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443:. According to contemporary narrative sources, this was a controversial decision. Gaveston came from relatively humble origins, and his rise to the highest level of the peerage was considered improper by the established nobility. Furthermore, the earldom of Cornwall had traditionally been reserved for members of the royal family, and Edward I had intended it for one of his two younger sons from his second marriage. The discontent reported by the chronicles may have been the result of hindsight, however; there is no sign that the established nobility objected to the ennoblement of Gaveston at the time. The earldom gave Gaveston substantial landholdings over great parts of England, to the value of £4,000 a year. These possessions consisted of most of
338:), so it can be assumed that he was born in or around 1284. Though one chronicle claims he accompanied his father to England in 1297, the first reliable reference to him is from Gascony later that year, when he served in the company of Edward I. In 1300, he sailed to England with his father and his elder brother, Arnaud-Guillaume de Marsan. It was at this time that he became a member of the household of Prince Edward. The King was apparently impressed by Gaveston's conduct and martial skills, and wanted him to serve as a model for his son. In 1304, the King awarded Gaveston the wardship of
519:' of January 1308, in which the earls of Warenne, Hereford, Lincoln and Pembroke expressed concern about the oppression of the people and attacks on the honour of the crown. Though not mentioned by name, Gaveston was the implied target of this document. Later that year, in the April parliament, the so-called Declaration of 1308 demanded the renewed exile of Gaveston, again without explicitly mentioning the favourite by name. The King initially resisted, but had to give in to the demand once it became clear that the barons had the support of King
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victory against the Scots, this would go a long way towards undermining the work of the
Ordainers. In June, the King summoned the magnates for a military campaign, but most of the Ordainers refused on the basis of the work they were performing. When the King departed for Scotland in September, only Gloucester, Warenne and Gaveston among the earls accompanied him. The campaign proved frustrating for Edward, when Bruce refused to engage in open battle, or even get involved in negotiations. In February, Gaveston was sent with an army north from
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914:, writing in 1914, rejected the idea. J. S. Hamilton, who wrote a biography of Gaveston in 1988, on the other hand, says that "there is no question that the king and his favourite were lovers". Pierre Chaplais, writing a few years later, had more reservations. Chaplais cites the fact that Edward had four children with his wife – and even an extra-marital son – (despite bisexuality being a possibility) as well as the relative silence of contemporary commentators on the topic. He also finds it hard to believe that
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849:, he swore to avenge the act. Circumstances, however, prevented him from taking immediate action against the executioners. During the previous raid on Newcastle, the King and Gaveston had to escape quickly, leaving behind horses and jewels worth a great amount of money. At the same time, the barons' extralegal action had alienated many of their former associates; the Earl of Pembroke, in particular, became strongly tied to the King's cause after the affront to his honour.
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934:, calls Gaveston Edward's lover, and writes that there is little doubt "that wife and the barons of England were violently hostile to Edward's sexual proclivities, although he more than fulfilled his royal duties by fathering four children with Isabella". Boswell argues that Edward and Gaveston fell victim to a new-found concern about sexual morals among the secular powers of Europe, manifested shortly before in the
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emerged as the leader of the
Ordainers. With the Ordainers ready to present their programme of reform, Edward had to summon a parliament. In late July he appointed Gaveston Lieutenant of Scotland, and departed for London. Bruce still evaded the English successfully, in early August even staging a raid into northern England, and shortly after this Gaveston withdrew to
275:, the relationship between the two was that of an adoptive brotherhood, and Gaveston served as an unofficial deputy for a reluctant king. Other historians, like J.S. Hamilton, have pointed out that concern over the two men's sexuality was not the crux of the nobility's grievances, which rather centred on Gaveston's exclusive access to royal
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The terms of the surrender were that
Pembroke, Warenne and Percy would take Gaveston to York, where the barons would negotiate with the king. If an agreement could not be reached by 1 August, Gaveston would be allowed to return to Scarborough. The three swore an oath to guarantee his safety. After an
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of 1282–83, in which he participated with a substantial contingent. Sometime before 4 February 1287, Claramonde died, and for the rest of his life
Gabaston struggled to retain his wife's inheritance from rival claims by relatives and neighbours. Because of this, he became financially dependent on the
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in
Oxfordshire. When Warwick found out about Gaveston's whereabouts, he immediately rode out to capture him. The next morning he appeared at the rectory, where he took Gaveston captive and brought him back to his castle at Warwick. Pembroke, whose honour had been affronted, appealed for justice both
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On 5 August 1309, Gaveston was reinstated with the earldom of
Cornwall. It did not take long, however, for him to alienate the earls once more. The chronicles tell of how Gaveston gave mocking nicknames to other earls, calling Lincoln 'burst-belly', Pembroke 'Joseph the Jew', Lancaster 'the fiddler'
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Edward II began working towards a recall before
Gaveston had even left. Through the distribution of patronage and concessions to political demands, he won over several of the earls who had previously been of a hostile disposition. Lincoln, who was the leader of the baronial opposition due to his age
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Even though the new king was initially met with goodwill from his subjects, it was not long before certain members of the nobility became disaffected with
Gaveston and the special relationship he enjoyed with Edward. On 2 December 1307, exactly one month after Gaveston's marriage, the King organised
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in
Warwickshire). Gaveston also began to exploit his relationship with the King more ostentatiously, obtaining favours and appointments for his friends and servants. The political climate became so hateful that in February 1310, a number of the earls refused to attend parliament as long as Gaveston
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in his place. This was a responsibility that would normally be given to a close family member of the reigning king. There is no sign that
Gaveston exploited the regency for personal gains, but the other nobles were still offended by his arrogant behaviour. This behaviour continued at the coronation
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with the care of his son, and instructed them particularly to prevent the return of Piers Gaveston from exile. Nevertheless, when the King died on 7 July, one of Edward II's first acts as king was to recall his friend. Gaveston returned almost immediately, and the two were reunited by early August.
