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524:: whereas mercenaries served a foreign government on their own accord, auxiliaries were soldiers hired out to a foreign party by their own government, to which they remained in service. Auxiliaries were a major source of income for many small and relatively poor German states, typically serving in wars in which their governments were neutral. Like most auxiliaries of this period, Hessians were attached to foreign armies as entire units, fighting under their own flags, commanded by their usual officers, and wearing their existing uniforms.
606:. Conflict between and among these states led to the creation of professional armies, which were consequently experienced and well trained. Many German societies became militarized, with most men undergoing annual training from adolescence well into adulthood, often serving for life or until they were too old. Several poorer German states came to rely on their troops as an economic resource, especially since sustaining a standing army was costly.
850:, so it found itself in great need of troops at the outset of the American Revolutionary War. Several German princes saw an opportunity to earn extra income by hiring out their regular army units for service in America. Their troops entered the British service not as individuals, but in entire units, with their usual uniforms, flags, equipment, and officers. Methods of recruitment varied according to the state of origin. The contingent from
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the
Englishman received a fatal wound. The chaplain records that General Howe pardoned the Jaeger officer and issued an order that "the English should treat the Germans as brothers." This order began to have influence only when "our Germans, teachable as they are" had learned to "stammer a little English." Apparently, this was a prerequisite for the English to show them any affection.
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Mercenaries to the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of
Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation." Throughout the war, reports of plundering by Hessians were said to have galvanized neutral colonists to join the Revolutionary side.
803:
mercenary to be "promised, by or on behalf of a Party to the conflict, material compensation substantially in excess of that promised or paid to combatants of similar ranks and functions in the armed forces of that Party." While not formally incorporated into the
British military, Hessian troops were paid the same wages as British soldiers.
1147:. After the Revolutionary War, many Hessian prisoners of war never returned to Germany and instead chose to accept American offers of religious freedom and free land, becoming permanent settlers. By contrast, British prisoners were also held in Lancaster, but these men did not respond favorably to good treatment and often tried to escape.
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47:
741:. Soubise ordered his troops to live off the land, take high-ranking hostages, and extort payments of cash and produce, with the intention of forcing Hessian troops to withdraw from the war. Hessian and allied forces attempted to liberate their homeland but were repulsed at the Battle of Sandershausen on 23 July. Following two sieges
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and
Hessian troops from the Anhalt-Zerbst Regiment. The 54th Regiment of Foot, which had cultivated several vegetable gardens, were relieved by the Hessians, who refused British demands to pay for the privilege of harvesting crops they had sown. In response, a number of British soldiers began pulling
943:, a short, large-caliber rifle well-suited to woodland combat. Initially, the typical regiment was made up of 500 to 600 men. Later in the war, due to death in battle, death by disease, and general desertion to settle in the Colonies, the regiments may have been reduced to only around 300 to 400 men.
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Numerous other incidents strained the relationship between the
British and Hessians. In August 1779, Saxon nobleman Johann Philip von Krafft wrote that a group of "English soldiers" attacked and robbed a Hessian grenadier, fatally wounding him in the process; historian Steven Schwamenfeld noted that
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After the war ended in 1783, some 17,313 German soldiers returned to their homelands. Of the 12,526 who did not return, about 7,700 were killed in action or died; some 1,200 were killed in action, and 6,354 died from illnesses or accidents, mostly the former. About 5,000 German troops, most of whom
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In most of these wars, Hesse-Hanau was never formally a belligerent. While its troops remained members of the
Hessian military, and even fought in their national uniform, they were hired out for service in other armies, without their government having any stake in the conflict. Thus, Hessians could
647:
The
Hessian military became a major source of economic strength and was the dominant force in society. Hesse-Kassel manufactured its own weapons and uniforms, and its textile industry was so prosperous from supplying the military that workers could afford to buy meat and wine every day. The revenue
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The chaplain then recounts the case of a Jaeger subaltern who was assailed "by an
Englishman in his cups" with the declaration: "God damn you, Frenchy, you take our pay!" The outraged Hessian replied: "I am a German and you are a shit." This was followed by an impromptu duel with hangers, in which
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by an entire company. Morale was generally high, and soldiers were said to take pride in their service. Officers were usually well-educated, and unlike most
European armies, promoted on the basis of merit. Soldiers were paid relatively high wages, and their families were exempt from certain taxes.
