3255:
507:
3262:
4675:
2499:
4236:
4241:
144:
3248:
121:
2493:
2487:
4735:
4681:
557:
Some researchers think that on land they had to slide on their bellies and push with their legs; the hip and knee joints were shaped such that these species could not move them dorsoventrally, and in a resting position the feet projected sideways from the body, which would have prevented them from
1087:
Tomonori Tanaka; Yoshitsugu
Kobayashi; Ken'ichi Kurihara; Anthony R. Fiorillo; Manabu Kano (2017). "The oldest Asian hesperornithiform from the Upper Cretaceous of Japan, and the phylogenetic reassessment of Hesperornithiformes". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. Online edition.
602:
Currently, the hesperornitheans are recognized as a very specialized lineage that is not ancestral to modern birds. Still, their relationship is close enough that they probably diverged from the ancestors of modern birds as late as the earliest
554:. Hesperornithids must have been powerful swimmers and divers but extremely ungainly on the land, and probably spent little time ashore except to nest. They were rather long-bodied, and measured about 6 feet (180 cm) long.
562:, rather than being webbed. The dense bones of these animals decreased their buoyancy, making diving easier. However, morphometric comparison with modern diving birds suggests that hesperornitheans share more similarities with
1169:
541:
had only vestigial wings. As in the case of modern foot-propelled diving birds, the femur and metatarsus of these animals were short, whereas the tibia was long. The legs were also set far back on the body, as in
581:
The snout was long, and tipped with a slightly hooked beak. Behind the beak, the jaws were filled with a series of simple, sharp teeth which were set into a longitudinal groove. These probably helped to seize
1593:
Bell, A.; Chiappe, L. M. (2015). "A species-level phylogeny of the
Cretaceous Hesperornithiformes (Aves: Ornithuromorpha): Implications for body size evolution amongst the earliest diving birds".
3254:
4815:
663:
than to modern birds, and regarded
Hesperornithiformes as a junior synonym, though she did not define the latter name. Clarke also defined the more inclusive group
1399:
Cracraft, Joel (1982). "Phylogenetic relationships and monophyly of loons, grebes, and hesperornithiform birds, with comments on the early history of birds".
1059:
Larry D. Martin; Evgeny N. Kurochkin; Tim T. Tokaryk (2012). "A new evolutionary lineage of diving birds from the Late
Cretaceous of North America and Asia".
477:, all strong-swimming, predatory divers. Many of the species most specialized for swimming were completely flightless. The largest known hesperornithean,
491:
4871:
590:. Unlike modern birds, they retained a joint between the lower jaw bones. It is believed that this allowed them to rotate the back portion of the
4861:
1645:
1170:"A high latitude hesperornithiform (Aves) from Devon Island: palaeobiogeography and size distribution of North American hesperornithiforms"
4866:
1221:
2498:
4674:
1278:
Bell, Alyssa; Wu, Yun-Hsin; Chiappe, Luis M. (2019). "Morphometric comparison of the
Hesperornithiformes and modern diving birds".
558:
walking upright. The anatomy of their toes suggests that hesperornitheans had lobes of skin for propulsion underwater similar to
4235:
3261:
1560:
143:
3247:
651:
by
Furbringer in 1888. However, it was generally ignored in the scientific literature in favor of the order-level name
4240:
623:
of North
America. Small hesperornithean bones are known from the freshwater deposits of the Late Cretaceous of the
2492:
1335:
4856:
2438:
1638:
517:
Most of what is known about this group rests on analyses of single species, as few provide sufficiently complete
1131:
2791:
1736:
2486:
4793:
4360:
3195:
1156:
4755:
4738:
4337:
4281:
655:, coined one year later. In 2004, Clarke became the first to define the hesperornithean group in terms of
421:
732:
In 2015, a species-level phylogenetic analysis found the following relationships among hesperornitheans.
