628:
476:
462:
victors captured 400 elephants and slew 3,000 men of the Afghan army. Imagining victory already gained, many of Tardi Beg's followers dispersed to plunder the enemy camp, and he was left in the field very thinly guarded. All this time Hemu had been holding 300 choice elephants and a force of select horsemen as a reserve in the centre. He promptly seized the opportunity and made a sudden charge upon Tardi Beg with this reserve. At the impetuous advance of the huge beasts and the dense cavalry behind them, many of the Mughal officers fled away in terror without waiting to offer a defence. At last Tardi Beg himself took the same course.
434:, that Hemu had captured Agra and intended to attack the capital Delhi which could not be defended without reinforcements. While the main army could not be spared due to the belligerent presence of Sikandar Shah Suri, Akbar's regent, Bairam Khan, realising the gravity of the situation, sent his most capable lieutenant, Pir Muhammad Sharwani, to Delhi. Meanwhile, Tardi Beg Khan had also ordered all the Mughal nobles in the vicinity to muster their forces at Delhi. A council of war was convened where it was decided that the Mughals would stand and fight Hemu, and plans were made accordingly.
595:. His left was led by his sister's son, Ramya, and the right by Shadi Khan Kakkar. It was a desperately contested battle but the advantage tilted in favour of Hemu. Both the wings of the Mughal army had been driven back and Hemu moved his contingent of war elephants and cavalry forward to crush their centre. Hemu was on the cusp of victory when he was wounded in the eye by a Mughal arrow and collapsed unconscious. This triggered a panic in his army which broke formation and fled. The battle was lost; 5000 dead lay on the field of battle and many more were killed while fleeing.
670:
565:
396:
1745:
410:, on 23 July 1555, the Mughals finally recovered Delhi and Agra. Hemu was in Bengal when Humayun died on 26 January 1556. His death gave Hemu an ideal opportunity to defeat the Mughals. He started a rapid march from Bengal and drove the Mughals out of Bayana, Etawah, Sambhal, Kalpi, and Narnaul. In Agra, the governor evacuated the city and fled without a fight upon hearing of Hemu's invasion.
360:. The new ruler was however more interested in the pursuit of pleasure than affairs of the state. But Hemu threw in his lot with Adil Shah and his military successes led him to being elevated to the position of chief minister and the general supervisor of the state. According to Abu'l-Fazl, Hemu "undertook all appointments and dismissals, and the distribution of justice" in the Shah's court.
62:
369:
1205:
Bairam Khan begged him to slay Himu with his own hands in order to gain the reward of Jihad (crusade against infidels) and the title of Ghazi (hero combating infiedels). Akbar accordingly struck Himu with his sword. The story of Akbar's magnanimity and refusal to kill a fallen foe seems to be a later
693:
for centuries. However, Given the Hemu's army and administrative base consisted of ethnic afghans loyal to 'Sur
Dynasty', the feasibility of him retaining the royal status is questioned. it would have been an ill-advised move as Hemu's military force was composed almost entirely of Afghans. According
590:
On 5 November 1556, the Mughal army met Hemu's army at the historic battlefield of
Panipat. Akbar and Bairam Khan stayed in the rear, eight miles from the battleground. The Mughal army was led by Ali Quli Khan Shaibani in the centre with Sikandar Khan Uzbak on the right and Abdulla Khan Uzbak towards
517:
merely states that Hemu took on said title, but refrains from saying anything more. Secondly, it would have been an ill-advised move as Hemu's military force was composed almost entirely of
Afghans. According to Bada'uni, there were also some murmurings against Hemu amongst the Afghans who were "sick
504:
do not believe that this implies that Hemu had declared himself to be an independent king. He reasons that, for one, none of the Mughal authors of the time explicitly say so in their histories. In the
Akbarnama, Abu'l-Fazl writes that after Hemu's victory at Tughlaqabad, "the ambition of sovereignty"
336:
and during his rule, Hemu rose to become the superintendent of the market in Delhi with some military experience under his belt. Hemu is subsequently said to have been appointed the Chief of
Intelligence and Superintendent of Posts. Other sources also place him as a surveyor of the imperial kitchens.