222:, who assigned him to the household of the King's son, Edward of Caernarfon. The prince's partiality for Gaveston was so extravagant that Edward I sent Gaveston into exile, but he was recalled a few months later, after the King's death led to the prince's accession as Edward II. Edward bestowed the
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There is some evidence that he might have gone to France initially, but considering the French king's hostile attitude towards him, he is not likely to have stayed there long. Flanders is a much more likely candidate for Gaveston's third and final exile. This time his absence was even shorter than
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While the royal army was in the north, Edward received news from London that the Earl of Lincoln had died on 6 February 1311. This meant that a moderating influence on the baronial party had been lost, at the same time as the antagonistic Earl of Lancaster – who was Lincoln's son-in-law and heir –
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and Prince Edward. The case enraged King Edward to the point where he banned his son from court, and banished several men from the prince's household. Though the two were reconciled at a later point, the King still prevented Gaveston from rejoining the prince. This matter was settled before 26 May
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Through the arbitration of the Earl of Gloucester and others, a settlement was finally reached on 14 October 1313, whereby the barons were given a pardon and the horses and jewels were returned to the King. The following years were marked by a constant power struggle between Edward and Lancaster,
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had been able to regain the initiative in the war, reconquer lost territory, and stage destructive raids into the north of England. To aggravate matters, Edward had continued to raise extortionate taxes, ostensibly for the war in Scotland, but without showing any result. If the King could produce
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Marlowe, however, focused exclusively on the negative aspects of Gaveston's biography, portraying him – according to Hamilton – as "a sycophantic homosexual with a marked tendency towards avarice, nepotism, and especially overweening pride". This was the impression that lived on in the popular
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in Northumberland. When parliament met on 16 August, the King was presented with a set of proposed reforms of the royal household, as well as specific attacks on individuals, including a demand for the renewed exile of Piers Gaveston. Edward initially offered to agree to the reforms as long as
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be given to Gaveston. Edward I, enraged, tore out handfuls of his son's hair and threw him out of the royal chambers. Though Guisborough cannot necessarily be trusted on the details of the events, the story reflects the general exasperation the King felt with the prince's favouritism towards
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Chaplais, on the other hand, takes a different approach to the study of Gaveston and his place in the reign of Edward II. According to Chaplais, Edward was more or less indifferent to the practice of kingship, and essentially delegated the job to Gaveston. As an alternative to a homosexual
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While the Ordainers were at work drafting their reform document, Edward decided to address one of the main causes behind the discontent: the Scottish situation. Edward II had, almost immediately after his accession, abandoned the relentless Scottish campaigns of his father. As a result,
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Gaveston's return to grace was only temporary. On 26 February 1307, Edward I announced that the prince's favourite had to leave the realm shortly after 30 April that year. This time it seems the punishment was not intended for Gaveston, though, but for the Prince of Wales. According to
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Gaveston's lieutenancy was primarily of a military nature; by the early 14th century, Ireland had become a rebellious and unruly dominion for the English crown. In this capacity Gaveston had considerable success, killing or defeating several major insurgents. He fortified the town of
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if Edward was known to be homosexual. Mark Ormrod has pointed out the inherent anachronism of speaking of homosexuality in a medieval context. Instead, Ormrod suggests the focus should be on the motivation behind the use of sexuality in contemporary attacks on the King and Gaveston.
977:, "There was not anyone who had a good word to say about the king or Piers." Nevertheless, the chroniclers did not deny that he had certain good qualities. Irish chroniclers were appreciative both of his military and administrative skills during his period in Ireland. Likewise,
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These acts could have been Pembroke's way of guarding himself against any future suspicion of collusion; Hamilton (1988), p. 98, 165n. It seems unlikely that he had prior knowledge of what would happen though, based on his subsequent change of alignment; Phillips (1972), p.
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Contemporary and near-contemporary chroniclers were generally negative in their attitudes towards Gaveston, blaming the royal favourite for many of the problems of the reign. Gaveston was accused of such various crimes as draining the treasury, orchestrating the arrest of
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A proper burial could not be arranged while Gaveston was still excommunicated, and it was not until 2 January 1315, after the King had secured a papal absolution for his favourite, that he could have his body buried in an elaborate ceremony at the Dominican foundation of
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Gaveston was allowed to stay, but the Ordainers refused. The King held out for as long as he could, but eventually had to agree to the Ordinances, which were published on 27 September. On 3 November, two days after the allotted deadline, Gaveston left England once again.
554:, should he return. Edward used the intervening period to provide for his favourite's continued prosperity and political importance. As compensation for the loss of the earldom of Cornwall, which was another condition of the exile, Gaveston was granted land worth 3,000
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was present. Gaveston was dismissed and, when parliament convened, the disaffected barons presented a list of grievances they wanted addressed. On 16 March, the King was forced to appoint a group of men to ordain reforms of the royal household. This group of so-called
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to Gaveston's brother-in-law Gloucester and to the University of Oxford, but to no avail. At Warwick, Gaveston was condemned to death for violating the terms of the Ordinances before an assembly of barons, including Warwick, Lancaster, Hereford and Arundel.