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soon emerged as the most prominent source of German soldiers to foreign armies. To field a large professional army with a relatively small population, Hesse-Kassel became the most militarized state in Europe: All
Hessian males registered for military service at age seven, and from age 16 until 30
539:. The added manpower and skill of German troops greatly sustained the British war effort—at some points accounting for up to one-third of British strength—but also outraged colonists and increased support for the Revolutionary cause. The use of "large armies of foreign mercenaries" was one of the
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and Rodney Atwood note that Hessians would not have been legally considered mercenaries at the time, but rather auxiliaries. Whereas mercenaries served a foreign ruler in an individual capacity, auxiliaries forces were controlled by a state, and their foreign service was in direct competition to
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By early 1778, negotiations for the exchange of prisoners between Washington and the British had begun in earnest. These included Nicholas Bahner(t), Jacob Trobe, George Geisler, and Conrad Grein (Konrad Krain), who were a few of the Hessian soldiers who deserted the British forces after being
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Notwithstanding its formal neutrality in many of these conflicts, the practice of lending out auxiliaries did sometimes draw Hesse-Kassel into war. In July 1758, during the course of the Seven Years' War, most of the country, including its capital of Cassel, was occupied by a French army under
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defines a mercenary as "any person who ... has not been sent by a State which is not a Party to the conflict on official duty as a member of its armed forces." Hessian troops served in America on official duty from the armed forces of Hesse-Cassel and Hesse-Hanau. Protocol I also requires a
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Americans, both Revolutionaries and Loyalists, often feared the Hessians, believing them to be rapacious and brutal mercenaries. The American Declaration of Independence, written roughly a year after hostilities broke out, condemned King George III for "transporting large Armies of foreign
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and the unemployed, could be conscripted at any time. During the 18th century, approximately 5.2% to 14.2% of Hesse-Kassel's population were under arms in the 18th century, with one in four households having someone serving in the army—a larger proportion than even heavily militarized
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was drawn from an army based on universal conscription, from which only students were exempt. Other German princes relied on long-service voluntary enlistment supplemented by conscription when numbers fell short. Many princes were closely related to the British
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Whereas in the mid-18th century, Austria and Russia had between 1.1 and 1.5% of their population in the army, the percentage for Prussia for 4.2. ... In 1730, a year of peace but also of war preparations, Hesse-Cassel had 1 in 19 of the population under
765:
The characterization of Hessian troops as "mercenaries" remains controversial eve. American history textbooks refer to them as "mercenaries", and they are still widely perceived as such in the popular imagination of the United States. American historian
2575:; 1776–1778, Garrisoned New York; 1778–1783, Garrisoned Halifax. See "The Hessians of Nova Scotia" by John H Merz and Winthrop P. Bell entitled, "A Hessian conscript's account of life in garrison at Halifax at the time of the American Revolution".
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community in the Colonies. The Continental Congress authorized the offer of land of up to 50 acres (roughly 20 hectares) to individual Hessian soldiers who switched sides. British soldiers were offered 50 to 800 acres, depending on rank.
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was officially forbidden, it remained common practice—as in most military forces at the time—offering another incentive for service. Overall, Hessian troops were considered superb fighters, even by their opponents.
1504:" who is "the ghost of a Hessian trooper, whose head had been carried away by a cannonball, in some nameless battle during the Revolutionary War". He has been portrayed in many dramatic adaptations of the story.
528:
2074:
Next in importance came the armies of Hesse-Kassel (not to be confused with Hesse-Darmstadt) and Brunswick, which were not allied contingents in a political sense, but were directly leased by the British
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were required to present themselves annually to an official for possible recruitment. Only those whose occupation was considered vital to the country were exempted; those deemed expendable, such as
1556:'s midnight ride, Captain Zammo and Private Hammo are dispatched to zip back in time to 1776 and report to General George Washington to foil the malicious machinations of the marauding invaders.
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1048:
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A total of 29,875 German troops fought alongside British troops in the Revolutionary War, of which 16,992 came from Hesse-Kassel and 2,422 from Hesse-Hanau. Other contingents came from
1595:, featured Hessians as members of the British Army in several episodes, with the episode, "The Hessians Are Coming" ending with several Hessian troops deserting to the American side.
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lost 1,000 of his 8,000 soldiers at Bennington, and the loss of so many Hessians doomed his army later. An assortment of Hessians fought in the battles and campaigns in the
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482:
1030:, a Loyalist military unit mostly consisting of deserters from the Continental Army. Another incident occurred on August 20, 1780, between British soldiers from the
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in 1744, 6,000 Hessians were fighting with the British army in Flanders, whilst another 6,000 were in the Bavarian army. By 1762, 24,000 Hessians were serving with
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returned in exchange for American prisoners of war. These men were both hunted by the British for being deserters and by many of the colonists as a foreign enemy.
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509:. Known for their discipline and martial prowess, around 30,000 to 37,000 Hessians fought in the war, comprising around 25% of British land forces.
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describes Hesse as a "mercenary state" whose prince rented out his regiments to fund his governmental expenditures. By contrast, British historian
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1215:. In May 1782 upon the departure of Lieutenant General Knyphausen, Lossberg replaced him as the commander of the Hessian troops in North America.
