224:
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33:
506:, Braunsteiner became known for her wild rages and tantrums. According to one witness at her later trial in Düsseldorf, she "seized children by their hair and threw them on trucks heading to the gas chambers". Other survivors testified how she killed women by stomping on them with her steel-studded jackboots, earning her the nickname "The Stomping Mare" (In
331:. Braunsteiner was known to prisoners of Majdanek concentration camp as the "Stomping Mare" and was said to have beaten prisoners to death, thrown children by their hair onto trucks that took them to be murdered in gas chambers, hanged young prisoners and stomped an old prisoner to death with her jackboots.
659:
A prosecutor in Düsseldorf began investigating
Braunsteiner's wartime behavior, and in 1973 the West German government requested her extradition, accusing her of joint responsibility in the death of 200,000 people. On March 22, 1973, Braunsteiner was taken into custody as she awaited deportation. She
1714:
She ran as far as the United States, to a marriage with an
American and a home in Maspeth, Queens. But Hermine Braunsteiner Ryan couldn't hide indefinitely and, finally found out, she was stripped of American citizenship in 1971 and deported in 1973. And last week, after a five-year trial, she was
722:
on August 7, 1973, until her husband posted bail on April 7, 1976. However, she returned to custody on
December 8, 1977, after attempting to intimidate witnesses, and remained there until January 9, 1978. The West German court rejected Ryan's arguments that it lacked jurisdiction, because she was
642:
Braunsteiner stated that she had been at
Majdanek only a year, eight months of that time in the camp infirmary. "My wife, sir, wouldn't hurt a fly" said Ryan. "There's no more decent person on this earth. She told me this was a duty she had to perform. It was a conscriptive service." On August 22,
608:
announced the "phone call for Mr. Wiesenthal" and this led to his recognition by the other patrons, who stood up to applaud him. When he returned to his table, there were several
Majdanek survivors waiting who told him about Braunsteiner and what she had done. Based on this information he followed
557:
for non-fatal abuse in
Ravensbrück, but acquitted of her crimes in Majdanek, including murder, due to a lack of witnesses. Braunsteiner was sentenced to three years in prison and had her property confiscated. With credit for time served, she was released from prison in April 1950. Braunsteiner was
1568:
In the winter of 1973 in New York City, deportation hearings were held for
Hermine Braunsteiner Ryan, wife of an American citizen, a resident of Queens, New York. Former SS guard at Ravensbrueck and Majdanek, Mrs. Ryan stood accused of beating inmates to death during the years 1939–1944 while
526:
subcamp of
Ravensbrück, located outside Berlin. Witnesses say that she abused many of the prisoners with a horsewhip she carried, killing at least two women with it. A French physician, who was interned at Genthin recalled the sadism of Braunsteiner while she ruled the camp: "I watched her
639:, to find "Mrs. Ryan." They first lived at 54–44 82nd Street in western Elmhurst and moved to 52–11 72nd Street in Maspeth. He found her at the second doorbell he rang and later wrote that she greeted him at her front doorstep and said: "My God, I knew this would happen. You've come."
730:
with 15 other former SS men and women from
Majdanek. One of the witnesses against Hermine testified that she "seized children by their hair and threw them on trucks heading to the gas chambers." Others spoke of vicious beatings. One witness told of Hermine and the steel-studded
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The prosecutor's office began an investigation into the case of the former concentration camp supervisor
Hermine Braunsteiner-Ryan who had been extradited by the United States to Germany where she was wanted for participating in the murder of 2,000
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not a German national but Austrian, and that the alleged offences had occurred outside Germany. It ruled she had been a German citizen at the time and more importantly had been a German government official acting in the name of the German Reich.
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421:. She remained there after the start of World War II, and the influx of new prisoners from occupied countries. After three years, a disagreement with Mandel led Braunsteiner to request a transfer in October 1942.
693:(SS) guard. They described whippings and fatal beatings. Rachel Berger, alone among the witnesses, testified she would celebrate retribution against the former vice-commandant of the women's camp at Majdanek.
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At the urging of her landlord, a German policeman, Braunsteiner applied for a better paying job supervising prisoners, quadrupling her income in time. She began her training on August 15, 1939, as an
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administer twenty-five lashes with a riding crop to a young Russian girl suspected of having tried sabotage. Her back was full of lashes, but I was not allowed to treat her immediately."
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Staatsanwaltschaft Köln, Anklageschrift, 130 (24) Js 200/62 (Z), pp. 163, 281; Landgericht Düsseldorf, Urteil gg. Hermann Hackmarm u.A., 8 Ks 1/75, June 30, 1981, pp. 688–89.
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and convicted her on three counts: the murder of 80 people, abetting the murder of 102 children, and collaborating in the murder of 1,000 people. On June 30, 1981, the court imposed a
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In January 1944, Braunsteiner was ordered back to Ravensbrück as Majdanek began evacuations due to the approaching front line. She was promoted to supervising wardress at the
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Ryan v. United States, 360 F. Supp. 264 (E.D.N.Y. 1973), No. 73-C-439, April 24, 1973; United States v. Ryan, 360 F. Supp. 265 (E.D.N.Y. 1973), No. 68-C- 848, April 24, 1973.
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authorities sought to revoke Braunsteiner's citizenship, since she had failed to disclose her convictions for war crimes; she was denaturalized in 1971 after entering into a
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told that she would not face further prosecution, and was later granted partial amnesty in 1957. She worked at low-level jobs in hotels and restaurants until emigrating.
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James W. Moeller (1985). "United States Treatment of Alleged Nazi War Criminals: International Law, Immigration Law, and the Need for International Cooperation".