295:. Gabaston had come into a substantial amount of land in Gascony through his marriage to Claramonde de Marsan, who was co-heir with her brother of the great landowner Arnaud-Guillaume de Marsan. Through the possessions of his wife, Gabaston also became a
503:. Gaveston won, according to various accounts of the events, either by bringing too many knights to the field, or simply by having a better contingent. From this point on Warenne – and possibly also the other two earls – became hostile to Gaveston.
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Gaveston's body was simply left behind at the site of his execution. One chronicle tells of how four shoemakers brought it to Warwick, who refused to accept it, and ordered them to take it back outside his jurisdiction. Eventually, a group of
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relationship, Chaplais suggests that the bond that existed between the King and Gaveston was that of an adoptive brotherhood. This concept had a Biblical precedent in the traditionalist, platonic interpretation of the relationship between
342:, after the death of Mortimer's father, on the request of Edward, Prince of Wales. This put Gaveston in charge of Mortimer's possessions during the latter's minority, and served as proof of the King's confidence in his son's companion.
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history. For later generations of historians, the focus shifted from constitutional to personal issues. From the 1970s onwards, the topic of study became the personal relations between magnates and the crown, and the distribution of
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on 13 January. The reason for his quick return might have been the birth of his child, a daughter named Joan, around this time. On 18 January, Edward declared the judgement against Gaveston unlawful, and restored all lands to him.
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in 1307. This interpretation is disputed by Hamilton. "The favourite was murdered because of his control of patronage," writes Hamilton, "not because of his access to the king's bedchamber". This same view is also expressed by
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It is not known where Gaveston spent his time abroad; the conditions of his exile banned him from staying in any of the lands of the English king. This precluded both Aquitaine and Ireland, where he had spent previous exiles.
566:, had been given the same position, indicating that it was an improvised measure. Gaveston's appointment came with wider authority than Ulster's, however, for he had full regal powers to appoint and dismiss any royal officers.
594:– a toll on the town walls – between the citizens of Dublin. As during the regency, though, there is no evidence that Gaveston exploited his position for his own advantage and he did nothing to alienate the local elite.
1009:. It is to this school of thought that Hamilton's biography belongs, in which he argues that it was Gaveston's exclusive access to royal patronage that was the driving force behind the baronial animosity towards him.
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It was alleged by medieval chroniclers (as discussed below under "Questions of sexuality") that Edward II and Piers Gaveston were lovers, a rumour that was reinforced by later portrayals in fiction, such as
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Gaveston, and the lavish gifts bestowed on the favourite. This extravagance was clearly seen on Gaveston's departure, when Prince Edward equipped him with horses, luxurious clothes, and £260 of money.
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Hamilton (1988), p. 75. The various chroniclers who comment on the issue do not agree entirely on the exact nicknames used. A thorough summary of the literature can be found in; Tout (1914), p. 13.
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There is also some evidence that Gaveston might have fathered another, extra-marital daughter; one contemporary document refers to an "Amie filie Petri de Gaveston". This Amie was a chamberlain of
733:. Gaveston then returned to Scarborough, while the King left for York. Scarborough was soon besieged by Pembroke, Warenne, Percy and Clifford, and on 19 May Gaveston surrendered to the besiegers.
245:, it was decided that Gaveston should be exiled for a third time, to suffer outlawry if he returned. He did however return in late 1311 and, in 1312, he was hunted down and executed by a group of
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As part of the circle around the prince, however, Gaveston also became entangled in conflicts between the King and his son. These difficulties first materialised in a dispute between treasurer
820:; the tomb is now lost. A cross with an inscription was erected at Blacklow Hill in 1823 by local squire Bertie Greathead on the site believed to be the location of Gaveston's execution.
711:. At the same meeting the barons – under the leadership of Lancaster – divided up the realm to oppose the King. Pembroke and Warenne were given the responsibility of capturing Gaveston.
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and great wealth, was reconciled with Edward by late summer of 1308. Even Warwick, who had been the most unyielding of the King's enemies, was gradually mollified. Significantly, though,
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Gaveston's exclusive access to the King provoked several members of the nobility, and in 1308, the King again decided to send him into exile. During this absence, he served as the King's
323:, secondly in 1294 to the French king, when he managed to escape and flee to England in 1297. After returning home, he was back in England in 1300, where he served with Edward I in the
1000:– added little to the understanding of Gaveston. While generally agreeing with the chronicles, they allotted him no importance within their own main field of interest, that of
831:. The King tried to find a suitable marriage for Piers' and Margaret's daughter Joan, but these arrangements came to nothing when Joan died in 1325, at the age of thirteen.
241:. Edward managed to negotiate a deal with the opposition, however, and Gaveston returned the next year. Upon his return his behaviour became even more offensive, and, by the
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feast after the King's return, during which the King largely ignored his new wife in favour of Gaveston. The collective grievances first found expression in the so-called '
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It was hinted at by medieval chroniclers, and has been alleged by some modern historians, that the relationship between Gaveston and Edward was sexual. The
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Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century
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Gaveston's first exile was to be a short one. In early July 1307, Edward I fell ill while once more campaigning in the north, and lay dying at
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1057:, on the other hand, Gaveston (thinly disguised as the character "Phillip") is again caricatured as arrogant and effeminate. There is also an
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If the king and Gaveston were indeed lovers, the question remains of what effect this had on their respective careers and eventual downfalls.
