1152:
hepatitis B viral infection. However, due to the lengthy time interval, measured in weeks, between exposure of the causative agent and the development of illness prevented recognition of jaundice as an infectious disease until the 20th century. The first recorded cases of hepatitis B virus infection occurred in 1883 after the smallpox vaccine containing human lymph was administered to a group of people. The smallpox vaccine was administered to shipyard workers in
Germany and the workers later developed symptoms of hepatitis. Serum hepatitis, now known as hepatitis B, was often observed following the use of contaminated needles and syringes. These contaminated needles and syringes were not properly cleaned and/or they were reused among patients. In 1943, transmission of hepatitis B virus via blood was further emphasized when Paul Beeson described jaundice occurring in patients who had just received blood transfusions. Another epidemic of jaundice was observed among soldiers in 1942, after they had received a yellow fever vaccine. The distinction between hepatitis A virus and hepatitis B virus was not determined until 1947 when they were recognized as being two different filterable agents through numerous studies done of human volunteers.
1230:
more severe liver disease and increase the risk for primary liver cancer (Hepatocellular
Carcinoma). Reporting of this co-infection may be underreported due to hepatitis C's ability to become the dominant liver virus during coinfection, reducing the detectable amount of HBV found in the body. Recent statistics show that 10% of all persons infected with HIV are also infected with Hepatitis B. However, this statistic increases to almost 20% for Southeast Asia. Hepatitis B infection is one of the leading causes of hospitalizations and death among patients with HIV since the development and use of antiretroviral therapies. Those who are infected with HIV and HBV are six times more likely to develop chronic hepatitis B. Some studies suggest this may be due to co-infected individuals having lower CD4+ T cell counts.
335:. These serotypes are based on a common determinant (a) and two mutually exclusive determinant pairs (d/y and w/r). The viral strains have also been divided into ten genotypes (AâJ) and forty subgenotypes according to overall nucleotide sequence variation of the genome. The genotypes have a distinct geographical distribution and are used in tracing the evolution and transmission of the virus. Differences between genotypes affect the disease severity, course and likelihood of complications, and response to treatment. The serotypes and genotypes do not necessarily correspond.
1185:
individuals chronically infected with HBV worldwide, 50% or more of those individuals acquired the infection prenatally or during their early childhood. In countries where HBV is endemic, vertical transmission of HBV poses a major health risk due to a high number of women of childbearing age being HBeAg-positive allowing them to transmit HBV to their newborn. In areas where HBV is endemic, transmission is not limited to groups with high-risk behaviors. Instead, infection can occur through different routes of transmission but mostly during early childhood.
81:
854:
601:
1202:
occur. Incidences of HBV infection through HD units is at 1% in the United States. Healthcare staff are also at an increased risk of infection. Transmission of HBV can be limited by administering the hepatitis B vaccine. In areas where the virus is endemic, vaccines are limited, especially in rural areas where medical clinics are sparse.
51:
670:
3.9 kb RNA initiates at the X gene promoter region and the transcript is polyadenylated only after the second round of transcription. Similar behavior is shared by other long pregenomic/pre-core (pg/pc) RNA species. Thus, the viral transcription machinery must ignore the poly(A) signal at the first transcription round.
360:
1159:
and later identified as the hepatitis B virus surface antigen HBsAg. This was one of the first breakthroughs in the effort to understand the pathology of viral hepatitis that instigated jaundice in those infected with HBV. It allowed industrialized countries to reliably diagnose asymptomatic carriers
1151:
The origin of hepatitis B virus can be traced back to the 5th century BCE and is even mentioned in
Babylonian clay tablets. Hippocrates later described an epidemic of jaundice among his patients that was characterized by the yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes. Jaundice is a clinical sign of
1172:
Rates of hepatitis B infection are equal across male and females. Hepatitis B virus is more prominently found in US citizens of Asian, Pacific
Islander, or African descent and roughly 25% of these individuals will receive a diagnosis. HBV is spread more readily in groups with high risk behavior such
467:
is incorporated into the nucleocapsid along with the pre-genomic RNA (pgRNA). Inside the capsid, the pgRNA undergoes reverse transcription, making the (-) DNA strand. At the same time, most of the RNA template is degraded by the RNase activity of the polymerase. This is followed by (+) DNA strand
1229:
Because HBV and HCV share a similar mode of transmission, co-infections are possible. Most cases of HBV and HCV co-infection occurs among
Intravenous drug users, unscreened blood products, or exposure to dirty needles and unsterilized medical equipment. Co-infection of these two viruses can cause a
1176:
Hepatitis B virus causes the disease hepatitis B. Hepatitis is considered to be the leading cause of liver cancer worldwide (reference). Hepatitis B virus can be found in almost every region of the world but is most prevalent in countries where the virus is endemic. HBV is endemic in some countries
1163:
Today, hepatitis B virus infection is easily avoided by receiving one of the hepatitis B vaccines. The plasma-derived HepB vaccine was licensed in 1981 and was subsequently replaced in 1986 with the recombinant HepB vaccine. Engerix B was approved in 1989 and
Heplisav-B was approved in 2017. All of
536:
ancestor and a subsequent coevolution with both birds and mammals after their divergence (>300M years ago). It has also been proposed that a New World bat hepadnavirus may be the origin of the primate hepadnaviruses. Avihepadnaviruses lack the X protein but a vestigial X reading frame is present
1197:
The spread of hepatitis B virus occurs most often through vertical transmission from mother to child during birth and delivery. HBV can also be spread through contact with blood or other bodily fluids during sexual intercourse with an infected partner. It is also spread through needles shared with
1188:
The spread of hepatitis B virus in the western world occurs most often through sexual intercourse or needle sharing by intravenous drug users (IVDU). IVDU show the highest rate of HBV infection in Europe and North
America. There are also higher rates of hepatitis B infection among men who have sex
1060:
The increase in ROS after HBV infection causes inflammation, which leads to a further increase in ROS. ROS cause more than 20 types of DNA damage. Oxidative DNA damage is mutagenic. In addition, repair of the DNA damage can cause epigenetic alterations at the site of the damage during repair of
669:
The function of the protein coded for by gene X is not fully understood, but some evidence suggests that it may function as a transcriptional transactivator. Interestingly, a 40 kDa X-Core fusion protein is encoded by a long viral 3.9-kb transcript, whose function remains unclear. Synthesis of the
1201:
Furthermore, hepatitis B virus can also be spread through sharing earrings and other body piercing jewelry. It is also spread through hemodialysis units that have been used by HBeAg positive patients. Because HD units usually treat multiple patients at a time, contamination of patients' blood can
1205:
Although HBV can be infectious on surfaces for up to seven days, it is not spread through breastfeeding, sharing eating utensils, hugging, kissing, holding hands, coughing, or sneezing. Unlike other hepatitis viruses, HBV is not spread by contaminated food or water. However, living with a person
548:
remains has allowed investigating the evolution of this virus in humans in more details. In 2021, a study reconstructed 137 ancient HBV genomes and proved the presence of the virus in humans since at least 10,000 years. The most recent common ancestor of all known human HBV lineages was dated to
1180:
Approximately two billion people have been infected with HBV which means almost 1 out of 3 people have been infected. Every year an estimated 1.5 million people will become newly infected and roughly 10% of those individuals will go undiagnosed. Every year, an estimated 820,000 people die from
844:
subtypes F1, F2, and F3 are found in East and West
Amerindians. Among South Amerindians only F3 was found. Subtypes Ia, III, and IV exhibit a restricted geographic distribution (Central America, the North and the South of South America respectively) while clades Ib and II are found in all the
1184:
The spread of HBV during pregnancy remains the highest risk for developing chronic hepatitis B later in childhood. Roughly 90% of infected infants will become chronically infected. Only 2%-6% of adults once infected with HBV will go on to be chronically infected. Of the estimated 350 million
653:(cccDNA) template. Two enhancers designated enhancer I (EnhI) and enhancer II (EnhII) have been identified in the HBV genome. Both enhancers exhibit greater activity in cells of hepatic origin, and together they drive and regulate the expression of the complete viral transcripts.
665:
but contains three in frame "start" (ATG) codons that divide the gene into three sections, pre-S1, pre-S2, and S. Because of the multiple start codons, polypeptides of three different sizes called large (pre-S1 + pre-S2 + S), middle (pre-S2 + S), and small (S) are produced.
642:(viral DNA polymerase is used for a later stage) and removal of the viral polymerase protein (P) from the (â) sense strand and a short sequence of RNA from the (+) sense strand. Non-coding bases are removed from the ends of the (â)sense strand and the ends are rejoined.
549:
between 20,000 and 12,000 years ago. However, it cannot be said whether the virus was present in humans long before that or acquired shortly before from another animal species. The evolution of HBV in humans was shown to reflect known events of human history such as the
785:
Type C has two geographically subtypes: Cs (C1) in South-east Asia and Ce (C2) in East Asia. The C subtypes have been divided into five clades (C1âC5). A sixth clade (C6) has been described in the
Philippines but only in one isolate to date. Type C1 is associated with
637:
The negative-sense, (non-coding) strand is complementary to the viral mRNA. The viral DNA is found in the nucleus soon after infection of the cell. The partially double-stranded DNA is rendered fully double-stranded by completion of the (+) sense strand by cellular
978:
Despite there being a vaccine to prevent hepatitis B, HBV remains a global health problem. Hepatitis B can be acute and later become chronic, leading to other diseases and health conditions. In addition to causing hepatitis, infection with HBV can lead to
397:
activity similar to retroviruses. The outer envelope contains embedded proteins which are involved in viral binding of, and entry into, susceptible cells. The virus is one of the smallest enveloped animal viruses with a virion diameter of 42 nm, but
660:
from which the pre-core protein is produced. HBeAg is produced by proteolytic processing of the pre-core protein. The DNA polymerase is encoded by gene P. Gene S is the gene that codes for the surface antigen (HBsAg). The HBsAg gene is one long
496:
cells. Many activities have been linked to expression of HBx. However, the molecular mechanisms of many of these activities are unknown. This protein is multifunctional and it activates cellular signaling pathways and is essential for viral
1821:
Jaroszewicz J, Calle
Serrano B, Wursthorn K, Deterding K, Schlue J, Raupach R, et al. (April 2010). "Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels in the natural history of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infection: a European perspective".
697:
Genotypes differ by at least 8% of the sequence and have distinct geographical distributions and this has been associated with anthropological history. Within genotypes subtypes have been described: these differ by 4â8% of the genome.
1198:
infected persons or exposure to sharp objects. Needles of any kind can be a risk if they are not single use or are not properly sanitized, preferably in an autoclave. This includes needles used at tattooing and body piercing parlors.