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748:. Beginning on November 26, 1975, and lasting 474 sessions, it was the longest and most expensive trial in West Germany. The defendants included Ryan, former
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on May 1, 1973, and on August 7, 1973, Hermine Braunsteiner Ryan became the first Nazi war criminal extradited from the United States to West Germany.
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performing her duties as vice-commandant of the women's camp at Majadanek; of being responsible, also, for the death selection of hundreds of others.
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authorities. She was held in various internment camps until April 18, 1947. Braunsteiner was re-arrested by Austrian officials on April 7, 1948.
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along with five other camp guards. By then most of the Aufseherinnen had been moved into Majdanek from the Alter Flughafen labor camp.
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542:. She then returned to Vienna, but soon left. On May 6, 1946, Austrian police arrested Braunsteiner and turned her over to the British
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Staatsanwaltschaft Köln, Anklageschrift gg. Hermann Hackmarm u.A., 130 (24) Js 200/62 (Z), November 15, 1974, pp. 157–63.
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789:, led to her release from Mülheimer women's prison in 1996. Hermine Braunsteiner Ryan died on April 19, 1999, aged 79, in
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604:. He was at a restaurant there when he received a call from his friend that he could not make it to their luncheon. The
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to avoid deportation. In 1972, vigilantes firebombed a home where they mistakenly thought Braunsteiner was living.
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Hermine Ryan nannte man "Kobyla, die Stute": weil sie mit ihren eisenbeschlagenen Stiefeln die Menschen trat.
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Russell Ryan, an American, met her on his vacation in Austria. They married in October 1958, after they had
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convicted of murder as a guard in the Maidanek concentration camp near Lublin, Poland, during World War II.
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1624:. American Jewish Year Book. Vol. 85. New York; Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America.
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The Camp Women: The Female Auxiliaries Who Assisted the SS in Running the Nazi Concentration Camp System
1112:...Hermine Braunsteiner-Ryan's pay at... Majdanek ... four times what she earned in a munitions factory.
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had been invalid (U.S. citizens could not be extradited to West Germany), and that the charges alleged
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Bloch, Anne L.; Patricia Lowe Fox; Frances McClernan; Gitel Poznanski; Max Radin; Ursula Wasserman.
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On October 16, 1942, Braunsteiner assumed her duties in the forced-labor apparel factory near the
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390:. She returned to Vienna from England and the same year relocated to Germany for a job at the
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In re the Extradition of Ryan, 360 F. Supp. 270 (E.D.N.Y. 1973), No. 73-C-391 (May 1, 1973).
2003:
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Alan Levy, The Wiesenthal File (Lanchester, UK: Constable and Company Ltd, 1993) pp. 331–332
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514:"Stute von Majdanek"). For her work, she received the War Merit Cross, 2nd class, in 1943.
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Milton, Sybil (1984). "Women and the Holocaust". In Renate Bridenthal; Atina Grossmann;
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committed by a non-German outside West Germany. Later, it rejected claims of lack of
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Braunsteiner was convicted for her complicity in murders of over 1,000 people during
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and whipped several women to death. Working alongside other female guards such as
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2010:. translated from the German by Ewald Osers. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
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Wykaz sądzonych członków załogi KL Lublin/Majdanek (The listing of defendants)
786:
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767:
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and crematoria. She was promoted to assistant wardress in January 1943, under
410:
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141:
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The Mare of Majdanek: Female Concentration Camp Guards in History and Fiction
1516:
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3593:
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1976:
732:
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that Braunsteiner might have married a man named Ryan and might live in the
567:
433:
Aerial photo of the Majdanek concentration camp from the collections of the
386:
358:
4906:
Loss of United States citizenship and deportation by prior Nazi affiliation
4825:
List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes
3618:
2054:
Landgericht Düsseldorf, Urteil, 8 Ks 1/75, June 30, 1981, pp. 683–86.
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539:
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Braunsteiner had a number of roles in the camp. She involved herself in "
394:
111:
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1545:. Elie Wiesel, Elliot Lefkovitz, Robert McAfee Brown, Lucy Dawidowicz.
1132:. Axis History ‹ Women in the Reich. April 3, 2005. Archived from
614:
523:
391:
381:
370:
362:
86:
1894:
Hell Hath No Fury: True Stories of Women at War from Antiquity to Iraq
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618:
398:
347:
296:
159:
133:
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56:
1454:. New York: AJC Information Center and Digital Archives. p. 479
920:(Simon Wiesenthal Center Multimedia Learning Center). Archived from
2057:
Landgericht Düsseldorf, Urteil, 8 Ks 1/75, June 30, 1981 (2 vols.).
1115:
Original from the University of Michigan. Digitized March 18, 2008.
1099:
Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der Deutschen Literatur
910:"The Extradition of Nazi Criminals: Ryan, Artukovic, and Demjanjuk"
1915:
366:
1819:
1353:"Simon Wiesenthal, 1908–2005: Victim Became Nazis' Prime Pursuer"
365:. Hermine lacked the means to fulfill her aspiration to become a
2036:. University of Wisconsin. B.A., Senior thesis with honors 2001.
2025:
1946:
1777:
1639:
1543:
Dimensions of the Holocaust: Lectures at Northwestern University
550:
4936:
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
4275:
4054:
3554:
2635:
2195:
2064:
631:
area of the Borough of Queens in New York City. They assigned
2039:
United States v. Ryan, 360 F. Supp. 265, 266 (E.D.N.Y. 1973).
1929:
When Biology Became Destiny: Women in Weimar and Nazi Germany
1772:: Duell Sloan & Pearce/Jewish Black Book Committee 1946.