602:, who had not been involved in the campaign to exile Gaveston, seems to have become disaffected at this time. Nevertheless, by 25 April 1309,
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in Yorkshire, with the territories that belonged to it. In addition to this, Edward also secured a prestigious marriage between Gaveston and
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the second time, lasting no more than two months. Returning around Christmas 1311, he was reunited with the King early in 1312, probably at
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590:. In the field of administration he made less of a mark. The most notable issue with which he was involved concerned a dispute over
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Little is known of Piers Gaveston's early years; even his year of birth is unknown. He and Prince Edward of Caernarfon, the future
562:, so that a certain amount of honour could be maintained despite the humiliation of the exile. The appointment came the day after
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centred on the maintenance of the Ordinances. The matter was not finally settled until 1322, when Lancaster was defeated at the
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initial meeting with the King in York, Gaveston was left in the custody of Pembroke, who escorted him south for safekeeping.
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The differences in the names are only variations in spelling. The place from which the family took its name is still called
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called him "graceful and agile in body, sharp-witted, refined in manner, sufficiently well versed in military matters".
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consisted of eight earls, seven bishops and six barons. Among the earls were supporters of the King, like Gloucester and
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707:, and began to fortify the castle. Around the same time, he was pronounced excommunicated by Archbishop Winchelsey at
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near the Scottish border. According to one chronicle, he gathered some of his most trusted men around him, including
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annually in Gascony, and land amounting to the same value in England. Further to this, he was appointed the King's
523:, who was offended by Edward's treatment of his daughter. On 18 May, Edward consented to send Gaveston into exile.
483:. The possessions and family connection secured Gaveston a place among the highest levels of the English nobility.
271:. This assertion has received the support of some modern historians, while others have questioned it. According to
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614:. The so-called Statute of Stamford was based on a similar document Edward I had consented to in 1300, called the
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Hamilton, J. S. (1998). "Another daughter for Piers Gaveston? Amie de Gaveston, Damsel of the Queen's Chamber".
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was satisfied that the difficulties between the King and his magnates had been settled, and agreed to lift the
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Roberts, R.A. (1929). "Edward II, the lords ordainers, and Piers Gaveston's jewels and horses 1312–1313".
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This article is about the English nobleman. For the University of Oxford dining club named for him, see
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against Gaveston. At the parliament that met at Stamford in July, Edward had to agree to a series of
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The Greatest Traitor: the Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, Ruler of England 1327–1330
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The royal and baronial parties now both began preparations for war. In March, Gaveston settled at
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The Baronial Opposition to Edward II: Its Character and Policy, a Study in Administrative History
2405:"With my Life, His Joyes Began and Ended: Piers Gaveston and King Edward II of England Revisited"
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shows Edward II cavorting with Gaveston at left, while nobles and courtiers look on with concern.
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Gaveston was not exiled immediately; he did not have to leave the realm until 25 June, but faced
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On 4 May, the King and Gaveston were at Newcastle, and barely escaped a force led by Lancaster,
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Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall, 1307–1312: Politics and Patronage in the Reign of Edward II
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Edward also provided a generous endowment for Gaveston's widow Margaret, who in 1317 married
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Ormrod, Mark (2006). "The Sexualities of Edward II". In Gwilym Dodd; Anthony Musson (eds.).
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Edward's initial reaction to the news of Gaveston's execution was rage; according to the
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King Edward II: Edward of Caernarfon, His Life, His Reign, and Its Aftermath, 1284–1330
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On 6 August 1307, less than a month after succeeding, Edward II made Piers Gaveston
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When Edward II left the country early in 1308 to marry the French king's daughter
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In modern popular culture, Gaveston has been portrayed in a variety of ways. In
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1883:"Gaveston's Cross – Leek Wootton and Guy's Cliffe – Warwickshire – England"
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Crown and Nobility 1272–1461: Political Conflict in Late Medieval England
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Hamilton, J. S. (2004). "Gaveston, Piers, earl of Cornwall (d. 1312)".
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On 19 June, he was taken out on the road towards Kenilworth as far as
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Prince Edward received this title in 1301; Prestwich (1997), p. 226.
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On 9 June, Pembroke left to visit his wife, leaving Gaveston at the
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English king, and was continuously in his service. He was used as a
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The first modern historians to deal with the reign of Edward II –
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15th-century representation of Gaveston lying dead at the feet of
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claims that Edward loved Gaveston "beyond measure", while the
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2196:"Edward II (1992): Historical Edward II and Gay Issues Today"
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A Baronial Family in Medieval England: The Clares, 1217–1314
2083:. Woodbridge: York Medieval Press, Boydell. pp. 22–47.
644:, as well as strong opponents, like Lancaster and Warwick.
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would have allowed the English king to marry his daughter
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states that Edward "particularly delighted in the vice of
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on Gaveston, and arranged for him to marry Edward's niece
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and Warwick 'the black dog of Arden' (from the forest of
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Public sculpture of Warwickshire, Coventry, and Solihull
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Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland
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The place of the Reign of Edward II in English History
2677:(updated ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
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stretched over a long period of time, starting in the
1910:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 77.
334:(born 25 April 1284) were said to be contemporaries (
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399:, soon to be Earl of Pembroke. Edward entrusted the
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2564:
910:Modern historians have been divided on the issue.