1151:
Bairam Khan asked his royal ward to earn the title of ghazi by slaying the infidel Hemu, with his own hands. We are told by a contemporary writer, Muhammad Arif Qandh that he complied with the request and severed Hemu's head from his body. Abul Fazl's statement that he refused to kill a dying man is
379:
Hemu, besides being a highly capable civil administrator, was also the finest military mind on the Afghan side after the demise of Sher Shah Suri. He is reputed to have waged and won as many as 22 battles against the opponents of Adil Shah. Many of these battles were against
Afghans who had rebelled
529:
who states in his history of the
Afghans that Hemu "raised the royal canopy over him, and ordered coin to be struck in his name". This was done in connivance with the Afghans to whom he had liberally distributed the spoils. But Eraly notes that Hemu continued to humour Adil Shah with professions of
1259:
The place was strong and there was much fighting, and the father of HemĆ« was captured and brought alive before the NÄáčŁir-al-mulk. The latter called upon him to change his religion. The old man answered, "for eighty years I've worshipped my God, according to this religion. Why should I change it at
697:
Even Hemu's enemies were in grudging admiration of him. Abu'l-Fazl praises his lofty spirit, courage, and enterprise, wishing that young Akbar or perhaps a wise member of his court had deigned to keep Hemu prisoner rather than executing him, in the hope that he could have been persuaded to join
466:
Hemu's push was also bolstered by the timely arrival of fresh reinforcements from Alwar under the command of Haji Khan. When the previously victorious Mughal vanguard and left wing returned from their pursuit, they realised that the day was lost and dispersed without offering a fight. Hemu took
461:
was thus drawn up: Abdullah Uzbeg commanded the Van, Haidar
Muhammad the right wing, Iskandar Beg the left, and Tardi Beg himself the centre. The choice Turki cavalry in the van and left wing attacked and drove back the enemy forces before them, and followed far in pursuit. In this assault the
340:
Islam Shah, who liked to place Hindus in command alongside Afghan officers so that they could spy on each other, recognised Hemu's soldierly qualities and assigned him responsibilities equivalent to those of a high-ranking officer. Hemu was then dispatched to monitor the movements of
Humayun's
586:
On hearing the disastrous news from
Tughlaqabad, Akbar immediately set off for Delhi. Ali Quli Khan Shaibani who had been sent ahead with 10,000-strong cavalry force chanced upon Hemu's artillery which was being transported under a weak guard. He was easily able to capture the entire train of
688:
is considered a notable turning point in history. But if not for the stray arrow in a battle where he was in a position of strength, Hemu Vikramaditya could well have brought about a restoration of a "Sanskritic monarchical tradition" to a region which had been subject to
627:
392:. Hemu gave chase again and fought Karrani at Chunar and was victorious once more. However, just as at Chibramau, Karrani gave him the slip again. Hemu asked Adil Shahâwho had accompanied himâto remain at Chunar and proceeded to chase Karrani all the way to Bengal.
832:. Others name him a Gaur Brahmin, a Dhƫsar Bhargav a Dhusar who "are supposed to be a sub-division of Gaur Brahmins", a "Dhusar or Bhargava, who claim to be Gaur Brahmins", a Dhusar, a "caste of the Vaish or Baniyas, who now claim to be Bharagava Brahmins", etc.
607:, he refused to take the sword to a dead man. However, this is not attested by contemporary chronicler Muhammad Arif Qandhari who composed the "Tarikh-i-Akbari" states that Akbar followed Bairam Khan's advice and himself beheaded Hemu and took the title of
302:
who served in the court of Akbar. Modern historians differ on his family's ancestral home and the place and year of his birth. What is generally accepted is that he was born in a Hindu family of limited means, and that he spent his childhood in the city of
650:) was captured by Pir Muhammad, a Mughal officer who had fought at Panipat. Pir Muhammad offered to spare the life of Hemu's elderly father if he converted to Islam. When the old man refused, he was executed. However, Hemu's wife did manage to escape.
1260:
this time, and why should I, merely from fear of my life, and without understanding it come into your way of worship." Pir Muáž„ammad treated his words as if he heard them not, and answered him with the tongue of the sword.
311:
of Rajasthan who became Puran Das after acquiring sainthood at the Macheri village of Alwar district in Rajasthan. Due to his family's financial condition, Hemu at a young age started working as a tradesman of
533:
Whether he had set himself up as an independent king or not, Hemu Vikramaditya's reign was to be short-lived as he would again clash with the Mughals only a month later. This time the battlefield would be at
660:
The spoils from the battle at Panipat included 120 of Hemu's war elephants whose destructive rampages so impressed the Mughals that the animals soon became an integral part of their military strategies.
441:, a village just outside Delhi where he ran into Tardi Beg Khan's forces. The Mughals while outnumbered, put up a gallant fight against Hemu's forces which, according to Bada'uni, included 1000
324:
Details of Hemu's early career are vague and involve much speculation. Following his start as a seller of saltpetre, he is said to have been a trader or a weighman in the market. After
274:
and assumed the title of Vikramaditya that had been adopted by many Indian kings in the past. A month later, Hemu was wounded by a chance arrow and captured unconscious during the
603:
The elephant carrying the wounded Hemu was captured and led to the Mughal camp. Bairam Khan asked the 13-year-old Akbar to behead Hemu. According to Akbar's later courtier
2791:
887:, p. 448: Qanungo states that Islam Shah raised Hemu to the position that Brahmjit Gaur held under Sher Shah Suri. Brahmjit Gaur has been described as a "fort general".