1067:"Procesy zbrodniarzy (Trials of the war criminals) 1946–1948"
2662:
Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
687:
in Queens, hearing survivors' testimony against the former
210:
1972:
Quiet Neighbors: Prosecuting Nazi War Criminals in America
667:
The United States court denied procedural claims that her
1304:"United States v. Ryan, 360 F. Supp. 265 (E.D.N.Y. 1973)"
369:, and worked as a maid. From 1937 to 1938, she worked in
4966:
World War II prisoners of war held by the United Kingdom
4219:
International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
1766:
The Black Book: the Nazi Crime Against the Jewish People
796:
After the publicity surrounding Ryan's extradition, the
535:
On May 7, 1945, Braunsteiner fled the camp ahead of the
812:
or deport. It took jurisdiction previously held by the
1004:"A Nazi Past, a Queens Home Life, an Overlooked Death"
549:
On November 22, 1949, the Austrian People's Court in
4866:
Austrian people convicted of crimes against humanity
683:. During the next year, she sat with her husband in
4941:
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Germany
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1931:. New York: Monthly Review Press. pp. 308–10.
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139:
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107:
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23:
18:
20th-century Austrian Nazi concentration camp guard
1281:"Former Nazi camp guard now a housewife in Queens"
858:"Biographie: Hermine Braunsteiner-Ryan, 1919–1999"
357:family. Her father, Friedrich Braunsteiner, was a
4881:Austrian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
1549:: Northwestern University Press. pp. 34–45.
1478:"Judge Denies Bail to Ex-nazi Facing Extradition"
3581:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
1615:Himmelfarb, Milton; Singer, David, eds. (1985).
900:
898:
600:picked up on her trail by chance on a visit to
1789:Wanted! : The search for Nazis in America
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4287:
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1739:Ashman, Charles R.; Robert J. Wagman (1988).
1445:"Central Europe - West Germany - Nazi Trials"
1149:See: index or articles ("Personenregister").
448:, a year earlier. It was both a labour camp (
350:, the youngest child in a strictly observant
8:
4252:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
1030:
1028:
1026:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
2222:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
778:than those meted out to her co-defendants.
696:The judge certified her extradition to the
582:citizen on January 19, 1963. They lived in
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1592:. Simon Wiesenthal Archive. Archived from
1271:
1269:
1267:
1151:Oldenburger OnlineZeitschriftenBibliothek.
474:" of women and children to be sent to the
31:
20:
4891:Female guards in Nazi concentration camps
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
802:U.S. DOJ Office of Special Investigations
518:Ravensbrück again and the Genthin Subcamp
4946:Ravensbrück concentration camp personnel
4916:People extradited from the United States
1580:
1578:
1572:(Conflates extradition and deportation.)
1505:"Mrs. Ryan Is Flown To Europe for Trial"
428:
4961:People convicted in the Majdanek trials
4956:Austrian emigrants to the United States
4177:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
1782:May identify her as Hermine Braunstein.
1685:(Also cited in Jewish Virtual Library.)
1208:Dorothy Rabinowitz (December 1, 2000).
824:
735:with which she dealt blows to inmates.
295:(July 16, 1919 – April 19, 1999) was a
4871:Austrian Nazis convicted of war crimes
4160:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
3520:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
1797:Quadrangle/New York Times Book Company
1411:"FIRE BOMBERS SAID TO PICK WRONG HOME"
1244:
1234:
852:
850:
848:
814:Immigration and Naturalization Service
37:Braunsteiner during her time in the SS
4911:People convicted of murder by Germany
1957:Virginia Journal of International Law
1365:from the original on November 8, 2012
1326:
1324:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
7:
1825:(Library of Congress Catalog Record)
1793:(Library of Congress Catalog Record)
1002:Martin, Douglas (December 2, 2005).
272:Kriegsverdienstkreuz 2. Klasse, 1943
4861:Austrian people convicted of murder
4081:Aftermath, trials and commemoration
2092:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
1745:. New York: Pharos Books. pp.
4931:Prisoners and detainees of Austria
4242:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
1452:American Jewish Year Book, 1974–75
1384:Lelyveld, Joseph (March 6, 2005).
664:, then at the Nassau County Jail.
14:
4896:German people of Austrian descent
4302:Post-war flight of Axis fugitives
3924:Special Prosecution Book – Poland
1503:Kaplan, Morris (August 8, 1973).
4901:Holocaust perpetrators in Poland
4101:Population transfers (1944–1946)
3150:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
1539:"The Holocaust as Living Memory"
1165:, Psychology Press, 2002, p. 116
241:
222:
4204:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
4116:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
1892:; Robin Cross (February 2008).
380:In 1938, Braunsteiner became a
4921:Military personnel from Vienna
3532:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
3508:36th Estonian Police Battalion
1818:Brown, Daniel Patrick (2002).
621:. In 1964, Wiesenthal alerted
496:Charlotte Karla Mayer-Woellert
419:Ravensbrück concentration camp
1:
4199:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
4029:Human medical experimentation
1211:New Lives (see: Braunsteiner)
862:Deutsches Historisches Museum
4926:People extradited to Germany
4686:Operation Osoaviakhim (USSR)
1541:. In Eliot Lefkowitz (ed.).
1537:Rabinowicz, Dorothy (1990).
685:United States district court
555:crimes against human dignity
425:Majdanek and Alter Flughafen
313:Majdanek concentration camps
4951:People from Maspeth, Queens
4234:Righteous Among the Nations
4121:Ministry of Public Security
3500:Belarusian Auxiliary Police
2110:Related articles by country
1969:Ryan, Allan A. Jr. (1984).
1443:American Jewish Committee.
1332:"Hermine Ryan-Braunsteiner"
1184:Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin
1096:Frühwald, Wolfgang (2004).