299:of the King of England, in the King's capacity of
287:Piers Gaveston's father was Arnaud de Gabaston, a
2701:(new ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2352:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
932:Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality
661:, but he failed to track down the Scottish army.
2525:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2224:A Knight at the Movies: Medieval History on Film
877:says the intimacy between them was "undue". The
1609:
1607:
291:(southwest of France) knight in the service of
719:Gaveston's Head Shown to the Earl of Lancaster
2411:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 31–51.
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2022:
2020:
1315:
1313:
8:
2622:Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke 1307–1324
2465:The English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages
2432:Piers Gaveston: Edward II's Adoptive Brother
1125:
1123:
1113:
1111:
578:, and rebuilt the road from Castle Kevin to
327:. He died at some point before 18 May 1302.
2725:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
203:– 19 June 1312) was an English nobleman of
2761:
362:, they were all pardoned in January 1307.
56:
38:
2917:People knighted at the Feast of the Swans
2194:Catsoulis, Jeannette (14 November 2008).
2388:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2081:The Reign of Edward II: New Perspectives
2927:People assassinated in the 14th century
2523:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1076:
419:from the charter granting Gaveston the
27:Favourite of Edward II (c. 1284 – 1312)
2307:The Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
943:, in his 2003 biography of Edward II.
255:Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick
721:, from a popular history book of 1868
487:a tournament in Gaveston's honour at
7:
2897:Holders of the Honour of Wallingford
2867:British and English royal favourites
2655:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2227:. New York: Routledge. p. 304.
427:at top, and Gaveston's coat of arms
194:Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall
2625:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2571:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2545:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2324:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2248:Sherwel, Philip (5 February 2006).
955:An 1872 painting by English artist
895:from the early 1590s, and the 1924
2374:. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.
1694:Maddicott (1970), pp. 80–1, 114–5.
642:John of Brittany, Earl of Richmond
319:by Edward twice: first in 1288 to
100:, Warwickshire, Kingdom of England
25:
2543:The Fourteenth Century: 1307–1399
2060:Chaplais (1994), pp. 7–10, 113–4.
1529:Maddicott (1970), pp. 86–7, 92–4.
393:Guy de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick
350:1306; the date when Gaveston was
2862:Assassinated English politicians
2279:
2175:Chaplais (1994), pp. 12–3, 20–2.
1092:England in the Later Middle Ages
564:Richard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster
283:Family background and early life
2698:Plantagenet England: 1225–1360
2567:Thomas of Lancaster, 1307–1322
2305:(1957). Harry Rothwell (ed.).
2005:Prestwich (2005), pp. 190–201.
1963:Maddicott (1970), pp. 130–154.
1860:Maddicott (1970), pp. 127–128.
812:friars brought it to Oxford.
768:The 1823 Gaveston monument at
467:, most of the eastern part of
389:Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln
1:
2932:14th-century English nobility
1939:Hamilton (1988), pp. 101–102.
1622:Hamilton (1988), pp. 80, 157.
618:, which was in turn based on
293:Gaston VII, Viscount of Béarn
251:Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster
197:
74:
2462:Given-Wilson, Chris (1996).
2409:Fourteenth Century England V
2112:Boswell (1980), pp. 296–300.
1904:Noszlopy, George T. (2003).
1778:Maddicott (1970), pp. 123–4.
1658:Maddicott (1970), pp. 113–4.
1640:Maddicott (1970), pp. 108–9.
1538:Hamilton (1988), pp. 70, 73.
1493:Hamilton (1988), pp. 62, 66.
936:trial of the Knights Templar
168:Amie Gaveston (illegitimate)
2902:Lords Lieutenant of Ireland
2483:Haines, Roy Martin (2003).
2435:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2318:Childs, W. R., ed. (2005).
2309:. 3. Vol. 89. London:
2184:Chaplais (1994), pp. 14–20.
1987:Phillips (1972), pp. 36–37.
1930:Hamilton (1988), pp. 100–1.
1511:Maddicott (1970), pp. 91–2.
1475:Hamilton (1988), pp. 58–61.
1138:Hamilton (1988), pp. 22–24.
451:in the south-west, land in
265:'s late 16th-century play,
2948:
2922:People murdered in England
2824:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
2348:Altschul, Michael (1965).
2069:Chaplais (1994), pp. 9–10.
1885:. British Listed Buildings
1841:Hamilton (1988), p. 97–98.
1805:Phillips (1972), pp. 33–4.
1796:Phillips (1972), pp. 32–3.
1787:Hamilton (1988), pp. 95–6.
1751:Hamilton (1988), pp. 91–2.
1721:McKisack (1959), pp. 12–5.
1712:Hamilton (1988), pp. 86–7.
1676:Hamilton (1988), pp. 84–6.
1583:Hamilton (1988), pp. 75–6.
1547:Hamilton (1988), pp. 73–4.
1484:Hamilton (1988), pp. 63–5.
1466:Hamilton (1988), pp. 56–7.
1457:Hamilton (1988), pp. 55–6.
1448:Chaplais (1994), pp. 50–1.
1412:Maddicott (1970), p. 82–4.
1376:Hamilton (1988), pp. 45–6.
1367:Chaplais (1994), pp. 34–5.
1349:Hamilton (1988), pp. 43–4.
1264:Chaplais (1994), pp. 24–6.