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armies against the French; although Hesse-Kassel was technically allied to Britain and Prussia, her troops were actually leased by the British.
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Because most of these soldiers-for-hire came from the Germany principality of Hesse, the Americans called all the European mercenaries Hessians.
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Colonel of the Hesse Cassel Garrison Regiment Von Seitz – see Hessian (soldiers). The Baron fought in the American Revolution, particularly on
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This article is about troops from Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Hanau. For troops from other German states who fought in the American Revolution, see
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When military conflict broke out, German states provided a ready supply of trained troops prepared to enter military action immediately. The
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1105:, the Hessian force of 1,400 was quickly overwhelmed by the Continentals, with only about 20 killed and 100 wounded, but 1,000 captured.
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874:(1,119), and Waldeck (1,225). As the majority of the German troops came from Hesse, Americans use the term "Hessians" to refer to all
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2015:
1445:
Second Dragoon Cavalry Regiment (1805–1812, red jacket); change to the Second Light Dragoon Cavalry Regiment (1812–1816, blue jacket)
1143:. German prisoners were treated well, with some volunteering for extra work assignments, helping to replace local men serving in the
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for spending British money wisely, describing him as "one of the least disreputable of the princes who sent mercenaries to America".
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First Dragoon Cavalry Regiment (1804–1812, red jacket); change to the First Light Dragoon Cavalry Regiment (1812–1816, blue jacket)
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Throughout the Revolutionary War, Americans tried to entice Hessians to desert the British, emphasizing the large and prosperous
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1569:, concerns a young Hessian drummer who is executed in reprisal for the mistaken hanging of an autistic villager by his officer.
1490:, a significant pest of cereal crops, was named after its supposed arrival in North America in Hessian soldiers' straw bedding.
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up the vegetables and carrying them off, which led to a skirmish breaking out before British and Hessian officers broke it up.
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Winthrop P. Bell, ed. "A Hessian conscript's account of life in garrison at Halifax at the time of the American Revolution".
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has maximum notoriety, Hessians will be sent after him and are notably more skilled than other types of soldiers in the game.
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660:, he also oversaw public-works projects, administered a public welfare system, and encouraged education. American historian
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973:. At Saratoga, approximately 1,000 Hessians were defeated; being killed or captured by a raw, untrained militia force from
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shared the American distrust of Hessians, who often spoke little or no English and were perceived as crude and barbaric.
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Hessian military service was notably strict and demanding, emphasizing iron discipline through draconian punishment.
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Prior to the American Revolutionary War, Hessian soldiers were familiar in battlefields across 18th century Europe.
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Krebs, Daniel. "Useful Enemies: The Treatment of German Prisoners of War during the American War of Independence,"
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958:. Hessians proved decisive to the British victory, and they subsequently fought in almost every battle that year.
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Herbert M. Bahner and Mark A. Schwalm, "Johann Nicholas Bahner: From Reichenbach, Hessen to Pillow, Pennsylvania"
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Herbert M. Bahner and Mark A. Schwalm, "Johann Nicholas Bahner: From Reichenbach, Hessen to Pillow, Pennsylvania"
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1604:, the player can recruit up to five regiments of Hessians in their American colonies if playing as Great Britain.
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Mauch, Christof. "Images of America – Political Myths – Historiography: 'Hessians' in the War of Independence",
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935:. Line infantry was armed with muskets, while the Hessian artillery used the three-pound cannon. The elite
594:, the continent saw frequent, though often small-scale, warfare, and military manpower was in high demand.
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Lieutenant General Friedrich Wilhelm von Lossberg, as Colonel led the von Lossberg Regiment (Alt) at the
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for five years (1778–1783), where they protected the colony from American privateers, such as during the
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1993:. Soldiers' Lives Through History. Vol. 3 (1 ed.). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
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An 18th century illustration of two Hessian soldiers, including an officer (left) and private (right)
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Ingrao, Charles. "'Barbarous Strangers': Hessian State and Society during the American Revolution",
1347:
Merged grenadier battalions (from grenadier companies of several fusilier and musketeer regiments):
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or conscripted in their countries of origin, opted to settle in either the United States or Canada.
623:. Whereas Prussia relied partly on mercenaries from other German states, Hesse-Kassel employed only
2185:
1517:
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Grenadier Regiment von Rall, later (1777) von Woellwarth; (1779) von Trümbach; (1781) d'Angelelli (
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Dangerous Guests: Enemy Captives and Revolutionary Communities during the War for Independence
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Fetter, Frank Whitson. “Who Were the Foreign Mercenaries of the Declaration of Independence?"
