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can see males that have a plumage completely similar in all aspects to that of females. This unusual type of feathering called so much the interest of biologists that was studied from different points of view, and as a consequence, the inheritance of this condition has been well understood, while the
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males is sometimes difficult to identify because some of those males may show only a few female feathers in their first adult plumage. But those males reach a complete female plumage after the first moult when they acquire the adult plumage of the second year. This happens because hen-feathering
407:
Somes, R. G. International
Registry of Poultry Genetic Stocks. A Directory of Specialized Lines and Strains, Mutations, Breeds and Varieties of Chickens, Japanese Quail and Turkeys. Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Bulletin #460,
250:
complex of enzymes responsible for estrogen synthesis. Estrogen formation is as much as several hundred-fold higher in fibroblasts cultured from skin of chickens carrying the henny feathering trait compared to that observed in fibroblasts from skin of control chickens.
158:
Hen-feathering in cocks does not manifest itself unless the feathers are developed under the influx of sexual hormones. The effect on feathering is just the same both whether the hormone comes from the own testicles of the male or from an injection of testosterone.
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These variations in the expression of the character, even within the same individual, defies common sense and may confuse non-advised breeders who might expect a better mating behaviour in normal male-feathering cocks than in those of the hen-feathering type. Some
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requires a masculine hormone and in some cases first adult plumage is completed before testicles work normally. Sometimes, well characterized old males of the hen-feathering type can turn, with age, into normal male plumage due to a subnormal testicular activity.
162:
Chickens of both sexes develop male-type plumage after gonadectomization. Strictly speaking, they develop a neutral plumage with long acute feathers, like those of male plumage, because ovarian hormone is also necessary to develop female plumage.
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gene, are put on normal males, the skin of the grafts develop female (shorter and rounded tip) feathers. If the hosts of the grafts are subsequently castrated, all the feathers, including that of the skin graft turned into the male-type.
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individuals rates of estrogen formation are undetectable or low in all control tissues other than ovary. Conversely rate of estrogen formation is high in skin and skin appendages and detectable in many other tissues biopsied from mature
505:
Leshin, M., Baron, J., George, F.W. and Wilson, J.D. 1981 Increased estrogen formation and aromatase activity in fibroblasts cultured from the skin of chickens with the Henny feathering trait. J.Biol Chem. May
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2011 "Aromatase excess syndrome: identification of cryptic duplications and deletions leading to gain of function of CYP19A1 and assessment of phenotypic determinants". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96 (6):
459:
Greenwood, A. W. 1928 Studies on the relation of gonadic structure to plumage characterization in the domestic fowl. IV. Gonad cross-transplantation in
Leghorn and Campine. Proc. Roy. Soc.(London) B, 103,
149:
breeders consider hen-feathering to have adverse effect on the fertility of the male and may use cocks that do not carry the trait for breeding purposes, despite their automatic disqualification in shows.
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George, F.W. and Wilson, J.D. 1980 pathogenesis of the henny feathering trait in the
Sebright bantam chicken. Increased conversion of androgen to estrogen in skin. J. Clin. Invest. Jul;66(1):57-65.
81:
Males of most chicken breeds distinguish from their females in having longer, sharp and more scalloped feathers in neck, hackle, saddle and wing bows. But in some breeds, like the fancy breeds
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henny chicks. But half maximal level of the enzyme is sufficient to allow full development of female feathering in affected male birds and this explains why hen-feathering in heterozygous
515:
Wilson, J. D., George, F. W.†, Leshin, M. 1987 Genetic control of extraglandular aromatase activity in the chicken. Steroids. Volume 50, Issues 1–3, July–September, pp. 235–244
339:
Domm, L. V. Modifications in sex and secondary sexual characters in birds. Chapter V. in "Sex and
Secretions" 2nd.ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, 1939.
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Somes RG Jr, George FW, Baron J, Noble JF, Wilson JD. Inheritance of the henny-feathering trait of the
Sebright bantam chicken. J. Hered. 1984 Mar-Apr;75(2):99-102.
469:
Caridroit, F. 1937 Contróle des caractères pigmentaires raciaux par une hormone masculinisante (propionate de testostérone). Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. 126,732-734
429:
Krizenecky, J. 1934 Zur analyse der
Hennenfedrigkeit der Sebright-Bantam-HĂĽhner und anderer Rassen. Z.ZĂĽcht.: Reihe B. Z. TierzĂĽcht. ZĂĽchtgsbiol. 31, 201-216
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It had been early established that hen-feathering is a trait controlled by a simple autosomic dominant gene, whose expression is limited to the male sex.
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Increased estrogen formation in the skin and other peripheral tissues of chickens with the henny-feathering trait is due to an enhanced activity of the
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Danforth, C. H. and Foster, F. 1929 Skin transplantation as a means of studying genetic and endocrine factors in the fowl. J. Exptl. Zoöl. 52, 443-470.