2645:
Krause-Kyora, Ben; Susat, Julian; Key, Felix M; KĂŒhnert, Denise; Bosse, Esther; Immel, Alexander; Rinne, Christoph; Kornell, Sabin-Christin; Yepes, Diego; Franzenburg, Sören; Heyne, Henrike O (10 May 2018). Locarnini, Stephen (ed.).
402:
forms exist, including filamentous and spherical bodies lacking a core. These particles are not infectious and are composed of the lipid and protein that forms part of the surface of the virion, which is called the surface antigen
474:(hepatitis B envelope antigen) can be found between the icosahedral nucleocapsid core and the lipid envelope, but is considered "nonparticulate" and is secreted and accumulates in serum. HBeAg and HBcAg are made from the same
1558:
Ghosh S, Banerjee P, Deny P, Mondal RK, Nandi M, Roychoudhury A, et al. (March 2013). "New HBV subgenotype D9, a novel D/C recombinant, identified in patients with chronic HBeAg-negative infection in Eastern India".
2518:
Kocher, Arthur; Papac, Luka; Barquera, Rodrigo; Key, Felix M.; Spyrou, Maria A.; HĂŒbler, Ron; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Aron, Franziska; Stahl, Raphaela; Wissgott, Antje; Bömmel, Florian van (8 October 2021).
588:
found in this population) that the ancestral virus originated in Asia about 2000 years ago (95% HPD 900 BC â 830 AD). Coalescence occurred about 1000 AD. This subgenotype spread from Asia initially to
926:. The core proteins dissociate from the partially double stranded viral DNA, which is then made fully double stranded (by host DNA polymerases) and transformed into covalently closed circular DNA (
957:
These four viral transcripts undergo additional processing and go on to form progeny virions which are released from the cell or returned to the nucleus and re-cycled to produce even more copies.
5479:
656:
There are four known genes encoded by the genome called C, P, S, and X. The core protein is coded for by gene C (HBcAg), and its start codon is preceded by an upstream in-frame AUG start
3432:
Cavinta L, Sun J, May A, Yin J, von Meltzer M, Radtke M, et al. (June 2009). "A new isolate of hepatitis B virus from the Philippines possibly representing a new subgenotype C6".
524:
shared by various bird species shows the presence of these virus in birds for at least 70M years. Although similar evidence is missing for mammals, the phylogenetic position of
1442:
Hundie GB, Stalin Raj V, Gebre Michael D, Pas SD, Koopmans MP, Osterhaus AD, et al. (February 2017). "A novel hepatitis B virus subgenotype D10 circulating in Ethiopia".
918:
Because the virus multiplies via RNA made by a host enzyme, the viral genomic DNA has to be transferred to the cell nucleus. It is thought the capsid is transported on the
4902:
6169:
6164:
2071:
MenĂ©ndez-Arias L, Ălvarez M, Pacheco B (October 2014). "Nucleoside/nucleotide analog inhibitors of hepatitis B virus polymerase: mechanism of action and resistance".
7655:
2278:"Activation and inhibition of cellular calcium and tyrosine kinase signaling pathways identify targets of the HBx protein involved in hepatitis B virus replication"
1097:) in more than 20% of liver cancers, with seven of these genes being hypermethylated in more than 75% of liver cancers. In addition to alterations at the sites of
6221:
7668:
5493:
892:. The pre-S1 segment of the HBV L protein then binds tightly to the cell surface receptor sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), encoded by the
1523:
Magnius LO, Norder H (1995). "Subtypes, genotypes and molecular epidemiology of the hepatitis B virus as reflected by sequence variability of the S-gene".
782:
Type B has two distinct geographical distributions: Bj/B1 ('j'âJapan) and Ba/B2 ('a'âAsia). Type Ba has been further subdivided into four clades (B2âB4).
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6696:
6691:
5159:
4990:
1697:
7071:
6729:
6724:
5030:
6200:
6195:
6190:
1037:
methylases and demethylases to change cell expression patterns. HBx is partly responsible for the approximate 10,000-fold increase in intracellular
5914:
1139:
are also affected by the binding of HBx to their promoters. Each altered microRNA can affect the expression of several hundred messenger RNAs (see
1160:
of hepatitis B virus and the discovery provided healthcare professionals a way to screen blood for Hep B before administering blood transfusions.
7452:
468:
synthesis, and the polymerase ends up covalently bound to the (-) DNA strand. The polymerase is discarded after the virion infects a new cell.
7215:
4895:
1674:
1278:
1125:
1117:
2748:"Tracing hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B5 (formerly B6) evolutionary history in the circumpolar Arctic through phylogeographic modelling"
711:
Two further genotypes have since been recognised. The current (2014) listing now runs A through to J. Several subtypes are also recognised.
5123:
686:
963:
The long mRNA is then transported back to the cytoplasm where the virion P protein synthesizes DNA via its reverse transcriptase activity.
5180:
3164:"The apical stem-loop of the hepatitis B virus encapsidation signal folds into a stable tri-loop with two underlying pyrimidine bulges"
6027:
3115:"The hepatitis B virus post-transcriptional regulatory element contains two conserved RNA stem-loops which are required for function"
7185:
7119:
6346:
5499:
5025:
4982:
1392:"Discovery of naturally occurring transmissible chronic hepatitis B virus infection among Macaca fascicularis from Mauritius Island"
5414:
4123:"Hepatitis B virus X protein-induced aberrant epigenetic modifications contributing to human hepatocellular carcinoma pathogenesis"
6813:
6481:
5485:
4888:
464:
58:
2229:"Hepatitis B virus replication is associated with an HBx-dependent mitochondrion-regulated increase in cytosolic calcium levels"
2108:"Persistence of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA in hepatocytes: molecular mechanisms and clinical significance"
317:
5084:
5070:
912:
Following endocytosis, the virus membrane fuses with the host cell's membrane, releasing the nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm.
80:
1604:"Bats carry pathogenic hepadnaviruses antigenically related to hepatitis B virus and capable of infecting human hepatocytes"
621:, but it is unusual because the DNA is not fully double-stranded. One end of the full length strand is linked to the viral
584:
A study of isolates from the circumpolar Arctic human population has proposed that the ancestor of the subgenotype B5 (the
7332:
4030:
Ozen C, Yildiz G, Dagcan AT, Cevik D, Ors A, Keles U, et al. (May 2013). "Genetics and epigenetics of liver cancer".
6806:
6801:
5907:
5289:
5283:
5194:
5188:
5078:
940:
The largest mRNA, (which is longer than the viral genome), is used to make the new copies of the genome and to make the
3529:"Visualization of hepatitis B virus entry - novel tools and approaches to directly follow virus entry into hepatocytes"
1131:
Several thousand protein-coding genes appear to have HBx-binding sites. In addition to protein coding genes, about 15
426:) was the first hepatitis B virus protein to be discovered. It consists of small (S), medium (M) and large (L) protein.
7434:
7369:
7041:
7017:
6824:
6709:
6615:
6541:
6466:
6361:
6245:
6180:
6100:
6066:
6017:
5652:
5578:
5572:
5245:
678:
399:
2431:
Rasche A, Souza BF, Drexler JF (February 2016). "Bat hepadnaviruses and the origins of primate hepatitis B viruses".
7696:
6110:
6037:
6002:
4697:
Garthwaite, Elizabeth; Reddy, Veena; Douthwaite, Sam; Lines, Simon; Tyerman, Kay; Eccles, James (28 October 2019).
776:
The E and F strains appear to have originated in aboriginal populations of Africa and the New World, respectively.
682:
550:
7673:
6992:
6796:
5997:
5709:
5316:
1121:
7491:
7379:
7305:
7243:
7195:
7147:
7099:
7051:
6930:
6779:
6674:
6435:
6341:
6321:
6304:
6154:
6042:
5977:
5418:
5330:
5235:
5065:
5038:
5010:
4943:
3859:
1070:
984:
521:
1189:
with men (MSM). Risk of being infected with HBV increases with having multiple sex partners. (need reference)
1705:
725:
Type F which diverges from the other genomes by 14% is the most divergent type known. Type A is prevalent in
7701:
5900:
5214:
3311:"Full-genome sequence of a hepatitis B virus genotype f1b clone from a chronically infected chilean patient"
3211:
Olinger CM, Jutavijittum P, HĂŒbschen JM, Yousukh A, Samountry B, Thammavong T, et al. (November 2008).
1038:
1030:
1014:
899:
6144:
5408:
5004:
4475:
7582:
7554:
7390:
7275:
6115:
5608:
5586:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5346:
5240:
5201:
1736:
1156:
876:
The virus gains entry into the cell by binding to receptors on the surface of the cell and entering it by
489:
7620:
779:
Type A has two subtypes: Aa (A1) in Africa/Asia and the Philippines and Ae (A2) in Europe/United States.
561:
still infect humans, while other became extinct. HBV strains found in African and South-East Asian apes (
261:
7524:
7415:
7295:
7167:
7027:
5593:
5174:
5044:
3904:"Occurrence, Biological Consequences, and Human Health Relevance of Oxidative Stress-Induced DNA Damage"
3754:"Solution structure of stem-loop alpha of the hepatitis B virus post-transcriptional regulatory element"
1106:
1102:
1054:
866:
394:
5015:
1041:(ROS) upon chronic HBV infection. Increased ROS can be caused, in part, by localization of HBx to the
516:
The early evolution of HBV, like that of all viruses, is difficult to establish. The identification of
4606:
4449:
4343:
273:
267:
7642:
7326:
7264:
6951:
6395:
6386:
6308:
6255:
6076:
5967:
5857:
5689:
5324:
5153:
4811:
4632:
Edmunds, W. J.; Medley, G. F.; Nokes, D. J.; O'Callaghan, C. J.; Whittle, H. C.; Hall, A. J. (1996).
3752:
Schwalbe M, OhlenschlÀger O, Marchanka A, Ramachandran R, HÀfner S, Heise T, Görlach M (March 2008).
2600:
2532:
2387:
1976:
1615:
1244:
554:
75:
3475:
Lusida MI, Nugrahaputra VE, Handajani R, Nagano-Fujii M, Sasayama M, Utsumi T, Hotta H (July 2008).
1741:
6997:
6391:
6381:
6300:
5275:
4996:
4173:
Guerrieri F, Belloni L, D'Andrea D, Pediconi N, Le Pera L, Testoni B, et al. (February 2017).
3568:
Yan H, Liu Y, Sui J, Li W (September 2015). "NTCP opens the door for hepatitis B virus infection".
1662:
1239:
1136:
840:
Type F has been subdivided into 4 subtypes (F1âF4). F1 has been further divided into 1a and 1b. In
827:
581:) appear related to human HBV strains, which could reflect past cross-species transmission events.
