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underneath the body to stand, or under the center of gravity to walk. Instead, they likely moved on land by pushing themselves along on their bellies, like modern seals. However, more recent studies on hesperornithean hindlimbs suggest they were more functionally similar to those of the still upright walking
1145:
through water, its toes moved and functioned more like those of a grebe while undergoing propulsion in water. Like loons, the legs were probably encased inside the body wall up to the ankle, causing the feet to jut out to the sides near the tail. This would have prevented them from bringing the legs
738:
soured further after Cope accidentally received boxes of fossils, including the toothed birds, that were meant for Marsh. Cope called the birds "simply delightful", but Marsh replied with accusations Cope had stolen the bones. By 1873 their friendship dissolved into open hostility, helping to spark
679:
beak similar to that found in modern birds. The palate (mouth roof) contained small pits that allowed the lower teeth to lock into place when the jaws were closed. They also retained a primitive-like joint between the lower jaw bones. It is believed that this allowed them to rotate the back portion
713:, Marsh discovered the skeleton of a "large fossil bird, at least five feet in height". The specimen was large, wingless, and had strong legs—Marsh considered it a diving species. Unfortunately, the specimen lacked a head. Marsh named the find
1124:
is depicted with a mode of locomotion similar to modern loons or grebes, and study of their limb proportions and hip structure has borne out this comparison. In terms of limb length, shape of the hip bones, and position of the hip socket,
609:
was a large bird, measuring about 1.5–2 metres (4.9–6.6 ft) long and weighing around 10.6 kilograms (23 lb). It had virtually no wings, and swam with its powerful hind legs. Studies on the feet initially indicated that
999:
In 2002, Martin and Lim formally recognized several new species for remains that had previously been unstudied or referred without consideration to previously named North
American hesperornithines. These include the very small
622:. More recent work looking at the morphometrics of the feet in hesperornithiformes and modern sea birds has thrown this interpretation into question, making webbed toes equally as likely as lobed toes for this group.
734:. In an 1873 paper Marsh declared that "the fortunate discovery of these interesting fossils does much to break down the old distinction between Birds and Reptiles". Meanwhile, Marsh's relationship with his rival
770:
have been described in this genus, though some are known from very few bones or even a single bone and cannot be properly compared with the more plentiful (but also incomplete) remains of other similar-sized
707:. Marsh was undertaking his second western expedition, accompanied by ten students. The team headed to Kansas where Marsh had dug before. Aside from finding more bones belonging to the flying reptile
4134:
724:
This specimen had enough of its head intact that Marsh could see that the creature's jaws had been lined with teeth. Marsh saw important evolutionary implications of this find, along with
2164:"Comparative anatomy of the intertarsal joint in extant and fossil birds: inferences for the locomotion of Hesperornis regalis (Hesperornithiformes) and Emeus crassus (Dinornithiformes)"
675:) and tip of the lower jaw (predentary) lacked teeth and were probably covered in a beak. Studies of the bone surface show that at least the tips of the jaws supported a hard,
1187:
bone, specifically the condyle, shows signs of infection, indicating the bird survived the initial attack and escaped the predator. The discovery was published in the journal
720:
Marsh headed back west with a smaller party the following year. In western Kansas, one of Marsh's four students, Thomas H. Russell, discovered a "nearly perfect skeleton" of
1711:, Edward Henry Clement, Samuel Hart, Mary Kingsbury Talcott, Frederick Bostwick, Ezra Scollay Stearns. Volume I (of 4). New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1911.
743:. While Marsh would rarely go into the field after 1873, the collectors he paid continued to send him a stream of fossils. He eventually received parts of 50 specimens of
1578:
2331:
2070:
1705:
Genealogical and Family
History of the State of Connecticut: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Founding of a Nation.
5734:
5678:
775:. In many cases, species have been separated by provenance, having been found in strata of different ages or in different locations, or by differences in size.
2210:
Larry D. Martin; Evgeny N. Kurochkin; Tim T. Tokaryk (2012). "A new evolutionary lineage of diving birds from the Late
Cretaceous of North America and Asia".
1695:, p. 427. New York: Arno Press, 1978. Later, Russell assisted Marsh while attending medical school; he became a surgeon, professor of Clinical Surgery in the
5739:
876:, so when Lucas (1903) decided that the former specimen represented a distinct genus, he mistakenly used the later specimen to anchor it, creating the name
1259:
2493:
1141:
were probably excellent foot-propelled divers, but might have been ungainly on land. Whereas its tibiotarsus moved like that of a loon while propelling
931:
existed only in Kansas, so any species from
Montana should be placed in a different genus. Most later researchers disagreed with this, and have placed
5665:
862:, and it was subsequently involved in the rather confused taxonomy of a specimen which would eventually form the basis of the new genus and species
5744:
2468:
2525:
2371:
1882:
1777:
747:, which allowed him to make a much stronger demonstration of an evolutionary link between reptiles and birds than had been possible before.
1047:
likely lived throughout the
Campanian age based on remains found on middle to late Campanian age rocks, and possibly even up to the early
824:, had five ribs as opposed to four in the first species, and differed in aspects of the bone sculpturing on the breastbone and lower leg.
1210:
Alyssa Bell; Kelly J. Irwin; Leo Carson Davis (2015). "Hesperornithiform birds from the Late
Cretaceous (Campanian) of Arkansas, USA".
974:. Several other specimens from contemporary deposits have since been referred to this species. At about 1.4 metres (4.6 ft) long,
790:
is also the best known species, and dozens of specimens (from fragments to more complete skeletons) have been recovered, all from the
169:
2479:
1173:
leg bone uncovered in the 1960s was examined by David
Burnham, Bruce Rothschild et al. and was found to bear bite marks from a young
5729:
3378:
2390:
5524:
2431:
Marsh 1871 holotype locality indicates an earlier stratigraphic occurrence. Kansas
Academy of Science, Transactions 114(1-2):59-68.
