 1029: 1024: 769: 698: 585: 524: 438: 434: 370: 340: 284: 191: 175: 155: 4198: 3547: 3528: 3078:"NASA – STEREO Creates First Images of the Solar System's Invisible Frontier" 2110: 2061: 1952: 1816: 1572:

observations of the solar wind show that the shape of the heliosphere is not

705:; where the solar wind's strength is no longer great enough to push back the 5103: 5056: 4570: 4443: 4092: 1885:"Voyager 1 Returns Surprising Data about an Unexplored Region of Deep Space" 1705: 1345: 1337: 1331: 1293:, the heliosphere is dominated by material emanating from the Sun, although 1011: 968: 933: 849: 819: 759: 563: 553: 263: 253: 198: 179: 4100: 3556: 2717: 2259: 1834: 4146: 2672: 1007: 361:

that are produced from the Sun and stream out into space. Because the Sun

4712: 4190: 3490: 3339: 3023: 2135:"New View Of The Heliosphere: Cassini Helps Redraw Shape Of Solar System" 2101: 2076: 2052: 2027: 653: 472:"Termination shock" redirects here. For the book by Neal Stephenson, see 362: 225: 2709: 295:, which possibly had impacted Earth's past climate and human evolution. 4372: 2002:"NASA says we all live inside a giant "deflated croissant", yes really" 1516: 1173:. Some examples of Earth surface based Solar observatories include the 924: 772: 422: 258: 3838:"Ultraviolet resonance radiation and the structure of the heliosphere" 3019:"NASA Satellite Provides First View of the Solar System's Tail - NASA" 1909:

Opher, Merav; Loeb, Abraham; Drake, James; Toth, Gabor (1 July 2020).

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project scientists discover and map a ribbon-shaped region of intense

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speeds within the Solar System. At the termination shock, a standing

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traversed the heliopause on 5 November 2018. Because the heliopause

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The Cosmic Connection: How Astronomical Events Impact Life on Earth

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The bubble-like heliosphere moving through the interstellar medium.

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speed (relative to the Sun) because of interactions with the local

2522:"NASA Probes Suggest Magnetic Bubbles Reside At Solar System Edge" 1290: 1227: 1211: 1192: 1118: 1085: 1006: 996: 988: 818: 810: 629: 514: 383: 302: 237: 2968:"SHIELDS Up! NASA Rocket to Survey Our Solar System's Windshield" 2077:"Bashful ballerina: Southward shifted heliospheric current sheet" 941:

In August 2018, long-term studies about the hydrogen wall by the

4707: 4237: 3820:"Voyager 1 has left the Solar System. Will we ever overtake it?" 3588:. 2 October 2010. Archived from the original on 6 February 2019. 2774:"NASA – Data From NASA's Voyager 1 Point to Interstellar Future" 2269: 1596:

May 2012: IBEX data implies there is probably not a bow "shock".

1580: 1201: 992: 765: 596: 523:

The termination shock is the point in the heliosphere where the

170:. The "bubble" of the heliosphere is continuously "inflated" by 4785: 4781: 4259: 1619:

spacecraft confirmed results first detected in 1992 by the two

947:

spacecraft confirmed results first detected in 1992 by the two

449:

2011, it is thought to be filled with a magnetic bubble "foam".

4286: 3529:"Tying Up the Solar System With a Ribbon of Charged Particles" 3444:"Pioneer H, Jupiter Swingby Out-of-the-Ecliptic Mission Study" 2638:"NASA's Voyager 1 Spacecraft Nearing Edge of the Solar System" 1613:

August 2018: long-term studies about the hydrogen wall by the

1590:

October 2009: the heliosphere may be bubble, not comet shaped.

974: 881: 694: 572: 558: 478: 350: 159: 3202:

Wood, B. E.; Alexander, W. R.; Linsky, J. L. (13 July 2006).

2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 734:

10 km) from the Sun. Contrary to predictions, data from

3242:"Heliospheric Structure: The Bow Wave and the Hydrogen Wall" 1976:"Solar system's heliosphere may be croissant-shaped – study" 1565:

becomes the first spacecraft to reach the termination shock.

1321:; the solar wind continues to slow as it passes through the 1049:

and will eventually pass through the heliopause. Contact to

768:

also collected data from the heliopause remotely during the

441:, the solar wind falls below the speed of sound and becomes 236:". The overall shape of the heliosphere resembles that of a 1448:

as the second most distant human-made object from the Sun.