294:
Contemporary accounts of Hemu's early life are fragmentary, due to his humble background, and often biased, because they were written by Mughal historians such as
2821:
2094:
1398:
1481:
1222:
497:), an appellation used by a number of Hindu kings in India's ancient past. What this signifies is, however, a subject of speculation among historians.
2826:
2079:
475:
2034:
2029:
1734:
521:
Other historians describe Hemu's claim to be an attempt to set himself up as an independent king, throwing off the yoke of Adil Shah's authority.
1018:
2684:
1902:
2831:
1653:
1178:
2238:
694:
to Bada'uni, there were also some murmurings against Hemu amongst the Afghans who were "sick of his usurpation ⊠prayed for his downfall".
591:
the left and the vanguard led by Husain Quli Beg and Shah Quli Mahram. Hemu led his army himself into battle, atop an elephant named
1625:
1597:
1566:
1538:
1517:
1460:
1421:
1372:
2049:
2781:
2730:
2411:
2273:
2084:
2816:
1907:
2248:
2659:
2576:
388:
towards the east. He was overtaken by Hemu at Chibramau and defeated, but somehow managed to escape and plundered his way to
357:
220:
2024:
2836:
2669:
2613:
1892:
611:. The account of Akbar's refusal to behead Hemu is probably a later invention of his courtiers. Hemu's head was sent to
1185:
It may be recalled that as an adolescent, Akbar had earned the title of Ghazi by beheading the defenseless infidel Himu
2846:
2811:
2386:
2283:
1727:
669:
654:
2806:
2483:
2465:
2253:
1744:
501:
295:
2044:
2841:
2503:
2202:
2197:
1912:
1897:
1477:
1218:
604:
299:
1712:
1324:
2796:
2597:
2192:
2167:
2107:
2074:
2019:
559:
275:
2054:
1706:
1688:
1682:
1700:
1487:
1228:
653:
With the passing of Hemu, Adil Shah's fortunes also took a turn for the worse. He was defeated and killed by
384:, a member of Islam Shah's court who, rather than serving Adil Shah, decided to flee with his followers from
2801:
2531:
2475:
2172:
2162:
1393:
719:
702:
543:
582:. Neither Hemu nor Akbar are depicted here suggesting that this might be part of a double-page composition.
2508:
2460:
2112:
1720:
2607:
2561:
2523:
422:
271:
31:
635:
manuscript depicting a tower of skulls being built with the remains of Hemu's soldiers and supporters,
2776:
2644:
2137:
690:
2786:
2425:
2324:
2182:
2157:
1885:
1854:
2488:
2278:
2217:
2187:
2122:
2014:
1864:
1834:
1799:
1694:
407:
996:: Modern critical scholarship however believes Yadgar's book to be of questionable authenticity.
564:
2750:
2571:
2566:
2546:
2513:
2391:
2319:
2258:
2212:
2207:
2177:
2132:
1649:
1621:
1593:
1562:
1534:
1513:
1456:
1417:
1368:
1174:
1142:
446:
413:
Hemu's most notable victory took place shortly thereafter against the Mughals at Tughlaqabad.
1642:
Roy, Kaushik (2013). "Fazl, Abul (1551â1602)". In Coetzee, Daniel; Eysturlid, Lee W. (eds.).
2551:
2541:
2376:
2288:
2263:
2233:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2127:
1917:
1503:
1299:
514:
381:
240:
181:
619:
on a gate in Delhi. A minaret was subsequently constructed of the heads of the other dead.
395:
2740:
2664:
2649:
2639:
2602:
2536:
2498:
2381:
2356:
2117:
1989:
1974:
1880:
1819:
1756:
1358:
608:
450:
353:
283:
307:
south-west of Delhi. Modern research confirms that Hemu was born to Rai Puran Bhargav, a
270:
Hemu claimed royal status after defeating Akbar's Mughal forces on 7 October 1556 in the
235:
were vying for power across North India. He fought Afghan rebels across North India from
17:
2745:
2735:
2710:
2679:
2592:
2346:
2268:
2243:
2102:
2059:
1844:
1804:
1784:
1407:
427:
325:
264:
93:
2770:
2654:
2064:
1964:
1829:
1824:
1809:
1748:
1583:
522:
442:
437:
After winning Agra, Hemu, who had set off in pursuit of the city's governor, reached
308:
244:
236:
228:
215:; 1501 â 5 November 1556) was an Indian king who previously served as a general and
2674:
2493:
2450:
2336:
2329:
2314:
1979:
1954:
1849:
1814:
526:
490:
372:
342:
52:
489:
After taking control of Delhi, Hemu claimed royal status and assumed the title of
1643:
1615:
1587:
1556:
1528:
1507:
1450:
1439:
1413:
Medieval India: From Sultanate To The Mughals, Part II: Mughal Empire (1526â1748)
1411:
1383:
1362:
1198:
1168:
2725:
2634:
2445:
2396:
2361:
2304:
1984:
1969:
1959:
1949:
1944:
1645:
Philosophers of war : the evolution of history's greatest military thinkers
1019:"Mughal Painting Under Akbar: the Melbourne Hamza-nama and Akbar-nama paintings"
714:
547:
458:
438:
140:
61:
2755:
2720:
2700:
2406:
2341:
2069:
1994:
1939:
1839:
1789:
1620:. Janpath, New Delhi: Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. p. 53.
