1658:
humans. Examples of highly toxic herbs include poison hemlock and nightshade. They are not marketed to the public as herbs, because the risks are well known, partly due to a long and colorful history in Europe, associated with "sorcery", "magic" and intrigue. Although not frequent, adverse reactions have been reported for herbs in widespread use. On occasion serious untoward outcomes have been linked to herb consumption. A case of major potassium depletion has been attributed to chronic licorice ingestion, and consequently professional herbalists avoid the use of licorice where they recognize that this may be a risk. Black cohosh has been implicated in a case of liver failure. Few studies are available on the safety of herbs for pregnant women, and one study found that use of complementary and alternative medicines is associated with a 30% lower ongoing pregnancy and live birth rate during fertility treatment.
1125:
1622:
1862:, to implement clinical guidelines and prescription of herbal products, and to assure self-regulation for protection of public health and safety. In the United Kingdom, the training of herbalists is done by state-funded universities offering Bachelor of Science degrees in herbal medicine. In the United States, according to the American Herbalist Guild, "there is currently no licensing or certification for herbalists in any state that precludes the rights of anyone to use, dispense, or recommend herbs." However, there are U.S. federal restrictions for marketing herbs as cures for medical conditions, or essentially practicing as an unlicensed physician.
1235:
2077:
1979:" of unreliable product quality, safety hazards, and the potential for misleading health advice. Globally, there are no standards across various herbal products to authenticate their contents, safety or efficacy, and there is generally an absence of high-quality scientific research on product composition or effectiveness for anti-disease activity. Presumed claims of therapeutic benefit from herbal products, without rigorous evidence of efficacy and safety, receive skeptical views by scientists.
1844:
5850:
1460:
7265:
1996:
2177:
7575:
6748:
58:
1564:
1933:(cGMP) policy for dietary supplements. Manufacturers of products falling into this category are not required to prove the safety or efficacy of their product so long as they do not make 'medical' claims or imply uses other than as a 'dietary supplement', though the FDA may withdraw a product from sale should it prove harmful.
2217:
1650:. Furthermore, "adulteration, inappropriate formulation, or lack of understanding of plant and drug interactions have led to adverse reactions that are sometimes life threatening or lethal." Proper double-blind clinical trials are needed to determine the safety and efficacy of each plant before medical use.
1768:
For example, dangerously low blood pressure may result from the combination of a herbal remedy that lowers blood pressure together with prescription medicine that has the same effect. Some herbs may amplify the effects of anticoagulants. Certain herbs as well as common fruit interfere with cytochrome
1878:
to numerous herbalism companies for illegally marketing products under "conditions that cause them to be drugs under section 201(g)(1) of the Act , because they are intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease and/or intended to affect the structure or any
1657:
Standardization of purity and dosage is not mandated in the United States, but even products made to the same specification may differ as a result of biochemical variations within a species of plant. Plants have chemical defense mechanisms against predators that can have adverse or lethal effects on
1653:
Although many consumers believe that herbal medicines are safe because they are natural, herbal medicines and synthetic drugs may interact, causing toxicity to the consumer. Herbal remedies can also be dangerously contaminated, and herbal medicines without established efficacy, may unknowingly be
1857:
In some countries, formalized training and minimum education standards exist for herbalists, although these are not necessarily uniform within or between countries. In
Australia, for example, the self-regulated status of the profession (as of 2009) resulted in variable standards of training, and
1760:
There is also concern with respect to the numerous well-established interactions of herbs and drugs. In consultation with a physician, usage of herbal remedies should be clarified, as some herbal remedies have the potential to cause adverse drug interactions when used in combination with various
1297:
who wrote during the 3rd century BCE, and from
Krateuas who wrote in the 1st century BCE. Only a few fragments of these works have survived intact, but from what remains, scholars have noted overlap with the Egyptian herbals. Seeds likely used for herbalism were found in archaeological sites of
1528:
are alcoholic extracts of herbs, which are generally stronger than herbal teas. Tinctures are usually obtained by combining pure ethanol (or a mixture of pure ethanol with water) with the herb. A completed tincture has an ethanol percentage of at least 25% (sometimes up to 90%). Non-alcoholic
2339:
Indigenous healers often claim to have learned by observing that sick animals change their food preferences to nibble at bitter herbs they would normally reject. Field biologists have provided corroborating evidence based on observation of diverse species, such as chickens, sheep,
2034:
the compounds from a given plant believed to be biologically active. It relies on the false belief that preserving the complexity of substances from a given plant with less processing is safer and potentially more effective, for which there is no evidence either condition applies.
1582:
extracts can be applied to the skin, usually diluted in a carrier oil. Many essential oils can burn the skin or are simply too high dose used straight; diluting them in olive oil or another food grade oil such as almond oil can allow these to be used safely as a topical.
3025:
1804:, despite this being a condition for their sale. They also found that nearly 60 percent of products surveyed had ingredients that did not match what was on the label. Out of 121 products, only 15 had ingredients that matched their TGA listing and packaging.
1215:
as unproven medicines or health-promoting agents. Paraherbalism relies on the belief that preserving various substances from a given source with less processing is safer or more effective than manufactured products, a concept for which there is no evidence.
1936:
Canadian regulations are described by the
Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate which requires an eight-digit Natural Product Number or Homeopathic Medicine Number on the label of licensed herbal medicines or dietary supplements.
3058:"Assessment of clinical safety and efficacy in the preparation of Community herbal monographs for well-established and of Community herbal monographs/entries to the Community list for traditional herbal medicinal products/substances/preparations"
1419:
funds clinical trials on herbal compounds, provides fact sheets evaluating the safety, potential effectiveness and side effects of many plant sources, and maintains a registry of clinical research conducted on herbal products.
3477:
Gilani AH, Shah AJ, Zubair A, Khalid S, Kiani J, Ahmed A, et al. (January 2009). "Chemical composition and mechanisms underlying the spasmolytic and bronchodilatory properties of the essential oil of Nepeta cataria L".
2610:
1595:
to be extracted into the oil. This oil can then be made into salves, creams, lotions, or simply used as an oil for topical application. Many massage oils, antibacterial salves, and wound healing compounds are made this way.
1982:
Unethical practices by some herbalists and manufacturers, which may include false advertising about health benefits on product labels or literature, and contamination or use of fillers during product preparation, may erode
1591:, creams, and lotions are other forms of topical delivery mechanisms. Most topical applications are oil extractions of herbs. Taking a food grade oil and soaking herbs in it for anywhere from weeks to months allows certain
3032:
1858:
numerous loosely formed associations setting different educational standards. One 2009 review concluded that regulation of herbalists in
Australia was needed to reduce the risk of interaction of herbal medicines with
4586:
4323:
4642:
2316:
Herbalists tend to use extracts from parts of plants, such as the roots or leaves, believing that plants are subject to environmental pressures and therefore develop resistance to threats such as radiation,
4419:
2291:. Jamu practices may vary from region to region, and are often not recorded, especially in remote areas of the country. Although primarily herbal, some Jamu materials are acquired from animals, such as
4692:
3061:
1911:
in 1998 to support WHO Member States in establishing quality standards and specifications for herbal materials, within the overall context of quality assurance and control of herbal medicines.
1181:
for the safety and efficacy of many plants used in 21st-century herbalism, which generally does not provide standards for purity or dosage. The scope of herbal medicine sometimes includes
4353:
4386:
2042:
described paraherbalism as "faulty or inferior herbalism based on pseudoscience", using scientific terminology but lacking scientific evidence for safety and efficacy. Tyler listed ten
1776:
in over 700 analyzed dietary supplements sold as "herbal", "natural" or "traditional". The undisclosed additives included "unapproved antidepressants and designer steroids", as well as
1412:
2602:
1407:; herbalism was one of 17 topics evaluated for which no clear evidence of effectiveness was found. Establishing guidelines to assess the safety and efficacy of herbal products, the
1111:
4615:
1522:. To make macerates, plants are chopped and added to cold water. They are then left to stand for 7 to 12 hours (depending on the herb used). For most macerates, 10 hours is used.