4255: 4238:

NASA GALEX (Galaxy evolution Explorer) homepage at Caltech

2373:. Department of Physics and Astronomy (University of Iowa) 388:

The heliospheric current sheet out to the orbit of Jupiter

201:

are, however, not affected. Its name was likely coined by

3151:"How Do We Know When Voyager Reaches Interstellar Space?" 2293:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 10 December 2007 2026:

Owens, Mathew J.; Forsyth, Robert J. (28 November 2013).

1490:) which is due to launch in 2025 to capitalize on Voyager 1224:

has since crossed the heliopause into interstellar space.

307:

The Sun photographed at a wavelength of 19.3 nanometers (

3570: 3515: 2291:"MIT instrument finds surprises at solar system's edge" 1530:

becomes the first spacecraft to observe the solar wind.

519:

A "termination shock" analogy of water in a sink basin.

90:: Diagram of the heliosphere as it travels through the 3875: 3873: 3657: 3655: 3653: 1344:

It was thought that beyond the heliopause there was a

938:

cognizant of the true complexities of the heliopause.

875:"Hydrogen wall" redirects here. For other topics, see 826:(ENA) detection is more concentrated in one direction. 5313: 3632:"NASA – Voyager – Conditions At Edge Of Solar System" 3052:"IBEX Provides First View Of the Solar System's Tail" 2583:"NASA's Voyager Hits New Region at Solar System Edge" 1848: 1846: 1844: 693:

The heliopause is the theoretical boundary where the

2747:"NASA Voyager 1 Encounters New Region in Deep Space" 1136:

Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer

240:, being roughly spherical on one side to around 100 5218: 5168: 5159: 5024: 4974: 4886: 4826: 4819: 4735: 4721: 4579: 4541: 4476: 4414: 4386: 4348: 4339: 4306: 3177:"Interstellar Wind Changed Direction Over 40 Years" 2253: 2251: 547:, the termination shock is believed to be 75 to 90 162:. It takes the shape of a vast, tailed bubble-like 3913:"NASA's Voyager 2 Probe Enters Interstellar Space" 2195:"A Big Surprise from the Edge of the Solar System" 1754:"NASA's Voyager 2 Probe Enters Interstellar Space" 1719: 1717: 1715: 1630:crosses the heliopause, departing the heliosphere. 4208:"This is What the Solar System Really Looks Like" 4143:"Space probes reveal Solar System's bullet shape" 4243:A Big Surprise from the Edge of the Solar System 3783: 3781: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3719:"NASA – Pioneer 10 Spacecraft Sends Last Signal" 2394:"Voyager 1 reaches the edge of the solar system" 2258:Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (24 June 2002). 3831: 3829: 3418:"No Shocks for This Bow: IBEX Says We're Wrong" 3301: 3299: 3118: 3116: 3114: 2501:. Tempe, Arizona: Lunar and Planetary Institute 2422:"Voyager 2 probe reaches solar system boundary" 2316:. American Astronomical Society. Archived from 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 1748: 1746: 4145:. COSMOS magazine. 11 May 2007. Archived from 4127:"Heliopause Seems to Be 23 Billion Kilometres" 3359: 3357: 2898:"Voyager 1 Leaves Solar System, NASA Confirms" 2800:"Voyager probes to leave solar system by 2016" 2314:"Voyager Enters Solar System's Final Frontier" 1558:resonantly scattered by heliospheric hydrogen. 1436:surpassed the radial distance from the Sun of 1274:(launched 2006). A type of particle called an 984:, whereas IBEX measured it at 23.2 km/s. 4797: 4271: 3569:Dave McComas, IBEX Principal Investigator at 3012: 3010: 2490:Brandt, Pontus (27 February – 2 March 2007). 8: 4171:Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 3862:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3788:Administrator, NASA Content (3 March 2015). 3586:"The Ever-Changing Edge of the Solar System" 2632: 2630: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2133:Johns Hopkins University (18 October 2009). 1545:February 1992: After flying by Jupiter, the 126:: Logarithmic scale of the Solar System and 2997:"The Unexpected Structure of the Heliotail" 2340:"Voyager 2 Proves Solar System Is Squashed" 2188: 2186: 1974:Jean, Celia; Reich, Aaron (9 August 2020). 1854:"Voyager 2 Proves Solar System Is Squashed" 669:between oppositely oriented sectors of the 5165: 4823: 4804: 4790: 4782: 4345: 4278: 4264: 4256: 2861:"Voyager 1 has reached interstellar space" 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 1554:1992: Pioneer and Voyager probes detected 579:achieves about 0.03 km/s, and humans 3906: 3904: 3902: 3881:"Voyager 2 Approaches Interstellar Space" 3580: 3578: 3546: 3321: 3265: 2872: 2100: 2051: 1926: 1824: 2450:"Voyager II detects solar system's edge" 2260:"The Sun's Heliosphere & Heliopause" 1377:Starting in May 2012 at 120 au (1.8 5320: 4233:Voyager Interstellar Mission Objectives 3468:NASA – photojournal (15 October 2009). 3235: 3233: 3231: 3170: 3168: 3166: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 1686:Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 1657: 1533:1962: Mariner 2 detects the solar wind. 959:at a much higher level of sensitivity. 955:corroborates the earlier detections by 758:spacecraft did not detect interstellar 610:Evidence presented at a meeting of the 174:originating from the Sun, known as the 4866:Psychological and sociological effects 4555: 3969:. Prometheus Books. pp. 154–155. 3855: 3591: 2492:"Imaging of the Heliospheric Boundary" 1777: 1775: 1318: 783:The heliotail is the several thousand 429:. This takes place in several stages: 365:once approximately every 25 days, the 349:The solar wind consists of particles ( 2900:. National Geographic. Archived from 2827: 2825: 1498:Timeline of exploration and detection 7: 3514:Oct.15/09 IBEX team announcement at 3091:Greicius, Tony (11 September 2013). 3031:from the original on 23 January 2021 2776:. NASA. 14 June 2012. Archived from 2473:"Voyager – The Interstellar Mission" 1603:detected an increase in cosmic rays. 1216:Graphs of heliosheath detections by 27:Region of space dominated by the Sun 3634:. NASA. 9 June 2011. Archived from 2608:Amos, Jonathan (14 December 2010). 3689:"NASA – Pioneer-10 and Pioneer-11" 2896:Vergano, Dan (14 September 2013). 2369:A. Gurnett, Donald (1 June 2005). 2346:. 10 December 2007. Archived from 1860:. 10 December 2007. Archived from 1141:Solar and Heliospheric Observatory 1045:are traveling outward through the 973:It was long hypothesized that the 561:'s termination shock, followed by 25: 4129:. Universe Today. 9 December 2003 4079:(5714): 1447–1449.(SciHomepage). 3281:Palmer, Jason (15 October 2009). 2966:Hatfield, Miles (15 April 2021). 2610:"Voyager near Solar Systems edge" 2420:Shiga, David (10 December 2007). 2312:Steigerwald, Bill (24 May 2005). 2075:Mursula, K.; Hiltula, T. (2003). 2028:"The Heliospheric Magnetic Field" 2000:Crowley, James (11 August 2020). 1325:leading to a boundary called the 1171:Solar Wind Composition Experiment 750:10 km) from the Sun. Unlike 228:of the interstellar medium. The " 5371: 5359: 5347: 5335: 5323: 5297: 4965: 4766: 4765: 4560: 3963:Kanipe, Jeff (27 January 2011). 3911:Potter, Sean (9 December 2018). 