1246:Hamilton (1988), pp. 35–6.
1237:Hamilton (1988), pp. 34–5.
1228:Chaplais (1994), pp. 21–2.
1201:Hamilton (1988), pp. 33–4.
1105:Hamilton (1988), pp. 20–1.
626:Ordinances and final exile
239:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
29:
2830:
2821:
2813:
2808:
2793:
2784:
2771:
2764:
2601:. London: Jonathan Cape.
2130:Haines (2003), pp. 42–43.
1832:Maddicott (1970), p. 127.
1613:Prestwich (1997), p. 182.
1592:Maddicott (1970), p. 110.
1556:Maddicott (1970), p. 103.
1255:Prestwich (1997), p. 557.
1089:Vickers, Kenneth (1913).
600:Thomas, Earl of Lancaster
479:, sister of the powerful
340:Roger Mortimer of Wigmore
230:, sister of the powerful
55:
48:
2502:Hamilton, J. S. (1988).
1996:Altschul (1965), p. 163.
1403:Maddicott (1970), p. 73.
1282:Maddicott (1970), p. 71.
1062:dining and drinking club
548:Archbishop of Canterbury
510:, he appointed Gaveston
2912:Medieval murder victims
2907:Medieval Cornish people
2407:. In Nigel Saul (ed.).
2157:Hamilton (1988), p. 15.
2148:Hamilton (1988), p. 14.
2121:Hamilton (1988), p. 17.
2103:Boswell (1980), p. 298.
2042:Hamilton (1988), p. 13.
2026:Hamilton (1988), p. 16.
1872:Hamilton (1988), p. 99.
1823:Chaplais (1994), p. 88.
1814:Hamilton (1988), p. 97.
1769:Hamilton (1988), p. 94.
1760:Hamilton (1988), p. 93.
1742:Chaplais (1994), p. 74.
1730:Hamilton (1988), p. 87.
1703:Hamilton (1988), p. 86.
1685:Hamilton (1988), p. 84.
1667:Hamilton (1988), p. 81.
1649:Hamilton (1988), p. 80.
1601:McKisack (1959), p. 10.
1565:Chaplais (1994), p. 53.
1520:Hamilton (1988), p. 68.
1439:Hamilton (1988), p. 53.
1430:Chaplais (1994), p. 45.
1394:Phillips (1972), p. 26.
1385:Hamilton (1988), p. 48.
1328:Altschul (1965), p. 41.
1319:Hamilton (1988), p. 39.
1307:Hamilton (1988), p. 40.
1219:Guisborough, pp. 382–3.
1210:Hamilton (1988), p. 34.
1192:Chaplais (1994), p. 21.
1183:Hamilton (1988), p. 31.
1165:Chaplais (1994), p. 20.
1156:Hamilton (1988), p. 29.
1129:Hamilton (1988), p. 25.
1117:Hamilton (1988), p. 22.
855:Battle of Boroughbridge
2892:English murder victims
2531:10.1093/ref:odnb/10463
2303:Guisborough, Walter of
2166:Chaplais (1994), p. 3.
2139:Chaplais (1994), p. 6.
2014:Chaplais (1994), p. 7.
1951:Medieval Prosopography
1631:Barrow (1965), p. 246.
1502:McKisack (1959), p. 7.
1358:Haines (2003), p. 103.
1273:McKisack (1959), p. 3.
1147:Chaplais (1994), p. 4.
1095:. Methuen. p. 86.
1066:Piers Gaveston Society
960:
861:Questions of sexuality
804:
722:
687:
539:
447:, as well as parts of
436:
366:First exile and return
32:Piers Gaveston Society
2468:. London: Routledge.
2403:Burgtorf, J. (2008).
2221:Aberth, John (2003).
1421:Haines (2003), p. 69.
994:Thomas Frederick Tout
954:
947:Historical assessment
818:King's Langley Priory
767:
717:
686:from St Mary's Church
681:
612:political concessions
560:Lieutenant of Ireland
534:
415:
373:Walter of Guisborough
2877:Edward II of England
2451:Davies, James Conway
2321:Vita Edwardi Secundi
616:articuli super carta
471:, and the honour of
213:Edward II of England
187:Claramonde de Marsan
133:51.71559°N 0.45692°W
2747:. London: Fontana.
2255:The Daily Telegraph
2051:Tout (1914), p. 13.
998:James Conway Davies
974:Lanercost Chronicle
916:Philip IV of France
887:Christopher Marlowe
874:Lanercost Chronicle
788: /
572:Newcastle McKynegan
521:Philip IV of France
421:earldom of Cornwall
308:Edward I of England
263:Christopher Marlowe
224:Earldom of Cornwall
129: /
2887:English landowners
2809:Political offices
2798:Title next held by
2776:Title last held by
2766:Peerage of England
2693:Prestwich, Michael
2671:Prestwich, Michael
2617:Phillips, J. R. S.