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Dangerous Guests: Enemy Captives and Revolutionary Communities during the War for Independence
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to make a surprise attack on the Hessians in the early morning of December 26, 1776. In the
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from renting the army to the British equaled roughly 13 years' worth of taxes, allowing the
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Huth, Hans, Carl Emil Curt von Donop, and C. V. Easum. "Letters from a Hessian mercenary."
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The Hessian mercenary state: ideas, institutions, and reform under Frederick II, 1760–1785
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The Hessian mercenary state: ideas, institutions, and reform under Frederick II, 1760–1785
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cited the deployment of Hessians as proof of British violations of the colonists' rights.
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Rogers, Alec D. "The Hessians: Journal Of The Johannes Schwalm Historical Association"
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2017:
The Hessians and the Other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War
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The Foundation of British Strength: National Identity and the Common British Soldier
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on August 15, 1776, and their first engagement was less than two weeks later in the
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1552:(1967) features Capt. Zammo in "The Hessians Are Coming" where, after a parody of
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Academic blog with original German sources, English translations, and commentary.
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Hessians would not be categorized as mercenaries under modern international law.
721:, both Britain and Bavaria employed Hessian soldiers against one another. In the
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Britannia's Auxiliaries: Continental Europeans and the British Empire, 1740–1800
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Hessians played an essential role in the Revolutionary War, particularly in the
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The British also undertook to pay each Hessian soldier at British rates of pay.
1183:
Oberst Franz Carl Erdmann Freiherr (Baron) von Seitz – led the regiment in the
1543:. At the end, Sam resigns with the line "I'm a Hessian without no aggression."
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Indentured to Liberty: Peasant Life and the Hessian Military State, 1688-1815
749:, Cassel was retaken, which constituted the last military action of the war.
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recruit new soldiers. Most of the prisoners were sent to work as farmhands.
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649:
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Notwithstanding their reputation as skilled and disciplined fighters, many
725:, the forces of Hesse-Kassel served with both the Anglo-Hanoverian and the
46:
27:
German soldiers contracted by the British in the American Revolutionary War
2862:
Soldatenhandel under Friedrich I of Hessen-Kassel (German Knowledge (XXG))
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was common in 18th-century Europe. In the two centuries leading up to the
2456:
2033:
Rethinking Leviathan: The Eighteenth-Century State in Britain and Germany
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656:, to reduce taxes by one-third between the 1760s and 1784. A self-styled
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was not yet a unified nation, but a collection of several hundred states
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The Hessians: Mercenaries from Hessen-Kassel in the American Revolution
1691:
The Hessians: Mercenaries from Hessen-Kassel in the American Revolution
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640:
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1269:
Fusilier Regiment Erbprinz, later (1780) Musketeer Regiment Erbprinz (
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1734:
Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies
912:
568:
2847:"Treaty with the Landgrave of Hesse Cassel, signed January 15, 1776"
2612:
Hessians: Mercenaries, Rebels, and the War for British North America
578:
1708:"Hessian troops in the American Revolution introduced | Britannica"
783:
professional mercenaries. Similarly, in the twentieth century, the
2801:(Camden House, 1981), translation of the Von Jungkenn manuscripts.
2799:
Hessian journals: unpublished documents of the American Revolution
2713:. Somerville, New Jersey: The Unionist-Gazette. pp. 352–370.
2597:(Cambridge University Press, 1980), the standard scholarly history
2186:"Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949"
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Many Hessian prisoners were held in camps at the interior city of
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German units in British service in the American Revolutionary War
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ordering medical assistance for mortally wounded Hessian colonel
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and were comfortable placing their troops under British command.
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marking the location where Hessian prisoners of war were held by
2841:
Diary and letters covering the role of Hessian troops in America
1359:
4th Battalion Grenadiers von Köhler (later von Graf; von Platte)
737:, which easily overcame the home defence force of 6,000 Hessian
531:. They served with distinction in many battles, most notably at
1394:
Musketeer Regiment von Mirbach (later Jung von Lossberg (1780))
1356:
3rd Battalion Grenadiers von Minnigerode (later von Löwenstein)
2867:"Hessians:" German Soldiers in the American Revolutionary War.
2866:
1578:, Hessians are depicted in season one as participating in the
425:
2739:
America Goes to War: A Social History of the Continental Army
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to raise American morale; anger at their presence helped the
2925:
Hessian military personnel of the American Revolutionary War
2444:
Journal of the Johannes Schwalm Historical Association, Inc.
675:
Between 1706 and 1707, 10,000 Hessians served as a corps in
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in several major wars in the 18th century, most notably the
2602:
Hessians: German Soldiers in the American Revolutionary War
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in 1708. In 1714, 6,000 Hessians were rented to Sweden for
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460:
454:
419:
1376:
Garrison Regiment von Stein (later von Seitz; von Porbeck)
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1049:
The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776
2627:. Vol. I. Boston: Houghton & Mifflin. pp.