1073:. KL Lublin. Archived from
442:Majdanek concentration camp
280:Hotel and restaurant worker
4982:
4146:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
3528:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
1863:Omaha Blues: A Memory Loop
1161:Wistrich, Robert Solomon,
963:. Routledge. p. 215.
738:The third Majdanek trial (
707:
578:in April 1959, becoming a
574:, Canada. She entered the
553:convicted Braunsteiner of
61:Republic of German-Austria
4876:Austrian prisoners of war
4856:Austrian female criminals
4674:Operation Paperclip (USA)
4050:
3919:Sobibor perpetrator album
3550:
3504:Estonian Auxiliary Police
2631:
2614:Human medical experiments
2191:
2187:
2098:
1981:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
1872:Farrar, Straus and Giroux
1482:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1163:Who's who in Nazi Germany
1102:. M. Niemeyer. p. 92
960:Who's Who in Nazi Germany
914:Annual 4 Chapter 2 Part 1
609:her trail from Vienna to
456:(Vernichtungslager) with
405:Camp guard at Ravensbrück
346:Braunsteiner was born in
293:Hermine Braunsteiner Ryan
286:
209:
205:
201:
125:
30:
4886:Austrian Roman Catholics
4698:Robert Leiber (Holy See)
4649:Colonia Dignidad (Chile)
4167:Auschwitz trial (Poland)
3512:Latvian Auxiliary Police
3245:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
2747:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
1618:American Jewish Yearbook
1214:. iUniverse. p. 6.
908:; Earlean M. McCarrick.
798:United States government
4257:Garden of the Righteous
4009:Identification in camps
4002:Technical and logistics
3448:Order Police battalions
1045:New York Times Magazine
744:in German) was held in
562:Emigration and marriage
361:for a brewery and/or a
152:Crimes against humanity
4327:Ludolf von Alvensleben
3670:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
3135:Heinrich Klaustermeyer
1696:"Behind Bars, Finally"
1670:"Third Majdanek Trial"
1590:Some Significant Cases
1586:"Hermine Braunsteiner"
1351:(September 21, 2005).
800:established in 1979 a
437:
377:engineer's household.
83:North Rhine-Westphalia
4708:Stroessner (Paraguay)
4209:Majdanek State Museum
3342:Karl-Friedrich Höcker
2246:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
2008:Justice Not Vengeance
1786:Blum, Howard (1977).
1674:Axis History Factbook
1178:(December 13, 1996).
766:on six counts of the
764:insufficient evidence
708:Further information:
704:Trial in West Germany
432:
315:, and the first Nazi
253:Years of service
4799:Krunoslav Draganović
4337:Hermine Braunsteiner
3686:Mordechai Anielewicz
3397:Elisabeth Volkenrath
3282:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
2918:Arthur Liebehenschel
2843:Hermine Braunsteiner
2787:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
1829:Atglen, Pennsylvania
1649:on February 21, 2023
611:Halifax, Nova Scotia
189:3 years imprisonment
25:Hermine Braunsteiner
4592:Other nationalities
4407:Josef Schwammberger
4224:March of the Living
4096:Holocaust survivors
3960:Vrba–Wetzler report
3736:Alexander Pechersky
3696:Mordechai Tenenbaum
3145:Alexander Palfinger
2968:Johann Schwarzhuber
2528:Międzyrzec Podlaski
2507:Lviv pogroms (1941)
2408:Sonderaktion Krakau
1833:Schiffer Publishing
1077:on October 14, 2013
955:Wistrich, Robert S.
924:on February 8, 2012
918:Museum of Tolerance
726:She stood trial in
544:military occupation
444:, established near
165:Accessory to murder
4792:Disputed / dubious
4691:list of scientists
4679:list of scientists
4669:Videla (Argentina)
4599:Tscherim Soobzokov
4139:West German trials
3934:Wannsee Conference
3721:Itzhak Katzenelson
3473:General Government
2958:Franz Reichleitner
2888:Fritz Hartjenstein
2878:Maximilian Grabner
2797:Bruno Streckenbach
2609:Grossaktion Warsaw
2262:Operation Reinhard
1898:Three Rivers Press
1547:Evanston, Illinois
1509:The New York Times
1417:. March 12, 1972.
1415:The New York Times
1390:The New York Times
1126:"KZ Aufseherinnen"
906:Friedlander, Henry
785:, including a leg
762:. The court found
698:Secretary of State
673:political offenses
624:The New York Times
504:Elisabeth Knoblich
454:extermination camp
438:
384:citizen after the
101:Stute von Majdanek
4833:
4832:
4752:
4751:
4739:Hans-Ulrich Rudel
4664:Perón (Argentina)
4642:State involvement
4614:
4613:
4468:Vjekoslav Vrančić
4448:Vjekoslav Luburić
4438:Andrija Artuković
4362:Walter Kutschmann
4315:German / Austrian
4269:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4185:
4184:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4041:
3997:
3996:
3989:Sonderaktion 1005
3863:
3862:
3546:
3545:
3524:Ypatingasis būrys
3426:
3425:
3367:Johanna Langefeld
3362:Hildegard Lächert
3258:
3257:
3094:Alfred Trzebinski
3059:Franz von Bodmann
3011:Lorenz Hackenholt
2853:Theodor van Eupen
2792:Jakob Sporrenberg
2627:
2626:
2351:
2350:
2004:Wiesenthal, Simon
1907:978-0-307-34637-7
1881:978-0-374-22590-2
1596:on April 28, 2019
1556:978-0-8101-0908-7
1279:(July 14, 1964).
1176:Schlink, Bernhard
1038:(March 6, 2005).