333:
329:
232:
224:
80:
430:, who was Akbar's governor in Delhi, wrote to his masters who were camped at
352:
Islam Shah died on 30 October 1553 and was succeeded by his 12-year-old son,
2715:
2556:
2440:
2401:
1794:
1253:
1164:
579:
431:
399:
313:
1146:
698:
imperial Mughal service where he would surely have distinguished himself.
505:
was stirring within him. According to Bada'uni, Hemu took on the title of
368:
2455:
2309:
1859:
1779:
510:
167:
48:
2371:
1769:
1136:
829:
674:
535:
385:
248:
128:
2366:
2039:
1332:
701:
Hemu's supporters erected a memorial for him at Panipat now known as
681:
616:
389:
346:
304:
216:
1930:
1774:
1764:
1558:
India's historic battles : from Alexander the Great to Kargil
668:
647:
626:
612:
563:
539:
474:
394:
367:
356:, who was killed within three days of his accession by his uncle,
279:
260:
252:
115:
103:
256:
1716:
1200:
The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Mughal empire
406:
After the victory of Humayun over Adil Shah's brother-in-law,
199:
467:
possession of Delhi after a day's battle on 7 October 1556.
190:
1416:(Third ed.). Har-Anand Publications. pp. 91â93.
1270:
1268:
1095:
1093:
938:
936:
587:
artillery. This would prove to be a costly loss for Hemu.
1402:. Vol. 7: The Mughal Empire. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
771:
769:
767:
765:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
1068:
1066:
1041:
1039:
953:
951:
923:
921:
919:
917:
856:
854:
852:
850:
788:
786:
784:
1509:
The Mughal Empire (The New Cambridge History of India)
740:
738:
736:
734:
193:
402:, captured by Hemu before the Battle of Tughlaqabad.
2693:
2627:
2585:
2522:
2474:
2433:
2424:
2297:
2226:
2093:
2007:
1928:
1873:
1755:
538:, not far from the site where Akbar's grandfather,
513:of Hindustan. Another contemporary historian named
196:
187:
184:
163:
155:
139:
122:
109:
99:
89:
79:
71:
41:
1589:Last Spring: The Lives and Times of Great Mughals
657:, son of Muhammad Shah of Bengal, in April 1557.
1197:S. Roy (1974). "AKBAR". In R.C. Majumdar (ed.).
1257:
455:
828:, p. 13: Richards states that Hemu was a
518:of his usurpation ⊠prayed for his downfall".
1728:
8:
1399:The History and Culture of the Indian People
1170:Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India
1325:"Places Of Interest / Hemu's Samadhi Sthal"
2430:
2090:
1925:
1735:
1721:
1713:
1648:. Santa Barbara: Praeger. pp. 43â47.
1561:. Delhi: Permanent Black. pp. 68â79.
1512:. Cambridge University Press. p. 13.
680:Hemu's rise from his humble beginnings in
60:
38:
1455:. Columbia, MO: South Asia Publications.
646:Hemu's family who lived in Machari (near
2792:People executed by India by decapitation
1452:India 2001 : reference encyclopedia
1396:(1984). "Hemu: A forgotten Hindu Hero".
1274:
1249:
1099:
1057:
957:
942:
908:
896:
841:
825:
775:
756:
684:to the assumption of the royal title of
375:, the base for many of Hemu's campaigns.
1203:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 106.
1122:
884:
860:
813:
792:
730:
227:during a period in Indian history when
1072:
1045:
927:
744:
673:A statue of Hemu at Panipat in modern
136:
1617:Dictionary of Indo-Persian literature
1533:. Oneworld Publications. p. 18.
1005:
445:, 50,000 cavalry, 51 cannons and 500
7:
2822:People executed by the Mughal Empire
993:
969:
872:
380:against Adil Shah. One of these was
1444:. Orient Longmans. pp. 448â49.
1367:. Orient Longmans. pp. 66â69.