4758:"Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus in Dialysis Units: A Systematic Review of Reports on Outbreaks"
4431:
4391:"Polymorphisms of the serum proteins and the development of iso-preciptins in transfused patients"
2705:
Paraskevis D, Magiorkinis G, Magiorkinis E, Ho SY, Belshaw R, Allain JP, Hatzakis A (March 2013).
708:
A possible new "I" genotype has been described, but acceptance of this notation is not universal.
7519:
7396:
5378:
5134:
4867:
4793:
4661:
4100:
3457:
3383:
2887:"Hepatitis B virus (HBV) promoters are regulated by the HBV enhancer in a tissue-specific manner"
2624:
2566:
2491:
1762:
1584:
1467:
1421:
1062:
662:
444:
4880:
3951:
Dizdaroglu M (December 2012). "Oxidatively induced DNA damage: mechanisms, repair and disease".
2587:
MĂŒhlemann B, Jones TC, Damgaard PB, Allentoft ME, Shevnina I, Logvin A, et al. (May 2018).
629:
long (for the full length strand) and 1700â2800 nucleotides long (for the short length strand).
461:, but it is unknown whether HBcAg has to be in the capsid form to contribute to viral clearance.
7660:
4581:
2024:"A mutant hepatitis B virus core protein mimics inhibitors of icosahedral capsid self-assembly"
906:. The presence of NTCP in liver cells correlates with the tissue specificity of HBV infection.
7629:
6971:
6719:
6658:
5842:
5793:
5774:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5450:
5355:
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4859:
4785:
4777:
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4720:
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4653:
4532:
4524:
4412:
4371:
4363:
4273:
4255:
4206:
4152:
4092:
4057:
4009:
3968:
3933:
3884:
3837:
3783:
3734:
3685:
3634:
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3506:
3449:
3414:
3375:
3340:
3291:
3242:
3193:
3144:
3095:
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3005:
2951:
2916:
2867:
2818:
2779:
2728:
2687:
2669:
2616:
2558:
2483:
2448:
2413:
2405:
2356:
2307:
2258:
2209:
2137:
2088:
2053:
2004:
1945:
1888:
1839:
1803:
1754:
1670:
1643:
1602:
Drexler JF, Geipel A, König A, Corman VM, van Riel D, Leijten LM, et al. (October 2013).
1576:
1540:
1505:
1459:
1413:
1372:
1274:
1219:
1215:
1069:. By the time accumulating epigenetic and mutational changes eventually cause progression to
1065:
alterations and mutations may cause defects in the cellular machinery that then contribute to
1042:
991:
646:
525:
505:
332:
243:
216:
177:
4699:"Clinical practice guideline management of blood borne viruses within the haemodialysis unit"
7233:
6839:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6530:
5817:
5527:
5207:
5139:
5020:
4951:
4849:
4769:
4728:
4710:
4669:
4645:
4516:
4402:
4355:
4245:
4237:
4196:
4186:
4142:
4134:
4084:
4047:
4039:
3999:
3960:
3923:
3915:
3874:
3827:
3817:
3773:
3765:
3724:
3716:
3675:
3665:
3624:
3616:
3577:
3540:
3496:
3488:
3441:
3367:
3330:
3322:
3281:
3273:
3232:
3224:
3183:
3175:
3162:
Flodell S, Schleucher J, Cromsigt J, Ippel H, Kidd-Ljunggren K, Wijmenga S (November 2002).
3134:
3126:
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2985:
2943:
2906:
2898:
2857:
2849:
2810:
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2759:
2718:
2677:
2659:
2608:
2548:
2540:
2475:
2440:
2395:
2346:
2338:
2297:
2289:
2248:
2240:
2199:
2189:
2127:
2119:
2080:
2043:
2035:
1994:
1984:
1935:
1927:
1878:
1870:
1831:
1793:
1746:
1633:
1623:
1568:
1532:
1497:
1451:
1403:
1362:
1354:
558:
310:
306:
1916:"Hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid but not free core antigen controls viral clearance in mice"
1025:, changing expression patterns of miRNAs, affecting histone methyltransferases, binding to
7463:
6920:
6910:
6663:
5741:
5669:
5664:
5646:
5566:
5555:
5426:
5390:
5310:
5096:
4957:
2520:
1907:
1094:
889:
734:
538:
529:
255:
141:
129:
117:
2588:
2466:
Lin B, Anderson DA (2000). "A vestigial X open reading frame in duck hepatitis B virus".
1341:
Hassan MM, Li D, El-Deeb AS, Wolff RA, Bondy ML, Davila M, Abbruzzese JL (October 2008).
488:
long, nonstructural and has an important role in HBV-associated liver disease and in HBV
3605:"Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus Entry, Species Specificity, and Tissue Tropism"
2604:
2536:
2391:
2204:
2177:
1980:
1619:
1295:
753:; type E is localized in sub-Saharan Africa; type F (or H) is restricted to Central and
7537:
7420:
6965:
6790:
6685:
6291:
6211:
4977:
4757:
4733:
4698:
4674:
4633:
4407:
4390:
4309:
4250:
4225:
4201:
4174:
4147:
4122:
3928:
3903:
3832:
3805:
3778:
3753:
3729:
3704:
3680:
3653:
3629:
3604:
3501:
3476:
3371:
3358:
Palumbo E (2007). "Hepatitis B genotypes and response to antiviral therapy: a review".
3335:
3310:
3286:
3261:
3237:
3212:
3040:
3000:
2973:
2774:
2747:
2707:"Dating the origin and dispersal of hepatitis B virus infection in humans and primates"
2682:
2647:
2351:
2326:
2253:
2228:
2132:
2107:
2048:
2023:
1999:
1964:
1940:
1915:
1638:
1603:
1367:
1342:
1074:
948:
674:
639:
622:
517:
371:
346:
A number of as yet unclassified hepatitis B-like species have been isolated from bats.
249:
222:
165:
153:
4504:
3188:
3163:
3139:
3114:
3090:
3073:
3049:
3024:
2947:
2911:
2886:
2862:
2837:
2302:
2277:
1965:"Hepatitis B virus core antigen determines viral persistence in a C57BL/6 mouse model"
7690:
7486:
7137:
6598:
6235:
5952:
5927:
5923:
4972:
4967:
4915:
4520:
2570:
2293:
2194:
1883:
1858:
1766:
1588:
1572:
1425:
1066:
1011:
811:
770:
754:
585:
475:
313:
4871:
4797:
4553:
4359:
4344:"A historical perspective on the discovery and elucidation of the hepatitis B virus"
3581:
3461:
3387:
2853:
2798:
2628:
2495:
1471:
7634:
7206:
7158:
7110:
7062:
6983:
6768:
6604:
6281:
6090:
5957:
5931:
5833:
5683:
5361:
5222:
4104:
3919:
2814:
2374:
Suh, Alexander; Brosius, JĂŒrgen; Schmitz, JĂŒrgen; Kriegs, Jan Ole (30 April 2013).
1911:
1086:
1045:
where HBx decreases the mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, another HBV
1017:(ROS) after infection. HBx appears to dysregulate a number of cellular pathways.
923:
919:
386:
50:
5892:
4756:
Fabrizi, Fabrizio; Dixit, Vivek; Messa, Piergiorgio; Martin, Paul (January 2015).
4342:
Block, Timothy M.; Alter, Harvey J.; London, W. Thomas; Bray, Mike (1 July 2016).
2902:
2376:"The genome of a Mesozoic paleovirus reveals the evolution of hepatitis B viruses"
2155:
1501:
861:
The life cycle of hepatitis B virus is complex. Hepatitis B is one of a few known
520:
in a wide range of vertebrates suggests a long coevolution. The identification of
3964:
2444:
2084:
1874:
17:
7614:
7546:
7089:
6409:
6372:
5873:
5822:
5810:
5805:
5798:
5786:
5781:
5760:
5730:
5632:
5471:
5383:
5366:
5301:
4962:
3620:
1798:
1781:
973:
903:
877:
823:
746:
738:
437:
383:
227:
31:
3477:"Novel subgenotypes of hepatitis B virus genotypes C and D in Papua, Indonesia"
1969:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1835:
1608:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1324:
1173:
as Intravenous drug use, multiple sex partners, and men who have sex with men.
7428:
7360:
6957:
6763:
6594:
6590:
5723:
5507:
5264:
4715:
4649:
4191:
4043:
3074:"A long HBV transcript encoding pX is inefficiently exported from the nucleus"
2934:
Huan B, Siddiqui A (1993). "Regulation of hepatitis B virus gene expression".
2648:"Neolithic and medieval virus genomes reveal complex evolution of hepatitis B"
2612:
1206:
infected with hepatitis B virus increases your risk of contracting the virus.
1098:
1003:
885:
862:
853:
845:
Americas except in the Northern South America and North America respectively.
626:
562:
485:
302:
61:
4781:
4724:
4657:
4634:"Epidemiological Patterns of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) in Highly Endemic Areas"
4528:
4367:
3326:
3130:
2673:
2409:
1358:
1298:. University of Southern California, Department of Pathology and Microbiology
7474:
7469:
7410:
7404:
6648:
6525:
6515:
6503:
6276:
5940:
5768:
5749:
5716:
5704:
5698:
5677:
5623:
5551:
5522:
5445:
5437:
5399:
5168:
5147:
5053:
4931:
4923:
4911:
4088:
3545:
3528:
3402:
2544:
1989:
1963:
Lin YJ, Huang LR, Yang HC, Tzeng HT, Hsu PN, Wu HL, et al. (May 2010).
1628:
1249:
1026:
980:
841:
831:
819:
815:
589:
570:
498:
452:
286:
211:
105:
4863:
4789:
4742:
4416:
4375:
4259:
4210:
4156:
4096:
4075:
Shibata T, Aburatani H (June 2014). "Exploration of liver cancer genomes".
4061:
4013:
3988:"Oxidative stress and epigenetic instability in human hepatocarcinogenesis"
3972:
3937:
3888:
3879:
3841:
3787:
3738:
3689:
3638:
3589:
3554:
3510:
3453:
3418:
3379:
3344:
3295:
3246:
3228:
3197:
3099:
3058:
3009:
2871:
2822:
2783:
2732:
2691:
2620:
2562:
2487:
2452:
2417:
2360:
2311:
2262:
2213:
2141:
2092:
2057:
2008:
1949:
1892:
1843:
1758:
1647:
1580:
1509:
1463:
1417:
1376:
4683:
4536:
3670:
3148:
2990:
2955:
2920:
1807:
1750:
1544:
1488:
Kramvis A, Kew M, François G (March 2005). "Hepatitis B virus genotypes".