3842:University of Arizona Repository 3470:"The Bubble of Our Solar System" 1515:while observing the binary star 1208:Scientific Visualization Studio. 886: 762:while crossing the heliosheath. 483: 74: 63: 54: 43: 3364:Letzter, Rafi (9 August 2018). 2806:. 30 April 2011. Archived from 2581:Zell, Holly (5 December 2011). 2543:Rayl, A. j. s. (12 June 2011). 2392:Biever, Celeste (25 May 2005). 2032:Living Reviews in Solar Physics 1478:. Upon passing the heliopause, 680:At a distance of about 113 AU, 539:, heating, and a change in the 433:The solar wind is traveling at 1980:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 1758:NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1350:Interstellar Boundary Explorer 1268:(launched 1977, ongoing), and 1096:Interstellar Boundary Explorer 991:telescope. The red giant star 790:Interstellar Boundary Explorer 186:, the heliosphere shields the 1: 4748:List of heliophysics missions 4206:Gough, Evan (7 August 2020). 3614:"NASA/Marshall Solar Physics" 3420:. 14 May 2012. Archived from 3209:American Astronomical Society 3123:Greicius, Tony (5 May 2015). 2832:Greicius, Tony (5 May 2015). 1665:Martha, Gale (1 April 2013). 1309:, solar wind particles reach 1175:McMath–Pierce solar telescope 1115:List of heliophysics missions 675:interplanetary magnetic field 184:interplanetary magnetic field 4753:Category:Missions to the Sun 3836:Thomas, Hall, Doyle (1992). 3309:Geophysical Research Letters 3175:Zell, Holly (6 March 2015). 3050:Zell, Holly (6 March 2015). 3017:Cole, Steve (10 July 2013). 2265:Astronomy Picture of the Day 2081:Geophysical Research Letters 1503:1904: Astronomers using the 1256:(1972–1997; data to 67 AU), 190:from significant amounts of 2520:Cook, J.-R. (9 June 2011). 2371:"Voyager Termination Shock" 2193:Zell, Holly (7 June 2013). 1883:Matson, J. (27 June 2013). 1245:heliospheric magnetic field 1239:speed and distance from Sun 1206:Goddard Space Flight Center 848:, which is a region in the 409:heliospheric magnetic field 367:heliospheric magnetic field 5430: 3618:solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov 3267:10.1088/0004-637X/763/1/20 1809:10.1007/s11214-022-00943-x 1183:Big Bear Solar Observatory 1146:Solar Dynamics Observatory 1112: 966: 874: 612:American Geophysical Union 471: 405:heliospheric current sheet 399:Heliospheric current sheet 396: 393:Heliospheric current sheet 338: 29: 5293: 4963: 4761: 4729:G-type main-sequence star 4293: 3598:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3527:Kerr, Richard A. (2009). 3156:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2945:10.1038/s41550-019-0928-3 2874:10.1038/nature.2013.13735 2752:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2448:Than, Ker (24 May 2006). 2344:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1945:10.1038/s41550-020-1036-0 1370:10 mi), detected by 1299:fast-moving neutral atoms 895:This section needs to be 877:Hydrogen (disambiguation) 741:On November 5, 2018, the 492:This section needs to be 474:Termination Shock (novel) 5394:Local Interstellar Cloud 4592:In mythology and culture 3548:10.1126/science.326_350a 1452:, launched a year after 842:Local Interstellar Cloud 4093:10.1126/science.1107953 3667:www.NASASpaceFlight.com 1706:10.1029/RG005i001p00001 1667:"The Sun's Heliosphere" 1505:Potsdam Great Refractor 1285:near obstacles such as 1198:Energetic neutral atoms 1019:Detection by spacecraft 551:from the Sun. In 2004, 5409:Trans-Neptunian region 5304:Outer space portal 4459:Supra-arcade downflows 3790:"The Pioneer Missions" 2585:. NASA. Archived from 1599:June 2012: At 119 AU, 1585:energetic neutral atom 1397:as of 25 August 2012. 1276:energetic neutral atom 1240: 1225: 1209: 1181:, and the refurbished 1179:GREGOR Solar Telescope 1128: 1127:spacecraft circa 2011. 1091: 1015: 827: 824:Energetic neutral atom 816: 635: 577:limited-access highway 520: 389: 357:) and fields like the 312: 18:Heliopause (astronomy) 4936:Extraterrestrial life 4439:Coronal mass ejection 4050:European Space Agency 3571:http://ibex.swri.edu/ 3516:http://ibex.swri.edu/ 3491:"IBEX - NASA Science" 3246:Astrophysical Journal 3001:Astrobiology Magazine 2673:10.1038/news.2011.370 2549:The Planetary Society 1789:Space Science Reviews 1641:Coronal mass ejection 1511:find evidence of the 1231: 1215: 1196: 1122: 1090:IBEX heliosphere map. 1089: 1010: 1003:Observational methods 995:in the constellation 967:Further information: 927:. The mission of the 822: 814: 667:magnetic reconnection 657:interstellar medium. 633: 518: 387: 345:Interplanetary medium 306: 4703:Standard solar model 4673:Solar radio emission 4491:List of solar cycles 4248:17 June 2016 at the 4191:10.1029/2011EO360001 3340:10.1029/2018GL078808 2904:on 13 September 2013 2102:10.1029/2003GL018201 2053:10.12942/lrsp-2013-5 1260:(1973–1995; 44 AU), 1222:Voyager 2. Voyager 2 712:galactic cosmic rays 671:solar magnetic field 203:Alexander J. Dessler 4523:Magnetic switchback 4183:2011EOSTr..92..297S 4085:2005Sci...307.1447L 3995:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov 3885:Sky & Telescope 3850:1992PhDT........12H 3760:www.astronautix.com 3638:on 23 December 2018 3424:on 17 December 2012 3332:2018GeoRL..45.8022G 3258:2013ApJ...763...20Z 3058:on 9 September 2018 2937:2019NatAs...3.1013S 2710:10.1038/nature10115 2702:2011Natur.474..359K 2350:on 13 December 2007 2093:2003GeoRL..30.2135M 2044:2013LRSP...10....5O 1937:2020NatAs...4..675O 1889:Scientific American 1864:on 25 November 2021 1801:2023SSRv..219...18B 1731:. 