1286:
1252:, p. 177: Tripathi quotes from the
1084:
981:
27:General, Wazir and King (died 1556)
1530:Akbar (Makers of the Muslim World)
1385:Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire
1141:. Shiva Lal Agarwala. p. 10.
631:Mughal miniature painting from an
25:
1135:Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava (1962).
278:and was subsequently beheaded by
2827:16th-century executions by India
1743:
1388:(2nd ed.). pp. 158â77.
1173:. Aditya Prakashan. p. 67.
180:
2040:Suppression of Tilpat rebellion
1438:Qanungo, Kalika Ranjan (1965).
2577:List of tombs of Mughal Empire
2035:MughalâSafavid war (1649â1653)
2030:MughalâSafavid war (1622â1623)
485:portrayal of Hemu Vikramaditya
1:
1701:TÄrikh-i-SalÄtin-i-AfghÄniyah
1677:Mughal-era historians on Hemu
1382:Tripathi, Ram Prasad (1960).
636:
572:
479:
66:A posthumous portrait of Hemu
2832:16th-century Indian monarchs
578:painting by Kankar from the
2085:MughalâPortuguese conflicts
453:describes the battle thus:
75:7 October â 5 November 1556
2863:
2484:Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad
557:
420:
345:, in the neighbourhood of
328:'s death in 1545, his son
29:
2504:Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta
1449:Myer, Hanna, ed. (1995).
1364:Military History of India
263:, winning 22 battles for
146:
135:
59:
46:
2075:Indian Rebellion of 1857
2020:Mughal conquest of Malwa
1480:. "Vol II, Chapter XI".
1394:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra
1221:. "Vol II, Chapter XI".
560:Second Battle of Panipat
554:Second Battle of Panipat
332:became the ruler of the
282:, who took the title of
276:Second Battle of Panipat
18:Hem Chander Vikramaditya
2782:Indian military leaders
2050:TibetâLadakhâMughal war
1441:Sher Shah and his Times
720:Third Battle of Panipat
213:Hemchandra Vikramaditya
2817:Executed Indian people
1300:"Hemu's Samadhi Sthal"
1262:
677:
643:
605:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
583:
486:
464:
403:
376:
2562:Tomb of Salim Chishti
2045:AhomâMughal conflicts
1795:Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)
1555:Roy, Kaushik (2004).
686:Maharaja Vikramaditya
672:
630:
567:
478:
423:Battle of Tughlaqabad
417:Battle of Tughlaqabad
398:
371:
32:Hemu (disambiguation)
2837:History of Rajasthan
2524:Tombs and mausoleums
1689:The Muntakhabu-ârĆ«kh
1527:Wink, André (2012).
703:Hemu's Samadhi Sthal
471:As Raja Vikramaditya
30:For other uses, see
2489:Jama Masjid (Delhi)
2055:MughalâMaratha wars
1697:by Nizamuddin Ahmad
1614:Hadi, Nabi (1994).
615:while his body was
500:Historians such as
2847:History of Haryana
2812:People from Rewari
2741:Nizam of Hyderabad
2015:Mughal-Rajput wars
1835:Ahmad Shah Bahadur
1800:Muhammad Azam Shah
1023:www.ngv.vic.gov.au
759:, pp. 94, 97.
678:
644:
584:
569:The defeat of Hemu
550:30 years earlier.
487:
408:Sikandar Shah Suri
404:
377:
320:Rise to prominence
2807:People from Alwar
2764:
2763:
2751:Kingdom of Mysore
2685:Foreign relations
2623:
2622:
2572:Tomb of Nur Jahan
2567:Tomb of Aurangzeb
2514:Wazir Khan Mosque
2434:Forts and palaces
2420:
2419:
2392:Guru Gobind Singh
2320:Bayazid of Sylhet
2003:
2002:
1903:Foreign relations
1655:978-0-313-07033-4
1504:Richards, John F.