6786:
4582:
4315:
5493:
Grassmann J, Hippeli S, Elstner EF (June 2002). "Plant's defence and its benefits for animals and medicine: role of phenolics and terpenoids in avoiding oxygen stress".
2050:
to suppress safe and effective herbs, herbs cannot cause harm, whole herbs are more effective than molecules isolated from the plants, herbs are superior to drugs, the
6152:
5363:
4638:
2062:
is an effective means of proving a substance works and herbs were created by God to cure disease. Tyler suggests that none of these beliefs have any basis in fact.
1537:
include liquid extracts, dry extracts, and nebulisates. Liquid extracts are liquids with a lower ethanol percentage than tinctures. They are usually made by vacuum
505:
4819:
7191:
1529:
tinctures can be made with glycerin but it is believed to be less absorbed by the body than alcohol based tinctures and has a shorter shelf life. Herbal wine and
4559:
5328:
4841:
FDA Issues
Regulation Prohibiting Sale of Dietary Supplements Containing Ephedrine Alkaloids and Reiterates Its Advice That Consumers Stop Using These Products
4409:
1411:
provided criteria in 2017 for evaluating and grading the quality of clinical research in preparing monographs about herbal products. In the United States, the
1124:
1480:
There are many forms in which herbs can be administered, the most common of which is a liquid consumed as a herbal tea or a (possibly diluted) plant extract.
7611:
4688:
3057:
2054:(the belief that the shape of the plant indicates its function) is valid, dilution of substances increases their potency (a doctrine of the pseudoscience of
1926:
1368:(WHO) estimates that 80 percent of the population of some Asian and African countries presently uses herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health care.
1451:. Multiple factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, education and social class are also shown to have associations with the prevalence of herbal remedy use.
5674:
4866:
1104:
180:
5394:
6733:
4718:
4064:"Use of complementary and alternative medicines associated with a 30% lower ongoing pregnancy/live birth rate during 12 months of fertility treatment"
225:
5992:
1615:
2490:
6779:
2646:
2839:
6239:
4265:
7500:
7249:
7086:
7035:
4533:
4349:
2348:. The habit of changing diet has been shown to be a physical means of purging intestinal parasites. Sick animals tend to forage plants rich in
1915:
1621:
794:
8172:
5425:
4376:
3720:
3565:
3416:
3375:
2941:
2915:
2882:
2718:
2404:
2157:
1097:
754:
319:
749:
7923:
5212:
4963:"Deep sequencing of plant and animal DNA contained within traditional Chinese medicines reveals legality issues and health safety concerns"
744:
595:
398:
4664:
2208:. Those are used by Amchis, the practitioners of this medical system. The Indian book, Vedas, mentions treatment of diseases with plants.
2026:
of plant or animal origin as supposed medicines or health-promoting agents. Phytotherapy differs from plant-derived medicines in standard
4611:
3113:
7453:
4287:
Nekvindová J, Anzenbacher P (July 2007). "Interactions of food and dietary supplements with drug metabolising cytochrome P450 enzymes".
705:
82:
1967:
as a dietary supplement is prohibited in the United States by the FDA, and subject to
Schedule III restrictions in the United Kingdom.
7525:
7319:
7184:
6772:
6215:
6191:
6128:
5048:
5032:
3400:
1272:, depicted in tomb illustrations, or on rare occasions found in medical jars containing trace amounts of herbs. In ancient Egypt, the
811:
678:
4187:
1831:) who were accused of selling herbal supplements that were mislabeled and potentially dangerous. Twenty-four products were tested by
6638:
6223:
5905:
5643:
5624:
5083:
3350:
3307:
2822:
2583:
1871:
1289:
250:
1427:
as of 2015, "there is currently no strong evidence from studies in people that herbal remedies can treat, prevent or cure cancer".
1234:
7604:
7159:
2957:
2394:
1801:
1400:
1083:
1053:
3434:
Herz RS (2009). "Aromatherapy facts and fictions: a scientific analysis of olfactory effects on mood, physiology and behavior".
1765:
pharmaceuticals, just as a customer should inform a herbalist of their consumption of actual prescription and other medication.
7532:
7417:
7387:
6678:
6648:
6469:
6095:
5667:
1015:
995:
205:
89:
77:
1403:
published the results of a review of alternative therapies that sought to determine if any were suitable for being covered by
8058:
7407:
7284:
6703:
6571:
5869:
4246:"An examination of the bleeding complications associated with herbal supplements, antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications"
3087:
965:
833:
823:
712:
668:
6136:
3927:
Lin SH, Yang SS, Chau T, Halperin ML (March 2003). "An unusual cause of hypokalemic paralysis: chronic licorice ingestion".
1948:, are outright banned in most countries though coca is legal in most of the South American countries where it is grown. The
5355:
8182:
7579:
7177:
6230:
6159:
5201:"Preserving Ayurvedic herbal formulations by Vaidyas: The traditional healers of the Uttaranchal Himalaya region in India"
4503:
1416:
1068:
235:
195:
41:
4843:
8177:
7918:
7412:
7397:
7355:
7289:
7239:
6698:
6633:
6144:
4815:
4745:
2284:
2149:
2110:
1174:
1005:
930:
910:
838:
784:
5849:
4750:
2188:
has quite complex formulas with 30 or more ingredients, including a sizable number of ingredients that have undergone "
1907:(WHO), the specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that is concerned with international public health, published
490:
7597:
7402:
7096:
6397:
6343:
1930:
955:
873:
373:
4555:
3513:
Gaire BP, Subedi L (March 2013). "A review on the pharmacological and toxicological aspects of Datura stramonium L".
3217:
Roozbeh J, Hashempur MH, Heydari M (November 2013). "Use of herbal remedies among patients undergoing hemodialysis".
1486:, or tisanes, are the resultant liquid of extracting herbs into water, though they are made in a few different ways.
6120:
5320:
8167:
7244:
6752:
6457:
6259:
5960:
5889:
5660:
2685:
1163:, some herbal medicines have been translated into modern remedies, such as the anti-malarial group of drugs called
495:
314:
240:
6175:
6000:
1646:
It is a popular misconception that herbal medicines are safe and side-effect free. Consumption of herbs may cause
7392:
7214:
6274:
6112:
5234:
Kala CP (2005). "Health traditions of
Buddhist community and role of amchis in trans-Himalayan region of India".
1904:
1808:
1408:
1365:
764:
378:
324:
6040:
3086:. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. 21 November 2016.
2076:
1262:, who compiled lists of plants. Some ancient cultures wrote about plants and their medical uses in books called
7448:
7360:
6668:
6499:
6183:
6031:
5530:"Animal self-medication and ethno-medicine: exploration and exploitation of the medicinal properties of plants"
2287:
holds numerous indigenous plants not found in India, including plants similar to those in
Australia beyond the
1960:
1892:
1884:
1448:
1276:
dates from about 1550 BCE, and covers more than 700 compounds, mainly of plant origin. The earliest known
1043:
210:
6167:
4859:
3838:
Müller JL (1998). "Love potions and the ointment of witches: historical aspects of the nightshade alkaloids".
2123:
Native
Americans used about 2,500 of the approximately 20,000 plant species that are native to North America.
6199:
2762:
Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Linder T, Wawrosch C, Uhrin P, et al. (December 2015).
1891:
to several hundred
American companies for promoting false claims that herbal products could prevent or treat
7634:
6708:
6658:
6439:
6403:
6008:
5935:
5874:
5764:
5386:
5152:"A great honor and a huge challenge for China: You-you TU getting the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"
4714:
3246:"Who Uses CAM? A Narrative Review of Demographic Characteristics and Health Factors Associated with CAM Use"
2318:
2011:. The unpurified bark is still used by some who cannot afford to purchase more expensive antimalarial drugs.
1269:
1258:
age, approximately 60,000 years ago. Written evidence of herbal remedies dates back over 5,000 years to the
1178:
759:
717:
645:
525:
160:
31:
6048:
5952:
3299:
Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine: Traditional System, Ethics, Safety, Efficacy, and Regulatory Issues
1548:
The exact composition of a herbal product is influenced by the method of extraction. A tea will be rich in
8038:
7438:
7345:
7117:
6653:
6493:
6475:
6279:
6104:
4891:
Zhang J, Wider B, Shang H, Li X, Ernst E (2012). "Quality of herbal medicines: challenges and solutions".