2239:
Bell, Alyssa; Wu, Yun-Hsin; Chiappe, Luis M. (2019). "Morphometric comparison of the
Hesperornithiformes and modern diving birds".
2345:
1469:
Bell, Alyssa; Wu, Yun-Hsin; Chiappe, Luis (2019). "Morphometric comparison of the
Hesperornithiformes and modern diving birds".
688:
5085:
4141:
1609:
1325:
2029:"Aquatic birds from the Upper Cretaceous (Lower Campanian) of Sweden and the biology and distribution of hesperornithiforms"
1043:; some remains assigned to that species in turn seem to belong to the latter undetermined taxon. It is also suggested that
1998:, (2000). "Mesozoic birds of Mongolia and the former USSR." Pp. 533–559 in Benton, Shishkin, Unwin and Kurochkin (eds.).
4127:
2010:
Martin, L. and Lim, (2002). "New information on the hesperornithiform radiation." pp. 113–124 in Zhou and Zhang (eds.),
2417:
2457:
1024:
647:. In the hesperornithiform lineage they were of a different arrangement than in any other known bird (or in non-avian
5090:
199:
1374:
Zelenitsky, Darla K.; Therrien, François; Ridgely, Ryan C.; McGee, Amanda R.; Witmer, Lawrence M. (13 April 2011).
588:. Nine species are recognised, eight of which have been recovered from rocks in North America and one from Russia.
3372:
1526:
5724:
3318:
2518:
3671:
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1109:
may have eventually moved, at least partially, away from a primarily marine habitat. Additionally, the species
1036:
3366:
1291:
5210:
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1696:
1343:"The Hesperornithiformes: A Review of the Diversity, Distribution, and Ecology of the Earliest Diving Birds"
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remains from outside of North America were recognized as a new species by Nessov and Yarkov. They named
864:
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1978:
1935:
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1822:
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1235:
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795:
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194:
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5375:
4759:
5683:
5327:
4586:
4314:
3829:
3614:
3218:
2585:
2386:
2383:
The Bonehunters' Revenge: Dinosaurs, Greed, and the Greatest Scientific Feud of the Gilded Age
2367:
2185:
1995:
1773:
1426:
Stolpe, M (1935). "Colymbus, Hesperornis, Podiceps: ein Vergleich ihrer hinteren extremitat".
1405:
1321:
1317:
1310:
48:
5643:
1137:), probably exhibiting a very similar manner of locomotion on land and in water. Like loons,
5558:
5483:
5425:
5018:
4909:
4616:
4294:
4018:
3997:
3307:
3241:
3148:
2785:
2407:
2311:
2256:
2221:
2177:
2136:
2105:
2050:
2012:
Proceedings of the 5th Symposium of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, Beijing
1970:
1927:
1853:
1844:(Aves: Hesperornithiformes) from the Smoky Hill Chalk (Early Campanian) of Western Kansas".
1814:
1765:
1593:
1551:
1542:
1486:
1443:
1395:
1387:
1354:
1283:
1219:
1179:
948:
755:
600:
312:
38:
2084:
Fox, R.C. (1974). "A middle Campanian, nonmarine occurrence of the Cretaceous toothed bird
1157:
grew fairly quickly and continuously to adulthood, as is the case in modern birds, but not
5505:
5498:
5461:
5382:
5366:
4946:
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4193:
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3155:
3112:
2937:
2868:
2601:
2472:
2421:
1886:
1028:
561:
65:
1918:
Martin, L.D. (1984). "A new hesperornithid and the relationships of the Mesozoic birds".
2307:
2252:
2101:
2046:
1810:
1482:
1439:
1279:
1264:(Aves) from Ellesmere Island and palynological correlation of known Canadian localities"
996:
in several features of the lower leg and foot, including a highly flattened metatarsus.
680:
of the mandible independently of the front, thus allowing the lower teeth to disengage.
667:
were present along nearly the entire lower jaw (dentary) and the back of the upper jaw (
5548:
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5454:
5351:
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5258:
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2500:. Digitized from KUVP PU17193. Requires Java, IFC or 3DC plugin. Retrieved 2007-NOV-04.
1400:
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1158:
982:
and among the largest hesperornithines, slightly smaller than the large Canadian genus
920:
725:
299:
41:
1678:
Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages,
955:, Shufeldt and others have considered it distinct due to its apparently smaller size.
5713:
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107:
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1258:
Hills, L. V.; Nicholls, E. L.; Núñez-Betelu, L. "Koldo" M.; McIntyre, D. J. (1999).
1239:
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2140:
1059:
1017:
779:
341:
156:
17:
1899:
Shufeldt, R.W. (1915). "Fossil birds in the Marsh Collection of Yale University".
2260:
2225:
1490:
1097:
waters, much warmer than today. However, some of the youngest known specimens of
943:. A second species from Montana has also been described from the Claggett Shale.
653:
with the teeth sitting in a longitudinal groove rather than in individual sockets
5637:
5403:
5313:
5248:
4989:
4870:
4822:
4647:
4593:
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2835:
2769:
2709:
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2534:
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812:
was named in 1876 by Marsh, who initially classified it in a different genus as
730:
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82:
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127:
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34:
31:
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was named by Shufeldt in 1915, and while its known material (a single dorsal
5573:
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5299:
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2411:
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1086:
1074:
971:
832:. One incomplete skeleton is known, including teeth and parts of the skull.
799:
740:
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569:
553:
270:
211:
132:
76:
69:
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was primarily marine, and lived in the waters of such contemporary shallow
572:, it was an early find in the history of avian paleontology. Locations for
2486:. Note realistic position of legs and toe rotation. Retrieved 2007-NOV-04.
