203:
biotrophically inside the infected epidermal cells. During this phase, referred to as the biotrophic phase, the appressoria develops into a primary penetration hypha, which is surrounded by the invaginated plant plasma membrane, during this phase the penetrated host cell remains alive with minimum damage. The second phase, which corresponds to the appearance of symptoms, is completed 6 to 8 days after inoculation. During this phase, the necrotrophic phase, the fungus develops secondary hyphae that grow both intracellularly and intercellularly and thus acts as a typical necrotrophic pathogen. During the necrotrophic phase the fungus secretes cell wall-degrading enzymes that break down the host cell wall. After a few days the plant cell membrane disintegrates and ultimately the host cell dies. Thereafter the fungus grows as a necrotroph.
217:(Cacao). It produces meiospores, via meiosis, from the modified basidium. These spores are important as dispersal agents, for infection and survival. Meiospores germinate and produce hyphae made up of haploid cells throughout the biotrophic phase. The necrotrophic phase is thought to start from the formation of dikaryotic hyphae and continues until sporulation on the pod surface.
202:
then, on the host surface, germinate and differentiate to form a melanized infection structure devoted to mechanical penetration of the epidermal cells. After the penetration step, the infection cycle is characterized by two successive phases. In the first phase, lasting 3 to 4 days, the fungus grows
181:
Studies indicate that fungal hemibiotrophic C. lindemuthianum species undergo two distinct phases during host invasion. Initially, the biotrophic phase involves generating intracellular hyphae within intact plant cells. Subsequently, the necrotrophic phase occurs where extracellular hyphae penetrate
126:
to acquire nutrients from the host cytoplasm. However, in the hemibiotrophic life-style the pathogen later breaks down host cell walls through secretion of hydrolytic enzymes and feeds on the released nutrients. These hydrolytic enzymes and toxins are synthesized during the later necrotrophic phase.
185:
The suggestion that these fungi undergo a distinct metabolic switch from biotrophic to necrotrophic growth was boosted by the discovery of a gene that functions between the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases. The gene CLTA1 encodes a GAL4‐like transcriptional activator, which is consistent with a
114:
In contrast to biotrophs, hemibiotrophs have dual life-styles. The initial biotrophic life-style of hemibiotrophs causes minimum damage to the plant tissues, while the fungus obtains nutrients from living plant tissues
Hemibiotrophic fungi require living plant tissue to survive to complete their
173:
destructive necrotrophic phase. Hemibiotrophic bacteria are known to secrete a range of so-called effector proteins, including transcription factors and others with enzymatic activities, into host cells via the type III secretion system (T3SS) whereupon they suppress PCD and other host defenses.
172:
In the early stages of infection, the pathogens proliferate asymptomatically in the host by suppressing programmed cell death (PCD) or thwarting host defense responses, but in the later stages of infection they undergo a physiological transition from asymptomatic biotrophic growth to a highly
186:
role in reprogramming metabolism. It is clear that all pathogens are obliged to alter metabolic fluxes in numerous ways upon penetration to prepare for proliferation. This is a key postulated attribute of the hemibiotrophs and seems to be a priority subject for study.
127:
They also produce extracellular hyphae between the host cells to facilitate nutrient assimilation. Plant pathogenic fungi produce and secrete many so‐called effector proteins that interact with the host and play an important role in virulence.
945:
Meinhardt, Lyndel W; Costa, Gustavo Gilson; Thomazella, Daniela PT; Teixeira, Paulo José PL; Carazzolle, Marcelo; Schuster, Stephan C; Carlson, John E; Guiltinan, Mark J; Mieczkowski, Piotr; Farmer, Andrew; Ramaraj, Thiruvarangan (2014).