970:978-0-415-26038-1
781:Complications of
484:Hildegard Lächert
327:to face trial in
305:female camp guard
290:
289:
196:Life imprisonment
4973:
4778:Simon Wiesenthal
4703:Banzer (Bolivia)
4623:
4515:Feodor Fedorenko
4397:Walter Schreiber
4392:Eduard Roschmann
4367:Johann von Leers
4312:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4273:
4151:Treblinka trials
4136:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4052:
3950:Graebe affidavit
3943:Witness accounts
3889:Frank memorandum
3874:
3769:
3756:Szmul Zygielbojm
3746:Frumka Płotnicka
3706:Leon Feldhendler
3691:Icchak Cukierman
3645:Ghetto uprisings
3575:
3568:
3561:
3552:
3496:Schutzmannschaft
3317:Feodor Fedorenko
3267:
3175:Wolfgang Birkner
2963:Heinrich Schwarz
2953:Josef Oberhauser
2928:Heinrich Matthes
2812:Dieter Wisliceny
2802:Richard Thomalla
2777:Heinz Reinefarth
2727:Heinrich Himmler
2672:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2633:
2597:Other atrocities
2234:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2193:
2189:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2062:
2029:
1998:
1965:
1950:
1919:
1885:
1858:Lelyveld, Joseph
1853:
1851:
1849:
1826:
1814:
1794:
1781:
1760:
1742:The Nazi Hunters
1727:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1668:Wendel, Marcus.
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1648:
1642:. Archived from
1623:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1484:. March 20, 2015
1474:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1449:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1277:Lelyveld, Joseph
1273:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1172:
1166:
1159:
1153:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1036:Lelyveld, Joseph
1032:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
999:
982:
981:
979:
977:
951:
934:
933:
931:
929:
902:
873:
872:
870:
868:
854:
774:, a more severe
760:Heinrich Schmidt
753:Hermann Hackmann
741:Majdanek-Prozess
718:into custody in
669:denaturalization
649:consent judgment
613:, and then, via
598:Simon Wiesenthal
531:Post-war Austria
245:
237:
228:
226:
225:
182:Criminal penalty
144:
97:Mare of Majdanek
94:Other names
74:
52:
50:
35:
21:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4813:
4787:
4768:Beate Klarsfeld
4764:Serge Klarsfeld
4748:
4712:
4637:
4610:
4587:
4583:Herberts Cukurs
4566:
4557:Aleksander Laak
4545:
4524:
4498:
4472:
4421:
4303:
4300:
4270:
4261:
4228:
4181:
4172:Stutthof trials
4155:
4125:
4082:
4079:
4038:
4024:Holocaust train
3993:
3977:
3965:Witold's Report
3955:Gerstein Report
3938:
3904:Katzmann Report
3884:Auschwitz Album
3859:
3798:
3760:
3726:Michał Klepfisz
3674:
3633:
3582:
3579:
3542:
3482:
3452:Ordnungspolizei
3422:
3401:
3382:Erich Muhsfeldt
3312:Margot Dreschel
3297:Alexander Bülow
3254:
3250:Udo von Woyrsch
3240:Hermann Schaper
3235:Emanuel Schäfer
3220:Josef Meisinger
3180:Helmut Bischoff
3159:
3115:Heinz Auerswald
3103:
3045:
2993:
2987:
2983:Christian Wirth
2893:Gottlieb Hering
2816:
2782:Julian Scherner
2767:Georg Michalsen
2752:Franz Kutschera
2712:Odilo Globocnik
2663:
2660:
2623:
2592:
2454:
2412:
2393:Kielce cemetery
2347:
2284:
2223:
2220:
2183:
2094:
2089:
2032:Wolff, Lynn L.
2018:
2002:
1995:
1968:
1953:
1939:
1922:
1908:
1890:Miles, Rosalind
1888:
1882:
1856:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1792:
1785:
1763:
1757:
1747:190–1, 290, 305
1738:
1735:
1733:Further reading
1730:
1725:
1721:
1707:
1705:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1678:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1632:
1621:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1457:
1455:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1386:"Breaking Away"
1383:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1361:. p. A01.
1358:Washington Post
1349:Bernstein, Adam
1347:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1243:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1189:
1187:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1156:
1139:
1137:
1136:on June 6, 2007
1124:
1123:
1119:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1040:"Breaking Away"
1034:
1033:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1001:
1000:
985:
975:
973:
971:
953:
952:
937:
927:
925:
904:
903:
876:
866:
864:
856:
855:
826:
822:
791:Bochum, Germany
712:
710:Majdanek Trials
706:
681:double jeopardy
657:
635:, then a young
633:Joseph Lelyveld
592:
584:Maspeth, Queens
564:
533:
520:
435:Majdanek Museum
427:
407:
344:
281:
277:Other work
223:
221:
194:
190:
188:
176:Majdanek trials
163:
158:
154:
150:
140:
108:Criminal status
98:
89:
76:
72:
63:
54:
48:
46:
38:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
4979:
4977:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4838:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4734:Charles Lescat
4731:
4726:
4724:Rodolfo Freude
4720:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4659:Nasser (Egypt)
4656:
4654:Franco (Spain)
4651:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4629:
4627:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4605:Aarne Kauhanen
4602:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4510:John Demjanjuk
4506:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4402:Horst Schumann
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4377:Hermann Michel
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4347:Adolf Eichmann
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4322:Franz Abromeit
4318:
4316:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4276:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4238:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4214:Sobibór Museum
4211:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4092:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4055:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3971:Sonderkommando
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3914:Posen speeches
3911:
3909:Korherr Report
3906:
3901:
3899:Höfle telegram
3896:
3891:
3886:
3880:
3878:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3741:Witold Pilecki
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3716:Henryk Iwański
3713:
3711:Paweł Frenkiel
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3555:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3516:Arajs Kommando
3492:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3445:
3438:Einsatzgruppen
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3392:Alice Orlowski
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3307:John Demjanjuk
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3205:Gerhard Flesch
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3166:Einsatzgruppen
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3108:Ghetto command
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3089:Horst Schumann
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2948:Johann Niemann
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:Hermann Michel
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2908:Karl-Otto Koch
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2848:Irmfried Eberl