2051:
1797:
700:
690:
585:
2272:
dated from circa 1700 contains 3,000 entries of jamu herbal recipes, while Javanese classical literature
2058:), astrological alignments are significant, animal testing is not appropriate to indicate human effects,
7664:
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6914:
6832:
6728:
6565:
6463:
5984:
5879:
2482:
2349:
1762:
1078:
685:
615:
455:
255:
120:
7254:
6016:
3178:"The prevalence and pattern of complementary and alternative medicine use in individuals with diabetes"
2642:
1843:
5944:
5912:
2854:
1835:
as part of the investigation, with all but five containing DNA that did not match the product labels.
8063:
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7200:
7112:
7004:
6984:
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6713:
6541:
6529:
6319:
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5502:
4245:
2446:
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2071:
1334:
1324:
1225:
1204:
1156:
1048:
777:
737:
560:
423:
351:
299:
220:
127:
72:
49:
4525:
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7055:
6919:
6693:
6683:
6589:
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6269:
5884:
5749:
5719:
4785:
4414:
2136:
1984:
1922:
1491:
1294:
695:
480:
393:
170:
100:
5101:"Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru: tracking two thousand years of healing culture"
4446:"The practice and regulatory requirements of naturopathy and western herbal medicine in Australia"
3583:"The importance of using scientific principles in the development of medicinal agents from plants"
3420:
1459:
1356:, a physician and botanist, is one example of herbal writing used over centuries until the 1600s.
8157:
8104:
8018:
7993:
7963:
7820:
7704:
7684:
7659:
7620:
7443:
6954:
6944:
6929:
6924:
6723:
6718:
6688:
6673:
6663:
6583:
6547:
6415:
6284:
6056:
5864:
5779:
5012:
4797:
4639:"FDA and FTC issue more warning letters citing products and services making illegal COVID claims"
4381:
4044:
4001:
3952:
3820:
3812:
3459:
2736:
2606:
2185:
2059:
2039:
1964:
1888:
1875:
1820:
1750:
1722:
1661:
Examples of herbal treatments with likely cause-effect relationships with adverse events include
1572:
1424:
1063:
1038:
975:
673:
500:
408:
388:
368:
294:
5200:
1738:
4671:
3548:
Kumar P, Nandave M, Kumar A, Nandave D (2024). "Herbovigilance". In Nandave M, Kumar A (eds.).
2814:
The Engines of Hippocrates: From the Dawn of Medicine to Medical and Pharmaceutical Informatics
8008:
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6864:
6445:
6391:
6088:
6024:
5928:
5683:
5639:
5620:
5592:
5551:
5475:
5421:
5301:
5181:
5132:
5079:
5067:
5028:
4994:
4943:
4908:
4789:
4477:
4296:
4257:
4226:
4161:
4120:
4085:
4036:
3993:
3944:
3909:
3882:
3855:
3801:
3782:
3726:
3716:
3685:
3664:"Which botanicals or other unconventional anticancer agents should we take to clinical trial?"
3644:
3604:
3561:
3530:
3495:
3451:
3396:
3371:
3346:
3340:
3303:
3275:
3226:
3199:
3158:
3109:
3026:"Review of the Australian Government Rebate on Natural Therapies for Private Health Insurance"
3006:
2937:
2931:
2911:
2878:
2818:
2793:
2724:
2714:
2708:
2579:
2573:
2551:
2533:
2464:
2369:
2269:
2253:
2081:
2047:
1880:
1859:
1800:
found in 2014 that almost 20 percent of herbal remedies surveyed were not registered with the
1777:
1626:
1549:
1507:
1436:
1372:
1329:
848:
605:
570:
475:
413:
361:
262:
3297:
2907:
2812:
2764:"Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review"
2152:
have attempted to deconstruct ancient medical texts in the light of modern science. In 1972,
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7304:
7147:
7045:
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6842:
6618:
6601:
6559:
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5112:
5052:
5024:
4984:
4974:
4935:
4900:
4781:
4467:
4457:
4218:
4151:
4112:
4075:
4028:
3983:
3936:
3847:
3793:
3772:
3762:
3708:
3675:
3636:
3594:
3553:
3522:
3487:
3443:
3265:
3257:
3189:
3148:
2996:
2988:
2872:
2783:
2775:
2541:
2525:
2454:
2334:
2197:
1956:
1812:
1465:
1404:
1152:
863:
625:
485:
272:
3707:. Novartis Foundation Symposia. Vol. 282. pp. 154–67, discussion 167–72, 212–18.
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6837:
6827:
6577:
6505:
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6349:
6337:
6331:
6313:
6064:
5829:
5774:
5729:
4847:
4179:
2748:
2677:
2389:
2241:
2233:
2201:
2031:
1995:
1941:
1730:
1718:
1694:
1319:
1251:
1190:
1169:
1033:
990:
575:
565:
440:
341:
309:
304:
277:
215:
185:
5968:
5076:
Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
4772:
Goldman P (October 2001). "Herbal medicines today and the roots of modern pharmacology".
5506:
4961:
Coghlan ML, Haile J, Houston J, Murray DC, White NE, Moolhuijzen P, et al. (2012).
3751:"DNA barcoding detects contamination and substitution in North American herbal products"
2450:
2176:
2115:
Up to 80% of the population in Africa uses traditional medicine as primary health care.
8088:
8043:
7787:
7422:
7279:
6959:
6628:
6487:
6433:
6427:
6367:
6289:
5819:
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5445:
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5269:
5176:
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5127:
5100:
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3749:
Newmaster SG, Grguric M, Shanmughanandhan D, Ramalingam S, Ragupathy S (October 2013).
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1229:
1010:
883:
650:
635:
550:
470:
465:
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period mentioned a specific profession of herb mixer and combiner (herbalist), called
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7122:
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6421:
6409:
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6325:
6207:
5814:
5809:
5071:
4032:
4019:
Born D, Barron ML (May–June 2005). "Herb use in pregnancy: what nurses should know".
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2019:
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1273:
1208:
1148:
945:
920:
828:
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630:
545:
460:
383:
346:
289:
267:
155:
105:
4801:
4048:
4005:
3956:
1506:
are the long-term boiled extracts, usually of harder substances like roots or bark.
8129:
7639:
7542:
7340:
6969:
6451:
6307:
5754:
5704:
3873:
Lee MR (December 2006). "Solanaceae III: henbane, hags and Hawley Harvey Crippen".
2305:
2301:
2288:
2027:
1706:
1603:
1560:
solvent and it will absorb non-polar compounds. Alcohol lies somewhere in between.
1538:
1470:
1281:
1160:
1000:
970:
843:
722:
610:
535:
435:
430:
336:
331:
282:
245:
190:
175:
4140:"Interactions between herbs and conventional drugs: overview of the clinical data"
3972:"Fulminant hepatic failure associated with the use of black cohosh: a case report"
3083:
2046:
that distinguished herbalism from paraherbalism, including claims that there is a
5614:
4979:
3557:
1323:, an early Chinese medical text, are herbs. Herbs were also commonly used in the
17:
8048:
8028:
8023:
7983:
7547:
7515:
7050:
6595:
6264:
5839:
5784:
5759:
5734:
5699:
3153:
3136:
2874:
Huang Di Nei Jing: Nature, Knowledge, Imagery in an Ancient Chinese Medical Text
2374:
2296:
2161:
2089:
1816:
1785:
1639:
1542:
1515:
1376:
1255:
1243:
1194:
1164:
960:
878:
590:
515:
510:
450:
230:
200:
150:
145:
110:
57:
4904:
4495:
3797:
3712:
1533:
are alcoholic extracts of herbs, usually with an ethanol percentage of 12–38%.
8119:
8073:
7875:
7870:
7760:
7733:
7719:
7644:
7495:
7142:
7132:
7009:
6999:
6939:
6904:
6899:
5789:
5739:
5714:
5461:
4926:
Morris CA, Avorn J (September 2003). "Internet marketing of herbal products".
4840:
4717:. Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. June 2011.
4103:
Ernst E (February 1998). "Harmless herbs? A review of the recent literature".