1490:on 15 August 2016
1231:on 15 August 2016
1206:courtly invention
1180:978-81-86471-72-2
1165:Kishori Saran Lal
209:Hemu Vikramaditya
173:
172:
151:
150:
16:(Redirected from
2854:
2842:History of Delhi
2731:Nawabs of Bengal
2694:Successor states
2598:Shalimar Gardens
2542:Gardens of Babur
2431:
2377:Lachit Borphukan
2091:
2080:MughalâSikh wars
2025:Gujarat conquest
1926:
1918:Mughal artillery
1747:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1714:
1695:Tabaqat-i-Akbari
1666:
1664:
1662:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1523:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1486:. Archived from
1473:
1471:
1469:
1445:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1403:
1389:
1378:
1359:Sarkar, Jadunath
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1331:. Archived from
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1263:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1227:. Archived from
1215:
1209:
1208:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1103:
1097:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
946:
940:
931:
925:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
845:
839:
833:
823:
817:
811:
796:
790:
779:
773:
760:
754:
748:
742:
641:
638:
577:
574:
515:Nizamuddin Ahmad
484:
481:
382:Taj Khan Karrani
207:; also known as
206:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
137:
64:
39:
21:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2797:Indian monarchs
2767:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2736:Nawabs of Awadh
2689:
2670:Persian Mughals
2619:
2603:Achabal Gardens
2581:
2552:Jahangir's Tomb
2537:Bibi Ka Maqbara
2518:
2499:Badshahi Mosque
2470:
2416:
2382:Khushal Khattak
2357:Maharana Pratap
2293:
2222:
2203:Thanesar (1710)
2198:Thanesar (1567)
2089:
1999:
1924:
1869:
1865:Bahadur Shah II
1820:Rafi ud-Darajat
1751:
1741:
1703:by Ahmad Yadgar
1674:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1641:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1554:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1526:
1520:
1502:
1493:
1491:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1448:
1437:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1408:Chandra, Satish
1406:
1392:
1381:
1375:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1335:on 28 June 2016
1323:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1304:Haryana Tourism
1298:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1266:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1152:obviously wrong
1138:Akbar the Great
1134:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1106:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
980:
976:
968:
964:
956:
949:
941:
934:
926:
915:
907:
903:
895:
891:
883:
879:
871:
867:
859:
848:
840:
836:
824:
820:
812:
799:
791:
782:
774:
763:
755:
751:
743:
732:
728:
711:
667:
639:
625:
601:
575:
562:
556:
544:been victorious
482:
473:
451:Jadunath Sarkar
425:
419:
366:
364:Military career
322:
292:
272:Battle of Delhi
183:
179:
127:
126:5 November 1556
114:
67:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2860:
2858:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2802:Hindu monarchs
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2711:Maratha Empire
2708:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2593:Fatehpur Sikri
2589:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2547:Humayun's Tomb
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2509:Sunehri Masjid
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2461:Jahangir Mahal
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2347:Sher Shah Suri
2344:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2173:Panipat (1761)
2170:
2168:Panipat (1556)
2165:
2163:Panipat (1526)
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2108:Badli-ki-Serai
2105:
2099:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1877:
1875:
1874:Administration
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1845:Shah Jahan III
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1805:Bahadur Shah I
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1707:TĂĄrĂkh-i DĂĄĂșdĂ
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1672:External links
1670:
1668:
1667:
1654:
1639:
1626:
1611:
1598:
1592:. Penguin UK.
1584:Eraly, Abraham
1580:
1567:
1552:
1539:
1524:
1518:
1500:
1474:
1461:
1446:
1435:
1422:
1404:
1390:
1379:
1373:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1329:panipat.gov.in
1316:
1291:
1279:
1277:, p. 177.
1264:
1242:
1210:
1189:
1179:
1156:
1127:
1104:
1102:, p. 176.
1089:
1077:
1062:
1060:, p. 175.
1050:
1035:
1010:
1008:, p. 120.
998:
986:
974:
962:
947:
945:, p. 174.
932:
913:
911:, p. 159.
901:
899:, p. 170.
889:
877:
865:
846:
834:
818:
816:, p. 448.
797:
780:
778:, p. 158.
761:
749:
729:
727:
724:
723:
722:
717:
710:
707:
666:
663:
624:
621:
600:
597:
558:Main article:
555:
552:
502:Satish Chandra
472:
469:
428:Tardi Beg Khan
421:Main article:
418:
415:
365:
362:
358:Adil Shah Suri
341:half-brother,
326:Sher Shah Suri
321:
318:
291:
288:
265:Adil Shah Suri
221:Adil Shah Suri
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
157:
153:
152:
149:
148:
144:
143:
133:
132:
124:
120:
119:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
94:Adil Shah Suri
91:
87:
86:
85:7 October 1556
83:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
65:
57:
56:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2859:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:Rajput states
2714:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2065:Carnatic wars
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:Shah Jahan IV
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1830:Muhammad Shah
1828:
1826:
1825:Shah Jahan II
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:Jahandar Shah
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1749:Mughal Empire
1746:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1685:by Abu'l-Fazl
1684:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1629:
1627:9788170173113
1623:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1601:
1599:9789351181286
1595:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1570:
1568:9788178241098
1564:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1542:
1540:9781780742090
1536:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1519:9780521566032
1515:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1464:
1462:9780945921424
1458:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1425:
1423:9788124110669
1419:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1374:9780861251551
1370:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1289:, p. 47.
1288:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1275:Tripathi 1960
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1250:Tripathi 1960
1246:
1243:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1131:
1128:
1125:, p. 93.
1124:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:Tripathi 1960
1096:
1094:
1090:
1087:, p. 76.