537:
in the genome of duck hepadnavirus. The X protein may have evolved from a
247:, which contains 11 other species. The genus is classified as part of the
7605:
7599:
6056:
5866:
5513:
5255:
5111:
4773:
4138:
3769:
3720:
3492:
3277:
3179:
2342:
2244:
2178:"Molecular functions and biological roles of hepatitis B virus x protein"
1931:
1140:
1132:
1090:
881:
795:
702:
324:
2664:
2589:"Ancient hepatitis B viruses from the Bronze Age to the Medieval period"
2553:
2123:
393:. The nucleocapsid encloses the viral DNA and a DNA polymerase that has
5619:
4665:
4052:
3260:
Kurbanov F, Tanaka Y, Kramvis A, Simmonds P, Mizokami M (August 2008).
2764:
2400:
2375:
2022:
Bourne CR, Katen SP, Fulz MR, Packianathan C, Zlotnick A (March 2009).
1046:
1034:
894:
791:
787:
762:
600:
566:
533:
457:
433:
423:
390:
328:
298:
68:
4854:
4837:
4241:
4004:
3987:
3445:
2723:
2706:
2479:
2325:
Chai N, Chang HE, Nicolas E, Han Z, Jarnik M, Taylor J (August 2008).
2039:
1536:
1455:
1408:
1391:
1214:
Co-infection of hepatitis B and various other viruses can also occur.
7316:
7254:
7002:
6941:
6834:
6332:
5988:
5228:
3822:
1109:
1082:
941:
927:
766:
758:
730:
726:
650:
614:
578:
574:
493:
440:
375:
294:
290:
7576:
4607:"Safety Information for Hepatitis B Vaccines | Vaccine Safety | CDC"
1006:
changes due to the direct action of a protein encoded by the virus,
2227:
McClain SL, Clippinger AJ, Lizzano R, Bouchard MJ (November 2007).
6887:
6877:
6872:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6454:
6449:
6444:
5879:
5638:
5270:
1113:
1050:
852:
807:
803:
799:
750:
657:
599:
545:
471:
448:
429:
419:
404:
379:
358:
92:
7647:
4812:"Hepatitis B Foundation: Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B Coinfection"
3113:
Smith GJ, Donello JE, LĂŒck R, Steger G, Hope TJ (November 1998).
407:), and is produced in excess during the life cycle of the virus.
7439:
7270:
6882:
6867:
6296:
6032:
4505:"Hepatitis B: transmission by sexual contact and needle sharing"
4430:
Research, Center for Biologics Evaluation and (3 October 2019).
3860:"'Liver let die': oxidative DNA damage and hepatotropic viruses"
3705:"Revisiting Hepatitis B Virus: Challenges of Curative Therapies"
1078:
931:
742:
717:
Different genotypes may respond to treatment in different ways.
7580:
5896:
4884:
3309:
HernĂĄndez S, Venegas M, Brahm J, Villanueva RA (October 2014).
2746:
Bouckaert R, Simons BC, Krarup H, Friesen TM, Osiowy C (2017).
1727:
Locarnini S (2004). "Molecular virology of hepatitis B virus".
677:
elements have been identified in the HBV genome. These include
277:. This family of viruses is the only member of the viral order
7500:
7496:
7479:
6625:
6476:
5105:
2838:"Enhancer I predominance in hepatitis B virus gene expression"
1223:
1073:, epigenetic alterations appear to have a larger role in this
1022:
1018:
1007:
618:
481:
359:
282:
1343:"Association between hepatitis B virus and pancreatic cancer"
3262:"When should "I" consider a new hepatitis B virus genotype?"
990:
It has also been suggested that it may increase the risk of
930:) that serves as a template for transcription of four viral
320:), suggesting an ancient origin for this virus in primates.
4554:"Hepatitis B | Disease Directory | Travelers' Health | CDC"
1177:
located in Asia, Africa, South America, and the Caribbean.
557:
in Europe. These studies also showed that some ancient HBV
4838:"Hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection"
4175:"Genome-wide identification of direct HBx genomic targets"
3213:"Possible new hepatitis B virus genotype, southeast Asia"
544:
Recently, the reconstruction of HBV genomes from ancient
2276:
Bouchard MJ, Puro RJ, Wang L, Schneider RJ (July 2003).
281:. Viruses similar to hepatitis B have been found in all
2327:"Properties of subviral particles of hepatitis B virus"
1002:
Viral infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes many
3902:
Yu Y, Cui Y, Niedernhofer LJ, Wang Y (December 2016).
2176:
Tang H, Oishi N, Kaneko S, Murakami S (October 2006).
4450:"Immunization Schedules for Heplisav-B Vaccine | CDC"
3806:"Epigenetic Regulation of Viral Biological Processes"
3407:
Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International
3401:
Mahtab MA, Rahman S, Khan M, Karim F (October 2008).
2799:"Hepatitis B virus genetic variability and evolution"
1181:
hepatitis B infection and related HBV complications.
1010:, and to indirect changes due to a large increase in
1155:
In 1964, the "Australian Antigen" was discovered by
592:
and then spread westward within the last 400 years.
508:
requires HBV envelope particles to become virulent.
7589:
7545:
7536:
7513:
7450:
7377:
7368:
7359:
7315:
7303:
7294:
7253:
7241:
7232:
7205:
7193:
7184:
7157:
7145:
7136:
7109:
7097:
7088:
7061:
7049:
7040:
7015:
6982:
6940:
6928:
6919:
6904:
6822:
6777:
6762:
6707:
6672:
6657:
6642:
6613:
6589:
6539:
6524:
6511:
6502:
6464:
6433:
6422:
6371:
6359:
6331:
6319:
6290:
6272:
6243:
6234:
6209:
6178:
6152:
6143:
6132:
6098:
6089:
6064:
6055:
6015:
5987:
5975:
5966:
5948:
5939:
5856:
5832:
5740:
5663:
5618:
5607:
5436:
5398:
5377:
5345:
5300:
5254:
5133:
5122:
5095:
4922:
3527:Zhang Z, Zehnder B, Damrau C, Urban S (July 2016).
1053:, also increases ROS through interactions with the
1021:causes dysregulation in part by binding to genomic
4121:Tian Y, Yang W, Song J, Wu Y, Ni B (August 2013).
745:; type D is common in the Mediterranean area, the
604:The genome organisation of HBV. The genes overlap.
4503:Piot, P.; Goilav, C.; Kegels, E. (1 March 1990).
4077:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
837:Type D has been divided into 7 subtypes (D1âD7).
226:family of viruses. This virus causes the disease
645:The viral genes are transcribed by the cellular
455:of the cell. HBcAg contributes to HBV clearance
4498:
4496:
3799:
3797:
2967:
2965:
1226:can all co-infect an individual alongside HBV.
4762:The International Journal of Artificial Organs
4576:
4574:
2521:"Ten millennia of hepatitis B virus evolution"
1669:(4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch.
1483:
1481:
1336:
1334:
1271:Molecular Virology of Human Pathogenic Viruses
5908:
4896:
1124:levels and gene expression. HBx also alters
8:
4168:
4166:
3804:Balakrishnan L, Milavetz B (November 2017).
3522:
3520:
1437:
1435:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
374:. The virus particle, called Dane particle (
3609:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
3025:"The enigmatic X gene of hepatitis B virus"
3023:Bouchard MJ, Schneider RJ (December 2004).
7577:
7542:
7533:
7374:
7365:
7312:
7300:
7250:
7238:
7202:
7190:
7154:
7142:
7106:
7094:
7058:
7046:
6937:
6925:
6916:
6774:
6669:
6654:
6610:
6536:
6521:
6508:
6430:
6368:
6328:
6316:
6287:
6240:
6149:
6140:
6095:
6061:
5984:
5972:
5963:
5945:
5915:
5901:
5893:
5615:
5395:
5160:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
5130:
4903:
4889:
4881:
3858:Higgs MR, Chouteau P, Lerat H (May 2014).
3703:Hu, J.; Protzer, U.; Siddiqui, A. (2019).
3403:"Hepatitis B virus genotypes: an overview"
1863:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
826:. A further subtype has been described in
765:. Genotypes A, D and F are predominant in
451:. Capsid formation is the main factor for
253:family, which contains four other genera,
49:
38:
7072:Parainfluenza hemagglutinin-neuraminidase
5031:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
4853:
4732:
4714:
4673:
4406:
4249:
4200:
4190:
4146:
4051:
4003:
3927:
3878:
3831:
3821:
3777:
3728:
3679:
3669:
3628:
3544:
3500:
3334:
3285:
3236:
3187:
3138:
3089:
3048:
2999:
2989:
2910:
2885:Antonucci TK, Rutter WJ (February 1989).
2861:
2773:
2763:
2722:
2681:
2663:
2552:
2399:
2350:
2301:
2252:
2203:
2193:
2131:
2047:
1998:
1988:
1939:
1882:
1797:
1740:
1637:
1627:
1407:
1366:
773:with frequencies dependent on ethnicity.
3853:
3851:
3072:Doitsh, Gilad; Shaul, Yosef (May 2003).
1390:Dupinay T, et al. (November 2013).
1222:(a satellite virus of hepatitis B), and
1077:than mutations. Only one or two genes,
532:suggests a presence of the virus in the
327:(adr, adw, ayr, ayw) based on antigenic
4116:
4114:
4025:
4023:
1261:
1120:, to specific gene loci to alter their
432:(hepatitis B core antigen) is the main
4548:
4546:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
1164:which provide protection against HBV.
1105:are also caused by HBx recruiting the
869:as a part of its replication process.
27:Species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus
7216:Respiratory syncytial virus G protein
2640:
2638:
2582:
2580:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
1210:Co-infection of HBV and other viruses
323:The virus is divided into four major
7:
4226:"Hepatitis B: The virus and disease"
1273:. Academic Press. pp. 247â260.
898:gene. NTCP is mostly found in the
687:HBV RNA encapsidation signal epsilon
553:during the late Pleistocene and the
5181:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
3603:Watashi K, Wakita T (August 2015).
2836:Doitsh G, Shaul Y (February 2004).
3372:10.1097/01.pap.0000249927.67907.eb
3041:10.1128/JVI.78.23.12725-12734.2004
2112:Emerging Microbes & Infections
2106:Yang HC, Kao JH (September 2014).
1665:. In Baron S; et al. (eds.).
1085:, are mutated in more than 20% of
741:. Type B and C are predominant in
522:endogenous hepadnaviridae elements
363:The structure of hepatitis B virus
25:
7120:Mumps hemagglutinin-neuraminidase
5500:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
5026:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
3658:World Journal of Gastroenterology
3654:"Hepatitis B virus morphogenesis"
2978:World Journal of Gastroenterology
2972:Beck J, Nassal M (January 2007).