12 September 2013 1698:1967RvGSP...5....1D 1671:Scientific Explorer 1513:interstellar medium 1315:interstellar medium 1189:Exploration history 865:interstellar medium 703:interstellar medium 533:interstellar medium 461:interstellar medium 427:interstellar medium 369:transported by the 289:interstellar medium 168:interstellar medium 92:interstellar medium 32:Stellar-wind bubble 5219:Other technologies 4713:Sunlight radiation 4308:Internal structure 3944:. 10 December 2018 3729:on 12 January 2005 3283:"BBC News article" 3093:"Voyager Glossary" 2859:Cowen, R. (2013). 2810:on 27 January 2017 2644:. 13 December 2010 1760:. 10 December 2018 1621:Voyager spacecraft 1395:interstellar space 1241: 1226: 1210: 1164:Parker Solar Probe 1129: 1094:Initial data from 1092: 1016: 949:Voyager spacecraft 831:Outside structures 828: 817: 785:astronomical units 701:is stopped by the 636: 618:suggests that the 571:30 km/s, the 549:astronomical units 521: 390: 375:geomagnetic storms 313: 293:Inner Solar System 287:or the traversing 273:interstellar space 269:marks the boundary 242:astronomical units 195:ionizing radiation 118:Voyager spacecraft 5311: 5310: 5289: 5288: 5198:Carbonated drinks 5170:Human spaceflight 5050:of items in space 4961: 4960: 4779: 4778: 4743:Solar observatory 4658:Solar observation 4556:Termination shock 4472: 4471: 4424:Transition region 3887:. 10 October 2018 3766:on 20 August 2016 3541:(5951): 350–351. 3316:(16): 8022–8028. 2931:(11): 1013–1018. 2696:(7351): 359–361. 2171:. 16 October 2009 1626:5 November 2018: 1319:termination shock 1204:. Credit: NASA / 916: 915: 775:mission in 2021. 513: 512: 468:Termination shock 209:, which includes 182:. As part of the 16:(Redirected from 5421: 5376: 5375: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5340: 5339: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5319: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5166: 4969: 4824: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4783: 4769: 4768: 4358:Supergranulation 4346: 4280: 4273: 4266: 4257: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4202: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4113: 4112: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4022:. Archived from 4020:www.jpl.nasa.gov 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3908: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3877: 3868: 3867: 3861: 3853: 3833: 3824: 3823: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3796:. Archived from 3785: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3762:. Archived from 3752: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3725:. Archived from 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3699:on 29 April 2017 3695:. Archived from 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3659: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3597: 3589: 3582: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3550: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3495:science.nasa.gov 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3449:. 20 August 1971 3448: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3361: 3352: 3351: 3325: 3303: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3237: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3212:. Archived from 3199: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3183:on 1 August 2023 3179:. Archived from 3172: 3161: 3160: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3127:. Archived from 3120: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3099:on 11 March 2023 3095:. Archived from 3088: 3082: 3081: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3054:. Archived from 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3014: 3005: 3004: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2925:Nature Astronomy 2920: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2876: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2836:. Archived from 2829: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2770: 2757: 2756: 2743: 2730: 2729: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2634: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2578: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2551:. Archived from 2540: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2496: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2475:. Archived from 2468: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2255: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2226: 2211: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2197:. Archived from 2190: 2181: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2165: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2130: 2115: 2114: 2104: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2055: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2012: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1930: 1915:Nature Astronomy 1906: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1850: 1839: 1838: 1828: 1779: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1750: 1741: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1721: 1710: 1709: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1662: 1606:25 August 2012: 1493: 1484: 1407: 1404:10 km; 1.13 1403: 1384: 1380: 1369: 1366:10 km; 1.05 1365: 1348:, but data from 1073: 911: 908: 902: 890: 889: 882: 863:The flow of the 854:Milky Way Galaxy 749: 733: 508: 505: 499: 487: 486: 479: 154:, and outermost 132: 78: 67: 58: 47: 21: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5414:Voyager program 5384: 5383: 5382: 5370: 5360: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5334: 5324: 5322: 5314: 5312: 5307: 5298: 5296: 5285: 5214: 5155: 5020: 4970: 4957: 4882: 4815: 4810: 4780: 4775: 4757: 4731: 4717: 4683:Solar telescope 4663:Solar phenomena 4638:Solar astronomy 4575: 4537: 4533:Helioseismology 4468: 4454:Helmet streamer 4410: 4382: 4335: 4331:Convection zone 4302: 4289: 4284: 4252:(NASA 06.09.11) 4250:Wayback Machine 4229: 4216: 4214: 4205: 4177:(36): 297–298. 