521:
for analysis. Although some of the smaller and more basal species, like those belonging to the subgroups
4828:
4597:
2817:
2382:
693:
4568:
1483:"Histological evidence for the systematic position of Hesperornis (Odontornithes: Hesperornithiformes"
1104:
506:
4802:
4680:
1631:
1447:
1287:
721:
628:
3569:
3094:
2960:
2595:
130:
4625:
3697:
3646:
3323:
3063:
2286:
1763:
1610:
1541:
1502:
1463:
1416:
1368:
1303:
624:
411:
138:
3474:
3414:
4833:
4525:
3909:
4477:
3821:
3676:
2949:
2734:
2338:
1705:
1217:
1213:
1204:
261:
443:. They inhabited both marine and freshwater habitats in the Northern Hemisphere, and include
4820:
4708:
4633:
4575:
4168:
4059:
3813:
3706:
3404:
3138:
3117:
2427:
2361:
2268:
1905:
1602:
1563:[Morphological Aspects of the Phylogeny of the Hesperornithidae (Ornithurae, Aves)]
1533:
1494:
1455:
1408:
1360:
1351:
1295:
1258:
1181:
1135:
1127:
1070:
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4068:
3655:
3313:
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2975:
2938:
2780:
2765:
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2640:
2619:
2396:
2275:
2232:
2057:
1988:
1721:
957:
632:
620:
522:
455:
399:
359:
40:
1451:
1291:
120:
4698:
4640:
4604:
4501:
4433:
4408:
4381:
4349:
3963:
3768:
3607:
3525:
3424:
3184:
3110:
3073:
2571:
2368:
2127:
2023:
1962:
1941:
797:
495:
1154:
Dinosaurs: The Most
Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages,
4850:
4718:
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4326:
4270:
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3333:
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2720:
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2306:
2038:
2016:
2001:
1919:
1307:
689:
78:
1614:
1545:
1467:
4728:
4590:
4317:
4191:
4184:
4123:
4041:
3828:
3714:
3593:
3505:
3434:
3393:
3343:
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3014:
2999:
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2918:
2806:
2758:
2670:
2560:
2415:
2375:
2354:
2347:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2260:
2245:
2181:
2138:
2099:
1969:
1948:
1879:
1857:
753:
701:
685:
656:
563:
331:
1606:
1299:
1185:
1074:
17:
4787:
4553:
4463:
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4089:
4020:
3972:
3737:
3683:
3631:
3578:
3464:
3444:
3383:
3147:
2897:
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2550:
2389:
2154:
2113:
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2045:
1955:
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1829:
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1061:
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301:
53:
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3454:
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2706:
2649:
2605:
2299:
2188:
2172:
2161:
2120:
2106:
2070:
2031:
2009:
930:
866:
777:
717:
708:). These similarities, however, as the more recently determined fact that the
700:. The group was often considered to be related to loons and grebes, or to the
615:
604:
526:
473:
467:
379:
341:
321:
311:
240:
201:
98:
63:
4778:
4723:
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3939:
3919:
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3879:
3789:
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2907:
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2581:
2253:
2195:
2147:
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1977:
1846:
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837:
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461:
281:
214:
155:
103:
47:
1263:
1238:
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4546:
4418:
4075:
4013:
3775:
3729:
3373:
3124:
3048:
2692:
2656:
2202:
1934:
1687:
1678:
897:
880:
591:
487:
369:
291:
188:
175:
93:
88:
73:
68:
58:
1322:
Odontornithes, a
Monograph on the Extinct Toothed Birds of North America
1168:
Wilson, Laura; Chin, Karen; Cumbaa, Stephen; Dyke, Gareth (2011-03-01).
594:
independently of the front, thus allowing the lower teeth to disengage.
4560:
4306:
4154:
3979:
3494:
2834:
2663:
2529:
2516:
2450:
1537:
1506:
1420:
1372:
636:
551:
483:, may have reached a maximum adult length of 2.2 metres (7.2 ft).
436:
227:
108:
83:
4131:
3929:
3806:
3484:
1868:
1672:
1459:
709:
518:
165:
4749:
1561:"Морфологiчнi аспекти філогеніі Hesperornithidae (Ornithurae, Aves)"
1498:
1412:
1364:
1139:
639:
sites. These species were about the size of a cormorant or a loon.
1926:
575:
559:
547:
505:
444:
1482:
27:
Extinct clade of aquatic avialans closely related to modern birds
4807:
4258:
4203:
648:
583:
571:
543:
440:
4753:
4256:
3277:
2514:
1814:
1665:
1627:
647:
1623:
619:. The majority of hesperornithean species are known from the
490:
avialans to colonize the oceans. They were wiped out in the
1132:
10.1206/0003-0090(2004)286<0001:MPTASO>2.0.CO;2
659:. Clarke defined Hesperornithes as all species closer to
1387:
Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der Vögel
1105:"Morphology, Phylogenetic Taxonomy, and Systematics of
435:
is an extinct and highly specialized group of aquatic
4513:
4474:
4430:
4414:
4404:
4394:
4165:
4111:
3990:
3960:
3945:
3935:
3925:
3915:
3905:
3895:
3885:
3875:
3864:
3786:
3749:
3694:
3643:
3604:
3566:
3536:
3521:
3511:
3501:
3490:
3480:
3470:
3460:
3450:
3440:
3430:
3420:
3410:
3400:
3389:
3379:
3369:
3359:
3349:
3339:
3329:
3319:
3309:
3181:
3135:
3091:
3060:
3043:
2972:
2956:
2945:
2934:
2924:
2914:
2903:
2893:
2883:
2872:
2861:
2851:
2803:
2777:
2731:
2637:
2592:
2577:
2567:
2556:
2546:
2424:
2229:
1902:
1885:
1875:
1864:
1853:
1842:
395:
385:
375:
365:
355:
347:
337:
327:
317:
307:
297:
287:
277:
4762:
4512:
4473:
4429:
4379:
4348:
4325:
4316:
4292:
4269:
4202:
4164:
4110:
4058:
3989:
3959:
3849:
3785:
3748:
3693:
3642:
3603:
3565:
3535:
3290:
3206:
3180:
3171:
3134:
3090:
3059:
3028:
2971:
2832:
2802:
2776:
2730:
2636:
2591:
2527:
2449:
2423:
2414:
2337:
2285:
2228:
2171:
2137:
2056:
1987:
1900:
1827:
1774:
1747:
1720:
1237:Chinsamy, A.; Martin, Larry D.; Dobson, P. (1998).