1857:Seeger C, Mason WS (March 2000).
1128:that can affect gene expression.
210:) is a partially double-stranded
6482:Hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase
5486:Middle East respiratory syndrome
3481:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
3360:American Journal of Therapeutics
2294:10.1128/JVI.77.14.7713-7719.2003
2195:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00299.x
1573:10.1111/j.1365-2893.2012.01655.x
714:There are at least 24 subtypes.
465:Hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase
338:Genotype D has 10 subgenotypes.
79:
59:Transmission electron microscopy
6313:(non-enveloped circular ds-DNA)
4476:"Hepatitis B Facts and Figures"
4360:10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.04.012
3908:Chemical Research in Toxicology
3867:The Journal of General Virology
3582:10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.06.002
2974:"Hepatitis B virus replication"
2854:10.1128/mcb.24.4.1799-1808.2004
2797:Kay A, Zoulim F (August 2007).
1786:The Journal of General Virology
1782:"The biology of hepadnaviruses"
1663:"Chapter 70: Hepatitis Viruses"
769:and all genotypes occur in the
318:woolly monkey hepatitis B virus
5085:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
5071:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
4127:Molecular and Cellular Biology
3920:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00265
2842:Molecular and Cellular Biology
2815:10.1016/j.virusres.2007.02.021
2156:"TSRI - News and Publications"
651:covalently closed circular DNA
551:first peopling of the Americas
1:
7333:Vesiculovirus matrix proteins
4310:"Pinkbook: Hepatitis B | CDC"
3091:10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00156-9
2948:10.1016/s0168-8278(05)80419-2
2903:10.1128/JVI.63.2.579-583.1989
1502:10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.10.045
857:Hepatitis B virus replication
5290:Tropical spastic paraparesis
5195:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
4521:10.1016/0264-410X(90)90215-8
3965:10.1016/j.canlet.2012.01.016
3217:Emerging Infectious Diseases
2445:10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.015
2085:10.1016/j.coviro.2014.04.005
1875:10.1128/mmbr.64.1.51-68.2000
1667:Baron's Medical Microbiology
1347:Journal of Clinical Oncology
1325:"ICTV Report Hepadnaviridae"
890:heparin sulfate proteoglycan
7370:Structure and genome of HIV
6427:(circular partially ds-DNA)
5653:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
5573:Human parainfluenza viruses
5246:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
4836:Thio, Chloe L. (May 2009).
4274:"VA.gov | Veterans Affairs"
4224:Liang, T. Jake (May 2009).
3621:10.1101/cshperspect.a021378
3434:Journal of Medical Virology
2433:Current Opinion in Virology
2073:Current Opinion in Virology
1859:"Hepatitis B virus biology"
1799:10.1099/0022-1317-67-7-1215
1294:Hunt R (21 November 2007).
757:. Type G has been found in
649:in the cell nucleus from a
617:of HBV is made of circular
241:is classified in the genus
7718:
6003:Herpesvirus glycoprotein B
4638:Epidemiology and Infection
3986:Nishida N, Kudo M (2013).
1836:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.01.014
1561:Journal of Viral Hepatitis
1444:Journal of Viral Hepatitis
971:
625:. The genome is 3020â3320
29:
5998:HHV capsid portal protein
5317:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
4716:10.1186/s12882-019-1529-1
4650:10.1017/S0950268800001497
4192:10.1186/s12864-017-3561-5
4044:10.1016/j.nbt.2013.01.007
2613:10.1038/s41586-018-0097-z
1729:Seminars in Liver Disease
1091:hypermethylated promoters
1089:while 41 genes each have
888:. HBV initially binds to
214:, a species of the genus
74:
57:
48:
41:
5419:Infectious mononucleosis
5236:Chandipura vesiculovirus
5066:Hepatocellular carcinoma
5011:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
4944:Hepatocellular carcinoma
4389:Blumberg, B. S. (1964).
3652:Bruss V (January 2007).
3327:10.1128/genomeA.01075-14
1359:10.1200/JCO.2008.17.3526
985:hepatocellular carcinoma
378:), consists of an outer
6993:Influenza hemagglutinin
5215:Encephalitis lethargica
4916:viral systemic diseases
4089:10.1038/nrgastro.2014.6
3546:10.1002/1873-3468.12202
2545:10.1126/science.abi5658
1990:10.1073/pnas.1004762107
1780:Howard CR (July 1986).
1629:10.1073/pnas.1308049110
1039:reactive oxygen species
1033:, and cooperating with
1015:reactive oxygen species
443:and it has function in
7555:Gag-onc fusion protein
5587:Human orthopneumovirus
5241:Herpesviral meningitis
5202:Arbovirus encephalitis
3880:10.1099/vir.0.059485-0
3758:Nucleic Acids Research
3229:10.3201/eid1411.080437
3168:Nucleic Acids Research
3131:10.1093/nar/26.21.4818
3119:Nucleic Acids Research
1103:epigenetic alterations
858:
701:There are eight known
605:
364:
7525:murine leukemia virus
7416:Reverse transcriptase
7296:Indiana vesiculovirus
7168:Measles hemagglutinin
5045:Merkel-cell carcinoma
3671:10.3748/wjg.v13.i1.65
2991:10.3748/wjg.v13.i1.48
2936:Journal of Hepatology
2380:Nature Communications
1824:Journal of Hepatology
1751:10.1055/s-2004-828672
1661:Zuckerman AJ (1996).
1107:DNA methyltransferase
1055:endoplasmic reticulum
944:core protein and the
867:reverse transcription
856:
705:labeled A through H.
603:
528:as a sister clade to
422:(hepatitis B surface
395:reverse transcriptase
362:
30:For the disease, see
6256:Early 35 kDa protein
5690:Adenovirus infection
5154:Human polyomavirus 2
4983:Oropharyngeal cancer
4774:10.5301/ijao.5000376
4278:www.hepatitis.va.gov
4139:10.1128/MCB.00205-13
3721:10.1128/JVI.01032-19
3493:10.1128/JCM.01681-07
3315:Genome Announcements
3278:10.1128/JVI.00793-08
2343:10.1128/JVI.00561-08
2245:10.1128/JVI.00740-07
1932:10.1128/JVI.00608-12
1245:Nucleoside analogues
1137:Long non-coding RNAs
1029:protein to activate
946:viral RNA-dependent-
721:Individual genotypes
555:Neolithic transition
342:Unclassified species
220:and a member of the
76:Virus classification
5276:Post-polio syndrome
4912:Infectious diseases
4613:. 23 September 2021
4316:. 22 September 2022
3709:Journal of Virology
3266:Journal of Virology
3029:Journal of Virology
2891:Journal of Virology
2665:10.7554/eLife.36666
2605:2018Natur.557..418M
2537:2021Sci...374..182K
2392:2013NatCo...4.1791S
2331:Journal of Virology
2282:Journal of Virology
2233:Journal of Virology
2124:10.1038/emi.2014.64
1981:2010PNAS..107.9340L
1920:Journal of Virology
1698:"WHO | Hepatitis B"
1620:2013PNAS..11016151D
1296:"Hepatitis viruses"
1240:Hepatitis B vaccine
1126:histone acetylation
900:sinusoidal membrane
880:mediated by either
526:orthohepadnaviruses
372:Hepadnavirus family
370:is a member of the
262:Herpetohepadnavirus
7520:Rous sarcoma virus
5409:EpsteinâBarr virus
5379:Respiratory system
5016:Burkitt's lymphoma
4348:Antiviral Research
3992:Digestive Diseases
3873:(Pt 5): 991â1004.
3770:10.1093/nar/gkn006
3570:Antiviral Research
3180:10.1093/nar/gkf603
2942:(Suppl 3): S20-3.
2765:10.7717/peerj.3757
2401:10.1038/ncomms2798
1914:(September 2012).
865:viruses which use
859:
822:; and C5 with the
663:open reading frame
606:
434:structural protein
365:
7697:Hepatitis B virus
7684:
7683:
7621:Hepatitis B virus
7591:Hepatitis B virus
7583:Taxon identifiers
7574:
7573:
7570:
7569:
7566:
7565:
7562:
7561:
7509:
7508:
7355:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7347:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7290:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7228:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7180:
7179:
7176:
7175:
7132:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7036:
7035:
7011:
7010:
6900:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6758:
6757:
6638:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6585:
6584:
6498:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6418:
6417:
6405:
6404:
6355:
6354:
6268:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6230:
6229:
6128:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6085:
6084:
6051:
6050:
6011:
6010:
5890:
5889:
5852:
5851:
5603:
5602:
5534:Influenza virus A
5451:Human coronavirus
5341:
5340:
5331:Herpes of the eye
4855:10.1002/hep.22883
4848:(S5): S138âS145.
4395:Bull N Y Acad Med
4242:10.1002/hep.22881
4032:New Biotechnology
4005:10.1159/000355243
3914:(12): 2008â2039.
3446:10.1002/jmv.21475
2724:10.1002/hep.26079
2599:(7705): 418â423.
2531:(6564): 182â188.
2480:10.1159/000025037
2040:10.1021/bi801814y
1735:(Suppl 1): 3â10.
1676:978-0-9631172-1-2
1537:10.1159/000150411
1456:10.1111/jvh.12631
1409:10.1002/hep.26428
1280:978-0-12-800838-6
992:pancreatic cancer
647:RNA polymerase II
530:avihepadnaviruses
506:Hepatitis D virus
389:core composed of
368:Hepatitis B virus
333:envelope proteins
307:Old World monkeys
244:Orthohepadnavirus
239:Hepatitis B virus
217:Orthohepadnavirus
203:Hepatitis B virus
199:
198:
192:Hepatitis B virus
179:Orthohepadnavirus
66:Hepatitis B virus
43:Hepatitis B virus
18:Hepatitis b virus
16:(Redirected from
7709:
7677:
7676:
7664:
7663:
7651:
7650:
7638:
7637:
7625:
7624:
7623:
7610:
7609:
7608:
7578:
7543:
7534:
7375:
7366:
7313:
7301:
7251:
7239:
7234:Zaire ebolavirus
7203:
7191:
7155:
7143:
7107:
7095:
7059:
7047:
6938:
6926:
6917:
6840:3C-like protease
6775:
6670:
6655:
6611:
6537:
6531:Duplornaviricota
6522:
6509:
6431:
6369:
6329:
6317:
6288:
6241:
6150:
6141:
6096:
6062:
5985:
5973:
5964:
5946:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5894:
5616:
5611:digestive system
5528:Orthomyxoviridae
5494:SARS coronavirus
5480:MERS coronavirus
5396:
5208:Orthomyxoviridae
5131:
5097:Immune disorders
5021:Hodgkin lymphoma
4997:Kaposi's sarcoma
4905:
4898:
4891:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4857:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4736:
4718:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4677:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4578:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4550:
4541:
4540:
4500:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4410:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4339:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4306:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4253:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4204:
4194:
4170:
4161:
4160:
4150:
4118:
4109:
4108:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4055:
4027:
4018:
4017:
4007:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3931:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3864:
3855:
3846:
3845:
3835:
3825:
3823:10.3390/v9110346
3801:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3732:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3683:
3673:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3632:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3504:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3338:
3321:(5): e01075â14.