1086:
1081:
1078:
1075:, p. 69.
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:Tripathi 1960
1054:
1051:
1048:, p. 68.
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1002:
999:
995:
990:
987:
984:, p. 73.
983:
978:
975:
971:
966:
963:
959:
958:Richards 1995
954:
952:
948:
944:
943:Tripathi 1960
939:
937:
933:
930:, p. 67.
929:
924:
922:
920:
918:
914:
910:
909:Tripathi 1960
905:
902:
898:
897:Tripathi 1960
893:
890:
886:
881:
878:
875:, p. 48.
874:
869:
866:
863:, p. 92.
862:
857:
855:
853:
851:
847:
844:, p. 94.
843:
842:Majumdar 1984
838:
835:
831:
827:
826:Richards 1995
822:
819:
815:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
798:
795:, p. 91.
794:
789:
787:
785:
781:
777:
776:Tripathi 1960
772:
770:
768:
766:
762:
758:
757:Majumdar 1984
753:
750:
747:, p. 66.
746:
741:
739:
737:
735:
731:
725:
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
708:
706:
704:
699:
695:
692:
687:
683:
676:
671:
664:
662:
658:
656:
651:
649:
634:
629:
622:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
598:
596:
594:
588:
581:
570:
566:
561:
553:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
531:
528:
524:
523:Abraham Eraly
519:
516:
512:
509:like a great
508:
503:
498:
496:
492:
477:
470:
468:
463:
460:
454:
452:
448:
444:
443:war elephants
440:
435:
433:
429:
424:
416:
414:
411:
409:
401:
397:
393:
391:
387:
383:
374:
370:
363:
361:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
338:
335:
331:
327:
319:
317:
315:
310:
306:
301:
297:
289:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
204:
177:
169:
166:
162:
159:Rai Puran Das
158:
154:
145:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
121:
117:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
63:
58:
55:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2704:
2612:
2608:Shahi Bridge
2532:Akbar's Tomb
2494:Chawk Mosque
2466:Sheesh Mahal
2451:Lalbagh Fort
2426:Architecture
2412:Hector Munro
2387:Josiah Child
2351:
2337:Ibrahim Lodi
2330:Pratapaditya
2315:Khwaja Usman
2113:Bhuchar Mori
1929:
1850:Shah Alam II
1815:Farrukhsiyar
1659:. Retrieved
1644:
1631:. Retrieved
1616:
1603:. Retrieved
1588:
1572:. Retrieved
1557:
1544:. Retrieved
1529:
1508:
1492:. Retrieved
1488:the original
1482:
1466:. Retrieved
1451:
1440:
1427:. Retrieved
1412:
1397:
1384:
1363:
1337:. Retrieved
1333:the original
1328:
1319:
1307:. Retrieved
1303:
1294:
1282:
1258:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1229:the original
1223:
1213:
1204:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1169:
1159:
1150:
1137:
1130:
1123:Chandra 2004
1080:
1053:
1026:. Retrieved
1022:
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
965:
904:
892:
885:Qanungo 1965
880:
868:
861:Chandra 2004
837:
821:
814:Qanungo 1965
793:Chandra 2004
752:
700:
696:
685:
679:
659:
652:
645:
632:
602:
592:
589:
585:
576: 1590s
568:
546:against the
532:
527:Ahmad Yadgar
520:
506:
499:
494:
491:Vikramaditya
488:
483: 1910s
465:
456:
436:
426:
412:
405:
378:
373:Gwalior Fort
351:
343:Kamran Mirza
339:
323:
309:Gaur Brahmin
293:
269:
212:
208:
175:
174:
147:Vikramaditya
53:Vikramaditya
47:
36:
2777:1556 deaths
2726:Sikh Empire
2705:interrupted
2446:Lahore Fort
2397:Henry Every
2362:Malik Ambar
2305:Baro-Bhuyan
2298:Adversaries
2284:Ranthambore
2239:Chittorgarh
2060:Child's war
1886:family tree
1709:by Abdullah
1691:by Bada'uni
1429:17 November
1073:Sarkar 1960
1046:Sarkar 1960
928:Sarkar 1960
745:Sarkar 1960
715:Chunar Fort
691:Muslim rule
640: 1590
459:Mughal Army
439:Tughlaqabad
141:Regnal name
118:, Rajasthan
90:Predecessor
51:Hemchandra
2787:Sur Empire
2771:Categories
2756:Rohilkhand
2701:Sur Empire
2407:Nader Shah
2342:Rana Sanga
2254:Daulatabad
2138:Haldighati
2070:Bengal war
1908:Government
1840:Alamgir II
1790:Shah Jahan
1478:Abu'l-Fazl
1351:References
1219:Abu'l-Fazl
1006:Eraly 2000
655:Khizr Khan
354:Firoz Khan
334:Sur Empire
330:Islam Shah
300:Abu'l-Fazl
290:Early life
247:forces of
225:Sur Empire
81:Coronation
2557:Taj Mahal
2441:Agra Fort
2402:Bajirao I
2325:Musa Khan
2279:Purandhar
2183:Raj Mahal
2158:Najafgarh
2008:Conflicts
1975:Hyderabad
1931:Provinces
1683:Akbarnama
1483:Akbarnama
1254:Akbarnama
1224:Akbarnama
994:Hadi 1994
970:Wink 2012
873:Myer 1995
633:Akbarnama
623:Aftermath
580:Akbarnama
507:Bikramjit
495:Bikramjit
447:falconets
432:Jalandhar
400:Agra Fort
314:saltpetre
131:, Haryana
100:Successor
2746:Carnatic
2665:Painting
2660:Language
2628:See also
2456:Red Fort
2310:Isa Khan
2274:Kandahar
2259:Golconda
2188:Samugarh
2123:Chanderi
1913:Military
1860:Akbar II
1785:Shahryar
1780:Jahangir
1757:Emperors
1586:(2000).