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2473:
2439:
1402:
Musketeer Regiment von Wutgenau (later Landgraf (1777))
1353:
2nd Battalion Grenadiers von Block (later von Lengerke)
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from 1776 until 1779 and played a decisive role at the
2203:"Hessians. German Soldiers in the American Revolution"
1821:
Benjamin Franklin, "The Sale of the Hessians", (1777).
1379:
Garrison Regiment von Wissenbach (later von Knoblauch)
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serve on opposing sides of the same conflict. In the
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457:
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2367:. Ph.D. diss., Florida State University, pp. 123-124
1500:" (1820) includes a celebrated figure known as the "
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Hesse-Hanau Troops in the American Revolutionary War
915:, three artillery companies, and four battalions of
1234:The gravesite of Hessian colonel Johann Holland at
894:of Oberst Franz Carl Erdmann Freiherr von Seitz at
827:A memorial erected at Jordan and Gordon Streets in
627:—literally "children of the land", or native men.
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2478:Journal of Johannes Schwalm Historical Assoc., Inc
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1944:
1193:, commanding officer of the Hessian forces at the
2773:Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society
2577:Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society
2035:(1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1979:". Oxford University Press. p.60. ISBN 019518159X
1693:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
1382:Leib Infantry Regiment (Leib-Infanterie-Regiment)
2832:Historical Project: Letters by a Hessian Officer
1139:, home to a large German community known as the
2827:Johannes Schwalm Historical Association website
1867:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003),
1026:these soldiers were most likely members of the
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673:
2806:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
2637:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
2112:
2110:
2031:Brewer, John; Hellmuth, Eckhart, eds. (1999).
1989:Showalter, Dennis; Astore, William J. (2007).
1373:Garrison Regiment von Huyn (later von Benning)
2573:16 November 1776, he captured Fort Washington
2552:"Revolutionary War – The Hessian involvement"
1665:(18th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
8:
2791:Diary of the American War: a Hessian Journal
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846:Great Britain maintained a relatively small
2639:, vol. 104, no. 4, 1980, pp. 508–513.
2419:. Cambridge University Press. p. 199.
2391:, British Battles.com, accessed 13 Feb 2010
1919:"Hessians: The Best Armies Money Could Buy"
787:were attached as auxiliaries to the French
2780:A Hessian Diary of the American Revolution
2093:. Pearson Education Limited. p. 180.
1535:(1950), set during the Revolutionary War,
965:and patrol troops. Hessians fought at the
876:German troops fighting on the British side
512:While regarded both contemporaneously and
45:
2849:. University of Illinois. 15 January 1776
2707:"Chapter XXV: The Hessians in New Jersey"
2379:, David Head, Ph.D., accessed 19 Jan 2024
1254:Hessisches Jägercorps zu Pferd und zu Fuß
961:By 1777, the British used them mainly as
520:, Hessians were legally distinguished as
2232:. Cornell University Press. p. 22.
2090:The Seven Years War in Europe: 1756–1763
1684:
1682:
1662:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
1546:The final episode of the cartoon series
2879:
2624:The German Element in the United States
1632:
114:
95:Attached but not incorporated into the
2822:American Revolution.org – The Hessians
1917:Showalter, Dennis (5 September 2007).
1516:(1909), about the early stages of the
1510:co-wrote and directed the short film,
946:The first Hessian troops to arrive in
495:Germans who fought on the British side
36:
2521:American Agriculture: A Brief History
2087:Szabo, Franz A.J. (5 November 2013).
1071:Hessian soldiers captured during the
687:whilst 12,000 Hessians were hired by
477:) were German soldiers who served as
7:
2059:Frederick the Great's Allies 1756–63
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1702:
1700:
1476:King of England and German engineers
1429:Seventh Formation Infantry Battalion
1350:1st Battalion Grenadiers von Linsing
1112:were paraded through the streets of
2654:. Oxford university Press. p.
2326:Uniforms of the American Revolution
2293:Uniforms of the American Revolution
2260:Uniforms of the American Revolution
1947:Uniforms of the American Revolution
1432:Eighth Formation Infantry Battalion
1420:Fourth Formation Infantry Battalion
1170:, commander of the Hessians in the
993:during 1778–1780, including at the
735:Charles de Rohan, Prince of Soubise
679:army in Italy before moving to the
2749:Journal of the American Revolution
2693:. New York: Harper & Brothers.