3306:
3300:
3299:
3289:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3240:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3191:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3142:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3093:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3052:
3035:(23): 12725â34.
3020:
3014:
3013:
3003:
2993:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2914:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2777:
2767:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2726:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2685:
2667:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2556:
2515:
2500:
2499:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2403:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2305:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2207:
2197:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2051:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1992:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1886:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1744:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1704:. Archived from
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1641:
1631:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1411:
1402:(5): 1610â1620.
1387:
1381:
1380:
1370:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1266:
998:Roles in disease
737:, including the
415:It consists of:
382:envelope and an
274:Parahepadnavirus
268:Metahepadnavirus
84:
83:
53:
39:
21:
7717:
7716:
7712:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7707:
7706:
7687:
7686:
7685:
7680:
7672:
7667:
7659:
7654:
7646:
7641:
7633:
7628:
7619:
7618:
7613:
7604:
7603:
7598:
7585:
7575:
7558:
7505:
7464:transactivators
7446:
7339:
7282:
7220:
7172:
7124:
7076:
7032:
7007:
6978:
6921:Influenza virus
6911:Negarnaviricota
6908:
6906:
6892:
6818:
6766:
6754:
6703:
6664:Kitrinoviricota
6661:
6646:
6644:
6630:
6602:
6581:
6528:
6513:
6486:
6460:
6426:
6414:
6401:
6351:
6312:
6294:
6280:
6274:
6260:
6226:
6205:
6174:
6136:
6135:(Duplodnaviria,
6134:
6133:circular ds-DNA
6120:
6081:
6047:
6007:
5956:
5950:
5935:
5921:
5891:
5886:
5848:
5828:
5736:
5710:Gastroenteritis
5668:
5665:Gastroenteritis
5659:
5647:Cytomegalovirus
5610:
5599:
5567:Paramyxoviridae
5556:Avian influenza
5432:
5427:Cytomegalovirus
5391:viral pneumonia
5389:
5386:nasopharyngitis
5385:
5382:
5373:
5337:
5311:Cytomegalovirus
5296:
5250:
5138:
5125:
5118:
5091:
4958:Cervical cancer
4918:
4909:
4879:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4820:
4818:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4616:
4614:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4590:
4588:
4580:
4579:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4552:
4551:
4544:
4502:
4501:
4494:
4484:
4482:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4459:
4457:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4341:
4340:
4329:
4319:
4317:
4308:
4307:
4292:
4282:
4280:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4236:(S5): S13âS21.
4223:
4222:
4218:
4172:
4171:
4164:
4120:
4119:
4112:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4029:
4028:
4021:
3998:(5â6): 447â53.
3985:
3984:
3980:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3849:
3803:
3802:
3795:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3539:(13): 1915â26.
3526:
3525:
3518:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3223:(11): 1777â80.
3210:
3209:
3205:
3174:(21): 4803â11.
3161:
3160:
3156:
3125:(21): 4818â27.
3112:
3111:
3107:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3022:
3021:
3017:
2971:
2970:
2963:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2848:(4): 1799â808.
2835:
2834:
2830:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2644:
2643:
2636:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2517:
2516:
2503:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2239:(21): 12061â5.
2226:
2225:
2221:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2021:
2020:
2016:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1926:(17): 9266â73.
1906:Lin YJ, Wu HL,
1905:
1904:
1900:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1742:10.1.1.618.7033
1726:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1708:on 10 July 2015
1696:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1614:(40): 16151â6.
1601:
1600:
1596:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1496:(19): 2409â23.
1487:
1486:
1479:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1353:(28): 4557â62.
1340:
1339:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1269:Ryu WS (2017).
1268:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1236:
1212:
1195:
1170:
1149:
1095:gene expression
1000:
976:
970:
851:
810:; type C3 with
798:; type C2 with
735:South-east Asia
695:
640:DNA polymerases
635:
611:
598:
539:DNA glycosylase
514:
413:
357:
352:
344:
331:present on its
256:Avihepadnavirus
236:
195:
143:Revtraviricetes
78:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7715:
7713:
7705:
7704:
7702:Hepadnaviridae
7699:
7689:
7688:
7682:
7681:
7679:
7678:
7665:
7652:
7639:
7626:
7611:
7595:
7593:
7587:
7586:
7581:
7572:
7571:
7568:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7552:
7550:
7540:
7538:Fusion protein
7531:
7530:
7529:
7528:
7527:
7522:
7511:
7510:
7507:
7506:
7504:
7503:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7483:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7459:
7457:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7444:
7443:
7442:
7437:
7425:
7424:
7423:
7421:HIV-1 protease
7418:
7413:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7386:
7384:
7372:
7363:
7357:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7349:
7348:
7345:
7344:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7337:
7336:
7335:
7327:matrix protein
7322:
7320:
7310:
7298:
7292:
7291:
7288:
7287:
7284:
7283:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7278:
7273:
7265:matrix protein
7260:
7258:
7248:
7236:
7230:
7229:
7226:
7225:
7222:
7221:
7219:
7218:
7212:
7210:
7200:
7188:
7182:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7170:
7164:
7162:
7152:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7122:
7116:
7114:
7104:
7092:
7086:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7074:
7068:
7066:
7056:
7044:
7038:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7030:
7024:
7022:
7013:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6989:
6987:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6976:
6975:
6974:
6966:viral envelope
6962:
6961:
6960:
6952:matrix protein
6947:
6945:
6935:
6923:
6914:
6907:negative-sense
6902:
6901:
6898:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6844:
6843:
6831:
6829:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6810:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6791:viral envelope
6786:
6784:
6772:
6760:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6716:
6714:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6700:
6699:
6694:
6686:viral envelope
6681:
6679:
6667:
6652:
6645:positive-sense
6640:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6622:
6620:
6608:
6587:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6548:
6546:
6534:
6519:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6473:
6471:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6447:
6442:
6440:
6428:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6389:
6384:
6378:
6376:
6366:
6357:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6338:
6336:
6326:
6314:
6292:Polyomaviridae
6285:
6270:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6252:
6250:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6218:
6216:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6187:
6185:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6161:
6159:
6147:
6138:
6137:Varidnaviria?)
6130:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6113:
6107:
6105:
6093:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6073:
6071:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6024:
6022:
6013:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6005:
6000:
5994:
5992:
5982:
5970:
5968:Herpes simplex
5961:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5924:Viral proteins
5922:
5920:
5919:
5912:
5905:
5897:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5870:
5862:
5860:
5854:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5838:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5814:
5802:
5790:
5778:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5713:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5680:
5674:
5672:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5628:
5626:
5613:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5442:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5404:
5402:
5393:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5351:
5349:
5347:Cardiovascular
5343:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5306:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5260:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5204:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5128:
5126:nervous system
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5101:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4978:Vaginal cancer
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4934:
4928:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4900:
4893:
4885:
4878:
4877:
4828:
4803:
4748:
4703:BMC Nephrology
4689:
4644:(2): 313â325.
4624:
4598:
4570:
4542:
4492:
4467:
4441:
4422:
4401:(5): 377â386.
4381:
4327:
4290:
4265:
4216:
4162:
4133:(15): 2810â6.
4110:
4067:
4019:
3978:
3959:(1â2): 26â47.
3953:Cancer Letters
3943:
3894:
3847:
3793:
3744:
3695:
3644:
3615:(8): a021378.
3595:
3560:
3516:
3467:
3424:
3393:
3350:
3301:
3272:(16): 8241â2.
3252:
3203:
3154:
3105:
3084:(2): 339â349.
3064:
3015:
2961:
2926:
2877:
2828:
2803:Virus Research
2789:
2738:
2697:
2634:
2576:
2501:
2458:
2423:
2366:
2337:(16): 7812â7.
2317:
2288:(14): 7713â9.
2268:
2219:
2188:(10): 977â83.
2182:Cancer Science
2168:
2147:
2098:
2063:
2034:(8): 1736â42.
2014:
1975:(20): 9340â5.
1955:
1898:
1849:
1813:
1792:(7): 1215â35.
1772:
1719:
1689:
1675:
1653:
1594:
1550:
1531:(1â2): 24â34.
1515:
1477:
1450:(2): 163â173.
1431:
1382:
1330:
1309:
1286:
1279:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1252:(cancer virus)
1247:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1211:
1208:
1194:
1191:
1169:
1166:
1157:Barry Blumberg
1148:
1145:
1075:carcinogenesis
999:
996:
972:Main article:
969:
966:
965:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:DNA-polymerase
938:
935:
916:
913:
910:
907:
874:
863:non-retroviral
850:
847:
723:
722:
694:
691:
675:non-coding RNA
634:
631:
623:DNA polymerase
610:
607:
597:
594:
518:hepadnaviruses
513:
510:
503:
502:
484:is small, 154
479:
469:
462:
427:
412:
409:
356:
353:
351:
348:
343:
340:
314:woolly monkeys
250:Hepadnaviridae
235:
234:Classification
232:
223:Hepadnaviridae
197:
196:
189:
187:
183:
182:
175:
171:
170:
167:Hepadnaviridae
163:
159:
158:
151:
147:
146:
139:
135:
134:
131:Artverviricota
127:
123:
122:
115:
111:
110:
103:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
72:
71:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7714:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7692:
7675:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7631:
7627:
7622:
7616:
7612:
7607:
7601:
7597:
7596:
7594:
7592:
7588:
7584:
7579:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7535:
7532:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7516:
7515:
7512:
7502:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7449:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7432:
7431:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7407:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7395:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7358:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7328:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7307:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7293:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7267:
7266:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7245:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7231:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7183:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7149:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7135:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7087:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7042:Parainfluenza
7039:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7021:
7019:
7014:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6998:Neuraminidase
6996:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6981:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6932:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6918:
6915:
6912:
6903:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6826:
6821:
6815:
6812:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6776:
6773:
6770:
6765:
6761:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6713:
6711:
6706:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6671:
6668:
6665:
6660:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6641:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6612:
6609:
6606:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6538:
6535:
6532:
6527:
6523:
6520:
6517:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6463:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6432:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6397:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6358:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6323:
6318:
6315:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6293:
6289:
6286:
6283:
6278:
6271:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6249:
6247:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6236:Baculoviridae
6233:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6208:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6177:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6131:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6014:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5954:
5953:Duplodnaviria
5949:linear ds-DNA
5947:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5918:
5913:
5911:
5906:
5904:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5824:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5791:
5788:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5711:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5606:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5579:Parainfluenza
5577:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5415:EBV infection
5413:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5387:
5380:
5376:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5271:Poliomyelitis
5269:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5121:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4973:Vulvar cancer
4971:
4969:
4968:Penile cancer
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4906:
4901:
4899:
4894:
4892:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4832:
4829:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4804:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4752:
4749:
4744:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4693:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4628:
4625:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4587:
4583:
4582:"Hepatitis B"
4577:
4575:
4571:
4559:
4558:wwwnc.cdc.gov
4555:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4456:. 8 June 2022
4455:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3979:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3764:(5): 1681â9.