5622:
5396:
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244:
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117:
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97:
87:
1513:
Odontornithes, a Monograph on the Extinct Toothed Birds of North America
1231:
915:, and is known from a partial lower leg from the base of the freshwater
30:"Hargeria" redirects here. This is also an (invalid) name of a genus of
5670:
5652:
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1982:
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112:
2282:
Chinsamy A, Martin, Larry D. & Dobson, P.; Martin; Dobson (1998).
1359:
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895:
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age, between 90 and 60 million years ago). It is the only species of
585:
581:
221:
5599:
2109:
1974:
1931:
1794:
1555:
1316:. Pleasantville, NY, US: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp.
1287:
2806:
1699:, and Marsh's personal physician until Marsh's death in 1899. See
1376:"Evolution of olfaction in non-avian theropod dinosaurs and birds"
1058:
894:
834:
754:
687:
640:
618:, as opposed to webbed toes as seen in most aquatic birds such as
615:
595:
564:
period. One of the lesser-known discoveries of the paleontologist
549:
1954:
1341:
Bell, A.; Chaippe, L.M. (2022). Buffetaut, E.; Angst, D. (eds.).
5108:
5053:
2364:
The Legacy of the Mastodon: The Golden Age of Fossils in America
772:
644:
619:
5603:
5106:
4157:
3394:
2694:
2545:
2507:
1020:
Formation in South Dakota and Alberta, 80.5 million years ago.
988:. Aside from its large size and different geographic location,
2503:
907:
The first species recognized from outside the Niobrara chalk,
2415:
Marsh 1872 – Toothed marine birds of the Late Cretaceous seas
1901:
Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences
1637:
with reconstructions of the bony palate and otic region".
2123:
Reynaud, F. (2006). "Hind limb and pelvis proportions of
1633:
Elzanowski, A. (1991). "New observations on the skull of
552:
of cormorant-like Ornithuran that spanned throughout the
1764:. Topics in Geobiology. Vol. 21. pp. 421–437.
1762:
High-Resolution Approaches in Stratigraphic Paleontology
1579:"Homology and evolution of avian compound rhamphothecae"
1023:
In addition, there are some unassigned remains, such as
880:. This mistake was rectified by later authors, who sank
854:
recovered from the same layers of the Niobrara chalk as
1380:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
966:
for a fragmentary skeleton from the early Campanian of
1308:
Perrins, Christopher (1987) . Harrison, C.J.O. (ed.).
1113:
comes from the freshwater deposits at the base of the
1066:
skeleton in swimming pose; note feet pointing sideways
872:
was assumed to belong to the same specimen as that of
1101:
have been found in inland freshwater deposits of the
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1840:
Bell, A.; Everhart, M.J. (2009). "A new specimen of
1701:
Proceedings of the Connecticut State Medical Society
923:
formation). While initially placed in the new genus
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2027:Rees, Jan & Lindgren, Johan; Lindgren (2005).
1309:
2241:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1878:Mortimer, Michael (2004): The Theropod Database:
1471:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
927:by Marsh, this was due mostly to his belief that
919:(or, possibly, the top of the underlying, marine
1031:9067t and bones of an undetermined species from
2022:
2020:
2494:Moveable 3D rendering of patella (kneecap) of
2519:
1920:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
1846:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
1719:
1717:
1212:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
846:Marsh explicitly named his second species of
614:and kin had lobed toes similar to modern-day
8:
2330:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2069:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2000:The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia.
1672:
1670:
1515:. Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
1016:, all from the Sharon Springs member of the
806:for which a nearly complete skull is known.
692:Marsh's now-obsolete 1880 reconstruction of
1760:Carpenter, K. (2008). Harries, P. J (ed.).
1527:"The Jaws of the Cretaceous Toothed Birds,
1312:Birds: Their Lifes, Their Ways, Their World
576:fossils include the Late Cretaceous marine
5600:
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2292:from the Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas"
2127:: A comparison with extant diving birds".
888:and renamed the more distinctive specimen
176:
155:
55:
2315:
2054:
1399:
1358:
1303:
1301:
1253:
1251:
1249:
899:Type specimen (a partial right tibia) of
828:is known from the same time and place as
2427:Everhart, M.J. 2011. Rediscovery of the
1799:The American Journal of Science and Arts
1691:Charles Schuchert and Clara Mae LeVene,
1205:
1203:
1577:Heironymus, T.L.; Witmer, L.M. (2010).
1199:
778:The first species to be described, the
671:). The front portion of the upper jaw (
556:age, and possibly even up to the early
5735:Late Cretaceous birds of North America
2323:
2062:
911:, lived about 78 million years ago in
2162:Zinoviev, Andrei V. (14 March 2015).
7:
1955:"The fossil remains of a species of
1039:. The former two bones are probably
5740:Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh
2284:"Bone microstructure of the diving
1693:O.C. Marsh: Pioneer in Paleontology
703:specimen was discovered in 1871 by
2129:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2090:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1268:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1105:, suggesting that some species of
170:American Museum of Natural History
25:
951:) cannot be directly compared to
5584:
5583:
5529:
5523:
5089:
5084:
4140:
4133:
4126:
3377:
3371:
3365:
2442:
2056:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00507.x
858:. He named this smaller species
198:
2424:. Version of 2012-September-19.
2362:Thomson, Keith Stewart (2008).
1511:Marsh, Othniel Charles (1880):
1129:is particularly similar to the
2141:10.1080/02724634.2006.10010069
548:(meaning "western bird") is a
1:
5745:Fossil taxa described in 1872
2381:Wallace, David Rains (1999).
1795:"Notice of new Odontornithes"
2261:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.12.010
2226:10.1016/j.palwor.2012.02.005
1676:Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2011)
1491:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.12.010
728:'s find of the toothed bird
2458:Eastern Kentucky University
1525:Gregory, Joseph T. (1952).
1183:or something similar). The
978:was the largest species of
717:, or "regal western bird".
584:and the marine shales from
5761:
2385:. Houghton Mifflin Books.
2199:– via Springer Link.