2676:(Cambridge University Press, 2003)
2138:(Cambridge University Press, 2003)
1539:faces off against Hessian soldier
1426:Sixth Formation Infantry Battalion
1423:Fifth Formation Infantry Battalion
1417:Third Formation Infantry Battalion
1411:First Formation Infantry Battalion
1287:Füsilier-Regiment "von Knyphausen"
1284:Fusilier Regiment von Knyphausen (
997:, and two regiments fought at the
813:Germans in the American Revolution
753:"Mercenaries" versus "auxiliaries"
32:Germans in the American Revolution
25:
2789:(1979). Tustin, Joseph P. (ed.).
2604:(Oxford University Press, 2022).
2121:. Cengage Learning. p. 147.
1737:. SAGE Publications. p. 66.
1001:in 1781. Hessians also served in
2882:
2062:. Osprey Publishing. p. 5.
1845:George Washington's Mount Vernon
1296:Füsilier-Regiment "von Lossberg"
1293:Fusilier Regiment von Lossberg (
1263:Füsilier-Regiment "von Ditfurth"
1260:Fusilier Regiment von Ditfurth (
444:
409:
76:
64:
2705:Mellick, Andrew D. Jr. (1889).
2646:Fischer, David Hackett (2004).
1975:David Hackett Fischer (2006). "
1731:Alan Axelrod (9 January 2014).
1408:Second Light Infantry Battalion
1389:Musketeer Regiment von Trümbach
1464:Hesse-Cassel Artillery corps (
1405:First Light Infantry Battalion
1278:Infanterie-Regiment "Erbprinz"
719:War of the Austrian Succession
697:War of the Austrian Succession
1:
2666:(1982) 87#4 pp. 954–976
1398:Musketeer Regiment Prinz Carl
1364:Garrison Regiment von Bünau (
1305:Grenadier-Regiment "von Rall"
2731:(Cornell Univ. Press, 2014)
2550:Ender, Holte (4 July 2011).
2537:(Cornell Univ. Press, 2014)
2401:Johannes Schwalm the Hessian
2363:Steven Schwamenfeld (2007).
1865:The Hessian Mercenary State,
1385:Musketeer Regiment von Donop
1272:Füsilier-Regiment "Erbprinz"
611:Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
317:Battle of Spencer's Ordinary
2737:Neimeyer, Charles Patrick.
2681:Journal of Military History
2228:Taylor, Peter Keir (1994).
2152:. Oxford University Press.
1883:European Warfare, 1660–1815
1498:The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
969:, the turning point of the
634:were summarily executed or
567:A 1799 portrait of Hessian
549:Declaration of Independence
293:Battle of Connecticut Farms
2946:
2905:American Revolutionary War
2687:Lowell, Edward J. (1884).
2664:American Historical Review
2207:American Battlefield Trust
2117:Kennedy, David M. (2012).
2014:Lowell, Edward J. (1884).
1802:American Battlefield Trust
1763:American Battlefield Trust
1251:Hesse-Cassel Jäger Corps (
1223:
1172:American Revolutionary War
1099:crossed the Delaware River
841:American Revolutionary War
819:American Revolutionary War
816:
810:
807:American Revolutionary War
695:. ... In the midst of the
592:American Revolutionary War
573:American Revolutionary War
497:, since 65% came from the
487:American Revolutionary War
110:American Revolutionary War
29:
2621:Faust, Albert B. (1909).
2354:Schwamenfeld 2007, p. 123
1572:In the television series
1414:Second Infantry Battalion
1185:Battle of Fort Washington
1108:Hessians captured in the
833:General George Washington
689:George I of Great Britain
367:Leopold Philip de Heister
181:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga
153:Battle of Iron Works Hill
142:Battle of Fort Washington
44:
2797:Valentine C. Hubbs, ed.
2793:. Yale University Press.
2711:The Story of an Old Farm
2148:Conway, Stephen (2017).
1589:The PBS cartoon series,
1575:Turn: Washington's Spies
919:. Most infantrymen were
905:Hessian troops included
761:Hessian mounted infantry
327:Battle of Groton Heights
270:Great Siege of Gibraltar
211:Battle of Cooch's Bridge
2519:R. Douglas Hurt (2002)
1689:Atwood, Rodney (1980).
1459:Artillery and engineers
1391:(later von Bose (1779))
1137:Lancaster, Pennsylvania
829:Allentown, Pennsylvania
778:". Military historians
588:use of foreign soldiers
206:Battle of Staten Island
2808:62.4 (1938): 488–501.
2701:(2003) 48#3 pp 411–423
2413:Rodney Atwood (2002).
1991:The Early Modern World
1881:Black, Jeremy (1994).