4168: 4165: 4163:Further reading 4152: 4150: 4141: 4132: 4130: 4125: 4122: 4117: 4116: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4052:. 15 March 2013 4044: 4043: 4039: 4029: 4027: 4014: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3945: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3921: 3919: 3910: 3909: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3879: 3878: 3871: 3854: 3835: 3834: 3827: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3803: 3801: 3800:on 29 June 2011 3787: 3786: 3779: 3769: 3767: 3756:"Pioneer 10–11" 3754: 3753: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3672: 3670: 3661: 3660: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3427: 3425: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3363: 3362: 3355: 3305: 3304: 3297: 3287: 3285: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3239: 3238: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3216:on 14 June 2000 3201: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3174: 3173: 3164: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3131:on 11 June 2020 3122: 3121: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3016: 3015: 3008: 3003:. 12 July 2013. 2995: 2994: 2990: 2976: 2974: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2907: 2905: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2840:on 11 June 2020 2831: 2830: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2780:on 17 June 2012 2772: 2771: 2760: 2745: 2744: 2733: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2636: 2635: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2589:on 8 March 2015 2580: 2579: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2555:on 16 June 2011 2542: 2541: 2537: 2527: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2504: 2502: 2494: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2479:on 8 July 2013. 2470: 2469: 2465: 2455: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2376: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2353: 2351: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2296: 2294: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2257: 2256: 2249: 2239: 2237: 2228: 2227: 2214: 2204: 2202: 2201:on 17 June 2016 2192: 2191: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2167: 2166: 2153: 2143: 2141: 2132: 2131: 2118: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2010: 2008: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1984: 1982: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1893: 1891: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1852: 1851: 1842: 1781: 1780: 1773: 1763: 1761: 1752: 1751: 1744: 1734: 1732: 1723: 1722: 1713: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1637: 1500: 1491: 1482: 1405: 1401: 1382: 1381:10 km; 1.1 1378: 1367: 1363: 1311:escape velocity 1191: 1117: 1111: 1084: 1071: 1063: 1061:Cassini results 1057:has been lost. 1021: 1005: 971: 965: 912: 906: 903: 900: 891: 887: 880: 873: 836:as detected by 833: 781: 747: 731: 691: 641: 614:in May 2005 by 509: 503: 500: 497: 488: 484: 477: 470: 457:Galactic Center 418: 401: 395: 377:in the Earth's 353:atoms from the 347: 339:Main articles: 337: 301: 281: 249:Voyager program 222:region of Pluto 164:region of space 140: 139: 138: 137: 136: 130: 110: 81: 80: 79: 70: 69: 68: 60: 59: 50: 49: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5427: 5425: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5368: 5356: 5344: 5332: 5309: 5308: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5262:for spacecraft 5259: 5251: 5246: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5174: 5172: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5047: 5039: 5034: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4980: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4943: 4941:Microorganisms 4938: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4869: 4868: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4836:The human body 4832: 4830: 4821: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4801: 4794: 4786: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4725: 4723:Spectral class 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4653:Solar neutrino 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4633:Solar activity 4630: 4628:Sun in fiction 4625: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4606: 4601: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4547: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4482: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4464:Alfvén surface 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4420: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4392: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4354: 4352: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4321:Radiation zone 4318: 4312: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4275: 4268: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4240: 4235: 4228: 4227:External links 4225: 4224: 4223: 4212:Universe Today 4203: 4164: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4149:on 13 May 2007 4139: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4063: 4037: 4026:on 17 May 2017 4007: 3982: 3975: 3955: 3929: 3898: 3869: 3825: 3822:. 