1203:
1120:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
1280:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
716:– were arranged in a pattern similar to that in
678:Hesperornitheans were originally combined with
1639:
1212:. Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp.
8:
1524:: ein Vergleich ihrer hinteren Extremität".
1324:. Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
1098:
1096:
1094:
1336:"The Jaws of the Cretaceous Toothed Birds,
1210:Birds: Their Lifes, Their Ways, Their World
696:, in 1873. In 1875, they were separated as
439:closely related to the ancestors of modern
4750:
4387:
4322:
4298:
4266:
4253:
3998:
3857:
3302:
3298:
3287:
3274:
3177:
3036:
2844:
2840:
2539:
2535:
2524:
2511:
2420:
2291:
2237:
2225:
2062:
1993:
1911:
1835:
1824:
1811:
1753:
1726:
1717:
1662:
1646:
1632:
1624:
1247:from the Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas"
1054:
1052:
610:The earliest known hesperornithean is the
529:, might have been able to fly, the larger
119:
31:
1262:
1197:
1195:
704:(based on perceived similarities in the
1048:
1571:(in Ukrainian, Russian, and English).
492:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
7:
720:, are today considered to be due to
1595:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1438:and the early evolution of birds".
1434:Gingerich, P. D. (1973). "Skull of
1239:"Bone microstructure of the diving
1174:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
949:
922:
872:
862:
803:
793:
769:
745:
735:
498:and all other non-avian dinosaurs.
1088:doi:10.1080/14772019.2017.1341960.
667:as all hesperornitheans closer to
25:
1389:(2 vols). Von Holkema, Amsterdam.
4734:
4733:
4679:
4673:
4239:
4234:
3260:
3253:
3246:
2497:
2491:
2485:
142:
1522:Colymbus, Hesperornis, Podiceps
1320:Marsh, Othniel Charles (1880):
486:Hesperornitheans were the only
1202:Perrins, Christopher (1987) .
1:
1607:10.1080/14772019.2015.1036141
1208:. In Harrison, C.J.O. (ed.).
712:of their bones – at least in
4872:Taxa named by Max Fürbringer
4862:Cenomanian first appearances
1300:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.12.010
1205:"Bird Families of the World"
1186:10.1080/14772019.2010.502910
1152:Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2012)
1075:10.1016/j.palwor.2012.02.005
586:, like the serrated beak of
1334:Gregory, Joseph T. (1952).
4888:
1575:(6): 65–71. Archived from
1559:Bogdanovich, I.O. (2003).
4867:Maastrichtian extinctions
4693:
4671:
4390:
4301:
4265:
4252:
4232:
4001:
3860:
3305:
3301:
3286:
3273:
3244:
3039:
2847:
2843:
2542:
2538:
2523:
2510:
2483:
2294:
2240:
2224:
2065:
1996:
1914:
1838:
1823:
1810:
1756:
1729:
1716:
1661:
971:
954:
947:
927:
920:
894:
877:
870:
860:
834:
821:
808:
801:
791:
774:
767:
750:
743:
417:
410:
274:
269:
139:Scientific classification
137:
127:
118:
34:
1526:Journal für Ornithologie
1385:Fürbringer, M. (1888):
1264:10.1006/cres.1997.0102
1113:(Avialae: Ornithurae)"
1103:Clarke, J. A. (2004).
514:
4829:Paleobiology Database
2383:Paralitherizinosaurus
1481:Houde, Peter (1987).
1157:Winter 2011 Appendix.
958:Parahesperornis alexi
694:Othniel Charles Marsh
509:
128:Restored skeleton of
1520:Stolpe, M. (1935). "
722:convergent evolution
510:Life restoration of
419:Hesperornithiformes
4794:Hesperornithiformes
4764:Hesperornithiformes
3570:Patagopterygiformes
3095:Confuciusornithidae
2961:Scansoriopterygidae
2596:Scansoriopterygidae
1582:on August 31, 2021.