850:in 1876 for an incomplete
751:Classification and Species
46:
29:
5543:
5521:
5240:
5151:
5115:
5102:
5082:
4851:
4710:
4185:
4181:
4166:
4153:
4124:
3919:
3727:
3723:
3422:
3418:
3403:
3390:
3363:
3174:
3120:
3104:
2945:
2876:
2794:
2718:
2703:
2690:
2636:
2609:
2596:
2541:
2366:. Yale University Press.
2182:10.1007/s10336-015-1195-4
1770:10.1007/978-1-4020-9053-0
568:in the late 19th century
512:
505:
368:
363:
347:
340:
195:Scientific classification
193:
184:
175:
168:in diving posture at the
163:
154:
58:
5730:Extinct flightless birds
2475:. Retrieved 2007-NOV-04.
1819:10.2475/ajs.s3-11.66.509
1428:Journal für Ornithologie
499:Aotsuka & Sato, 2016
439:Nesov & Yarkov, 1993
47:Not to be confused with
2484:skeleton in diving pose
2478:savageancientseas.com:
2406:Everhart, M.J. (2012):
2346:"BBC Earth | Home"
1953:Shufeldt, R.W. (1915).
1697:Yale School of Medicine
1177:plesiosaur (possibly a
1079:Western Interior Seaway
868:. The type specimen of
792:Smoky Hill Chalk Member
655:, in a notable case of
185:Life reconstruction of
2317:10.1006/cres.1997.0102
2169:Journal of Ornithology
1709:William Richard Cutter
1598:10.1525/auk.2010.09122
1415:Supplementary Material
1392:10.1098/rspb.2011.0238
1115:Judith River Formation
1067:
1033:Tzimlyanskoe Reservoir
1008:, the slightly larger
917:Judith River Formation
904:
843:
763:
696:
603:
487:Martin & Lim, 2002
475:Martin & Lim, 2002
463:Martin & Lim, 2002
451:Martin & Lim, 2002
27:Extinct genus of birds
5692:Paleobiology Database
3263:Paralitherizinosaurus
1681:Winter 2010 Appendix.
1062:
1012:, and the very large
935:in the same genus as
898:
865:Parahesperornis alexi
838:
810:Hesperornis crassipes
798:(dating to the early
758:
705:Othniel Charles Marsh
691:
599:
164:Restored skeleton of
1858:10.1660/062.112.0202
1793:Marsh, O.C. (1876).
1224:10.1660/062.118.0305
964:Hesperornis rossicus
762:specimen at the AMNH
657:convergent evolution
4480:Patagopterygiformes
3975:Confuciusornithidae
3841:Scansoriopterygidae
3476:Scansoriopterygidae
2450:Paleontology portal
2429:Hesperornis regalis
2413:Hesperornis regalis
2308:1998CrRes..19..225C
2296:Cretaceous Research
2253:2019PPP...513..196B
2125:Hesperornis regalis
2102:1974CaJES..11.1335F
2047:2005Palgy..48.1321R
1811:1876AmJS...11..509M
1703:(Google eBook) and
1483:2019PPP...513..196B
1440:1935JOrni..83..115S
1386:(1725): 3625–3634.
1280:1999CaJES..36.1583H
1189:Cretaceous Research
992:differs from other
958:In 1993, the first
814:Lestornis crassipes
784:Hesperornis regalis
736:Edward Drinker Cope
715:Hesperornis regalis
353:Hesperornis regalis
18:Hesperornis regalis
4608:Songlingornithidae
4557:Hongshanornithidae
3944:Omnivoropterygidae
3856:Jeholornithiformes
3167:Therizinosauroidea
2471:2013-12-20 at the
2420:2007-09-29 at the
1885:2013-05-16 at the
1707:Editorial staff:
1448:10.1007/BF01908745
1103:Foremost Formation
1089:, which then were
1068:
905:
844:
796:Niobrara Formation
764:
697:
604:
189:in diving posture
5707:
5706:
5606:Taxon identifiers
5597:
5596:
5539:
5538:
5519:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5419:Lutetodontopteris
5328:Gastornithiformes
5225:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5109:Aves / Neornithes
5098:
5097:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5054:Aves / Neornithes
4956:
4955:
4695:
4694:
4587:Parahongshanornis
4149:
4148:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4105:
3904:
3903:
3830:Archaeopterygidae
3708:
3707:
3615:Archaeopterygidae
3386:
3385:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3219:Therizinosauridae
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2586:Maniraptoriformes
2373:978-0-300-11704-2
1959:found in Montana"
1880:Phylogeny of taxa
1779:978-1-4020-1443-7
1360:10.3390/d14040267
909:Hesperornis altus
878:Hargeria gracilis
541:
540:
536:
526:
519:
500:
488:
476:
464:
452:
440:
428:
416:
404:
392:
380:
336:
149:
49:Hesperornithoides
16:(Redirected from
5752:
5725:Hesperornitheans
5700:
5699:
5687:
5686:
5674:
5673:
5661:
5660:
5658:3CCAB37D2C6D1DF5
5648:
5647:
5646:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5601:
5587:
5586:
5559:Deinonychosauria
5534:
5533:
5527:
5484:Protodontopteryx
5426:Macrodontopteryx
5365:
5326:
5282:
5266:
5256:
5246:
5238:
5173:
5149:
5117:
5104:
5093:
5088:
5019:Cimolopterygidae
5017:
4963:
4910:Hesperornithidae
4849:
4842:
4812:
4797:
4787:
4777:
4767:
4757:
4747:
4737:
4727:
4716:
4708:
4661:
4606:
4555:
4516:
4478:
4448:
4433:
4423:
4413:
4402:
4392:
4382:
4372:
4362:
4352:
4342:
4332:
4322:
4312:
4302:
4292:
4281:
4271:
4261:
4251:
4241:
4231:
4221:
4211:
4201:
4191:
4183:
4179:
4168:
4155:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4130:
4063:
4058:
4019:Jinguofortisidae
4017:
3998:Eoconfuciusornis
3973:
3942:
3925:
3917:
3854:
3838:
3827:
3816:
3806:
3796:
3785:
3775:
3765:
3754:
3743:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3685:
3659:
3613:
3519:
3474:
3459:
3449:
3438:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3405:
3392:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3319:Oviraptorosauria
3308:Oviraptorosauria
3306:
3301:
3242:Nanshiungosaurus
3172:
3149:Jianchangosaurus
3118:
3111:
3106:
2943:
2874:
2792:
2786:Alvarezsauroidea
2784:
2767:
2757:
2746:
2735:
2724:
2716:
2705:
2692:
2634:
2607:
2598:
2591:
2590:
2543:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2505:
2480:Forward view of
2452:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2408:Oceans of Kansas
2396:
2377:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2321:
2319:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2096:(9): 1335–1338.