3851:
3526:
3491:
3447:
2992:
2529:
2345:
2245:
2085:
2055:
1781:
1773:
1702:
1599:
1483:
1299:
1058:
555:
540:
530:
418:
165:
115:
4939:
4740:
3767:
3194:
3177:
2537:
8134:
8083:
8013:
7988:
7958:
7928:
7880:
7865:
7860:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7714:
7669:
7557:
7505:
7299:
7294:
7137:
6909:
6869:
6859:
6812:
6764:
6643:
5919:
5794:
5286:
5020:
4222:
4080:
4063:
2977:"The discovery of artemisinin and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"
2575:
Critical Thinking, Science, and Pseudoscience: Why We Can't Trust Our Brains
2357:
2341:
2261:
2249:
2229:
2205:
2153:
2131:
1976:
1824:
1746:
1714:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1557:
1503:
1380:
1349:
980:
940:
915:
620:
580:
445:
5596:
5555:
5479:
5305:
5185:
5136:
5117:
4998:
4947:
4912:
4793:
4481:
4410:"GNC, Target, Wal-Mart, Walgreens accused of selling adulterated 'herbals'"
4316:"No Wonder It Works So Well: There May Be Viagra In That Herbal Supplement"
4300:
4261:
4230:
4165:
4089:
4040:
3997:
3948:
3913:
3900:
Pinn G (November 2001). "Adverse effects associated with herbal medicine".
3886:
3805:
3786:
3730:
3689:
3648:
3608:
3534:
3499:
3455:
3279:
3230:
3203:
3162:
3010:
2797:
2728:
2555:
2468:
2200:
is prevalent, also called the "Amichi Medical System". Over 337 species of
1563:
5167:
4124:
3859:
3809:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
3627:
Elvin-Lewis M (May 2001). "Should we be concerned about herbal remedies".
3261:
1545:
into a dry mass. They can then be further refined to a capsule or tablet.
7968:
7948:
7885:
7845:
7830:
7724:
7537:
7335:
7234:
7081:
7060:
6979:
6949:
6854:
6822:
6517:
6379:
5769:
5744:
5724:
5709:
4444:
Lin V, McCabe P, Bensoussan A, Myers S, Cohen M, Hill S, Howse G (2009).
2280:
2257:
2097:
2000:
1949:
1686:
1666:
1635:
1631:
1588:
1525:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1440:
893:
801:
640:
94:
2681:
2514:"The discovery of artemisinin and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"
8114:
8068:
7998:
7978:
7825:
7699:
7689:
7562:
7485:
7169:
6994:
6934:
6894:
6849:
6807:
5587:
5570:
5546:
5529:
4462:
2353:
2189:
2093:
2043:
2023:
2008:
2004:
1828:
1754:
1726:
1698:
1678:
1534:
1384:
1353:
1327:
of ancient India, where the principal treatment for diseases was diet.
1212:
985:
903:
868:
858:
600:
7589:
4670:. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 2011. Archived from
4156:
4139:
8109:
7973:
7895:
7890:
7850:
7840:
7835:
7778:
7769:
7377:
7229:
7127:
6884:
6623:
3988:
3971:
3137:"Use of alternative medicine by women with early-stage breast cancer"
2384:
1914:
In the European Union (EU), herbal medicines are regulated under the
1530:
1495:
1444:
1388:
1264:
1239:
1073:
898:
853:
520:
5652:
2459:
2434:
1697:. Examples of herbs that may have long-term adverse effects include
1578:
Many herbs are applied topically to the skin in a variety of forms.
7372:
7350:
6974:
6817:
5569:
Hutchings MR, Athanasiadou S, Kyriazakis I, Gordon IJ (May 2003).
4377:"New York Attorney General Targets Supplements at Major Retailers"
3703:
Ernst E (2007). "Herbal Medicines: Balancing Benefits and Risks".
2292:
2215:
2193:
2175:
2127:
2075:
1994:
1842:
1620:
1584:
1562:
1519:
1458:
1259:
1233:
1182:
1123:
950:
925:
806:
356:
4209:
Kuhn MA (April 2002). "Herbal remedies: drug-herb interactions".
2140:) is still a vital component, and has been around for millennia.
8078:
7900:
7855:
7367:
7224:
6879:
2237:
2221:
1945:
1879:
function of the body" when no such evidence existed. During the
1742:
1734:
1568:
1541:
tinctures. Dry extracts are extracts of plant material that are
935:
789:
7593:
7173:
6768:
5656:
5017:
Tyler's Herbs of Choice: The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals
2713:. Vol. 113. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 57–68.
2216:
1630:
has been used in Ayurveda for various treatments, but contains
3112:. Clinicaltrials.gov, US National Institutes of Health. 2017.
3110:"Clinicaltrials.gov, a registry of studies on herbal medicine"
3031:. Australian Government – Department of Health. Archived from
1186:
3419:. University of Maryland Medical Center. 2017. Archived from
3393:
Northern Lore: A Field Guide to the Northern Mind-Body-Spirit
1435:
The use of herbal remedies is more prevalent in people with
3875:
The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
3135:
Burstein HJ, Gelber S, Guadagnoli E, Weeks JC (June 1999).
2168:, a traditional Chinese treatment for intermittent fevers.
888:
6240:
An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants
1999:
An example of a herbal medicine resource: the bark of the
1614:
For partial list of herbs with known adverse effects, see
5571:"Can animals use foraging behaviour to combat parasites?"
5257:. Dehradun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. p. 200.
4612:"Fraudulent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Products"
3176:
Egede LE, Ye X, Zheng D, Silverstein MD (February 2002).
4816:"Licensed Natural Health Products Database: What is it?"
4741:"US Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994"
3329:
Groot Handboek Geneeskrachtige Planten by Geert Verhelst
2483:"This Ancient Chinese Remedy Helped Win the Nobel Prize"
1413:
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
1317:). Over a hundred of the 224 compounds mentioned in the
27:
Study and use of supposed medicinal properties of plants
2240:
traditional herbal medicine may have originated in the
5636:
Herbs and Natural Supplements: An Evidence-Based Guide
2276:(1814) describes some jamu herbal concoction recipes.
5051:. World Health Organization. May 2003. Archived from
4558:. US Food and Drug Administration. 27 February 2017.
4350:"Herbal medicines: Study raises alarm over labelling"
3250:
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
2321:
and microbial attack to survive, providing defensive
2252:
depict the image of people grinding herbs with stone
1963:
in some parts of the world. Since 2004, the sales of
1909:
Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials
30:"Phytomedicine" redirects here. For the journal, see
1921:
In the United States, herbal remedies are regulated
8097:
7909:
7698:
7627:
7478:
7462:
7431:
7328:
7272:
7207:
7105:
7069:
7018:
6800:
6611:
6298:
6250:
5898:
5857:
5690:
5356:"Jamu dan Lulur, Rahasia Cantik Para Putri Keraton"
4021:
MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing
3342:
The Herbal Medicine Maker's Handbook: A Home Manual
2007:, which today is a widely prescribed treatment for
5418:Jamu: The Ancient Indonesian Art of Herbal Healing
4665:"WHO Quality Control Methods for Herbal Materials"
2899:
2260:treating people. The Madhawapura inscription from
1769:P450, an enzyme critical to much drug metabolism.
1250:Archaeological evidence indicates that the use of
4614:. US Food and Drug Administration. 2 April 2021.
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
2578:. Springer Publishing Company. pp. 212–214.
2512:Su, Xin-zhuan; Miller, Louis H. (November 2015).
6216:Pflanzengeographie auf Physiologischer Grundlage
6153:Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
5446:"ABC of complementary medicine: herbal medicine"
5323:[Traces of Ancient Mataram in Sindoro].
3291:
3289:
1284:of Eresos who, in the 4th century BCE, wrote in
5385:Society, National Geographic (20 August 2020).
4865:. World Health Organization. 2013. p. 41.
3668:Journal of the Society for Integrative Oncology
2936:. Harvard University Press. 2010. p. 146.
2877:. University of California Press. p. 286.