1452:1973Natur.243...70G
1292:2019PPP...513..196B
1251:Cretaceous Research
931:Fumicollis hoffmani
661:Hesperornis regalis
653:Hesperornithiformes
512:Hesperornis regalis
502:Anatomy and ecology
131:Hesperornis regalis
3698:Songlingornithidae
3647:Hongshanornithidae
3064:Omnivoropterygidae
2976:Jeholornithiformes
2287:Therizinosauroidea
1538:10.1007/BF01908745
1401:Systematic Zoology
625:Judith River Group
515:
4844:
4843:
4756:Taxon identifiers
4747:
4746:
4689:
4688:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4569:Lutetodontopteris
4478:Gastornithiformes
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4259:Aves / Neornithes
4248:
4247:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4204:Aves / Neornithes
4106:
4105:
3845:
3844:
3677:Parahongshanornis
3269:
3268:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3024:
3023:
2950:Archaeopterygidae
2828:
2827:
2735:Archaeopterygidae
2506:
2505:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2339:Therizinosauridae
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1706:Maniraptoriformes
1040:
1039:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1003:
995:
994:
986:
985:
909:
908:
849:
848:
838:Baptornis advenus
635:, and in several
570:rather than with
430:
429:
425:
265:
18:Hesperornithiform
16:(Redirected from
4879:
4857:Hesperornitheans
4837:
4836:
4824:
4823:
4811:
4810:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4751:
4737:
4736:
4709:Deinonychosauria
4684:
4683:
4677:
4634:Protodontopteryx
4576:Macrodontopteryx
4515:
4476:
4432:
4416:
4406:
4396:
4388:
4323:
4299:
4267:
4254:
4243:
4238:
4169:Cimolopterygidae
4167:
4113:
4060:Hesperornithidae
3999:
3992:
3962:
3947:
3937:
3927:
3917:
3907:
3897:
3887:
3877:
3866:
3858:
3788:
3751:
3696:
3645:
3606:
3568:
3538:
3523:
3513:
3503:
3492:
3482:
3472:
3462:
3452:
3442:
3432:
3422:
3412:
3402:
3391:
3381:
3371:
3361:
3351:
3341:
3331:
3321:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3288:
3275:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3183:
3178:
3139:Jinguofortisidae
3137:
3118:Eoconfuciusornis
3093:
3062:
3045:
3037:
2974:
2958:
2947:
2936:
2926:
2916:
2905:
2895:
2885:
2874:
2863:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2805:
2779:
2733:
2639:
2594:
2579:
2569:
2558:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2525:
2512:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2439:Oviraptorosauria
2428:Oviraptorosauria
2426:
2421:
2362:Nanshiungosaurus
2292:
2269:Jianchangosaurus
2238:
2231:
2226:
2063:
1994:
1912:
1906:Alvarezsauroidea
1904:
1887:
1877:
1866:
1855:
1844:
1836:
1825:
1812:
1754:
1727:
1718:
1711:
1710:
1663:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1569:Vestnik Zoologii
1566:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1460:10.1038/243070a0
1431:
1425:
1424:
1396:
1390:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1348:
1331:
1325:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1207:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1165:
1159:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1117:
1100:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1056:
950:
944:Hesperornithidae
923:
898:Brodavis baileyi
881:Brodavis varneri
873:
863:
804:
794:
770:
746:
736:
665:Hesperornithidae
633:Lance Formations
612:Early Cretaceous
496:enantiornitheans
480:Canadaga arctica
420:
397:
387:
377:
367:
357:
351:Hesperornithidae
349:
339:
329:
319:
309:
299:
289:
279:
260:
255:
147:
146:
123:
113:
50:
38:Temporal range:
35:Hesperornitheans
32:
21:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4832:
4827:
4819:
4814:
4806:
4801:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4758:
4748:
4743:
4685:
4678:
4661:
4656:Tympanonesiotes
4649:Pseudodontornis
4612:Palaeochenoides
4533:Caspiodontornis
4517:Pelagornithidae
4508:
4469:
4425:
4367:
4344:
4312:
4288:
4261:
4244:
4218:
4198:
4160:
4102:
4097:Parahesperornis
4069:Asiahesperornis
4054:
3985:
3955:
3854:
3841:
3781:
3744:
3689:
3656:Archaeornithura
3638:
3599:
3561:
3531:
3314:Archaeorhynchus
3295:
3282:
3265:
3252:
3222:
3202:
3173:Ornithothoraces
3167:
3130:
3104:Changchengornis
3086:
3055:
3033:
3020:
2967:
2939:Anchiornithidae
2837:
2824:
2798:
2792:Dromaeosauridae
2781:Dromaeosauridae
2772:
2766:Anchiornithidae
2726:
2685:Liaoningvenator
2641:Anchiornithidae
2632:
2620:Scansoriopteryx
2587:
2532:
2519:
2502:
2465:
2445:
2402:
2397:Therizinosaurus
2333:
2281:
2276:Lingyuanosaurus
2233:Therizinosauria
2208:
2167:
2133:
2058:Parvicursorinae
2052:
1989:Alvarezsauridae
1983:
1908:
1896:
1832:
1819:
1790:
1770:
1743:
1737:Avemetatarsalia
1722:Avemetatarsalia
1712:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1652:
1622:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1499:10.2307/4087243
1480:
1479:
1475:
1446:(5402): 70–73.