3763:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3487:(7): 2160â6.
3486:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3413:(5): 457â64.
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2897:(2): 579â83.
2896:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2809:(2): 164â76.
2808:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2717:(3): 908â16.
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2474:(3): 185â90.
2473:
2469:
2468:Intervirology
2462:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:(4): 514â22.
1829:
1825:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1720:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:(3): 209â18.
1566:
1562:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:Intervirology
1519:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:liver cancers
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:liver disease
1064:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:transcription
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1012:intracellular
1009:
1005:
997:
995:
993:
988:
986:
982:
975:
967:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
943:
939:
936:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
901:
897:
896:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
872:
871:
870:
868:
864:
855:
848:
846:
843:
838:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:New Caledonia
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
783:
780:
777:
774:
772:
771:United States
768:
764:
760:
756:
755:South America
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
720:
719:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
704:
699:
692:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
667:
664:
659:
654:
652:
648:
643:
641:
632:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
608:
602:
595:
593:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
542:
540:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
511:
509:
507:
500:
495:
491:
487:
483:
480:
477:
476:reading frame
473:
470:
466:
463:
460:
459:
454:
450:
446:
442:
439:
435:
431:
428:
425:
421:
418:
417:
416:
410:
408:
406:
401:
396:
392:
388:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
361:
354:
349:
347:
341:
339:
336:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:Blubervirales
276:
275:
270:
269:
264:
263:
258:
257:
252:
251:
246:
245:
240:
233:
231:
229:
225:
224:
219:
218:
213:
209:
205:
204:
194:
193:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
155:Blubervirales
152:
149:
148:
145:
144:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
112:
109:
108:
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
82:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
60:
56:
52:
47:
44:
40:
37:
33:
19:
7590:
7462:
7451:
7427:
7403:
7389:
7378:
7325:
7304:
7263:
7242:
7207:glycoprotein
7194:
7159:glycoprotein
7146:
7111:glycoprotein
7098:
7063:glycoprotein
7050:
7016:
6984:glycoprotein
6964:
6950:
6929:
6823:
6814:Nucleocapsid
6789:
6778:
6769:Pisuviricota
6708:
6684:
6673:
6614:
6605:Pisuviricota
6540:
6465:
6434:
6423:
6360:
6320:
6282:Monodnaviria
6244:
6210:
6179:
6153:
6145:EpsteinâBarr
6099:
6091:Adenoviridae
6065:
6016:
5976:
5958:Varidnaviria
5872:
5865:
5841:
5834:Pancreatitis
5816:
5804:
5792:
5780:
5773:
5755:
5754:
5729:
5722:
5715:
5703:
5682:
5645:
5631:
5592:
5585:
5571:
5565:
5532:
5526:
5506:
5492:
5478:
5449:
5425:
5407:
5362:Pericarditis
5354:
5323:
5309:
5282:
5263:
5221:
5206:
5187:
5173:
5152:
5135:Encephalitis
5104:
5077:
5058:
5037:
5003:
4989:
4950:
4937:
4936:
4845:
4841:
4831:
4819:. Retrieved
4816:www.hepb.org
4815:
4806:
4765:
4761:
4751:
4706:
4702:
4692:
4641:
4637:
4627:
4615:. Retrieved
4610:
4601:
4589:. Retrieved
4585:
4561:. Retrieved
4557:
4512:
4508:
4483:. Retrieved
4480:www.hepb.org
4479:
4470:
4458:. Retrieved
4453:
4444:
4435:
4425:
4398:
4394:
4384:
4351:
4347:
4318:. Retrieved
4313:
4281:. Retrieved
4277:
4268:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4182:
4179:BMC Genomics
4178:
4130:
4126:
4083:(6): 340â9.
4080:
4076:
4070:
4038:(4): 381â4.
4035:
4031:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3870:
3866:
3813:
3809:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3664:(1): 65â73.
3661:
3657:
3647:
3612:
3608:
3598:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3536:
3533:FEBS Letters
3532:
3484:
3480:
3470:
3440:(6): 983â7.
3437:
3433:
3427:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3366:(3): 306â9.
3363:
3359:
3353:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3171:
3167:
3157:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3032:
3028:
3018:
2984:(1): 48â64.
2981:
2977:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2655:
2651:
2596:
2592:
2554:1887/3256616
2528:
2524:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2159:. Retrieved
2150:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2031:
2028:Biochemistry
2027:
2017:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1923:
1919:
1901:
1869:(1): 51â68.
1866:
1862:
1852:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:the original
1701:
1692:
1680:. Retrieved
1666:
1656:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1493:
1489:
1447:
1443:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1350:
1346:
1300:. Retrieved
1289:
1270:
1264:
1228:
1213:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:Transmission
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1168:Distribution
1162:
1154:
1150:
1130:
1093:(repressing
1081:and perhaps
1059:
1043:mitochondria
1001:
989:
977:
945:
924:nuclear pore
920:microtubules
893:
860:
839:
836:
784:
781:
778:
775:
724:
716:
713:
710:
707:
700:
696:
679:HBV PREalpha
672:
668:
655:
644:
636:
612:
586:endemic type
583:
543:
515:
504:
456:
441:nucleocapsid
414:
387:nucleocapsid
367:
366:
345:
337:
322:
278:
272:
266:
260:
254:
248:
242:
238:
237:
221:
215:
207:
202:
201:
200:
191:
190:
178:
166:
154:
142:
130:
119:Pararnavirae
118:
106:
99:
89:(unranked):
65:
42:
36:
7615:Wikispecies
7547:oncoprotein
6659:Hepatitis C
6424:Hepatitis B
6410:Agnoprotein
6373:oncoprotein
6347:VP2 and VP3
5731:Coronavirus
5472:Common cold
5384:acute viral
5367:Myocarditis
5211:(probable)
4963:Anal cancer
4611:www.cdc.gov
4586:www.who.int
4515:: S37âS40.
4454:www.cdc.gov
4432:"ENGERIX-B"
4354:: 109â123.
4314:www.cdc.gov
4053:11693/20956
3816:(11): 346.
2386:(1): 1791.
1702:www.who.int
1220:hepatitis D
1216:hepatitis C
1122:methylation
974:Hepatitis B
937:Replication
909:Penetration
904:liver cells
878:endocytosis
824:Philippines
747:Middle East
739:Philippines
683:HBV PREbeta
627:nucleotides
563:chimpanzees
490:replication
486:amino acids
445:replication
438:icosahedral
400:pleomorphic
384:icosahedral
303:chimpanzees
228:hepatitis B
32:Hepatitis B
7691:Categories
6972:M2 protein
6958:M1 protein
6764:SARS-CoV-2
5858:Urogenital
5724:Astrovirus
5684:Adenovirus
5508:SARS-CoV-2
5265:Poliovirus
5140:meningitis
4842:Hepatology
4821:2 December
4768:(1): 1â7.
4709:(1): 388.
4617:4 December
4591:2 December
4563:2 December
4485:2 December
4460:4 December
4320:3 December
4283:4 December
4230:Hepatology
4185:(1): 184.
2711:Hepatology
2658:: e36666.
2118:(9): e64.
1396:Hepatology
1257:References
1099:DNA repair
1063:Epigenetic
1061:the DNA.
1004:hepatocyte
886:caveolin-1
873:Attachment
849:Life cycle
818:; C4 with
571:orangutans
411:Components
350:Morphology
287:orangutans
62:micrograph
7514:Multiple
7411:Integrase
6649:Riboviria
6526:Rotavirus
6516:Riboviria
6277:Riboviria
5769:RNA virus
5750:DNA virus
5742:Hepatitis
5717:Norovirus
5705:Rotavirus
5699:RNA virus
5678:DNA virus
5624:Esophagus
5552:Influenza
5438:RNA virus
5400:DNA virus
5169:RNA virus
5148:DNA virus
5054:RNA virus
4932:DNA virus
4924:Oncovirus
4782:0391-3988
4725:1471-2369
4658:0950-2688
4529:0264-410X
4368:0166-3542
3576:: 24â30.
2758:: e3757.
2674:2050-084X
2571:238475573
2439:: 86â94.
2410:2041-1723
2161:3 January
1767:260320531
1737:CiteSeerX
1589:205356299
1426:205888844
1250:Oncovirus
1133:microRNAs
981:cirrhosis
915:Uncoating
842:Venezuela
832:Indonesia
820:Australia
816:Polynesia
703:genotypes
693:Genotypes
590:Greenland
512:Evolution
499:infection
453:infection
355:Structure
325:serotypes
311:New World
309:, and in
212:DNA virus
186:Species:
114:Kingdom:
107:Riboviria
7661:11459943
7648:46700336
7600:Wikidata
6807:Membrane
6802:Envelope
6396:SV40 Tag
6057:Vaccinia
5867:BK virus
5670:diarrhea
5514:COVID-19
5256:Myelitis
4872:26373510
4864:19399813
4798:31944731
4790:25633894
4743:31656166
4417:14146804
4376:27107897
4260:19399811
4211:28212627
4157:23716588
4097:24473361
4062:23392071
4014:24281019
3973:22293091
3938:27989142
3889:24496828
3842:29149060
3788:18263618
3739:31375584
3690:17206755
3639:26238794
3590:26071008
3555:27149321
3511:18463220
3462:23251719
3454:19382274
3419:18842489
3388:35134058
3380:17515708
3345:25342685
3296:18663008
3247:18976569
3198:12409471
3100:12758180
3078:Virology
3059:15542625
3010:17206754
2872:14749394
2823:17383765
2784:28875087
2733:22987324
2692:29745896
2629:13684815
2621:29743673
2563:34618559
2496:22542029
2488:11044813
2453:26897577
2418:23653203
2361:18524834
2312:12829810
2263:17699583
2214:16984372
2205:11159107
2142:26038757
2093:24814823
2058:19196007
2009:20439715
1950:22718814
1893:10704474
1844:20207438
1759:15192795
1682:11 April
1648:24043818
1581:23383660
1510:15752827
1472:23073883
1464:27808472
1418:23536484
1377:18824707
1302:13 March
1234:See also
1141:microRNA
954:Assembly
882:clathrin
796:Thailand
673:Several
633:Encoding
567:gorillas
329:epitopes
299:gorillas
162:Family:
126:Phylum:
64:showing
7138:Measles
6591:Rhinov.