1506:(1995).
1410:(2004).
1361:(1960).
1287:Roy 2013
1167:(1999).
1085:Roy 2004
982:Roy 2004
709:See also
617:gibbeted
530:fealty.
511:Maharaja
296:Bada'uni
243:and the
168:Hinduism
164:Religion
49:Maharaja
2680:Weapons
2655:Gardens
2650:Fashion
2645:Culture
2640:Cuisine
2476:Mosques
2372:Shivaji
2289:Sambhal
2264:Hooghly
2234:Bijapur
2208:Tukaroi
2193:Sirhind
2178:Plassey
2095:Battles
1965:Gujarat
1893:Economy
1881:Dynasty
1770:Humayun
1661:20 July
1633:12 July
1605:17 July
1574:17 July
1546:17 July
1339:13 July
1309:13 July
1028:18 July
830:Vaishya
675:Haryana
536:Panipat
525:quotes
386:Gwalior
249:Humayun
233:Afghans
229:Mughals
129:Panipat
2586:Others
2367:Gokula
2227:Sieges
2218:Bhulua
2153:Khanwa
2148:Khajwa
2143:Karnal
2133:Ghagra
2128:Chausa
1990:Multan
1980:Lahore
1955:Bengal
1652:
1624:
1596:
1565:
1537:
1516:
1494:8 July
1468:5 July
1459:
1420:
1371:
1235:8 July
1177:
1147:837892
1145:
682:Rewari
665:Legacy
542:, had
390:Chunar
347:Mankot
305:Rewari
245:Mughal
241:Bengal
237:Punjab
156:Father
2675:Tribe
2269:Jinji
2249:Daman
2244:Delhi
2213:Bakla
2118:Buxar
1985:Malwa
1970:Delhi
1960:Berar
1950:Awadh
1945:Ajmer
1775:Akbar
1765:Babur
726:Notes
648:Alwar
613:Kabul
609:Ghazi
599:Death
593:Hawai
548:Lodis
540:Babur
284:Ghazi
280:Akbar
261:Delhi
253:Akbar
217:Wazir
116:Alwar
104:Akbar
2721:Jats
2614:more
2352:Hemu
2103:Agra
1995:Sira
1940:Agra
1898:Flag
1663:2016
1650:ISBN
1635:2016
1622:ISBN
1607:2016
1594:ISBN
1576:2016
1563:ISBN
1548:2016
1535:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1496:2016
1470:2016
1457:ISBN
1431:2014
1418:ISBN
1369:ISBN
1341:2016
1311:2016
1237:2016
1175:ISBN
1143:OCLC
1030:2016
571:, a
493:(or
457:The
298:and
259:and
257:Agra
251:and
231:and
211:and
176:Hemu
123:Died
113:1501
110:Born
72:Rule
42:Hemu
2635:Art
267:.
255:in
239:to
223:of
219:of
2773::
1327:.
1302:.
1267:^
1256::
1183:.
1149:.
1107:^
1092:^
1065:^
1038:^
1021:.
950:^
935:^
916:^
849:^
800:^
783:^
764:^
733:^
705:.
637:c.
573:c.
480:c.
449:.
349:.
316:.
286:.
200:uË
191:eÉȘ
2707:)
2703:(
1736:e
1729:t
1722:v
1665:.
1637:.
1609:.
1578:.
1550:.
1522:.
1498:.
1472:.
1433:.
1377:.
1343:.
1313:.
1239:.
1032:.
972:.
960:.
642:.
203:/
197:m
194:Ë
188:h
185:Ë
182:/
178:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