1466:
1451:Second Hussar Regiment
1366:
1340:
1329:Hesse-Hanau Free Corps
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1242:
1213:Battle of Rhode Island
1201:Battle of White Plains
1179:Wilhelm von Knyphausen
1174:
1168:Wilhelm von Knyphausen
1083:
1075:and then taken to the
1064:
1023:
1007:1782 Raid on Lunenburg
902:
843:
762:
714:
701:Ferdinand of Brunswick
691:in 1715 to combat the
583:
575:
541:27 colonial grievances
372:Wilhelm von Knyphausen
322:Battle of Green Spring
135:Battle of White Plains
129:Battle of Edgar's Lane
2778:Johann Conrad Döhla.
2683:(2013), 77#1 pp 9–39.
2650:Washington's Crossing
2497:. PBS. Archived from
2172:Atwood (1980), page 8
2056:Reid, Stuart (2010).
1977:Washington's crossing
1885:. London: Routledge.
1513:The Hessian Renegades
1473:Hesse-Hanau Artillery
1454:Third Hussar Regiment
1448:First Hussar Regiment
1338:Hesse-Hanau Regiment
1233:
1166:
1070:
1046:
1032:54th Regiment of Foot
1028:Volunteers of Ireland
956:Battle of Long Island
889:
826:
817:Further information:
774:referred to them as "
760:
662:Edward Jackson Lowell
581:
566:
299:Battle of Springfield
281:Battle of Baton Rouge
257:Battle of Barren Hill
252:Battle of White Marsh
194:Siege of Fort Stanwix
175:Battle of Short Hills
170:Battle of Bound Brook
118:Battle of Long Island
2743:complete text online
2322:Mollo, John (1975).
2289:Mollo, John (1975).
2256:Mollo, John (1975).
2119:The American Pageant
1943:Mollo, John (1975).
1610:Assassin's Creed III
1240:Halifax, Nova Scotia
995:Guilford Court House
967:Battle of Bennington
939:battalions used the
710:Rethinking Leviathan
276:Capture of Fort Bute
247:Battle of Gloucester
236:Battle of Germantown
223:Battle of the Clouds
217:Battle of Brandywine
200:Battle of Bennington
188:Battle of Hubbardton
124:Landing at Kip's Bay
2672:Ingrao, Charles W.
2480:Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 2
2446:Vol. 3, No. 3, 1987
2389:"Battle of Trenton"
2134:Charles W. Ingrao,
2020:. New York: Harper.
1518:American Revolution
1236:Little Dutch Church
1159:Commanding officers
703:'s army in Germany.
685:its war with Russia
681:Spanish Netherlands
514:historiographically
339:Battle of Johnstown
287:Siege of Charleston
229:Battles of Saratoga
2910:Combat occupations
2836:Marburg University
2610:Crytzer, Brady J.
2600:Baer, Friederike.
1712:www.britannica.com
1481:In popular culture
1367:Garrisons-Regiment
1333:Hesse-Hanau Jägers
1243:
1175:
1141:Pennsylvania Dutch
1091:General Washington
1084:
1065:
1058:General Washington
1039:American attitudes
903:
844:
763:
693:Jacobite Rebellion
658:enlightened despot
584:
582:Hessian grenadiers
576:
311:Siege of Pensacola
263:Battle of Monmouth
242:Battle of Red Bank
148:Battle of Fort Lee
18:Hessian (soldiers)
2889:Holy Roman Empire
2775:, Volume 27, 1947
2579:, Volume 27, 1947
2554:. MadMikesAmerica
2461:silvie.tripod.com
2209:. 25 January 2017
2000:978-0-313-33312-5
1744:978-1-4833-4030-2
1672:978-0-521-15255-6
1601:Empire: Total War
1580:Battle of Trenton
1532:Bunker Hill Bunny
1502:Headless Horseman
1494:Washington Irving
1195:Battle of Trenton
1110:Battle of Trenton
1103:Battle of Trenton
1073:Battle of Trenton
999:Siege of Yorktown
971:Saratoga campaign
896:St. Paul's Church
800:Geneva Convention
785:Moroccan Goumiers
677:Eugene of Savoy's
652:of Hesse-Kassel,
604:Holy Roman Empire
600:loosely organized
393:
392:
344:Raid on Lunenburg
333:Siege of Yorktown
159:Battle of Trenton
16:(Redirected from
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2794:
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1892:978-1-13536955-2
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1311:"von Woellwarth"
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1118:Continental Army
1095:Continental Army
1052:, a portrait by
1014:British soldiers
868:Ansbach-Bayreuth
857:House of Hanover
837:Continental Army
780:Dennis Showalter
723:Seven Years' War
712:
529:northern theater
489:. The term is a
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1559:The 1972 novel
1526:Merrie Melodies
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1129:German-American
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991:southern states
948:British America
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19:
2851:. Retrieved
2805:
2798:
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2710:
2698:
2690:The Hessians
2689:
2680:
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2649:
2636:
2623:
2611:
2601:
2594:
2587:Bibliography
2586:
2585:
2576:
2567:
2556:. Retrieved
2545:
2534:
2533:Ken Miller,
2529:
2520:
2514:
2503:. Retrieved
2499:the original
2495:The Hessians
2494:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2416:The Hessians
2415:
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2223:
2211:. Retrieved
2206:
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2073:
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2016:
2009:
1990:
1984:
1976:
1971:
1946:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1922:
1896:
1882:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1848:. Retrieved
1844:
1817:
1806:. Retrieved
1804:. 2017-01-25
1801:
1778:
1767:. Retrieved
1765:. 2017-01-25
1762:
1753:
1733:
1726:
1715:. Retrieved
1711:
1690:
1660:
1653:Esling, John
1649:Setter, Jane
1645:Roach, Peter
1635:
1626:
1625:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1586:in New York.