2096:, for sale at a traditional medicine market in
7804:Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)
5270:"Historical review of medicinal plants' usage"
4860:"WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy, 2014–2023"
4786:10.7326/0003-4819-135-8_Part_1-200110160-00010
1975:Herbalism has been criticized as a potential "
7605:
7185:
6780:
5668:
3970:Lynch CR, Folkers ME, Hutson WR (June 2006).
2148:Some researchers trained in both Western and
1211:practices of using unrefined plant or animal
1105:
8:
6129:Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie Végétale
4606:
4604:
4500:The National Institute of Medical Herbalists
3929:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2597:
2595:
1665:(which is often a legally restricted herb),
1401:Australian Government's Department of Health
1268:. In ancient Egypt, herbs were mentioned in
2180:A platter of herbal medicines at Goa, India
1772:In a 2018 study, the FDA identified active
1375:have a basis as herbal remedies, including
7612:
7598:
7590:
7192:
7178:
7170:
6787:
6773:
6765:
5675:
5661:
5653:
5439:
5437:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5156:Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B
4343:
4341:
3840:Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology
3823:|...|intentional=yes}}
3744:
3742:
3740:
3622:
3620:
3618:
2567:
2565:
1112:
1098:
181:Association for Research and Enlightenment
36:
6734:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
5924:of Nicolaus of Damascus c. 1st century BC
5616:Meyler's Side Effects of Herbal Medicines
5586:
5545:
5469:
5295:
5285:
5255:Medicinal plants of Indian trans-Himalaya
5175:
5126:
5116:
5105:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
5049:"Traditional medicine, Factsheet No. 134"
4988:
4978:
4583:"Warning Letter – Herbal Doctor Remedies"
4471:
4461:
4155:
4079:
3987:
3776:
3766:
3679:
3598:
3436:The International Journal of Neuroscience
3345:. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 168.
3269:
3193:
3152:
3000:
2787:
2545:
2458:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2196:. In Ladakh, Lahul-Spiti, and Tibet, the
1737:(which is banned in the European Union),
1510:is the cold infusion of plants with high
1490:are hot water extracts of herbs, such as
1238:A physician preparing an elixir, from an
5993:Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes
5575:The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
5534:The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
4352:. The Sydney Morning Herald, Australia.
1847:A herbalist gathers the flower heads of
1654:used to replace prescription medicines.
1616:List of herbs with known adverse effects
1128:An antique selection of herbal medicines
5099:Bussmann RW, Sharon D (November 2006).
4244:Spolarich AE, Andrews L (Summer 2007).
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2415:
1681:, herbs containing certain flavonoids,
48:
7501:Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
7250:Traditional healers of Southern Africa
6137:Recherches Chimiques sur la Végétation
4439:
4437:
2744:
2734:
2134:, in particular the San Pedro cactus (
1916:Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products
1815:letters to four major U.S. retailers (
5444:Vickers A, Zollman C (October 1999).
5215:from the original on 18 February 2020
4872:from the original on 18 November 2017
4585:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
4556:"2017 Warning Letters – Health Fraud"
4536:from the original on 24 November 2020
4450:Risk Management and Healthcare Policy
4356:from the original on 26 February 2017
3370:. Churchill Livingstone. p. 24.
3368:Botanical Medicine for Women's Health
3302:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 80.
3064:from the original on 26 February 2017
2817:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 50.
2649:from the original on 11 November 2009
2405:Traditional Knowledge Digital Library
2279:Though possibly influenced by Indian
7:
5387:"Dividing Species: Wallace Line Map"
4721:from the original on 20 October 2018
4645:from the original on 14 January 2021
4589:from the original on 2 December 2020
4326:from the original on 13 October 2018
4268:from the original on 12 October 2011
2493:from the original on 3 November 2022
7454:Medieval medicine of Western Europe
5150:Yuan D, Yang X, Guo JC (May 2016).
4893:Complementary Therapies in Medicine
4691:. European Medicines Agency. 2017.
3581:Talalay P, Talalay P (March 2001).
3244:Bishop FL, Lewith GT (March 2010).
3141:The New England Journal of Medicine
3060:. European Medicines Agency. 2017.
2256:, a drink seller, a herbalist, and
2160:, extracted the anti-malarial drug
1931:current good manufacturing practice
7320:Traditional Alaska Native medicine
6192:Experiments on Plant Hybridization
6145:Beyträge zur Anatomie der Pflanzen
5420:. Periplus Editions (HK) Limited.
4818:. Health Canada. 8 December 2016.
4695:from the original on 15 March 2017
4389:from the original on 28 April 2019
3219:Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases
3090:from the original on 30 March 2019
2975:Su XZ, Miller LH (November 2015).
2688:from the original on 5 August 2020
1642:, which may cause severe toxicity.
25:
6224:Variation and Evolution in Plants
5495:Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
5366:from the original on 3 April 2019
4618:from the original on 5 March 2021
4506:from the original on 26 June 2019
4190:from the original on 26 June 2019
4062:Boivin J, Schmidt L (July 2009).
3116:from the original on 1 April 2019
1872:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
1333:, originally written in Greek by
1177:to treat fever. There is limited
251:Chiropractic treatment techniques
7574:
7573:
7263:
7160:List of plants used in herbalism
6747:
6746:
5848:
5331:from the original on 9 June 2020
4822:from the original on 4 June 2017
4753:from the original on 31 May 2009
4422:from the original on 24 May 2019
4105:The American Journal of Medicine
4033:10.1097/00005721-200505000-00009
3941:10.1097/00000441-200303000-00008
3600:10.1097/00001888-200103000-00010
2780:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001
2613:from the original on 29 May 2019
2395:List of plants used in herbalism
2224:herbal medicines held in bottles
2030:because it does not isolate and
1802:Therapeutic Goods Administration
1054:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
56:
7533:History of alternative medicine
7418:Traditional Vietnamese medicine
7388:Sri Lankan traditional medicine
6679:History of evolutionary thought
6649:History of agricultural science
5397:from the original on 7 May 2022
5321:"Jejak Mataram Kuno di Sindoro"
4715:"Botanical Dietary Supplements"
4562:from the original on 9 May 2021
4144:Medical Principles and Practice
3515:Journal of Integrative Medicine
2643:"False Tenets of Paraherbalism"
2156:, a pharmaceutical chemist and
1159:. With worldwide research into
90:Alternative veterinary medicine
7408:Traditional Mongolian medicine
7285:Brazilian traditional medicine
6704:History of molecular evolution
6572:Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper
6121:Die Metamorphose der Pflantzen
5870:Natural History Museum, London
5362:(in Indonesian). 21 May 2013.
5068:"Ethnobotany in North America"
4637:Bellamy J (19 November 2020).
4375:O'Connor A (3 February 2015).
4348:Carroll L (24 February 2014).
4217:(2): 22–8, 30, 32, quiz 34–5.
3705:Dietary Supplements and Health
3552:. Springer. pp. 243–267.
2840:"History of Medicine in China"
2244:era, some 1300 years ago. The
2220:Different types of Indonesian
2130:healing practices, the use of
1870:Over the years 2017–2021, the
1606:, can be used as a treatment.
1552:components because water is a
713:Water fluoridation controversy
669:Big Pharma conspiracy theories
1:
7580:Category:Traditional medicine
5961:Libellus De Re Herbaria Novus
5515:10.1016/S0981-9428(02)01395-5
5319:Wahono T (21 February 2012).
5268:Petrovska BB (January 2012).
4117:10.1016/S0002-9343(97)00397-5
3641:10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00394-9
1987:about services and products.
1866:United States herbalism fraud
1556:. Oil on the other hand is a
1417:National Institutes of Health
1338:
1307:
1084:Wilson's temperature syndrome
1069:Multiple chemical sensitivity
196:Biological terrain assessment
8173:Biologically based therapies
7413:Traditional Tibetan medicine
7398:Traditional Chinese medicine
7356:Iranian traditional medicine
7290:Chumash traditional medicine
7240:Traditional African medicine
6699:History of molecular biology
6634:History of plant systematics
6470:Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure
6176:Vergleichende Untersuchungen
6001:Prodromus Theatrici Botanici
4980:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002657
4746:Food and Drug Administration
4581:Porter Jr SE (25 May 2017).
4408:Kaplan S (3 February 2015).