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2737:Fritz Katzmann
2734:
2729:
2724:
2722:Arthur Greiser
2719:
2717:Richard Glücks
2714:
2709:
2704:
2702:Ludwig Fischer
2699:
2694:
2692:Adolf Eichmann
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2636:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2356:Mass shootings
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2343:Danzig-Matzkau
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2308:Kraków-Płaszów
2305:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2030:
2016:
2000:
1993:
1966:
1951:
1937:
1920:
1906:
1886:
1880:
1854:
1841:
1815:
1809:
1783:
1761:
1755:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1726:Feigin, p. 4-6
1719:
1704:. July 5, 1981
1701:New York Times
1687:
1660:
1630:
1607:
1574:
1555:
1529:
1495:
1469:
1435:
1402:
1376:
1340:
1320:
1295:
1289:New York Times
1263:
1254:
1220:
1200:
1180:"Der Vorleser"
1167:
1154:
1130:Majdanek Liste
1117:
1088:
1058:
1022:
1009:New York Times
983:
969:
935:
874:
823:
821:
818:
705:
702:
677:probable cause
656:
653:
606:maître d'hôtel
591:
588:
563:
560:
532:
529:
519:
516:
492:Alice Orlowski
462:Oberaufseherin
446:Lublin, Poland
426:
423:
406:
403:
352:Roman Catholic
343:
340:
288:
287:
284:
283:
278:
274:
273:
270:
266:
265:
262:
258:
257:
254:
250:
249:
239:
233:
232:
219:
215:
214:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
145:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
95:
91:
90:
77:
75:(aged 79)
71:April 19, 1999
69:
65:
64:
55:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4978:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4783:Efraim Zuroff
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4773:Eli Rosenbaum
4771:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4745:
4744:Otto Skorzeny
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:Other persons
4715:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:Organizations
4624:
4621:
4617:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4578:Viktors Arājs
4576:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4489:Léon Degrelle
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4433:Milivoj Ašner
4431:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4418:
4417:Gustav Wagner
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4382:Erich Priebke
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4372:Josef Mengele
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4342:Alois Brunner
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4297:
4292:
4290:
4285:
4283:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:Kielce pogrom
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4076:
4071:
4069:
4064:
4062:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3929:Stroop Report
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3869:Documentation
3866:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:Marek Edelman
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:Organizations
3585:
3576:
3571:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3488:Collaboration
3485:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:Organizations
3429:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3377:Eduard Lorenz
3375:
3373:
3372:Anton Lechner
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3357:Josef Kollmer
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3327:Kurt Gerstein
3325:
3323:
3322:Hans Hoffmann
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3292:Juana Bormann
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:Erich Naumann
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:Lothar Beutel
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3155:Jürgen Stroop
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3125:Josef Blösche
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3099:Eduard Wirths
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:Josef Mengele
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:Horst Fischer
3072:
3070:
3069:Karl Gebhardt
3067:
3065:
3064:Carl Clauberg
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:Ludwig Plagge
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3026:Herbert Lange
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:Kurt Bolender
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2978:Gustav Wagner
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2903:Franz Hössler
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:Karl Fritzsch
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2838:Wilhelm Boger
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:Erwin Lambert
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Wilhelm Koppe
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2732:Hermann Höfle
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Theodor Eicke
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2398:Aktion Krakau
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2368:Bloody Sunday
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2290:Concentration
2287:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2238:Extermination
2235:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2106:The Holocaust
2104:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2017:0-297-79683-6
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1994:0-15-175823-9
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1963:
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1948:
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1938:0-85345-642-9
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:Marion Kaplan
1921:
1917:
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1895:
1891:
1887:
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1842:0-7643-1444-0
1838:
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1810:0-8129-0607-1
1806:
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1756:0-88687-357-6
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1631:0-8276-0247-2
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1321:
1313:September 13,
1309:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1292:. p. 10.
1291:
1290:
1282:
1278:
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1258:
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1238:
1223:
1221:0-595-14128-5
1217:
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1204:
1201:
1197:
1185:
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1177:
1171:
1168:
1164:
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1047:
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1037:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1011:
1010:
1005:
998:
996:
994:
992:
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988:
984:
972:
966:
962:
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956:
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948:
946:
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942:
940:
936:
923:
919:
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907:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
875:
863:
860:(in German).
859:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
825:
819:
817:
815:
811:
807:
806:war criminals
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
773:
772:life sentence
769:
765:
761:
758:
754:
751:
747:
743:
742:
736:
734:
729:
724:
721:
717:
711:
703:
701:
699:
694:
692:
691:
690:Schutzstaffel
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
662:Rikers Island
654:
652:
650:
646:
645:United States
640:
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569:
561:
559:
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541:
538:
530:
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515:
513:
510:"Kobyła", in
509:
505:
501:
500:Erna Wallisch
497:
493:
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481:
477:
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378:
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368:
364:
360:
356:
355:working class
353:
349:
341:
339:
337:
336:the Holocaust
332:
330:
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325:United States
322:
318:
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306:
302:
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294:
285:
279:
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247:Schutzstaffel
244:
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220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:
193:
187:
184:
180:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:(1080 counts)
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
143:
142:Conviction(s)
138:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
102:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:July 16, 1919
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
16:
4809:Stille Hilfe
4601:(Circassian)
4520:Mykola Lebed
4453:Ante Pavelić
4443:Anton Geiser
4412:Franz Stangl
4387:Walter Rauff
4357:Aribert Heim
4336:
4332:Klaus Barbie
3970:
3894:Höcker Album
3877:Nazi sources
3765:Victim lists
3731:Miles Lerman
3538:Trawniki men
3478:Hotel Polski
3387:Detlef Nebbe
3352:Oswald Kaduk
3347:Karl Jeschke
3225:Bruno Müller
3215:Felix Landau
3200:Ernst Damzog
3195:Karl Brunner
3164:
3140:Franz Konrad
3041:Adolf Theuer
2994:executioners
2973:Franz Stangl
2943:Robert Mulka
2913:Josef Kramer
2863:Karl Frenzel
2842:
2833:Richard Baer
2828:Hans Aumeier
2821:Camp command
2807:Otto Wächter
2687:Josef Bühler
2682:Viktor Brack
2668:Perpetrators
2260:
2102:Main article
2033:
2007:
1971:
1961:
1955:
1928:
1896:. New York:
1893:
1862:
1846:. Retrieved
1820:
1801:22–9, 269–70
1788:
1765:
1741:
1722:
1713:
1706:. Retrieved
1699:
1690:
1677:. Retrieved
1673:
1663:
1651:. Retrieved
1644:the original
1617:
1610:
1598:. Retrieved
1594:the original
1589:
1567:
1560:. Retrieved
1542:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1508:
1498:
1486:. Retrieved
1481:
1472:
1463:
1456:. Retrieved
1451:
1438:
1428:February 27,
1426:. Retrieved
1414:
1405:
1393:. Retrieved
1389:
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1356:
1343:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:
1298:
1287:
1257:
1225:. Retrieved
1210:
1203:
1195:
1188:. Retrieved
1183:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1146:
1138:. Retrieved
1134:the original
1129:
1120:
1111:
1104:. Retrieved
1098:
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1075:the original
1070:
1061:
1049:. Retrieved
1043:
1013:. Retrieved
1007:
974:. Retrieved
959:
926:. Retrieved
922:the original
913:
865:. Retrieved
810:denaturalize
804:to seek out
795:
780:
740:
737:
728:West Germany
725:
713:
695:
688:
666:
660:was held at
658:
641:
622:
593:
565:
548:
534:
521:
488:Marta Ulrich
476:gas chambers
469:
461:
458:gas chambers
450:Arbeitslager
439:
415:Maria Mandel
408:
385:
379:
345:
333:
329:West Germany
317:war criminal
300:
299:Austrian SS
292:
291:
230:Nazi Germany
192:West Germany
191:
185:
167:(102 counts)
156:West Germany
155:
147:
100:
73:(1999-04-19)
15:
4851:1999 deaths
4846:1919 births
4729:Alois Hudal
4562:Karl Linnas
4541:Carl Værnet
4494:René Lagrou
4484:Pierre Daye
4463:Dinko Šakić
4458:Ivo Rojnica
4352:Hans Eisele
4014:Gas chamber
3982:Concealment
3973:photographs
3820:Gross-Rosen
3789:Lviv (Lwów)
3751:Roza Robota
3655:Częstochowa
3287:Herta Bothe
3277:Hans Anhalt
3270:Camp guards
3210:Ludwig Hahn
3190:Paul Blobel
3130:Franz Bürkl
3120:Hans Biebow
3079:Fritz Klein
3016:Josef Klehr
3001:Erich Bauer
2992:Gas chamber
2938:Karl Möckel
2923:Maria Mandl
2898:Rudolf Höss
2883:Otto Hantke
2772:Oswald Pohl
2762:Ernst Lerch
2573:Stanisławów
2483:Częstochowa
2373:Bronna Góra
2303:Gross-Rosen
2298:Auschwitz I
1983:. pp.
1848:October 15,
1799:. pp.
1708:October 15,
1679:October 15,
1653:October 15,
1600:October 15,
1562:October 15,
1522:February 7,
1488:February 7,
1458:October 16,
1369:October 14,
1245:|work=
1190:October 14,
1186:(in German)
1106:October 16,
1051:October 14,
1015:October 14,
976:October 14,
928:October 14,
867:October 15,
757:camp doctor
655:Extradition
595:Nazi hunter
572:Nova Scotia
480:Elsa Ehrich
465:Elsa Ehrich
309:Ravensbrück
264:SS Helferin
121:Russel Ryan
4840:Categories
4619:Assistance
3337:Irma Grese
3332:Paul Götze
3302:Luise Danz
3051:Physicians
2858:Kurt Franz
2707:Hans Frank
2675:Organizers
2619:Heidelager
1916:2007027905
1395:January 6,
1308:Justia Law
820:References
787:amputation
776:punishment
768:indictment
746:Düsseldorf
720:Düsseldorf
472:selections
411:Aufseherin
321:extradited
218:Allegiance
49:1919-07-16
4607:(Finnish)
4536:Søren Kam
4503:Ukrainian
4308:Fugitives
4191:Memorials
4088:Aftermath
3855:Treblinka
3810:Auschwitz
3665:Treblinka
3650:Białystok
3638:Uprisings
3418:Treblinka
3263:Personnel
3031:Otto Moll
3021:Hans Koch
2873:Amon Göth
2604:Action T4
2568:Sosnowiec
2538:Nowy Sącz
2473:Białystok
2440:Szczuczyn
2388:Erntefest
2378:Bydgoszcz
2363:Białystok
2278:Treblinka
2154:Lithuania
1977:San Diego
1517:0362-4331
1423:0362-4331
1247:ignored (
1237:cite book
1081:April 14,
733:jackboots
714:Ryan was
590:Discovery
568:emigrated
452:) and an
397:works in
387:Anschluss
359:chauffeur
323:from the
282:Housewife
256:1939–1945
4818:See also
4633:Ratlines
4550:Estonian
4426:Croatian
4034:Zyklon B
3850:Trawniki
3845:Stutthof
3830:Majdanek
2578:Tarnopol
2518:Lubartów
2430:Jedwabne
2333:Trawniki
2323:Stutthof
2313:Potulice
2256:Majdanek
2174:Slovakia
2026:91103439
2006:(1989).