1007:"Priming of seeds with methyl jasmonate induced resistance to hemi-biotroph Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in tomato via 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, salicylic acid, and flavonol accumulation"
948:"Genome and secretome analysis of the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen, Moniliophthora roreri, which causes frosty pod rot disease of cacao: mechanisms of the biotrophic and necrotrophic phases"
1291:"A GAL4-like Protein Is Involved in the Switch between Biotrophic and Necrotrophic Phases of the Infection Process of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum on Common Bean"
468:
Kumar, Jagdish; Schäfer, Patrick; Hückelhoven, Ralph; Langen, Gregor; Baltruschat, Helmut; Stein, Elke; Nagarajan, Subramaniam; Kogel, Karl-Heinz (July 2002).
517:
Shetty, Nandini P.; Mehrabi, Rahim; Lütken, Henrik; Haldrup, Anna; Kema, Gert H. J.; Collinge, David B.; Jørgensen, Hans Jørgen Lyngs (May 2007).
906:"Localized hemibiotrophy in Colletotrichum: cytological and molecular taxonomic similarities among C. destructivum, C. linicola and C. truncatum"
106:, also exhibit characteristics of both biotrophs and necrotrophs and thus are called hemibiotrophs, depending on the stages of their life cycle.
87:. Collectively, they represent some of the most destructive plant parasites, causing huge economic losses, threatening global food security.
45:
This mode of interaction, in which initial biotrophy followed by a switch to necrotrophy, has been observed in the fungal model
470:"Bipolaris sorokiniana , a cereal pathogen of global concern: cytological and molecular approaches towards better control‡"
294:"Mediation of the transition from biotrophy to necrotrophy in hemibiotrophic plant pathogens by secreted effector proteins"
139:
64:
519:"Role of hydrogen peroxide during the interaction between the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Septoria tritici and wheat"
1409:
Münch, Steffen; Lingner, Ulrike; Floss, Daniela S.; Ludwig, Nancy; Sauer, Norbert; Deising, Holger B. (January 2008).
1524:
69:
784:"Pathogenic attributes of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum : Switching from a biotrophic to necrotrophic lifestyle"
1519:
686:"Arabidopsis pathology breathes new life into the necrotrophs-vs.-biotrophs classification of fungal pathogens"
34:
that keep its host alive while establishing itself within the host tissue, taking up the nutrients with brief
100:
1289:
Dufresne, Marie; Perfect, Sarah; Pellier, Anne-Laure; Bailey, John A.; Langin, Thierry (September 2000).
208:
162:
157:
1062:"The Colletotrichum destructivum species complex – hemibiotrophic pathogens of forage and field crops"
1422:
1179:"Disabling surveillance: bacterial type III secretion system effectors that suppress innate immunity"
1018:
795:
372:
305:
250:
92:
77:
1124:"TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM EFFECTOR PROTEINS: Double Agents in Bacterial Disease and Plant Defense"
844:"Roles for Rice Membrane Dynamics and Plasmodesmata during Biotrophic Invasion by the Blast Fungus"
194:
The hemibiotrophic life cycle involves an initial biotrophic phase and later a necrotrophic phase.
42:
life-style, where it rampantly kills the host cells, deriving its nutrients from the dead tissues.
1271:
1214:
1159:
359:
Horbach, Ralf; Navarro-Quesada, Aura Rocio; Knogge, Wolfgang; Deising, Holger B. (January 2011).
147:
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1139:
39:
35:
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799:
376:
309:
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982:
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878:
843:
600:
565:
336:
293:
54:
1325:
1290:
1232:
Chisholm, Stephen T.; Coaker, Gitta; Day, Brad; Staskawicz, Brian J. (February 2006).
1178:
518:
262:
30:
are the spectrum of plant pathogens, including bacteria, oomycete and a group of
1513:
1194:
922:
905:
751:
734:
702:
685:
582:
534:
486:
469:
437:
420:
152:
1275:
1218:
1163:
783:
134:
species are generally considered to be hemibiotrophs. Three hemibiotrophic species,
807:
361:"When and how to kill a plant cell: Infection strategies of plant pathogenic fungi"
238:
166:
1410:
1078:
1006:
360:
1434:
1030:
384:
182:
cellular boundaries, traversing plasmodesmata and spreading between host cells.
