Henry Percy, 1st Baron Percy

694:, his 12-year-old French bride, threatened to boycott the coronation. In the event Gaveston was given precedence over the other Earls. At the following feast Gaveston dressed in an outfit of royal purple and pearls, and called the king over to sit with him, instead of with Queen Isabella. The French delegation walked out and one earl drew his sword and had to be restrained from attacking Gaveston. During the spring of 1308 the barons in parliament pressed the king to exile Gaveston, developing the Doctrine of Capacities, distinguishing between loyalty to the king and loyalty to the crown. On 16 June 1308, Gaveston was appointed Lieutenant of Ireland, to get him out of the country, with Henry de Percy as a witness. 561: 729:, giving him a base near to the action in Scotland and a substantial annual income of about £475 from the associated lands. To make the purchase price of £4666 he borrowed £2666 from Italian merchant bankers, the Lombard Society. When William Vesci had died in 1297 without a legitimate heir, Bek had been entrusted with the estates of the Vesci family on behalf of his son, the illegitimate William Vesci of Kildare. Vesci of Kildare did receive the other family lands in 416: 314: 136: 305: 703: 127: 289: 823:. Percy, along with five of the earls and many other nobles refused summonses to this campaign because it had not been sanctioned by parliament, as required by the Ordinances. There are no contemporary records of Percy being at Bannockburn and it seems that he remained at Alnwick, defending his land against Scottish raiders. His friend and comrade 642:, upon which Edward confiscated his lands and gave them to Henry Percy. The King now appointed Percy to command northwest England and southwest Scotland, with orders to suppress the rebellion without mercy. Bruce's army was soon defeated in battle, but Bruce escaped to wage a guerilla campaign against the English from the wild countryside of 544:

king also summoned Percy to attend parliament as a peer of the realm, making him a baron by writ. His family had previously had the courtesy title of baron because of their land holdings. Percy had proved himself an able soldier and administrator and found royal favour. The rest of the year was spent skirmishing with Scottish

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The king, seeking revenge for the death of his favourite, stopped short of civil war with the rebel earls but made an example of the less powerful Baron Percy by confiscating his lands on 28 July 1312, and having him imprisoned by the Sheriff of Yorkshire. The earls made Percy's release a priority in

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from England. Henry Percy was not present, being left in charge of southern Scotland. The death of Edward I, with the conquest of Scotland incomplete, was a personal disaster for Percy. After years of hard fighting he now had extensive land holdings in southern Scotland, but this was of less interest

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where the castle was held by the Earls of Mar, Menteith and Ross, together with many lesser nobles. After they had beaten a Scottish force outside the castle the king joined them, and the castle soon surrendered. The rest of Scotland was occupied in the space of a few weeks and English administrators

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Early in 1299 the King granted the estates of Ingram Balliol, who had been involved in the Scottish rebellions, to Henry Percy, including land in England and south west Scotland. This not only gave him greater income and status, but also a vested interest in the continuing conquest of Scotland. The

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Edward II left Scotland in August 1307 after replacing his father's loyal and experienced commanders, Clifford, Valence and Percy who were sent home, only to be recalled to Scotland in October. By then, however, Robert Bruce had escaped from Galloway to the Highlands, and had raised new forces and

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which flattened the curtain walls. The defenders had tried to surrender four days earlier, but had been made to wait by the king while he tried out his new toy. In September 1305 the first joint English and Scottish parliament met at Westminster to agree a constitution for the unified state, with

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did go, and was killed in the battle. Within days of the battle Percy was summoned to Newcastle to prepare an emergency defence of northern England against an invasion. Instead of an all-out invasion, Robert Bruce sent raiding parties to extort money from the northern counties. Only a few months

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to govern the country. In June the king began a campaign in Scotland in which Percy fought, although many barons senior to Percy declined to take part. Robert Bruce continued to fight a guerilla war, refusing to give battle, so little was achieved, while relations between the king and his earls

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by the sudden arrival of an army under Lancaster, Percy and Clifford, fleeing to Scarborough. In their haste they left behind Gaveston's wife and baby daughter and a great hoard of treasure, which it took Lancaster, Percy and Clifford four days to catalogue. Lancaster held onto this for future

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to return to England, although the most powerful earl, Lancaster, was implacably opposed. On 27 June 1309 Gaveston, restored to the Earldom of Cornwall, returned to England and soon proved as obnoxious as before, calling Lancaster "Churl" and Warwick "Black Cur". Henry Percy would have been

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was a disaster for the English army. Percy and his fellow commanders could only watch helplessly from the castle as their infantry, caught on the far side of the one narrow bridge were slaughtered. Murray, however, was mortally wounded in the battle and died sometime later. The English were

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in Sussex in 1273, seven months after his father's death, saving the family line from extinction, as two older brothers had died in infancy, and all six uncles had died without leaving any legitimate heirs. He was fortunate in having the powerful

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in early November. Robert Bruce had already changed sides to support Edward and in February 1304 most of the Scots negotiated a settlement with the English king. Henry Percy is known to have played a prominent role in the negotiations. Only

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by the King. Later on the same day the town was taken and the ruthless king, apparently provoked by the inhabitants previously baring their buttocks at him, ordered the city put to the sword "whatever the age or sex" and according to the