6038:ICP34.5
5620:Pharynx
5124:Central
4734:6816193
4684:8870629
4675:2271713
4666:3864222
4537:2183516
4509:Vaccine
4408:1750599
4251:2809016
4202:5316204
4148:3719687
4105:8611393
3929:5614522
3833:5707553
3810:Viruses
3779:2275152
3730:6798116
3681:4065877
3630:4526719
3502:2446895
3336:4208329
3287:2519592
3238:2630741
3149:9776740
3001:4065876
2956:8509635
2921:2536093
2775:5581946
2683:6008052
2601:Bibcode
2533:Bibcode
2525:Science
2388:Bibcode
2352:2519590
2254:2168786
2133:4185362
2079:: 1â9.
2049:2880625
2000:2889105
1977:Bibcode
1941:3416136
1912:Chen PJ
1908:Chen DS
1808:3014045
1712:12 July
1639:3791787
1616:Bibcode
1545:8666521
1490:Vaccine
1368:2562875
1147:History
1135:and 16
1116:and/or
1110:enzymes
1047:protein
1035:histone
968:Disease
960:Release
922:to the
895:SLC10A1
792:Myanmar
788:Vietnam
763:Germany
579:gibbons
575:bonobos
559:strains
534:amniote
458:in vivo
447:of the
436:of HBV
424:antigen
391:protein
295:bonobos
291:gibbons
174:Genus:
150:Order:
138:Class:
69:virions
7317:capsid
7255:capsid
7003:HA-tag
6942:capsid
6905:ss-RNA
6835:ORF1ab
6643:ss-RNA
6603:etc. (
6512:ds-RNA
6333:capsid
6201:EBNA-3
6196:EBNA-2
6191:EBNA-1
5989:capsid
5284:HTLV-I
5229:Rabies
5079:HTLV-I
4870:
4862:
4796:
4788:
4780:
4741:
4731:
4723:
4682:
4672:
4664:
4656:
4535:
4527:
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4405:
4374:
4366:
4258:
4248:
4209:
4199:
4155:
4145:
4103:
4095:
4060:
4012:
3971:
3936:
3926:
3887:
3840:
3830:
3786:
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3727:
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3688:
3678:
3637:
3627:
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3553:
3509:
3499:
3460:
3452:
3417:
3386:
3378:
3343:
3333:
3294:
3284:
3245:
3235:
3196:
3189:135823
3186:
3147:
3140:147918
3137:
3098:
3057:
3050:524990
3047:
3008:
2998:
2954:
2919:
2912:247726
2909:
2870:
2863:344184
2860:
2821:
2782:
2772:
2731:
2690:
2680:
2672:
2627:
2619:
2593:Nature
2569:
2561:
2494:
2486:
2451:
2416:
2408:
2359:
2349:
2310:
2303:161925
2300:
2261:
2251:
2212:
2202:
2140:
2130:
2091:
2056:
2046:
2007:
1997:
1948:
1938:
1891:
1881:
1842:
1806:
1765:
1757:
1739:
1673:
1646:
1636:
1587:
1579:
1543:
1508:
1470:
1462:
1424:
1416:
1375:
1365:
1277:
1118:DNMT3A
1083:ARID1A
1071:cancer
942:capsid
928:cccDNA
767:Brazil
759:France
731:Africa
727:Europe
615:genome
596:Genome
376:virion
305:), in
7674:10407
7656:IRMNG
7635:3KW26
7606:Q6844
7453:VRAPs
7435:gp120
7090:Mumps
6888:ORF9b
6878:ORF7b
6873:ORF7a
6863:ORF3d
6858:ORF3c
6853:ORF3b
6848:ORF3a
6842:(NS5)
6797:Spike
6599:Hep A
6595:Polio
6455:HBeAg
6450:HBcAg
6445:HBsAg
6309:HaPyV
6305:MCPyV
6273:other
6212:ncRNA
6170:LMP-2
6165:LMP-1
6043:ICP47
6028:vmw65
5928:early
5880:Mumps
5639:Mumps
5609:Human
5039:MCPyV
4868:S2CID
4794:S2CID
4662:JSTOR
4101:S2CID
3863:(PDF)
3458:S2CID
3384:S2CID
2752:PeerJ
2652:eLife
2625:S2CID
2567:S2CID
2492:S2CID
1884:98986
1763:S2CID
1585:S2CID
1468:S2CID
1422:S2CID
1114:DNMT1
1051:HBsAg
1027:SIRT1
932:mRNAs
828:Papua
808:China
804:Korea
800:Japan
751:India
658:codon
546:human
494:HepG2
472:HBeAg
449:virus
430:HBcAg
420:HBsAg
405:HBsAg
380:lipid
316:(the
100:Realm
93:Virus
7669:NCBI
7440:gp41
7380:VSPs
7306:VSPs
7276:VP24
7271:VP40
7244:VSPs
7196:VSPs
7148:VSPs
7100:VSPs
7052:VSPs
7018:VNPs
6931:VSPs
6883:ORF8
6868:ORF6
6825:VNPs
6780:VSPs
6750:NS5B
6745:NS5A
6740:NS4B
6735:NS4A
6710:VNPs
6675:VSPs
6616:VNPs
6577:NSP6
6572:NSP5
6567:NSP4
6562:NSP3
6557:NSP2
6552:NSP1
6542:VNPs
6467:VNPs
6436:VSPs
6392:LTag
6387:MTag
6382:STag
6362:VNPs
6322:VSPs
6301:MPyV
6297:SV40
6246:VNPs
6222:EBER
6181:VNPs
6155:VSPs
6101:VNPs
6077:B13R
6067:VNPs
6033:ICP8
6018:VNPs
5978:VSPs
5932:late
5930:and
5594:hMPV
5466:OC43
5462:HKU1
5458:NL63
5454:229E
5112:AIDS
4991:KSHV
4860:PMID
4823:2022
4786:PMID
4778:ISSN
4739:PMID
4721:ISSN
4680:PMID
4654:ISSN
4619:2022
4593:2022
4565:2022
4533:PMID
4525:ISSN
4487:2022
4462:2022
4413:PMID
4372:PMID
4364:ISSN
4322:2022
4285:2022
4256:PMID
4207:PMID
4153:PMID
4093:PMID
4058:PMID
4010:PMID
3969:PMID
3934:PMID
3885:PMID
3838:PMID
3784:PMID
3735:PMID
3686:PMID
3635:PMID
3586:PMID
3551:PMID
3507:PMID
3450:PMID
3415:PMID
3376:PMID
3341:PMID
3292:PMID
3243:PMID
3194:PMID
3145:PMID
3096:PMID
3055:PMID
3006:PMID
2952:PMID
2917:PMID
2868:PMID
2819:PMID
2780:PMID
2729:PMID
2688:PMID
2670:ISSN
2617:PMID
2559:PMID
2484:PMID
2449:PMID
2414:PMID
2406:ISSN
2357:PMID
2308:PMID
2259:PMID
2210:PMID
2163:2009
2138:PMID
2089:PMID
2054:PMID
2005:PMID
1946:PMID
1889:PMID
1840:PMID
1804:PMID
1755:PMID
1714:2015
1684:2018
1671:ISBN
1644:PMID
1577:PMID
1541:PMID
1506:PMID
1460:PMID
1414:PMID
1373:PMID
1304:2008
1275:ISBN
1079:TP53
983:and
814:and
806:and
794:and
761:and
749:and
743:Asia
733:and
685:and
613:The
609:Size
577:and
301:and
283:apes
271:and
7643:EoL
7630:CoL
7501:Vpx
7499:or
7497:Vpu
7492:Vif
7487:Nef
7480:Vpr
7475:Rev
7470:Tat
7429:env
7405:pol
7397:p24
7391:gag
7186:RSV
7028:NS1
6730:NS3
6725:NS2
6626:VPg
6504:RNA
6477:HBx
6342:VP1
6116:E1B
6111:E1A
5941:DNA
5874:MuV
5843:CBV
5818:HEV
5806:HDV
5794:HCV
5782:HAV
5775:CBV
5756:HBV
5633:MuV
5564:V,
5356:CBV
5325:HSV
5302:Eye
5189:LCV
5175:MeV
5106:HIV
5060:HCV
5005:EBV
4952:HPV
4938:HBV
4850:doi
4770:doi
4729:PMC
4711:doi
4670:PMC
4646:doi
4642:117
4517:doi
4436:FDA
4403:PMC
4356:doi
4352:131
4246:PMC
4238:doi
4197:PMC
4187:doi
4143:PMC
4135:doi
4085:doi
4048:hdl
4040:doi
4000:doi
3961:doi
3957:327
3924:PMC
3916:doi
3875:doi
3828:PMC
3818:doi
3774:PMC
3766:doi
3725:PMC
3717:doi
3676:PMC
3666:doi
3625:PMC
3617:doi
3578:doi
3574:121
3541:doi
3537:590
3497:PMC
3489:doi
3442:doi
3368:doi
3331:PMC
3323:doi
3282:PMC
3274:doi
3233:PMC
3225:doi
3184:PMC
3176:doi
3135:PMC
3127:doi
3086:doi
3082:309
3045:PMC
3037:doi
2996:PMC
2986:doi
2944:doi
2907:PMC
2899:doi
2858:PMC
2850:doi
2811:doi
2807:127
2770:PMC
2760:doi
2719:doi
2678:PMC
2660:doi
2609:doi
2597:557
2549:hdl
2541:doi
2529:374
2476:doi
2441:doi
2396:doi
2347:PMC
2339:doi
2298:PMC
2290:doi
2249:PMC
2241:doi
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2190:doi
2128:PMC
2120:doi
2081:doi
2044:PMC
2036:doi
1995:PMC
1985:doi
1973:107
1936:PMC
1928:doi
1879:PMC
1871:doi
1832:doi
1794:doi
1747:doi
1634:PMC
1624:doi
1612:110
1569:doi
1533:doi
1498:doi
1452:doi
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1363:PMC
1355:doi
1224:HIV
1143:).
1023:DNA
1019:HBx
1008:HBx
902:of
884:or
619:DNA
492:in
482:HBx
208:HBV
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