1433:
1432:
1428:
1413:10.2307/2413412
1398:
1397:
1393:
1384:
1380:
1365:10.2307/1364594
1346:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1243:and the volant
1236:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1151:
1147:
1115:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1005:
996:
987:
910:
850:
730:
645:
627:as well as the
621:Late Cretaceous
600:
531:hesperornithids
523:Enaliornithidae
504:
456:Parahesperornis
400:Parahesperornis
360:Asiahesperornis
259:
253:
141:
114:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
45:
44:
41:Late Cretaceous
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4885:
4883:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4849:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4825:
4812:
4799:
4784:
4768:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4699:Archaeornithes
4694:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4641:Protopelicanus
4637:
4630:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4605:Osteodontornis
4601:
4594:
4587:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4521:
4519:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4502:Dromornithidae
4498:
4491:
4482:
4480:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4438:
4436:
4434:Dromornithidae
4427:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4412:
4409:Perplexicervix
4402:
4391:
4385:
4382:Incertae sedis
4377:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4361:Pangalliformes
4354:
4352:
4350:Pangalliformes
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4331:
4329:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4275:
4273:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4171:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4136:
4128:
4119:
4117:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4064:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4002:
3996:
3994:Hesperornithes
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3976:
3968:
3966:
3964:Ichthyornithes
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3943:
3933:
3923:
3913:
3903:
3893:
3883:
3873:
3861:
3855:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3810:
3803:
3795:
3793:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3772:
3769:Similiyanornis
3765:
3757:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3719:
3711:
3702:
3700:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3651:
3649:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3610:
3608:Ambiortiformes
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3572:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3544:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3526:Zhongjianornis
3519:
3509:
3499:
3488:
3478:
3468:
3458:
3448:
3438:
3428:
3425:Jianchangornis
3418:
3408:
3398:
3387:
3377:
3367:
3357:
3347:
3337:
3327:
3317:
3306:
3296:
3291:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3196:Enantiornithes
3189:
3187:
3185:Enantiornithes
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3143:
3141:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3111:Confuciusornis
3107:
3099:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3074:Omnivoropteryx
3069:
3067:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3040:
3034:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2996:
2989:
2980:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2954:
2943:
2932:
2922:
2912:
2901:
2891:
2881:
2870:
2859:
2848:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2785:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2739:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2645:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2599:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2572:Pneumatoraptor
2565:
2554:
2543:
2533:
2528:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2432:
2430:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2369:Neimongosaurus
2365:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2250:
2241:
2235:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2128:Trierarchuncus
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2024:Bonapartenykus
2020:
2013:
2006:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1963:Shishugounykus
1959:
1952:
1945:
1942:Bonapartenykus
1938:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1909:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1883:
1873:
1862:
1851:
1839:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1730:
1724:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1675:
1666:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1628:
1621:
1620:
1601:(3): 239–251.
1585:
1551:
1512:
1493:(1): 125–129.
1473:
1426:
1391:
1378:
1326:
1313:
1270:
1229:
1223:978-0895770653
1222:
1191:
1160:
1145:
1090:
1080:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
992:
989:
988:
984:
983:
980:
979:
970:
967:
966:
963:
962:
953:
948:
946:
940:
939:
936:
935:
926:
921:
919:
916:
915:
912:
911:
907:
906:
903:
902:
893:
890:
889:
886:
885:
876:
871:
869:
861:
859:
856:
855:
852:
851:
847:
846:
843:
842:
833:
830:
829:
826:
825:
820:
817:
816:
813:
812:
807:
802:
800:
798:Baptornithidae
792:
790:
787:
786:
783:
782:
773:
768:
766:
763:
762:
759:
758:
749:
744:
742:
740:Hesperornithes
734:
729:
726:
644:
643:Classification
641:
599:
596:
503:
500:
433:Hesperornithes
428:
427:
415:
414:
408:
407:
406:
405:
404:
403:
393:
383:
373:
363:
345:
335:
325:
315:
305:
295:
285:
272:
271:
267:
266:
257:Hesperornithes
251:
244:
243:
238:
231:
230:
225:
218:
217:
212:
205:
204:
199:
192:
191:
186:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
135:
134:
125:
124:
116:
115:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
51:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4884:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4740:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4719:Odontornithes
4717:
4715:
4714:Odontognathae
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4682:
4676:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4443:Barawertornis
4440:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4420:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4339:
4338:Anserimorphae
4335:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4327:Anserimorphae
4324:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4283:
4282:Palaeognathae
4279:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4271:Palaeognathae
4268:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4251:
4242:
4237:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4109:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3950:Tingmiatornis
3944:
3942:
3941:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3869:Antarcticavis
3863:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3848:
3838:
3837:
3836:Shuilingornis
3833:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3800:Changzuiornis
3797:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3753:Yanornithidae
3747:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3723:Songlingornis
3720:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3670:Longicrusavis
3667:
3665:
3664:
3663:Hongshanornis
3660:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3549:Mengciusornis
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3540:Schizoouridae
3534:
3528:
3527:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3354:Changzuiornis
3348:
3346:
3345:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3334:Brevidentavis
3328:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3249:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2877:Cretaaviculus
2871:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2752:Archaeopteryx
2749:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2721:Yixianosaurus
2718:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2678:Fujianvenator
2675:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2613:Epidexipteryx
2610:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2307:Beipiaosaurus
2304:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2227:
2223:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2039:Heptasteornis
2036:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2017:Alvarezsaurus
2014:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:Achillesaurus
1999:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1920:Achillesaurus
1917:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1899:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1528:(in German).