2081:
2075:
2074:
2068:
2060:
2058:
2041:(6): 1321–1329.
2024:
2015:
2008:
2002:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1926:(3/4): 141–150.
1915:
1909:
1908:
1896:
1890:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1712:
1689:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1608:. Archived from
1583:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1539:
1522:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1315:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1290:. Archived from
1274:(9): 1583–1588.
1255:
1244:
1243:
1218:(3–4): 219–229.
1207:
1180:Dolichorhynchops
903:in several views
820:was larger than
625:Like many other
601:Life restoration
531:
524:
517:
498:
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
456:
450:
444:
438:
432:
426:
420:
414:
408:
402:
396:
390:
384:
378:
372:
350:
331:
324:
313:Hesperornithidae
311:
298:
203:
202:
180:
159:
143:
142:
79:
64:Temporal range:
56:
21:
5760:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5695:
5690:
5682:
5677:
5669:
5664:
5656:
5651:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5627:
5626:
5621:
5608:
5598:
5593:
5535:
5528:
5511:
5506:Tympanonesiotes
5499:Pseudodontornis
5462:Palaeochenoides
5383:Caspiodontornis
5367:Pelagornithidae
5358:
5319:
5275:
5217:
5194:
5162:
5138:
5111:
5094:
5068:
5048:
5010:
4952:
4947:Parahesperornis
4919:Asiahesperornis
4904:
4835:
4805:
4704:
4691:
4654:
4599:
4566:Archaeornithura
4548:
4509:
4471:
4441:
4194:Archaeorhynchus
4175:
4162:
4145:
4132:
4102:
4082:
4053:Ornithothoraces
4047:
4010:
3984:Changchengornis
3966:
3935:
3913:
3900:
3847:
3819:Anchiornithidae
3717:
3704:
3678:
3672:Dromaeosauridae
3661:Dromaeosauridae
3652:
3646:Anchiornithidae
3606:
3565:Liaoningvenator
3521:Anchiornithidae
3512:
3500:Scansoriopteryx
3467:
3412:
3399:
3382:
3345:
3325:
3282:
3277:Therizinosaurus
3213:
3161:
3156:Lingyuanosaurus
3113:Therizinosauria
3088:
3047:
3013:
2938:Parvicursorinae
2932:
2869:Alvarezsauridae
2863:
2788:
2776:
2712:
2699:
2670:
2650:
2623:
2617:Avemetatarsalia
2602:Avemetatarsalia
2592:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2532:
2473:Wayback Machine
2448:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2422:Wayback Machine
2403:
2401:Further reading
2393:
2380:
2374:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2322:
2288:and the volant
2281:
2280:
2276:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2176:(S1): 317–323.
2161:
2160:
2156:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2110:10.1139/e74-127
2083:
2082:
2078:
2061:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2009:
2005:
1994:
1990:
1975:10.2307/4072679
1952:
1951:
1947:
1932:10.2307/3627850
1917:
1916:
1912:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1887:Wayback Machine
1877:
1873:
1842:Parahesperornis
1839:
1838:
1834:
1805:(66): 509–511.
1792:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1690:
1686:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1556:10.2307/1364594
1537:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1510:
1506:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1288:10.1139/e99-060
1257:
1256:
1247:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1197:
1167:
1120:Traditionally,
1057:
933:Coniornis altus
890:Parahesperornis
753:
686:
663:. The teeth of
594:
562:Late Cretaceous
527:
520:
489:
477:
465:
453:
441:
429:
427:Schufeldt, 1915
417:
405:
393:
381:
359:
356:
330:
322:
309:
296:
197:
150:
144:Possible early
141:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
74:
73:
66:Late Cretaceous
62:
52:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5758:
5756:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5712:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5688:
5675:
5662:
5649:
5634:
5618:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5549:Archaeornithes
5544:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5491:Protopelicanus
5487:
5480:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5455:Osteodontornis
5451:
5444:
5437:
5429:
5422:
5415:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5371:
5369:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5352:Dromornithidae
5348:
5341:
5332:
5330:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5288:
5286:
5284:Dromornithidae
5277:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5262:
5259:Perplexicervix
5252:
5241:
5235:
5232:Incertae sedis
5227:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5211:Pangalliformes
5204:
5202:
5200:Pangalliformes
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5181:
5179:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5152:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5125:
5123:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5100:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5058:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5038:
5031:
5023:
5021:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4986:
4978:
4969:
4967:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4914:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4852:
4846:
4844:Hesperornithes
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4826:
4818:
4816:
4814:Ichthyornithes
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4793:
4783:
4773:
4763:
4753:
4743:
4733:
4723:
4711:
4705:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4682:
4679:Similiyanornis
4675:
4667:
4665:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4644:
4636:
4629:
4621:
4612:
4610:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4569:
4561:
4559:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4538:
4530:
4522:
4520:
4518:Ambiortiformes
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4500:
4492:
4484:
4482:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4462:
4454:
4452:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4436:Zhongjianornis
4429:
4419:
4409:
4398:
4388:
4378:
4368:
4358:
4348:
4338:
4328:
4325:Jianchangornis
4318:
4308:
4298:
4288:
4277:
4267:
4257:
4247:
4237:
4227:
4217:
4207:
4197:
4186:
4176:
4171:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4092:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4076:Enantiornithes
4069:
4067:
4065:Enantiornithes
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4023:
4021:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3991:Confuciusornis
3987:
3979:
3977:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3957:
3954:Omnivoropteryx
3949:
3947:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3920:
3914:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3876:
3869:
3860:
3858:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3834:
3823:
3812:
3802:
3792:
3781:
3771:
3761:
3750:
3739:
3728:
3718:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3691:
3689:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3665:
3663:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3619:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3525:
3523:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3481:
3479:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3455:
3452:Pneumatoraptor
3445:
3434:
3423:
3413:
3408:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3312:
3310:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3249:Neimongosaurus
3245:
3238:
3231:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3137:
3130:
3121:
3115:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3057:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3008:Trierarchuncus
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2904:Bonapartenykus
2900:
2893:
2886:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2854:
2846:
2843:Shishugounykus
2839:
2832:
2825:
2822:Bonapartenykus
2818:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2789:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2763:
2753:
2742:
2731:
2719:
2713:
2708:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2610:
2604:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2579:
2570:
2561:
2555:
2546:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2487:
2476:
2454:
2453:
2437:
2436:External links
2434:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2378:
2372:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2337:
2302:(2): 225–235.