3629:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
3558:10.1007/978-981-99-8949-2_12
3550:Pharmacovigilance Essentials
3480:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
2572:Lack CW, Rousseau J (2016).
2150:traditional Chinese medicine
2111:Traditional African medicine
1927:Food and Drug Administration
7403:Traditional Korean medicine
6398:Joseph Pitton de Tournefort
6113:Experiments Upon Vegetables
5391:National Geographic Society
4774:Annals of Internal Medicine
4689:"Herbal medicinal products"
4526:"Legal and Regulatory FAQs"
4314:Cohen R (12 October 2018).
3902:Australian Family Physician
3154:10.1056/NEJM199906033402206
2981:Science China Life Sciences
2902:A Short History of Medicine
2641:Tyler VE (31 August 1999).
2518:Science China Life Sciences
1173:, a herb that was known in
745:Alternative medical systems
374:Fabunan Antiviral Injection
140:Fringe medicine and science
8199:
7924:β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate
7814:Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)
7245:Traditional Hausa medicine
6458:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
6260:Alternation of generations
6041:De Sexu Plantarum Epistola
5948:of Albertus Magnus c. 1256
5890:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
4905:10.1016/j.ctim.2011.09.004
4641:. Science-Based Medicine.
4289:Ceska a Slovenska Farmacie
3798:10.1186/s12916-024-03504-x
3713:10.1002/9780470319444.ch11
2847:McGill Journal of Medicine
2811:Robson B, Baek OK (2009).
2445:(7150): 105–6. July 2007.
2332:
2108:
2069:
1839:Practitioners of herbalism
1613:
1469:being packed into a steam
1223:
1197:and certain animal parts.
755:Biologically based therapy
315:Dental amalgam controversy
29:
7799:Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
7571:
7393:Traditional Thai medicine
7261:
7215:Ancient Egyptian medicine
7156:
6795:Medicinal herbs and fungi
6742:
6639:Systems of plant taxonomy
6275:Phylogenetic nomenclature
6097:Systema Naturae, 10th ed.
5916:of Theophrastus c. 300 BC
5846:
5634:Braun L, Cohen M (2007).
5462:10.1136/bmj.319.7216.1050
5078:. Springer. p. 321.
4846:15 September 2007 at the
4250:Journal of Dental Hygiene
3852:10.3109/15563659809028060
3527:10.3736/jintegrmed2013016
3492:10.1016/j.jep.2008.11.004
3448:10.1080/00207450802333953
2993:10.1007/s11427-015-4948-7
2853:(1): 7984. Archived from
2710:Ancient Egyptian Medicine
2530:10.1007/s11427-015-4948-7
2038:Phytochemical researcher
1905:World Health Organization
1809:New York Attorney General
1677:, Chinese herb mixtures,
1409:European Medicines Agency
1366:World Health Organization
379:Facilitated communication
7449:Medicine in ancient Rome
6669:History of biotechnology
6500:Matthias Jakob Schleiden
6184:On the Origin of Species
6168:Die Vegetabilische Zelle
4940:10.1001/jama.290.11.1505
4530:American Herbalist Guild
4180:"Herb-Drug Interactions"
4027:(3): 201–6, quiz 207–8.
3768:10.1186/1741-7015-11-222
3195:10.2337/diacare.25.2.324
2329:Use of plants by animals
2204:have been documented by
1885:Federal Trade Commission
1774:pharmaceutical additives
1719:buckthorn bark and berry
1449:end-stage kidney disease
1044:Candida hypersensitivity
226:Fake COVID-19 treatments
40:This article is part of
7635:Bodybuilding supplement
6709:History of paleontology
6659:History of biochemistry
6404:Rudolf Jakob Camerarius
6200:Die Vegetation der Erde
5972:of Hieronymus Bock 1539
5932:of Dioscorides c. 60 AD
5875:Orto botanico di Padova
5765:Molecular phylogenetics
5528:Huffman MA (May 2003).
5287:10.4103/0973-7847.95849
4223:10.4037/ccn2002.22.2.22
3296:Saad B, Said O (2011).
2933:The Classical Tradition
2319:reactive oxygen species
2232:, especially among the
1270:Egyptian medical papyri
1155:, which are a basis of
718:COVID-19 misinformation
646:Young blood transfusion
526:Orthomolecular medicine
491:Mind–body interventions
161:Anthroposophic medicine
101:Rise of modern medicine
32:Phytomedicine (journal)
7809:Tocopherol (Vitamin E)
7439:Ancient Greek medicine
7346:Georgian folk medicine
7118:Doctrine of signatures
6654:History of agriculture
6494:Joakim Frederik Schouw
6476:Alexander von Humboldt
6280:Spontaneous generation
6232:Ontogeny and Phylogeny
6009:Pinax theatri botanici
5118:10.1186/1746-4269-2-47
4496:"Becoming a Herbalist"
2958:"Traditional medicine"
2898:Ackerknecht E (1982).
2768:Biotechnology Advances
2682:"The Herbal Minefield"
2225:
2198:Tibetan Medical System
2181:
2101:
2084:medicinal liquor with
2052:doctrine of signatures
2012:
1899:Government regulations
1854:
1798:University of Adelaide
1749:, the restricted herb
1701:, the endangered herb
1643:
1575:
1477:
1360:Modern herbal medicine
1302:China dating from the
1247:
1246:'s pharmacopoeia, 1224
1129:
750:Mind–body intervention
701:MMR vaccine and autism
691:Vaccine misinformation
586:Rapid prompting method
6729:Philosophy of biology
6566:William Gilson Farlow
6464:Carl Ludwig Willdenow
6049:Éléments de botanique
6036:of John Ray 1686–1704
5953:Herbarum Vivae Icones
5880:Orto botanico di Pisa
5274:Pharmacognosy Reviews
5168:10.1631/jzus.B1600094
5015:, Robbers JE (1999).
4186:. 10 September 2015.
4081:10.1093/humrep/dep077
3976:Liver Transplantation
3815:|...}}
3792:(Retracted, see
2906:. JHU Press. p.
2350:secondary metabolites
2325:of use in herbalism.
2285:Indonesia archipelago
2219:
2192:", chosen to balance
2190:alchemical processing
2179:
2079:
1998:
1846:
1624:
1566:
1462:
1237:
1189:products, as well as
1127:
1079:Vertebral subluxation
1028:Alternative diagnoses
616:Thought Field Therapy
256:Vertebral subluxation
8183:Alternative medicine
8009:Japanese honeysuckle
7553:Prehistoric medicine
7491:Alternative medicine
7201:Traditional medicine
7113:Alternative medicine
6714:History of phycology
6542:Nathanael Pringsheim
6440:José Celestino Mutis
6320:Pedanius Dioscorides
6105:Familles des Plantes
6081:Philosophia Botanica
5977:De plantis libri XVI
2680:(23 November 2013).
2400:Traditional medicine
2072:Traditional medicine
1971:Scientific criticism
1955:is used as a herbal
1940:Some herbs, such as
1723:cascara sagrada bark
1335:Pedanius Dioscorides
1325:traditional medicine
1226:History of herbalism
1157:traditional medicine
1049:Chronic Lyme disease
778:Traditional medicine
760:Manipulative methods
561:Postural Integration
424:Bach flower remedies
300:Craniosacral therapy
128:Therapeutic nihilism
73:Alternative medicine
50:Alternative medicine
8178:Dietary supplements
7934:Chondroitin sulfate
7752:Pantothenic acid (B
7715:Retinol (Vitamin A)
7685:Protein supplements
7621:Dietary supplements
7036:Echigoshirayukidake
6694:History of medicine
6684:History of genetics
6590:G. Ledyard Stebbins
6270:Center of diversity
5885:Rothamsted Research
5750:Genetic engineering
5720:Comparative anatomy
5613:Aronson JK (2008).
5507:2002PlPB...40..471G
5066:Moerman DE (1997).
4780:(8 Pt 1): 594–600.
4532:. 24 January 2014.
4415:The Washington Post
4211:Critical Care Nurse
3662:Vickers AJ (2007).
3423:on 25 October 2017.
3395:. Eoghan Odinsson.
3391:Odinsson E (2010).