23 May 2022. 3811: 3777: 3740: 3710: 3680: 3669:. 15 July 2017 3649: 3623: 3605: 3574: 3562: 3519: 3507: 3482: 3460: 3435: 3409: 3384: 3353: 3295: 3273: 3227: 3194: 3162: 3142: 3110: 3083: 3069: 3042: 3006: 2988: 2958: 2915: 2888: 2851: 2821: 2791: 2758: 2731: 2678: 2655: 2626: 2600: 2566: 2535: 2512: 2482: 2471:JPL.NASA.GOV. 2463: 2440: 2412: 2384: 2361: 2331: 2320:on 16 May 2020 2304: 2282: 2247: 2212: 2182: 2151: 2116: 2067: 2018: 1992: 1966: 1921:(7): 675–683. 1901: 1875: 1840: 1771: 1742: 1711: 1676: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1624: 1611: 1604: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1577: 1574:axisymmetrical 1566: 1559: 1556:Ly-α radiation 1552: 1543: 1534: 1531: 1526:January 1959: 1524: 1499: 1496: 1494:observations. 1190: 1187: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1110: 1107: 1083: 1080: 1062: 1059: 1020: 1017: 1004: 1001: 964: 961: 929:Voyager 1 914: 913: 894: 892: 885: 872: 869: 832: 829: 780: 777: 690: 687: 640: 637: 601:hydraulic jump 541:magnetic field 535:. This causes 527:slows down to 511: 510: 491: 489: 482: 469: 466: 465: 464: 453: 450: 446: 417: 416:Edge structure 414: 397:Main article: 394: 391: 359:magnetic field 336: 333: 300: 297: 280: 277: 135: 134: 121: 111: 109: 108: 102: 95: 84: 83: 82: 73: 72: 71: 62: 61: 53: 52: 51: 42: 41: 40: 39: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5426: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5399:Space plasmas 5397: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5367: 5357: 5355: 5345: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5331: 5321: 5317: 5306: 5305: 5292: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5231:Manufacturing 5229: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5004:Magnetosphere 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4802: 4800: 4795: 4793: 4788: 4787: 4784: 4772: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4698:Space weather 4696: 4694: 4693:Space climate 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4668:Solar physics 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4597:Lunar eclipse 4595: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4551:Current sheet 4549: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4508:Solar minimum 4506: 4504: 4503:Solar maximum 4501: 4499: 4498:Active region 4496: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4378:Ellerman bomb 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4276: 4274: 4269: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4064: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4008: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3983: 3978: 3976:9781591028826 3972: 3968: 3967: 3959: 3956: 3943: 3942:Astronomy Now 3939: 3933: 3930: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3601: 3595: 3587: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3530: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3511: 3508: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3471: 3464: 3461: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3410: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3373: 3372: 3367: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3284: 3277: 3274: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3198: 3195: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3130: 3126: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3084: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3043: 3030: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2916: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2852: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2753: 2748: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2682: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2656: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2601: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2536: 2523: 2516: 2513: 2500: 2493: 2486: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2467: 2464: 2451: 2444: 2441: 2429: 2428: 2427:New Scientist 2423: 2416: 2413: 2401: 2400: 2399:New Scientist 2395: 2388: 2385: 2372: 2365: 2362: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2305: 2292: 2286: 2283: 2271: 2267: 2266: 2261: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2236:. 10 May 2012 2235: 2231: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2170: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2140: 2136: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2071: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2022: 2019: 2007: 2003: 1996: 1993: 1981: 1977: 1970: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1905: 1902: 1890: 1886: 1879: 1876: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1759: 1755: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1730: 1726: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1680: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1661: 1658: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1489: 1481: 1477: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1385:10 mi), 1375: 1373: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1339: 1335:in 2004, and 1334: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1177:or the newer 1176: 1172: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1126: 1121: 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