1573:
1560:
1547:
1530:
1524:
1511:
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1457:
1436:
1435:
1245:
1244:
1153:press-ganged
1149:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1114:Philadelphia
1107:
1089:
1085:
1081:Philadelphia
1047:
1024:
1019:
1011:
960:
945:
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936:
923:, including
920:
907:
904:
861:
845:
793:
764:
731:
715:
709:
674:
670:
666:Friedrich II
654:Friedrich II
646:
629:
625:Landeskinder
624:
608:
585:
533:White Plains
526:
511:
503:Hesse-Kassel
483:British Army
398:
397:
382:
331:
309:
297:
285:
268:
261:
234:
227:
215:
198:
186:
179:
157:
140:
133:
116:
97:British Army
92:Part of
71:Hesse-Cassel
2330:. pp.
2075:government.
1567:Howard Fast
1562:The Hessian
1554:Paul Revere
1549:The Super 6
1488:Hessian fly
1191:Johann Rall
1079:capital of
1062:Johann Rall
1003:Nova Scotia
900:Nova Scotia
839:during the
776:auxiliaries
571:during the
522:auxiliaries
518:mercenaries
507:Hesse-Hanau
479:auxiliaries
377:Johann Rall
103:Engagements
83:Hesse-Hanau
2899:Categories
2558:2012-10-29
2505:2020-06-24
2491:"LIBERTY!"
2377:“Hessians"
2297:. p.
2264:. p.
1951:. p.
1923:HistoryNet
1850:2020-06-24
1841:"Hessians"
1808:2020-06-24
1798:"Hessians"
1769:2024-07-08
1759:"Hessians"
1717:2024-07-08
1622:References
1537:Bugs Bunny
1496:'s story "
1224:See also:
1056:depicting
985:. General
950:landed at
929:musketeers
917:grenadiers
882:Deployment
796:Protocol I
739:militiamen
602:under the
551:, and the
545:George III
491:synecdoche
360:commanders
353:Commanders
165:Forage War
2213:15 August
1657:"hessian"
1582:and meet
1151:had been
933:fusiliers
921:chasseurs
892:hatchment
870:(2,353),
866:(4,300),
864:Brunswick
650:Landgrave
639:Although
632:Deserters
2930:Infantry
2853:19 April
2668:in JSTOR
2614:(2015).
1655:(eds.).
1643:(2011).
1341:Erbprinz
1246:Infantry
963:garrison
835:and the
727:Prussian
706:—
616:vagrants
553:Patriots
493:for all
399:Hessians
2751:(2018)
2741:(1995)
2616:excerpt
2606:Website
2524:, p. 80
2403:, p. 21
1523:In the
1437:Cavalry
1209:Newport
1189:Oberst
975:Vermont
913:hussars
852:Waldeck
743:in 1761
664:lauded
641:plunder
621:Prussia
596:Germany
569:hussars
559:History
547:in the
481:to the
383:†
358:Notable
57:Country
2875:Portal
2810:online
2782:(1993)
2753:Online
2717:
2641:online
2423:
2338:
2305:
2272:
2236:
2156:
2097:
2066:
2039:
1997:
1959:
1928:28 May
1889:
1741:
1669:
1529:short
981:, and
941:Büchse
931:, and
908:Jägers
636:beaten
379:
2920:Hesse
2631:–356.
2332:24–27
2189:(PDF)
1898:arms.
1627:Notes
1613:, if
1565:, by
1220:Units
937:Jäger
2855:2022
2715:ISBN
2421:ISBN
2336:ISBN
2303:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2234:ISBN
2215:2022
2154:ISBN
2095:ISBN
2064:ISBN
2037:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1957:ISBN
1930:2018
1887:ISBN
1869:p. 2
1739:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1486:The
1203:and
1097:had
890:The
747:1762
745:and
586:The
535:and
505:and
2656:517
2629:349
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