2200:The New York Times
1051:In the 1995 movie
1020:The Song of Roland
1015:David and Jonathan
979:Geoffrey the Baker
961:
879:Chronicle of Melsa
829:Earl of Gloucester
805:
792:52.3052°N 1.5774°W
723:
688:
540:
527:Ireland and return
517:Boulogne agreement
489:Wallingford Castle
481:Earl of Gloucester
437:
377:county of Ponthieu
243:Ordinances of 1311
232:Earl of Gloucester
179:Arnaud de Gabaston
138:51.71559; -0.45692
2872:Earls of Cornwall
2840:
2839:
2831:Succeeded by
2754:978-0-00-686084-6
2732:978-88-920-0008-7
2708:978-0-19-822844-8
2684:978-0-300-07209-9
2662:978-0-300-15657-7
2649:Phillips, Seymour
2632:978-0-19-822359-7
2608:978-0-224-06249-7
2578:978-0-19-821837-1
2552:978-0-19-821712-1
2513:978-0-8143-2008-2
2494:978-0-7735-2432-3
2475:978-0-415-14883-2
2442:978-0-19-820449-7
2418:978-1-84383-387-1
2395:978-0-226-06711-7
2359:978-0-8018-0022-1
2331:978-0-19-927594-6
2234:978-0-415-93886-0
2090:978-1-903153-19-2
1975:Camden Miscellany
1917:978-0-85323-847-8
1059:Oxford University
941:Roy Martin Haines
905:Lion Feuchtwanger
584:Wicklow Mountains
552:Robert Winchelsey
538:of Piers Gaveston
477:Margaret de Clare
301:Duke of Aquitaine
228:Margaret de Clare
191:
190:
153:Margaret de Clare
91:(aged 27–28)
16:(Redirected from
2939:
2814:Preceded by
2787:Earl of Cornwall
2780:Edmund of Almain
2762:
2758:
2736:
2712:
2688:
2666:
2644:
2612:
2590:
2570:
2556:
2534:
2517:
2498:
2479:
2458:
2446:
2422:
2399:
2375:
2368:Barrow, G. W. S.
2363:
2335:
2314:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2245:
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2076:
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2058:
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2043:
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2027:
2024:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1979:
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1970:
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1350:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1298:Hamilton (2004).
1296:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1256:
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1127:
1118:
1115:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1081:
1048:and prejudice.
899:of that work by
857:, and executed.
803:
802:
800:
799:
798:
797:52.3052; -1.5774
793:
789:
786:
785:
784:
781:
674:Return and death
650:Robert the Bruce
441:Earl of Cornwall
408:Earl of Cornwall
397:Aymer de Valence
207:origin, and the
202:
199:
144:
143:
141:
140:
139:
134:
130:
127:
126:
125:
122:
113:
90:
79:
76:
64:Guy de Beauchamp
60:
50:Earl of Cornwall
39:
21:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2882:English knights
2842:
2841:
2836:
2827:
2819:
2799:
2790:
2777:
2755:
2739:
2733:
2715:
2709:
2691:
2685:
2669:
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2647:
2633:
2615:
2609:
2593:
2579:
2561:Maddicot, J. R.
2559:
2553:
2537:
2520:
2514:
2501:
2495:
2482:
2476:
2461:
2457:. London: Cass.
2449:
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2425:
2419:
2402:
2396:
2378:
2366:
2360:
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2332:
2317:
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2287:Cornwall portal
2285:
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2046:
2041:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1977:(15): viii, 26.
1972:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1948:
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1934:
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1116:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1023:, the story of
949:
868:Annales Paulini
863:
796:
794:
790:
787:
782:
779:
777:
775:
774:
773:
762:
731:Robert Clifford
676:
667:Bamburgh Castle
638:Lords Ordainers
628:
544:excommunication
529:
459:centred on the
425:arms of England
410:
368:
306:His service to
285:
273:Pierre Chaplais
200:
171:
137:
135:
131:
128:
123:
120:
118:
116:
115:
114:
112:, Hertfordshire
108:
92:
88:
77:
66:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2806:
2805:
2802:John of Eltham
2797:
2792:
2783:
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2713:
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2689:
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2577:
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2535:
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2493:
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2441:
2423:
2417:
2400:
2394:
2376:
2364:
2358:
2337:
2336:
2330:
2315:
2311:Camden Society
2291:
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2186:
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2123:
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2096:
2089:
2071:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2028:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1965:
1956:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1916:
1896:
1874:
1862:
1853:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
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1705:
1696:
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1158:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1098:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1002:constitutional
990:William Stubbs
969:Walter Langton
948:
945:
901:Bertolt Brecht
862:
859:
840:Queen Philippa
825:Hugh de Audley
761:
758:
684:Warwick Castle
675:
672:
627:
624:
604:Pope Clement V
528:
525:
431:with those of
423:, showing the
409:
406:
385:Burgh by Sands
367:
364:
360:Queen Margaret
347:Walter Langton
284:
281:
189:
188:
185:
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177:
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106:
102:
101:
85:
81:
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72:
68:
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61:
53:
52:
46:
45:
43:Piers Gaveston
42:
26:
24:
18:Piers Gaveston
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2817:Edmund Butler
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2782:
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2741:Tuck, Anthony
2738:
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2596:
2595:Mortimer, Ian
2592:
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2584:
2580:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2539:McKisack, May
2536:
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2381:
2380:Boswell, John
2377:
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2023:
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2017:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1953:(19): 177–86.
1952:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1897:
1884:
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1120:
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1077:
1071:
1069:
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1060:
1056:
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1049:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1038:'s 1991 film
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
986:
985:imagination.