2274:
2231:
2202:
2154:
2115:
2076:
2016:
2003:
1988:
1969:(3): 290–294.
1945:
1910:
1891:
1871:
1832:
1785:
1778:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1713:
1684:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1625:
1592:(3): 590–604.
1569:
1517:
1504:
1461:
1434:(1): 115–128.
1418:
1366:
1333:
1326:
1297:
1294:on 2007-03-11.
1245:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1166:
1163:
1159:Enantiornithes
1056:
1053:
1027:3442 Ve02 and
921:Claggett Shale
752:
749:
726:Benjamin Mudge
685:
682:
629:birds such as
593:
590:
539:
538:
510:
509:
503:
502:
366:
365:
361:
360:
357:
345:
344:
338:
337:
320:
316:
315:
307:
303:
302:
300:Hesperornithes
294:
287:
286:
281:
274:
273:
268:
261:
260:
255:
248:
247:
242:
235:
234:
229:
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136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
80:
63:
42:Leptocheliidae
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5757:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5698:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5654:
5650:
5645:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5624:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5602:
5590:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5569:Odontornithes
5567:
5565:
5564:Odontognathae
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5532:
5526:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5459:
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5456:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5438:
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5430:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5293:Barawertornis
5290:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5270:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5189:
5188:Anserimorphae
5185:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5177:Anserimorphae
5174:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5133:
5132:Palaeognathae
5129:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5121:Palaeognathae
5118:
5114:
5110:
5105:
5101:
5092:
5087:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4959:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4800:Tingmiatornis
4794:
4792:
4791:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:Antarcticavis
4713:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4698:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4663:Yanornithidae
4657:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4633:Songlingornis
4630:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4580:Longicrusavis
4577:
4575:
4574:
4573:Hongshanornis
4570:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4459:Mengciusornis
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4450:Schizoouridae
4444:
4438:
4437:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4234:Changzuiornis
4228:
4226:
4225:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4214:Brevidentavis
4208:
4206:
4205:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4129:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3907:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3842:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:Cretaaviculus
3751:
3748:
3747:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3632:Archaeopteryx
3629:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3601:Yixianosaurus
3598:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3558:Fujianvenator
3555:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3493:Epidexipteryx
3490:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3368:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3187:Beipiaosaurus
3184:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3107:
3103:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2919:Heptasteornis
2916:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2897:Alvarezsaurus
2894:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2882:Achillesaurus
2879:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2800:Achillesaurus
2797:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2779:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2392:0-618-08240-9
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2206:
2203:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2034:Palaeontology
2030:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1852:(1/2): 7–14.
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1753:
1750:Wallace, 132.
1747:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1732:Thomson, 226.
1729:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1664:Thomson, 193.
1661:
1658:
1655:Thomson, 191.