59:
1250:
1234:"Host-Microbe Interactions: Shaping the Evolution of the Plant Immune Response"
1233:
633:
1357:"Sexual recombination in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum occurs on a fine scale"
649:
632:
Latijnhouwers, Maita; de Wit, Pierre J.G.M.; Govers, Francine (October 2003).
421:"Infection structures of biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal plant pathogens"
119:
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17:
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1060:
Damm, U.; O'Connell, R.J.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Crous, P.W. (September 2014).
1046:
991:
887:
860:
823:
768:
719:
665:
609:
566:"The role of effectors of biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungi in infection"
550:
503:
454:
400:
345:
278:
1307:
318:
1373:
1356:
199:
97:
90:
A spectrum of hemibiotrophic plant pathogens, including the bacterium
842:
Kankanala, Prasanna; Czymmek, Kirk; Valent, Barbara (February 2007).
735:"Nutrition acquisition strategies during fungal infection of plants"
564:
Koeck, Markus; Hardham, Adrienne R.; Dodds, Peter N. (2011-09-14).
123:
1005:
Król, P.; Igielski, R.; Pollmann, S.; Kępczyńska, E. (May 2015).
38:-like phase. It then, in later stages of infection switches to a
782:
Kabbage, Mehdi; Yarden, Oded; Dickman, Martin B. (April 2015).
198:
is a hemibiotrophic fungus on beans (common bean anthracnose).
239:"Plant infection and the establishment of fungal biotrophy"
1411:"The hemibiotrophic lifestyle of Colletotrichum species"
634:"Oomycetes and fungi: similar weaponry to attack plants"
1355:
Souza, E.A.; Camargo Jr., O.A.; Pinto, J.M.A. (2010).
165:, are hemibiotrophs that affect many agricultural and
136:
Colletotrichum pisicola, C. vignae and C. destructivum
1177:
Espinosa, Avelina; Alfano, James R. (November 2004).
684:
OLIVER, RICHARD P.; IPCHO, SIMON V. S. (July 2004).
419:
Perfect, Sarah E.; Green, Jonathan R. (March 2001).
1122:Alfano, James R.; Collmer, Alan (September 2004).
904:Latunde-Dada, A. O.; Lucas, J. A. (2007-03-12).
292:Lee, Sang-Jik; Rose, Jocelyn K.C. (June 2010).
733:Divon, Hege H.; Fluhr, Robert (January 2007).
237:Mendgen, Kurt; Hahn, Matthias (August 2002).
130:The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and
8:
1481:
1372:
1324:
1306:
1249:
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963:
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1466:"Cacao Diseases—The Trilogy Revisited"
1140:10.1146/annurev.phyto.42.040103.110731
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122:, whereas some produce intracellular
7:
679:
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675:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
414:
412:
410:
118:Most fungal hemibiotrophs develop
25:
1464:Evans, Harry C. (December 2007).