1947:84018969
1927:(eds.).
1868:New York
1860:(2005).
1778:46003917
1770:New York
1640:99004040
1363:Archived
1227:June 22,
1140:April 1,
957:(2001).
783:diabetes
750:SS guard
716:remanded
637:reporter
602:Tel Aviv
540:Red Army
395:aircraft
375:American
301:Helferin
236:Service/
112:Deceased
4757:Hunters
4571:Latvian
4477:Belgian
4019:Gas van
3835:Sobibór
3772:Ghettos
3679:Leaders
3660:Sobibor
3413:Sobibor
3406:By camp
2553:Siedlce
2460:Ghettos
2445:Tykocin
2417:Pogroms
2403:Palmiry
2328:Szebnie
2273:Sobibor
2251:Chełmno
2179:Ukraine
2164:Romania
2144:Germany
2134:Estonia
2129:Denmark
2124:Croatia
2119:Belgium
2114:Belarus
1147:Source:
629:Maspeth
615:Toronto
524:Genthin
392:Heinkel
373:for an
371:England
363:butcher
186:Austria
148:Austria
87:Germany
4804:ODESSA
4766:&
4529:Danish
4131:Trials
4106:Bricha
3840:Soldau
3825:Izbica
3815:Bełżec
3794:Warsaw
3779:Kraków
3619:Żegota
2588:Warsaw
2563:Słonim
2558:Sambor
2533:Mizocz
2523:Lublin
2498:Kraków
2493:Kielce
2488:Grodno
2468:Będzin
2450:Wąsosz
2426:(1946)
2424:Kielce
2338:Warsaw
2318:Soldau
2268:Belzec
2169:Russia
2159:Norway
2149:Latvia
2139:France
2024:
2014:
1991:
1964:: 812.
1945:
1935:
1914:
1904:
1878:
1839:
1807:
1776:
1753:
1638:
1628:
1553:
1515:
1421:
1218:
967:
643:1968,
619:Queens
537:Soviet
512:German
508:Polish
413:under
399:Berlin
382:German
348:Vienna
319:to be
269:Awards
238:branch
227:
213:career
160:Murder
134:Nazism
130:Motive
118:Spouse
79:Bochum
57:Vienna
3803:Camps
3463:RKFDV
2583:Wilno
2548:Radom
2543:Pińsk
2478:Brest
2383:Dynów
2229:Camps
1985:46–52
1647:(PDF)
1622:(PDF)
1465:Jews.
1448:(PDF)
1335:(PDF)
1284:(PDF)
617:, to
367:nurse
172:Trial
4246:List
3784:Łódź
3604:Bund
3468:VoMi
3458:WVHA
2513:Łódź
2503:Lwów
2435:Lviv
2022:LCCN
2012:ISBN
1989:ISBN
1943:LCCN
1933:ISBN
1912:LCCN
1902:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1850:2008
1837:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1774:LCCN
1751:ISBN
1710:2008
1681:2008
1655:2008
1636:LCCN
1626:ISBN
1602:2008
1564:2008
1551:ISBN
1524:2023
1513:ISSN
1490:2023
1460:2008
1430:2023
1419:ISSN
1397:2022
1371:2008
1315:2022
1249:help
1229:2013
1216:ISBN
1192:2008
1142:2013
1108:2008
1083:2013
1053:2008
1017:2008
978:2008
965:ISBN
930:2008
869:2008
755:and
679:and
551:Graz
502:and
342:Life
311:and
303:and
297:Nazi
261:Rank
68:Died
43:Born
3629:ŻZW
3624:ŻOB
3614:PKB
3599:AOB
808:to
570:to
417:at
307:at
4842::
3609:GL
3594:AK
3530:/
3526:,
3522:,
3518:,
3514:,
3510:,
3506:/
3502:,
3442:SS
2020:.
1987:.
1979::
1975:.
1962:25
1960:.
1941:.
1910:.
1900:.
1874:.
1870::
1866:.
1835:.
1831::
1827:.
1803:.
1795:.
1768:.
1749:.
1712:.
1698:.
1672:.
1634:.
1588:.
1577:^
1566:.
1511:.
1507:.
1480:.
1462:.
1450:.
1413:.
1388:.
1355:.
1323:^
1306:.
1286:.
1266:^
1241::
1239:}}
1235:{{
1194:.
1182:.
1128:.
1110:.
1069:.
1042:.
1025:^
1006:.
986:^
938:^
916:.
912:.
877:^
827:^
816:.
793:.
498:,
494:,
490:,
486:,
482:,
401:.
211:SS
85:,
81:,
59:,
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4288:t
4281:v
4248:)
4244:(
4074:e
4067:t
4060:v
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3560:v
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3498:(
3454:)
3450:(
3444:)
3440:(
2655:e
2648:t
2641:v
2509:)
2505:(
2215:e
2208:t
2201:v
2084:e
2077:t
2070:v
2028:.
1999:.
1997:.
1949:.
1918:.
1884:.
1852:.
1813:.
1780:.
1759:.
1683:.
1657:.
1604:.
1526:.
1492:.
1432:.
1399:.
1373:.
1337:.
1317:.
1251:)
1231:.
1144:.
1085:.
1055:.
1019:.
980:.
932:.
871:.
103:)
99:(
51:)
47:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