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bargaining with the king. Gaveston was soon besieged at Scarborough Castle by Percy, Clifford, and the earls of Warenne and Pembroke, surrendering after a month. Percy remained in York when Gaveston was taken south to

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temporarily expelled from Scotland and on the defensive, with the Scots raiding northern England. In the following spring of 1298 King Edward returned from France and assembled a large army, including many Welsh

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while Wallace was in central Scotland, and negotiated their submission, subduing southern Scotland for a while. Warenne then began an expedition to hunt down Wallace and Murray, finding them waiting north of the

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Percy playing a leading role in the negotiations, but Robert Bruce, a leading representative of the Scots, was already conspiring to rebel. On 25 March 1306 Robert Bruce was crowned King of Scotland at

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in Yorkshire, where his wife probably lived, at a safe distance from Scottish raiding parties. In February 1303 Percy was sent north in a cavalry force led by Johannes de Seagrave which was defeated at

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for the summer with two hundred knights and no infantry, a dangerous task at a time when the king's army was withdrawing to England. Surviving this Percy was back in London in October.

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installed. King John Balliol was forced to abdicate and Warenne appointed to govern Scotland as a province. Having proved his ability Henry Percy was given the task of governing

474:. With King Edward now turning his attention to affairs in France there was only a year or so of peace before the situation in Scotland began to unravel. In the summer of 1297 811:

their difficult negotiations with the king and he was freed in January 1313. and was formally pardoned in October. Gaveston's treasure was returned to the king soon after.

364:("Percy modern"). Blue and gold were the Earl Warenne's colours and a gold lion rampant had been the Arundel's arms. Alternatively the arms are said to be the arms of 487: 368:. This emphasised his royal and noble connections and marked his ambition. This was also the year he went to war for the first time, summoned to fight in 667:

to Edward II who promptly recalled Gaveston and made him Earl of Cornwall, an office of great wealth. Gaveston, a formidable tournament fighter in the

646:. For several years afterwards the English Barons held the castles of southern and central Scotland, but were ambushed and harried in the countryside. 556:

made at the siege by the heralds records the armorials of Warenne and Percy in a single verse, translated from Norman French into modern English thus:

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from the English crown and now negotiated a treaty with the Scots to wage war on Edward on two fronts. During March 1296 Edward I's army surrounded

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and it is unclear whether he was defrauded by the greedy bishop over the sale of Alnwick. In the same year of 1297 Henry obtained a royal

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in suppressing a Welsh rebellion. There he learned the grim business of medieval warfare, and command and supply of armies in the field.

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By the summer of 1295, Henry was in the north with his grandfather Earl Warenne. Edward I's deliberately humiliating treatment of King

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The view from Stirling Castle with the present Stirling Bridge in the foreground and the Wallace Monument in the middle distance

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The ceremony was delayed for a week while the French delegation, alarmed that the king preferred Gaveston's company to that of

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and his nobles was making war inevitable. Warenne was King John's father in law, used as an intermediary by Edward. In 1294

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Edward I, on his way to launch a new campaign against the Scots, died on 7 July 1307 before crossing the border. The dying

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now remained to be subdued, and was battered by catapults during the spring of 1304, while King Edward's militant queen,

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preoccupied with the purchase of Alnwick at that time and generally tried to stay out of the trouble with Gaveston.

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groups, and the following summer campaigning with the king although little was achieved other than the capture of

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in Wales and Scotland and was granted extensive estates in Scotland, which were later retaken by the Scots under

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after a long siege, at which he was present with his elderly grandfather Earl Warenne. The Caerlaverock Poem or

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on 22 July where Henry Percy was part of the fourth reserve division of experienced and highly mobile cavalry.

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and Gaveston took it over. Violence was now inevitable. In April the king and Gaveston were chased out of

439:, then the largest town in Scotland and an important seaport. It was here on 30 March that Henry Percy was 1192: 510: 1202: 1197: 820: 273: 249: 228: 186: 769:

At the parliament of February and March 1310 the King was forced to accept the election of twenty one

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King Edward now prepared for a campaign in Scotland in 1314, culminating in his total defeat at the

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and was imprisoned for a few months. After his release, he declined to fight under Edward II at the

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with his heavily pregnant wife in January 1312, with his lands restored. Percy was ordered out of

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in February that year for the king's coronation, where he would have seen Gaveston's arrogance.

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to the family estates in England, founding a dynasty of northern warlords. He rebelled against

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archers, to begin a new and determined assault on Scotland. They caught up with Wallace at

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Howard de Walden, Lord, Some Feudal Lords and their Seals 1301, published 1904, pp. 4,43

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later in the first half of October 1314 Henry Percy died, aged 41, of unknown causes.

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Howard de Walden, Lord, Some Feudal Lords and their Seals 1301, published 1904, p. 43

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as his maternal grandfather. Henry was the son of Henry de Percy (d.1272), 7th

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taken eastern Scotland by the end of the year. In August 1308 Bruce captured

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of Topcliffe, Yorkshire, by his wife, Eleanor de Warenne, daughter of

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Women, art, and patronage from Henry III to Edward III: 1216–1377

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further deteriorated. In May 1311 Gaveston ordered Percy to hold

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Drawing made in 1611 of seal of Henry de Percy attached to the

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The barons now forced the king to send Gaveston into exile in

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Correspondence in late 1301 shows Percy at his estate at

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