52:and other pathogens such as many
1195:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00452.x
923:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01576.x
752:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00504.x
703:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2004.00228.x
583:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01665.x
535:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02026.x
487:10.1046/j.1364-3703.2002.00120.x
438:10.1046/j.1364-3703.2001.00055.x
1361:Genetics and Molecular Research
1128:Annual Review of Phytopathology
213:which causes frosty pod rot on
163:frosty pod rot disease of cacao
808:10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.12.018
298:Plant Signaling & Behavior
1:
263:10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02297-5
196:Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
65:Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
1079:10.1016/j.simyco.2014.09.003
1435:10.1016/j.jplph.2007.06.008
1415:Journal of Plant Physiology
1031:10.1016/j.jplph.2015.01.018
1011:Journal of Plant Physiology
385:10.1016/j.jplph.2010.06.014
365:Journal of Plant Physiology
190:Life cycle of hemibiotrophs
141:Colletotrichum destructivum
70:Southern corn leaf blight (
1541:
1251:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.008
83:Mycosphaerella graminicola
739:FEMS Microbiology Letters
690:Molecular Plant Pathology
650:10.1016/j.tim.2003.08.002
474:Molecular Plant Pathology
425:Molecular Plant Pathology
1483:10.1094/phyto-97-12-1640
965:10.1186/1471-2164-15-164
206:Another hemibiotroph is
243:Trends in Plant Science
85:, leaf blotch of wheat)
861:10.1105/tpc.106.046300
638:Trends in Microbiology
151: is the cause of
102:Phytophthora infestans
32:plant pathogenic fungi
1308:10.1105/tpc.12.9.1579
1183:Cellular Microbiology
570:Cellular Microbiology
319:10.4161/psb.5.6.11778
209:Moniliophthora roreri
158:Moniliophthora roreri
153:fusarium wilt disease
1374:10.4238/vol9-3gmr863
93:Pseudomonas syringae
79:Zymoseptoria tritici
1427:2008JPPhy.165...41M
1066:Studies in Mycology
1023:2015JPPhy.179..122K
800:2015PlnSc.233...53K
377:2011JPPhy.168...51H
310:2010PlSiB...5..769L
255:2002TPS.....7..352M
177:Hemibiotrophy genes
167:floricultural crops
58:spp. (often called
50:(rice blast fungus)
148:Fusarium oxysporum
48:Magnaporthe oryzae
1476:(12): 1640–1643.
1189:(11): 1027–1040.
576:(12): 1849–1857.
16:(Redirected from
1532:
1525:Fungi and humans
1504:
1503:
1485:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1406:
1395:
1394:
1376:
1367:(3): 1759–1769.
1352:
1339:
1338:
1328:
1310:
1301:(9): 1579–1589.
1286:
1280:
1279:
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1229:
1223:
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1174:
1168:
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1119:
1110:
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72:Bipolaris maydis
21:
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1520:Fungal diseases
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910:Plant Pathology
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731:
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673:
644:(10): 462–469.
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523:New Phytologist
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236:
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161:, which causes
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104:(potato blight)
62:diseases, e.g.
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1538:
1536:
1528:
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1506:
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1470:Phytopathology
1456:
1396:
1340:
1295:The Plant Cell
1281:
1244:(4): 803–814.
1224:
1169:
1134:(1): 385–414.
1111:
1052:
997:
937:
916:(3): 437–447.
893:
854:(2): 706–724.
848:The Plant Cell
829:
774:
725:
696:(4): 347–352.
671:
615:
556:
529:(3): 637–647.
509:
480:(4): 185–195.
460:
431:(2): 101–108.
406:
351:
304:(6): 769–772.
284:
249:(8): 352–356.
225:
224:
222:
219:
191:
188:
178:
175:
138:belong to the
132:Colletotrichum
111:
108:
55:Colletotrichum
24:
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788:Plant Science
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215:Theobroma sp.
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37:
33:
29:
28:Hemibiotrophs
19:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1421:(1): 41–51.
1418:
1414:
1364:
1360:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1186:
1182:
1172:
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1127:
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1010:
1000:
955:
952:BMC Genomics
951:
940:
913:
909:
851:
847:
791:
787:
777:
745:(1): 65–74.
742:
738:
728:
693:
689:
641:
637:
573:
569:
559:
526:
522:
512:
477:
473:
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428:
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371:(1): 51–62.
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115:life cycle.
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91:
89:
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169:worldwide
60:anthracnose
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221:References
110:Life style
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1443:0176-1617
1383:1676-5680
1317:1040-4651
1260:0092-8674
1203:1462-5814
1148:0066-4286
1088:0166-0616
1072:: 49–84.
1039:0176-1617
974:1471-2164
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271:1360-1385
120:haustoria
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1391:20830667
1335:11006333
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1164:39907279
1156:15283671
1106:25492986
1047:25867625
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1431:doi
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1136:doi
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