3262:10.1093/ecam/nen023
3084:"Herbs at a Glance"
3024:Baggoley C (2015).
2871:Unschuld P (2003).
2860:on 1 December 2013.
2609:. 2 February 2015.
2451:2007Natur.448S.105.
2137:Echinopsis pachanoi
2066:Traditional systems
1985:consumer confidence
1923:dietary supplements
1883:, the FDA and U.S.
1796:Researchers at the
1567:A herb shop in the
1473:unit to gather its
1455:Herbal preparations
1295:Diocles of Carystus
1179:scientific evidence
696:Vaccines and autism
686:Anti-vaccinationism
679:OPV AIDS hypothesis
481:Megavitamin therapy
394:Functional medicine
171:Applied kinesiology
67:General information
8105:Codex Alimentarius
7994:Grape seed extract
7655:Herbal supplements
7444:Byzantine medicine
7092:Japanese herbology
7070:Regional practices
6724:Natural philosophy
6719:History of science
6689:History of geology
6674:History of ecology
6664:History of biology
6584:Barbara McClintock
6548:Wilhelm Hofmeister
6416:Bernard de Jussieu
6057:Vegetable Staticks
6033:Historia Plantarum
5985:Stirpium Historiae
5980:of Caesalpino 1583
5937:Naturalis Historia
5907:Historia Plantarum
5865:Jardin des Plantes
5780:Numerical taxonomy
5588:10.1079/pns2003243
5547:10.1079/pns2003257
4463:10.2147/RMHP.S4652
4382:The New York Times
4068:Human Reproduction
2607:Cancer Research UK
2226:
2186:Ayurvedic medicine
2182:
2158:Nobel Prize winner
2102:
2060:anecdotal evidence
2040:Varro Eugene Tyler
2013:
1860:prescription drugs
1855:
1778:prescription drugs
1667:Ayurvedic remedies
1644:
1576:
1573:Marrakesh, Morocco
1514:-content, such as
1478:
1439:, such as cancer,
1425:Cancer Research UK
1373:prescription drugs
1290:Historia Plantarum
1280:herbals came from
1254:dates back to the
1248:
1147:) is the study of
1130:
1064:Leaky gut syndrome
1039:Aerotoxic syndrome
976:Prophetic medicine
674:HIV/AIDS denialism
501:Myofascial release
409:Holistic dentistry
389:Feldenkrais Method
369:Estrogen dominance
295:Conversion therapy
8168:History of botany
8143:
8142:
7788:Cyanocobalamin (B
7705:chemical elements
7587:
7586:
7220:Tabernanthe iboga
7167:
7166:
7087:Islamic herbology
7077:Chinese herbology
6945:Purple coneflower
6762:
6761:
6392:Marcello Malpighi
6089:Species Plantarum
6025:Anatomy of Plants
6017:Anatome Plantarum
5929:De Materia Medica
5684:History of botany
5427:978-962-593-503-4
5416:Beers SJ (2001).
5327:(in Indonesian).
4677:on 1 August 2014.
4157:10.1159/000334488
3722:978-0-470-31944-4
3587:Academic Medicine
3567:978-981-99-8948-5
3377:978-0-443-07277-2
2943:978-0-674-03572-0
2917:978-0-8018-2726-6
2884:978-0-520-92849-7
2720:978-0-8061-3504-5
2603:"Herbal medicine"
2524:(11): 1175–1179.
2435:"Hard to swallow"
2370:Chinese herbology
2254:mortar and pestle
1959:, and as such is
1881:COVID-19 pandemic
1792:Labeling accuracy
1761:prescription and
1627:Datura stramonium
1431:Prevalence of use
1395:Regulatory review
1330:De Materia Medica
1122:
1121:
849:Chinese herbology
606:Scientific racism
571:Psychodermatology
476:Medical intuitive
456:Lightning Process
414:Hologram bracelet
362:Therapeutic touch
263:Christian Science
236:Cancer treatments
18:Herbal supplement
16:(Redirected from
8190:
8098:Related articles
8004:Iron supplements
7944:Copper gluconate
7614:
7607:
7600:
7591:
7577:
7576:
7305:Mapuche medicine
7267:
7194:
7187:
7180:
7171:
7148:Medicinal plants
7106:Related subjects
7097:Korean herbology
7082:Indian herbology
7041:Lingzhi mushroom
6789:
6782:
6775:
6766:
6750:
6749:
6619:Botanical garden
6602:Arthur Cronquist
6560:Eugenius Warming
6554:Julius von Sachs
6524:August Grisebach
6512:George Engelmann
6422:Carolus Linnaeus
6362:Cristóbal Acosta
6356:Andrea Cesalpino
6073:Genera Plantarum
5945:De Vegetabilibus
5913:Causes of Plants
5852:
5835:Plant physiology
5825:Plant morphology
5677:
5670:
5663:
5654:
5649:
5630:
5601:
5600:
5590:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5549:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5501:(6–8): 471–478.
5490:
5484:
5483:
5473:
5456:(7216): 1050–3.
5441:
5432:
5431:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5352:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5299:
5289:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5253:Kala CP (2003).
5250:
5244:
5243:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5199:Kala CP (2006).
5196:
5190:
5189:
5179:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5130:
5120:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5009:
5003:
5002:
4992:
4982:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4871:
4864:
4856:
4850:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4669:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4608:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4475:
4465:
4441:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4345:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4159:
4138:Izzo AA (2012).
4135:
4129:
4128:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4083:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4016:
4010:
4009:
3991:
3989:10.1002/lt.20778
3967:
3961:
3960:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3816:
3790:
3780:
3770:
3746:
3735:
3734:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3683:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3624:
3613:
3612:
3602:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3339:Green J (2000).
3336:
3330:
3327:
3314:
3313:
3293:
3284:
3283:
3273:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3197:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3156:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3037:
3030:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3004:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2964:on 27 July 2008.
2960:. Archived from
2954:
2948:
2947:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2905:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2844:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2774:(8): 1582–1614.
2759:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2732:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2674:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2638:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2462:
2431:
2335:Zoopharmacognosy
2268:. The book from
2202:medicinal plants
2020:pseudoscientific
1893:COVID-19 disease
1813:cease and desist
1763:over-the-counter
1466:Eucalyptus olida
1437:chronic diseases
1405:health insurance
1347:
1343:
1340:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1252:medicinal plants
1209:pseudoscientific
1175:Chinese medicine
1153:medicinal plants
1114:
1107:
1100:
864:Gill plate trade
626:Vaginal steaming
273:Colloidal silver
241:Charcoal cleanse
60:
37:
21:
8198:
8197:
8193:
8192:
8191:
8189:
8188:
8187:
8148:
8147:
8144:
8139:
8093:
7911:
7905:
7791:
7782:
7773:
7764:
7755:
7746:
7737:
7728:
7706:
7703:
7694:
7679:Bifidobacterium
7623:
7618:
7588:
7583:
7567:
7526:herbs and fungi
7521:Herbal medicine
7474:
7458:
7427:
7383:Siddha medicine
7324:
7315:Navajo medicine
7268:
7259:
7255:Yorùbá medicine
7203:
7198:
7168:
7163:
7152:
7101:
7065:
7026:Almond mushroom
7014:
6796:
6793:
6763:
6758:
6738:
6607:
6578:Nikolai Vavilov
6506:Alexander Braun
6374:Joachim Jungius
6350:Rembert Dodoens
6338:Valerius Cordus
6332:Hieronymus Bock
6314:Pliny the Elder
6300:
6294:
6252:
6246:
6065:Systema Naturae
5894:
5853:
5844:
5830:Plant pathology
5775:Natural history
5730:Economic botany
5692:
5686:
5681:
5646:
5633:
5627:
5612:
5609:
5607:Further reading
5604:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5492:
5491:
5487:
5443:
5442:
5435:
5428:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5400:
5398:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5369:
5367:
5354:
5353:
5344:
5334:
5332:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5252:
5251:
5247:
5236:Current Science
5233:
5232:
5228:
5218:
5216:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5086:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5055:on 8 June 2003.
5047:
5046:
5042:
5035:
5011:
5010:
5006:
4973:(4): e1002657.