1527:
1523:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1000:
999:
991:
990:
982:
981:
978:
977:
976:
969:
968:
965:
964:
961:
960:
959:
952:
951:
945:
942:
941:
938:
937:
934:
933:
932:
925:
924:
918:
917:
914:
913:
905:
904:
901:
900:
899:
892:
891:
888:
887:
884:
883:
882:
875:
874:
868:
865:
864:
858:
857:
854:
853:
845:
844:
841:
840:
839:
832:
831:
828:
827:
824:
819:
818:
815:
814:
811:
806:
805:
799:
796:
795:
789:
788:
785:
784:
781:
780:
779:
772:
771:
765:
764:
761:
760:
757:
756:
755:
748:
747:
741:
738:
737:
733:
728:Relationships
727:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:Odontornithes
687:
683:
682:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:phylogenetics
654:
650:
642:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:
613:
608:
606:
597:
595:
593:
589:
585:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
555:
553:
549:
545:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
513:
508:
501:
499:
497:
494:, along with
493:
489:
484:
482:
481:
476:
475:
470:
469:
464:
463:
458:
457:
452:
451:
446:
442:
438:
434:
426:
423:
416:
413:
409:
402:
401:
394:
392:
391:
384:
382:
381:
374:
372:
371:
364:
362:
361:
354:
353:
352:
346:
344:
343:
336:
334:
333:
326:
324:
323:
316:
314:
313:
306:
304:
303:
296:
294:
293:
286:
284:
283:
276:
275:
273:
268:
263:
258:
252:
249:
246:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
136:
133:
132:
126:
122:
117:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
49:
42:
33:
30:
19:
4763:
4729:Unenlagiidae
4654:
4647:
4639:
4632:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4591:Odontopteryx
4589:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4500:
4493:
4485:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4417:
4407:
4397:
4380:
4318:Galloanserae
4305:
4192:Lamarqueavis
4190:
4185:Cimolopteryx
4183:
4176:
4153:
4146:
4138:
4130:
4124:Australornis
4122:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4047:
4042:Pasquiaornis
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3993:
3978:
3971:
3948:
3938:
3928:
3918:
3908:
3898:
3888:
3878:
3867:
3834:
3829:Khinganornis
3827:
3820:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3736:
3728:
3721:
3715:Piscivoravis
3713:
3705:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3630:
3622:
3615:
3594:Patagopteryx
3592:
3584:
3577:
3554:
3547:
3524:
3514:
3506:Xinghaiornis
3504:
3493:
3483:
3473:
3463:
3453:
3443:
3435:Jiuquanornis
3433:
3423:
3413:
3403:
3394:Gargantuavis
3392:
3382:
3372:
3362:
3352:
3344:Changmaornis
3342:
3332:
3322:
3312:
3251:
3162:Jinguofortis
3160:
3153:
3146:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3079:
3072:
3046:
3015:Neimengornis
3013:
3006:
3000:Jixiangornis
2998:
2991:
2985:Dalianraptor
2983:
2959:
2948:
2937:
2927:
2919:Yandangornis
2917:
2906:
2896:
2886:
2875:
2864:
2854:
2818:Troodontidae
2807:Troodontidae
2764:
2759:Wellnhoferia
2757:
2750:
2742:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2676:
2671:Eosinopteryx
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2580:
2570:
2561:Palaeopteryx
2559:
2549:
2490:
2416:Pennaraptora
2395:
2388:
2381:
2376:Nothronychus
2374:
2367:
2360:
2355:Erlikosaurus
2353:
2348:Erliansaurus
2346:
2328:Suzhousaurus
2326:
2321:Martharaptor
2319:
2314:Enigmosaurus
2312:
2305:
2298:
2274:
2267:
2261:Fukuivenator
2259:
2252:
2246:Eshanosaurus
2244:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2182:Albertonykus
2180:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:Ceratonykini
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2100:Nemegtonykus
2098:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1976:
1970:Tugulusaurus
1968:
1961:
1954:
1949:Haplocheirus
1947:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1918:
1888:
1880:Migmanychion
1878:
1867:
1858:Fukuivenator
1856:
1845:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1577:the original
1572:
1568:
1554:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1407:(1): 35–56.