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George F.W., Matsumine H, McPhaul MJ, Somes RG Jr, Wilson JD. Inheritance of the henny feathering trait in... J Hered. 1990 Mar-Apr;81(2):107-10.
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487:
Danforth, C. H. 1930 The natura of racial and sexual dimorphism in the plumage of
Campines and Leghorn. Biol. Generalis. 6, 99-108.
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Greenwood, A. W. and Blythe, J. S. S. 1938 Sex dimorphism in the plumage of the domestic fowl.Journal of
Genetics. 36, 53-72.
52:
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Punnet, R. C. and Bailey, P. G. 1921 Genetic studies in poultry. III. Hen-feathered cocks. Journal of
Genetics 11,37-57
209:
Testosterone is normally converted to estradiol, one of the main estrogens, through the action of the enzyme aromatase.
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where males are bigger and have brighter and more colorful plumage than females among other morphological differences.
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birds. The henny-feathering trait in males is the result of increased conversion of androgen to estrogen in skin.
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44:). Males with this condition develop a female-type plumage, although otherwise look and respond as virile males.
40:
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In female chickens of all breeds development of female feathering pattern is mediated by estrogens. In normal
450:
Roxas, H. A. 1926 Gonad cross-transplantation in
Sebright and Leghorn fowls. J. Exptl. Zoöl. 46,63-119.
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Morgan, T. H. 1920 The genetic factor for hen-feathering in the Sebright Bantam. Biol. Bull 39, 257-259
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The genetic symbol proposed by F. B. Hutt in 1958 to designate this autosomic dominant gene was
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Attempts to demonstrate genetic linkage to several known loci have been unsuccessful.
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51:, a breed established circa 1810, in accordance with the intentions of its creator,
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109:(after "hen feathering") which was accepted by other geneticists. Both homozygous
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activity, measured using a sensitive isotopic assay, in the skin of heterozygous
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has increased levels of estrogens. When skin grafts taken from females carrying
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birds the activity of the enzyme is limited in all tissues other than ovary.
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males is sometimes difficult to identify in their first adult plumage: See
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is the occurrence of a genetically conditioned character in domestic fowl (
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in girls, and which is also inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion.
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Hutt, F.B. GenĂ©tica AvĂcola. Salvat Editores, S.A. 1ra.ed. España, 1958
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gene can not be identified unless they are submitted to progeny tests.
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Hen-feathering in cocks is one of the typical characteristics of the
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biochemical basis determining this condition is still under study.
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are of the normal feathering type. Meanwhile, female carriers of
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Males of most chicken breeds distinguish from their females
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in plumage is very common in birds, particularly within
294:in humans, a rather rare syndrome that can lead to
286:There is a curious resemblance of the increased
262:chicks is approximately half that of homozygous
194:. So this enzyme plays an important role in the
31:Golden Sebright cockerel showing hen-feathering
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117:males are of the hen-feathering type, while
132:Expressiveness of hen-feathering in cocks
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214:Enhanced aromatase activity in the skin
166:It is well known that some of the main
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154:Hormonal dependence of hen-feathering
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282:Aromatase excess syndrome in humans
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190:through the action of the enzyme
218:Skin of adult chickens carrying
136:Hen-feathering in heterozygous
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290:activity in chickens, to the
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89:and some game breeds like
53:Sir John Saunders Sebright
321:Aromatase excess syndrome
292:aromatase excess syndrome
69:Cocks with hen-feathering
551:Chicken plumage patterns
41:Gallus gallus domesticus
36:Hen feathering in cocks
18:Hen feathering in cocks
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254:The average rate of
98:Mode of inheritance
440:Sebright (chicken)
300:precocious puberty
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272:Expressiveness...
113:and heterozygous
91:Pettai Madhirione
59:Sexual dimorphism
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196:biosynthesis
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524:Fukami, M.
63:Phasianidae
546:Aviculture
540:Categories
327:References
529:E1035–43.
316:Aromatase
288:aromatase
256:aromatase
248:aromatase
200:estrogens
192:aromatase
188:estradiol
172:androgens
168:estrogens
556:Feathers
310:See also
182:, while
147:Sebright
83:Sebright
180:estrone
87:Campine
460:73-81.
408:(1981)
526:et al
276:hf/hf
268:Hf/hf
264:Hf/Hf
260:Hf/hf
241:Hf/hf
237:Hf/Hf
232:hf/hf
138:Hf/hf
119:hf/hf
115:Hf/hf
111:Hf/Hf
302:and
85:and
438:In
239:or
198:of
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413:^
385:^
362:^
224:Hf
220:Hf
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123:Hf
107:Hf
20:)
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