1652:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1615:on 2015-09-24
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1185:Hesperornis's
1182:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:Turgai Strait
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1049:Maastrichtian
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:H. macdonaldi
1003:
997:
995:
991:
987:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
902:
897:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
842:
837:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
776:
774:
769:
761:
757:
750:
748:
746:
742:
737:
733:
732:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
711:
706:
702:
695:
690:
683:
681:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
643:as well as a
642:
638:
634:
633:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
608:
602:
598:
591:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:Maastrichtian
555:
551:
547:
546:
537:
534:
530:
523:
516:
511:
508:
504:
501:
497:
496:
485:
484:
473:
472:
471:H. macdonaldi
461:
460:
449:
448:
437:
436:
425:
424:
415:(Marsh, 1893)
413:
412:
401:
400:
391:(Marsh, 1876)
389:
388:
377:
376:
367:
362:
355:
354:
346:
343:
339:
334:
329:
328:
321:
318:
317:
314:
308:
305:
304:
301:
295:
292:
289:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
236:
233:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
201:
196:
192:
188:
183:
179:
174:
171:
167:
162:
158:
153:
147:
146:Maastrichtian
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
78:
75:83.6–72
71:
67:
61:
57:
54:
50:
43:
40:
36:
33:
19:
5613:
5579:Unenlagiidae
5504:
5497:
5489:
5482:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5446:
5441:Odontopteryx
5439:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5350:
5343:
5335:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5267:
5257:
5247:
5230:
5168:Galloanserae
5155:
5042:Lamarqueavis
5040:
5035:Cimolopteryx
5033:
5026:
5003:
4996:
4988:
4980:
4974:Australornis
4972:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4897:
4892:Pasquiaornis
4890:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4828:
4821:
4798:
4788:
4778:
4768:
4758:
4748:
4738:
4728:
4717:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4646:
4638:
4631:
4625:Piscivoravis
4623:
4615:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4540:
4532:
4525:
4504:Patagopteryx
4502:
4494:
4487:
4464:
4457:
4434:
4424:
4416:Xinghaiornis
4414:
4403:
4393:
4383:
4373:
4365:Khinganornis
4363:
4353:
4343:
4335:Jiuquanornis
4333:
4323:
4313:
4303:
4293:
4284:Gargantuavis
4282:
4272:
4262:
4252:
4242:
4232:
4224:Changmaornis
4222:
4212:
4202:
4192:
4131:
4042:Jinguofortis
4040:
4033:
4026:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3959:
3952:
3926:
3895:Neimengornis
3893:
3886:
3880:Jixiangornis
3878:
3871:
3865:Dalianraptor
3863:
3839:
3828:
3817:
3807:
3799:Yandangornis
3797:
3786:
3776:
3766:
3755:
3744:
3734:
3698:Troodontidae
3687:Troodontidae
3644:
3639:Wellnhoferia
3637:
3630:
3622:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3563:
3556:
3551:Eosinopteryx
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3460:
3450:
3441:Palaeopteryx
3439:
3429:
3370:
3296:Pennaraptora
3275:
3268:
3261:
3256:Nothronychus
3254:
3247:
3240:
3235:Erlikosaurus
3233:
3228:Erliansaurus
3226:
3208:Suzhousaurus
3206:
3201:Martharaptor
3199:
3194:Enigmosaurus
3192:
3185:
3178:
3154:
3147:
3141:Fukuivenator
3139:
3132:
3126:Eshanosaurus
3124:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3062:Albertonykus
3060:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:Ceratonykini
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2980:Nemegtonykus
2978:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2856:
2850:Tugulusaurus
2848:
2841:
2834:
2829:Haplocheirus
2827:
2820:
2813:
2805:
2798:
2768:
2760:Migmanychion
2758:
2747:
2738:Fukuivenator
2736:
2725:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2495:
2481:
2463:
2428:
2412:
2382:
2363:
2340:
2326:cite journal
2299:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2220:(1): 59–63.
2217:
2211:
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2173:
2167:
2157:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2065:cite journal
2038:
2032:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1991:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1948:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1874:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1761:
1755:
1746:
1741:Wallace, 87.
1737:
1728:
1723:Wallace, 86.
1704:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1677:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1617:. Retrieved
1610:the original
1589:
1585:
1572:
1550:(2): 73–88.
1547:
1541:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1512:
1507:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1311:
1292:the original
1271:
1267:
1261:
1215:
1211:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1170:
1168:
1154:
1152:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1055:Paleobiology
1044:
1040:
1022:
1018:Pierre Shale
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
993:
989:
983:
979:
975:
963:
959:
957:
952:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
908:
906:
900:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
863:
859:
855:
847:
845:
840:
839:Left leg of
829:
826:H. crassipes
825:
821:
818:H. crassipes
817:
813:
809:
808:
803:
787:
783:
780:type species
777:
765:
759:
744:
729:
722:Hesperornis.
721:
719:
714:
708:
700:
698:
693:
664:
651:dinosaurs),
636:
630:
624:
611:
606:
605:
573:
560:age, of the
544:
543:
542:
528:
521:
514:
513:
494:
493:
482:
481:
470:
469:
458:
457:
446:
445:
434:
433:
422:
421:
410:
409:
398:
397:
387:H. crassipes
386:
385:
374:
373:
369:
352:
351:
342:Type species
326:
325:
290:
277:
264:
251:
238:
186:
165:
59:
53:
5720:Bird genera
5644:Hesperornis
5638:Wikispecies
5614:Hesperornis
5476:Proceriavis
5448:Odontoptila
5404:Gigantornis
5314:Ilbandornis
5249:Asteriornis
4990:Neogaeornis
4940:Hesperornis
4871:Chupkaornis
4823:Ichthyornis
4648:Yixianornis
4594:Tianyuornis
4542:Palintropus
4489:Alamitornis
4375:Meemannavis
4345:Juehuaornis
4264:Eogranivora
4204:Bellulornis
4028:Chongmingia
3778:Overoraptor
3768:Fukuipteryx
3431:Imperobator
3270:Segnosaurus
3035:Ceratonykus
2994:Parvicursor
2965:Khulsanurus
2958:Jaculinykus
2926:Patagonykus
2836:Patagonykus
2770:Yaverlandia
2710:Maniraptora
2697:Maniraptora
2656:Maniraptora
2535:Maniraptora
2496:Hesperornis
2464:Hesperornis
2462:Closeup of
2290:Ichthyornis
2286:Hesperornis
2247:: 196–207.
2213:Palaeoworld
2135:(3): 115A.
2086:Hesperornis
1957:Hesperornis
1635:Hesperornis
1533:Hesperornis
1529:Ichthyornis
1477:: 196–207.