982:
980:
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953:
946:
944:
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933:
929:
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843:
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837:
832:
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826:
821:
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813:
811:
801:
771:
770:Blacklow Hill
766:
759:
757:
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754:Blacklow Hill
750:
747:
743:
738:
734:
732:
728:
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697:Knaresborough
692:
685:
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673:
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473:Knaresborough
470:
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325:Scottish Wars
322:
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274:
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264:
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220:King Edward I
216:
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210:
206:
195:
186:
182:
178:
174:
167:
165:Joan Gaveston
164:
163:
161:
157:
154:
151:
147:
142:
111:
110:Kings Langley
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:Blacklow Hill
86:
82:
73:
69:
65:
59:
54:
51:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2852:1280s births
2822:
2800:
2794:
2785:
2778:
2772:
2744:
2721:
2697:
2674:
2652:
2621:
2598:
2566:
2542:
2522:
2503:
2484:
2464:
2454:
2431:
2427:Chaplais, P.
2408:
2384:
2371:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2320:
2306:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2259:. Retrieved
2253:
2243:
2223:
2216:
2204:. Retrieved
2202:. p. 10
2199:
2189:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2080:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1906:
1899:
1887:. Retrieved
1877:
1856:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1338:Vita Edwardi
1337:
1333:
1324:
1303:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1101:
1091:
1079:
1052:
1050:
1039:
1036:Derek Jarman
1033:
1018:
1011:
987:
983:
972:
962:
957:Marcus Stone
931:
928:John Boswell
925:
909:
890:
878:
872:
866:
864:
851:
847:Vita Edwardi
846:
844:
833:
822:
814:
806:
751:
739:
735:
724:
718:
702:
693:
689:
663:
646:
629:
615:
596:
576:Castle Kevin
568:
541:
536:Coat of arms
505:
485:
469:Lincolnshire
438:
382:
369:
344:
335:
329:
305:
286:
266:
259:
236:
217:
193:
192:
89:(1312-06-19)
87:19 June 1312
36:
2857:1312 deaths
2717:Tout, T. F.
1889:13 November
1064:called the
795: /
727:Henry Percy
705:Scarborough
620:Magna Carta
580:Glendalough
465:Wallingford
457:Oxfordshire
201: 1284
136: /
78: 1284
2846:Categories
2834:John Wogan
2828:1308–1309
2791:1307–1312
2341:Secondary:
1072:References
1054:Braveheart
1046:homophobia
912:T. F. Tout
897:adaptation
836:Edward III
780:52°18′19″N
746:Deddington
586:, west of
449:Devonshire
356:tournament
312:Welsh Wars
121:51°42′56″N
2653:Edward II
1041:Edward II
1007:patronage
966:treasurer
930:, in his
892:Edward II
838:'s wife,
810:Dominican
783:1°34′39″W
760:Aftermath
709:St Paul's
608:interdict
453:Berkshire
332:Edward II
277:patronage
268:Edward II
209:favourite
149:Spouse(s)
124:0°27′25″W
2743:(1985).
2719:(1914).
2695:(2007).
2675:Edward I
2673:(1997).
2651:(2010).
2619:(1972).
2597:(2003).
2563:(1970).
2541:(1959).
2453:(1918).
2429:(1994).
2382:(1980).
2370:(1965).
2295:Primary:
1085:Gabaston
920:Isabella
889:'s play
827:, later
682:View of
655:Roxburgh
508:Isabella
497:Hereford
445:Cornwall
433:de Clare
401:magnates
352:knighted
336:coetanei
247:magnates
2273:Sources
1340:, p. 3.
1029:Olivier
742:rectory
546:by the
501:Arundel
493:Warenne
429:impaled
417:Initial
317:hostage
249:led by
98:Warwick
2795:Vacant
2773:Vacant
2751:
2729:
2705:
2681:
2659:
2641:426691
2639:
2629:
2605:
2587:132766
2585:
2575:
2549:
2510:
2491:
2472:
2439:
2415:
2392:
2356:
2328:
2261:5 July
2231:
2206:5 July
2087:
1914:
1025:Roland
883:sodomy
592:murage
588:Dublin
512:regent
499:, and
461:honour
435:below.
395:; and
321:Aragon
297:vassal
289:Gascon
253:, and
205:Gascon
184:Mother
176:Father
105:Buried
659:Perth
633:Arden
556:marks
159:Issue
96:near
2749:ISBN
2727:ISBN
2703:ISBN
2679:ISBN
2657:ISBN
2637:OCLC
2627:ISBN
2603:ISBN
2583:OCLC
2573:ISBN
2547:ISBN
2508:ISBN
2489:ISBN
2470:ISBN
2437:ISBN
2413:ISBN
2390:ISBN
2354:ISBN
2326:ISBN
2263:2010
2229:ISBN
2208:2010
2085:ISBN
1912:ISBN
1891:2015
1027:and
996:and
903:and
729:and
574:and
455:and
84:Died
71:Born
2527:doi
1851:36.
744:at
657:to
463:of
303:.
211:of
2848::
2635:.
2581:.
2252:.
2198:.
2031:^
2019:^
1865:^
1735:^
1606:^
1312:^
1287:^
1122:^
1110:^
1087:;
1068:.
1031:.
992:,
907:.
550:,
495:,
391:;
279:.
257:.
234:.
215:.
198:c.
75:c.
2757:.
2735:.
2711:.
2687:.
2665:.
2643:.
2611:.
2589:.
2555:.
2533:.
2529::
2516:.
2497:.
2478:.
2445:.
2421:.
2398:.
2362:.
2334:.
2313:.
2265:.
2237:.
2210:.
2093:.
1920:.
1893:.
772:,
196:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