1404:
1400:
1394:
1386:
1381:
1359:(2): 73–88.
1356:
1350:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1209:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1153:
1148:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1083:
1066:
1060:
973:
972:
956:
955:
929:
928:
896:
895:
879:
878:
836:
835:
822:
809:
776:
775:
754:Pasquiaornis
752:
751:
739:
731:
713:
702:Paleognathae
697:
686:paraphyletic
679:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
652:
646:
614:
609:
601:
580:
564:diving ducks
556:
538:
534:
516:
511:
485:
478:
472:
466:
460:
454:
448:
432:
431:
418:
398:
388:
378:
368:
358:
350:
340:
332:Pasquiaornis
330:
320:
310:
300:
290:
280:
256:
247:
234:
221:
208:
195:
182:
129:
46:100–66
29:
4788:Wikispecies
4626:Proceriavis
4598:Odontoptila
4554:Gigantornis
4464:Ilbandornis
4399:Asteriornis
4140:Neogaeornis
4090:Hesperornis
4021:Chupkaornis
3973:Ichthyornis
3738:Yixianornis
3684:Tianyuornis
3632:Palintropus
3579:Alamitornis
3465:Meemannavis
3445:Juehuaornis
3384:Eogranivora
3324:Bellulornis
3148:Chongmingia
2898:Overoraptor
2888:Fukuipteryx
2551:Imperobator
2390:Segnosaurus
2155:Ceratonykus
2114:Parvicursor
2085:Khulsanurus
2078:Jaculinykus
2046:Patagonykus
1956:Patagonykus
1890:Yaverlandia
1830:Maniraptora
1817:Maniraptora
1776:Maniraptora
1655:Maniraptora
1532:: 115–128.
1436:Hesperornis
1342:Hesperornis
1338:Ichthyornis
1286:: 196–207.
1245:Ichthyornis
1241:Hesperornis
1107:Ichthyornis
1062:Palaeoworld
975:Hesperornis
714:Hesperornis
706:bony palate
681:Ichthyornis
669:Hesperornis
535:Hesperornis
450:Hesperornis
390:Hesperornis
302:Chupkaornis
4851:Categories
4697:See also:
4619:Pelagornis
4487:Brontornis
4294:Neognathae
4213:see below↓
4178:Ceramornis
4148:Polarornis
4115:Vegaviidae
4083:Fumicollis
4049:Potamornis
4035:Judinornis
4028:Enaliornis
3852:Ornithurae
3762:Abitusavis
3556:Schizooura
3516:Yumenornis
3475:Platanavis
3455:Kaririavis
3415:Horezmavis
3364:Chaoyangia
3293:Euornithes
3280:Euornithes
3217:see below↓
3208:Euornithes
3155:Cratonavis
3031:Pygostylia
3008:Kompsornis
2993:Jeholornis
2929:Zhongornis
2856:Alcmonavis
2744:Alcmonavis
2714:Xiaotingia
2707:Serikornis
2650:Anchiornis
2606:Ambopteryx
2460:see below↓
2300:Alxasaurus
2189:Linhenykus
2173:Mononykini
2162:Xixianykus
2121:Qiupanykus
2107:Ondogurvel
2071:Dzharaonyx
2032:Bradycneme
2010:Alnashetri
1785:see below↓
1688:Dinosauria
1257:(2): 225.
1044:References
867:Brodavidae
810:AMNH 5101
778:Enaliornis
718:Neognathae
698:Odontolcae
629:Hell Creek
616:Enaliornis
605:Cretaceous
588:mergansers
568:cormorants
527:Brodavidae
474:Potamornis
468:Enaliornis
380:Fumicollis
342:Potamornis
322:Judinornis
312:Enaliornis
270:Subgroups
262:Fürbringer
241:Ornithurae
202:Saurischia
189:Dinosauria
4724:Sauriurae
4704:Carinatae
4540:Cyphornis
4526:Aequornis
4495:Gastornis
4457:Genyornis
4450:Dromornis
4007:Baptornis
3940:Limenavis
3920:Iaceornis
3910:Guildavis
3900:Gallornis
3890:Cerebavis
3880:Apatornis
3790:Gansuidae
3624:Apsaravis
3617:Ambiortus
3586:Kuszholia
3081:Sapeornis
2908:Rahonavis
2700:Pedopenna
2582:Rahonavis
2254:Falcarius
2196:Mononykus
2148:Albinykus
1978:Xiyunykus
1847:Elopteryx
1764:Theropoda
1749:Theropoda
1697:Theropoda
1671:Kingdom:
1308:133964417
1126:: 1–179.
1111:Apatornis
1069:: 59–63.