1262:Hesperornis
1175:polycotylid
1171:Hesperornis
1155:Hesperornis
1143:Hesperornis
1139:Hesperornis
1135:Gavia immer
1131:common loon
1127:Hesperornis
1122:Hesperornis
1107:Hesperornis
1099:Hesperornis
1091:subtropical
1071:Hesperornis
1045:Hesperornis
1041:H. rossicus
994:Hesperornis
990:H. rossicus
980:Hesperornis
976:H. rossicus
960:Hesperornis
937:Hesperornis
929:Hesperornis
886:Hesperornis
874:H. gracilis
860:H. gracilis
848:Hesperornis
841:H. gracilis
804:Hesperornis
745:Hesperornis
731:Ichthyornis
701:Hesperornis
665:Hesperornis
637:Hesperornis
632:Ichthyornis
612:Hesperornis
607:Hesperornis
592:Description
574:Hesperornis
566:O. C. Marsh
545:Hesperornis
525:Marsh, 1893
518:Marsh, 1876
495:H. lumgairi
435:H. rossicus
403:Marsh, 1876
399:H. gracilis
379:Marsh, 1872
358:Marsh, 1872
327:Hesperornis
60:Hesperornis
35:crustaceans
32:tanaidacean
5714:Categories
5547:See also:
5469:Pelagornis
5337:Brontornis
5144:Neognathae
5063:see below↓
5028:Ceramornis
4998:Polarornis
4965:Vegaviidae
4933:Fumicollis
4899:Potamornis
4885:Judinornis
4878:Enaliornis
4702:Ornithurae
4672:Abitusavis
4466:Schizooura
4426:Yumenornis
4385:Platanavis
4355:Kaririavis
4305:Horezmavis
4244:Chaoyangia
4173:Euornithes
4160:Euornithes
4097:see below↓
4088:Euornithes
4035:Cratonavis
3911:Pygostylia
3888:Kompsornis
3873:Jeholornis
3809:Zhongornis
3736:Alcmonavis
3624:Alcmonavis
3594:Xiaotingia
3587:Serikornis
3530:Anchiornis
3486:Ambopteryx
3340:see below↓
3180:Alxasaurus
3069:Linhenykus
3053:Mononykini
3042:Xixianykus
3001:Qiupanykus
2987:Ondogurvel
2951:Dzharaonyx
2912:Bradycneme
2890:Alnashetri
2665:see below↓
2568:Dinosauria
2482:H. regalis
1619:2013-03-25
1353:(4). 267.
1327:0895770652
1195:References
1148:cormorants
1085:, and the
1075:shelf seas
1064:H. regalis
1002:H. mengeli
945:H. montana
884:back into
856:H. regalis
852:metatarsus
830:H. regalis
822:H. regalis
788:H. regalis
760:H. regalis
710:Pteranodon
699:The first
694:H. regalis
677:keratinous
673:premaxilla
578:limestones
483:H. mengeli
423:H. montana
375:H. regalis
258:Saurischia
245:Dinosauria
187:H. regalis
166:H. regalis
5574:Sauriurae
5554:Carinatae
5390:Cyphornis
5376:Aequornis
5345:Gastornis
5307:Genyornis
5300:Dromornis
4857:Baptornis
4790:Limenavis
4770:Iaceornis
4760:Guildavis
4750:Gallornis
4740:Cerebavis
4730:Apatornis
4534:Apsaravis
4527:Ambiortus
4496:Kuszholia
3961:Sapeornis
3788:Rahonavis
3580:Pedopenna
3462:Rahonavis
3134:Falcarius
3076:Mononykus
3028:Albinykus
2858:Xiyunykus
2727:Elopteryx
2644:Theropoda
2629:Theropoda
2577:Theropoda
2551:Kingdom:
2269:133964417
2190:2193-7192
2149:220413406
1996:Kurochkin
1827:131496417
1499:133964417
1347:Diversity
1191:in 2016.
1165:Pathology
1087:North Sea
1010:H. bairdi
972:Volgograd
925:Coniornis
800:Campanian
741:Bone Wars
661:mosasaurs
570:Bone Wars
554:Campanian
522:Coniornis
515:Lestornis
447:H. bairdi
271:Theropoda
218:Kingdom:
212:Eukaryota
70:Campanian
5623:Wikidata
5589:Category
5397:Dasornis
5269:Qinornis
4926:Canadaga
4864:Brodavis
4686:Yanornis
4640:Yanornis
4617:Hollanda
4315:Iteravis
4295:Hollanda
4254:Dingavis
4005:Yangavis
3929:Proornis
3573:Ostromia
3537:Aurornis
3083:Shuvuuia
2815:Bannykus
2559:Chordata
2557:Phylum:
2553:Animalia
2490:UC Davis
2469:Archived
2418:Archived
2088:Marsh".
1907:: 1–110.
1883:Archived
1866:86083098
1639:Postilla
1606:18430834
1456:11147804
1410:21490022
1240:83921936
1232:24887762
1111:H. altus
1095:tropical
1014:H. chowi
985:Canadaga
953:H. altus
949:vertebra
941:H. altus
901:H. altus
882:Hargeria
870:P. alexi
649:theropod
627:Mesozoic
529:Hargeria
507:Synonyms
459:H. chowi
411:H. altus
364:Species
306:Family:
232:Chordata
228:Phylum:
222:Animalia
208:Domain:
5684:1331731
5671:4851552
5653:Avibase
5629:Q733644
5411:Laornis
5157:Neoaves
5005:Vegavis
4830:Janavis
4405:Wyleyia
3715:Avialae
3544:Caihong
3410:Paraves
3397:Paraves
3331:Paraves
2356:Sources
2304:Bibcode
2249:Bibcode
2195:26 July
2098:Bibcode
2043:Bibcode
1983:4072679
1963:The Auk
1940:3627850
1807:Bibcode
1645:: 1–20.
1586:The Auk
1564:1364594
1479:Bibcode
1436:Bibcode
1401:3203493
1318:165–166
1276:Bibcode
1077:as the
913:Montana
794:of the
768:species
684:History
669:maxilla
319:Genus:
284:Avialae
37:in the
4982:Maaqwi
4780:Kookne
4395:Vorona
4274:Gansus
3746:Balaur
2749:Kakuru
2389:
2370:
2267:
2188:
2147:
1981:
1938:
1864:
1825:
1776:
1604:
1562:
1543:Condor
1497:
1454:
1408:
1398:
1324:
1238:
1230:
1153:Young
1081:, the
1037:Rostov
968:Russia
616:grebes
586:Canada
582:Kansas
535:, 1903
335:, 1872
148:record
39:family
5697:36620
5679:IRMNG
2807:Aorun
2582:Clade
2573:Clade
2564:Clade
2466:skull
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