823:FMNH 395
673:Baptornis
598:Evolution
539:Baptornis
462:Baptornis
282:Baptornis
215:Theropoda
162:Kingdom:
156:Eukaryota
4773:Wikidata
4739:Category
4547:Dasornis
4419:Qinornis
4076:Canadaga
4014:Brodavis
3822:Iteravis
3814:Hollanda
3776:Yanornis
3730:Yanornis
3707:Hollanda
3405:Hollanda
3374:Dingavis
3125:Yangavis
3049:Proornis
2693:Ostromia
2657:Aurornis
2203:Shuvuuia
1935:Bannykus
1679:Chordata
1677:Phylum:
1673:Animalia
1615:83686657
1546:11147804
1468:27583011
1180:: 9–23.
1140:2246/454
671:than to
637:Eurasian
592:mandible
552:penguins
488:Mesozoic
447:such as
437:avialans
412:Synonyms
370:Canadaga
292:Brodavis
176:Chordata
172:Phylum:
166:Animalia
152:Domain:
4808:4434283
4779:Q132824
4561:Laornis
4307:Neoaves
4155:Vegavis
3980:Janavis
3495:Wyleyia
2835:Avialae
2664:Caihong
2530:Paraves
2517:Paraves
2451:Paraves
1507:4087243
1487:The Auk
1448:Bibcode
1421:2413412
1373:1364594
1288:Bibcode
1214:165–167
710:osteons
688:group "
684:in the
519:fossils
228:Avialae
4132:Maaqwi
3930:Kookne
3807:Gansus
3485:Vorona
2866:Balaur
1869:Kakuru
1613:
1544:
1505:
1466:
1440:Nature
1419:
1371:
1352:Condor
1306:
1220:
576:grebes
560:grebes
548:grebes
471:, and
445:genera
424:, 1899
422:Sharpe
264:, 1888
4834:36617
4821:11466
4816:IRMNG
1927:Aorun
1702:Clade
1693:Clade
1684:Clade
1611:S2CID
1580:(PDF)
1565:(PDF)
1542:S2CID
1503:JSTOR
1464:S2CID
1417:JSTOR
1369:JSTOR
1347:(PDF)
1304:S2CID
1116:(PDF)
692:" by
572:loons
544:loons
533:like
441:birds
248:Clade
235:Clade
222:Clade
209:Clade
196:Clade
183:Clade
4583:Manu
4359:see
4336:see
4280:see
3194:see
2816:see
2790:see
2437:see
1762:see
1735:see
1491:1045
1340:and
1218:ISBN
1109:and
649:Aves
631:and
584:fish
566:and
537:and
525:and
54:PreꞒ
4803:EoL
2092:Kol
1603:doi
1534:doi
1495:doi
1456:doi
1444:243
1409:doi
1361:doi
1296:doi
1284:513
1259:doi
1182:doi
1136:hdl
1128:doi
1124:286
1071:doi
574:or
550:or
4853::
4831::
4818::
4805::
4790::
4775::
2627:Yi
1704::
1695::
1686::
1609:.
1599:14
1597:.
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1567:.
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1415:.
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1403:.
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1355:.
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1294:.
1282:.
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1249:.
1216:.
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1176:.
1172:.
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1093:^
1067:21
1065:.
1051:^
724:.
675:.
607:.
578:.
546:,
465:,
459:,
453:,
250::
237::
224::
211::
198::
185::
104:Pg
48:Ma
43:,
4644:?
4629:?
4586:?
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4514:†
4505:?
4490:?
4475:†
4431:†
4422:?
4415:†
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3627:?
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3567:†
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3481:†
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3397:?
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3380:†
3370:†
3360:†
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3340:†
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3310:†
3182:†
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3092:†
3066:?
3061:†
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3044:†
3003:?
2988:?
2973:†
2964:?
2957:†
2953:?
2946:†
2942:?
2935:†
2925:†
2915:†
2911:?
2904:†
2894:†
2884:†
2880:?
2873:†
2869:?
2862:†
2852:†
2804:†
2778:†
2769:?
2747:?
2732:†
2688:?
2638:†
2598:?
2593:†
2578:†
2568:†
2564:?
2557:†
2547:†
2425:†
2264:?
2249:?
2230:†
2095:?
2049:?
2027:?
2005:?
1973:?
1930:?
1903:†
1893:?
1886:†
1876:†
1872:?
1865:†
1861:?
1854:†
1850:?
1843:†
1647:e
1640:t
1633:v
1617:.
1605::
1548:.
1536::
1509:.
1497::
1470:.
1458::
1450::
1423:.
1411::
1375:.
1363::
1344:"
1310:.
1298::
1290::
1267:.
1261::
1226:.
1188:.
1184::
1178:9
1142:.
1138::
1130::
1077:.
1073::
396:†
386:†
376:†
366:†
356:†
348:†
338:†
328:†
318:†
308:†
298:†
288:†
278:†
254:†
109:N
99:K
94:J
89:T
84:P
79:C
74:D
69:S
64:O
59:Ꞓ
20:)
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