4960:
4959:
4955:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4848:Wayback Machine
4839:
4835:
4825:
4823:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4756:
4754:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4698:
4696:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4674:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4648:
4646:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4621:
4619:
4610:
4609:
4602:
4592:
4590:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4565:
4563:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4539:
4537:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4509:
4507:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4443:
4442:
4435:
4425:
4423:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4392:
4390:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4359:
4357:
4347:
4346:
4339:
4329:
4327:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4271:
4269:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4193:
4191:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4018:
4017:
4013:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3818:
3810:
3808:
3791:
3748:
3747:
3738:
3723:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3635:(2–3): 141–64.
3626:
3625:
3616:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3366:Romm A (2010).
3365:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3317:
3310:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3038:on 26 June 2016
3035:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3018:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2842:
2838:Hong F (2004).
2837:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2743:
2733:
2721:
2707:Nunn J (2002).
2706:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2676:
2675:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2640:
2639:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2460:10.1038/448106a
2433:
2432:
2417:
2413:
2390:Medicinal fungi
2366:
2337:
2331:
2314:
2242:Mataram Kingdom
2214:
2174:
2146:
2121:
2113:
2107:
2080:Ready to drink
2074:
2068:
1993:
1973:
1901:
1876:warning letters
1868:
1841:
1794:
1739:St. John's wort
1715:aloe vera juice
1648:adverse effects
1619:
1612:
1457:
1433:
1397:
1362:
1345:
1341:
1320:Huangdi Neijing
1315: 1046 BCE
1314:
1310:
1232:
1224:Main articles:
1222:
1170:Artemisia annua
1151:and the use of
1133:Herbal medicine
1118:
1089:
1088:
1034:Adrenal fatigue
1029:
1021:
1020:
795:Southern Africa
780:
770:
769:
740:
738:Classifications
730:
729:
706:in chiropractic
664:
656:
655:
576:Quantum healing
566:Psychic surgery
441:Ionized jewelry
404:Herbal medicine
352:Esoteric energy
342:Energy medicine
310:Cupping therapy
305:Crystal healing
278:Colon cleansing
216:Bowen technique
186:Auriculotherapy
141:
133:
132:
68:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8196:
8194:
8186:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8150:
8149:
8141:
8140:
8138:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8101:
8099:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8091:
8089:Zinc gluconate
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8064:St John's wort
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8044:Red yeast rice
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7915:
7913:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7817:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7795:
7794:
7789:
7785:
7780:
7776:
7771:
7767:
7762:
7758:
7753:
7749:
7744:
7740:
7735:
7731:
7726:
7717:
7711:
7709:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7676:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7631:
7629:
7625:
7624:
7619:
7617:
7616:
7609:
7602:
7594:
7585:
7584:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7529:
7528:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7482:
7480:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7472:
7466:
7464:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7435:
7433:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7425:
7423:Unani medicine
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7364:
7363:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7332:
7330:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7280:Aztec medicine
7276:
7274:
7270:
7269:
7262:
7260:
7258:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7211:
7209:
7205:
7204:
7199:
7197:
7196:
7189:
7182:
7174:
7165:
7164:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7109:
7107:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7073:
7071:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7056:Morel mushroom
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7031:Chaga mushroom
7028:
7022:
7020:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6804:
6802:
6798:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6784:
6777:
6769:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6629:Plant taxonomy
6626:
6621:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6599:
6593:
6587:
6581:
6575:
6569:
6563:
6557:
6551:
6545:
6539:
6533:
6527:
6521:
6515:
6509:
6503:
6497:
6491:
6488:Thomas Nuttall
6485:
6479:
6473:
6467:
6461:
6455:
6449:
6446:Félix de Azara
6443:
6437:
6434:Jan Ingenhousz
6431:
6428:Michel Adanson
6425:
6419:
6413:
6407:
6401:
6395:
6389:
6383:
6377:
6371:
6368:Gaspard Bauhin
6365:
6359:
6353:
6347:
6344:William Turner
6341:
6335:
6329:
6323:
6317:
6311:
6304:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6290:Ultrastructure
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6256:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6236:
6228:
6220:
6212:
6204:
6196:
6188:
6180:
6172:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6149:
6141:
6133:
6125:
6117:
6109:
6101:
6093:
6085:
6077:
6069:
6061:
6053:
6045:
6037:
6029:
6021:
6013:
6005:
5997:
5989:
5981:
5973:
5965:
5957:
5949:
5941:
5933:
5925:
5917:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5854:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5820:Plant genetics
5817:
5812:
5807:
5805:Phytogeography
5802:
5800:Phytochemistry
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5696:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5644:
5631:
5625:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5561:
5520:
5485:
5433:
5426:
5408:
5377:
5342:
5311:
5260:
5245:
5226:
5191:
5142:
5091:
5084:
5072:Selin, Helaine
5058:
5040:
5034:978-0789001597
5033:
5004:
4953:
4934:(11): 1505–9.
4918:
4899:(1–2): 100–6.
4883:
4851:
4833:
4807:
4764:
4732:
4706:
4680:
4656:
4629:
4600:
4573:
4547:
4517:
4487:
4433:
4400:
4367:
4337:
4306:
4279:
4236:
4201:
4171:
4130:
4095:
4074:(7): 1626–31.
4054:
4011:
3962:
3919:
3908:(11): 1070–5.
3892:
3865:
3830:
3736:
3721:
3695:
3654:
3614:
3573:
3566:
3540:
3505:
3469:
3426:
3417:"Aromatherapy"
3408:
3402:978-1452851433
3401:
3383:
3376:
3358:
3351:
3331:
3315:
3308:
3285:
3236:
3209:
3168:
3147:(22): 1733–9.
3127:
3101:
3075:
3049:
3016:
2987:(11): 1175–9.
2967:
2949:
2942:
2923:
2916:
2890:
2883:
2863:
2830:
2823:
2803:
2754:
2745:|journal=
2719:
2699:
2684:. Quackwatch.
2660:
2645:. Quackwatch.
2624:
2591:
2584:
2561:
2504:
2474:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2365:
2362:
2333:Main article:
2330:
2327:
2323:phytochemicals
2313:
2310:
2274:Serat Centhini
2213:
2210:
2173:
2170:
2166:sweet wormwood
2145:
2142:
2120:
2117:
2109:Main article:
2106:
2103:
2067:
2064:
2003:tree contains
1992:
1989:
1972:
1969:
1900:
1897:
1867:
1864:
1850:Arnica montana
1840:
1837:
1793:
1790:
1691:liquorice root
1611:
1608:
1593:phytochemicals
1456:
1453:
1432:
1429:
1396:
1393:
1361:
1358:
1230:Materia medica
1221:
1218:
1167:isolated from
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
907:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
884:Pressure point
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
815:
814:
809:
799:
798:
797:
792:
781:
776:
775:
772:
771:
768:
767:
765:Energy therapy
762:
757:
752:
747:
741:
736:
735:
732:
731:
728:
727:
726:
725:
715:
710:
709:
708:
703:
698:
693:
683:
682:
681:
671:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
654:
653:
651:Zero balancing
648:
643:
638:
636:Vision therapy
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
551:Parapsychology
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
471:Manual therapy
468:
466:Magnet therapy
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
427:
426:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
365:
364:
359:
354:
349:
339:
334:
329:
328:
327:
320:Detoxification
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
286:
285:
275:
270:
265:
260:
259:
258:
253:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
125:
124:
123:
113:
108:
103:
98:
97:(health fraud)
92:
87:
86:
85:
80:
69:
66:
65:
62:
61:
53:
52:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8195:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8146:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8125:Nutraceutical
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8096:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7954:Dietary fiber
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7939:Cod liver oil
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7910:Other common
7908:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7818:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7793:
7786:
7784:
7779:Folic acid (B
7777:
7775:
7768:
7766:
7761:Pyridoxine (B
7759:
7757:
7750:
7748:
7741:
7739:
7734:Riboflavin (B
7732:
7730:
7723:
7722:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7708:
7701:
7697:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7674:Lactobacillus
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7615:
7610:
7608:
7603:
7601:
7596:
7595:
7592:
7582:
7581:
7570:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7527:
7524:
7523:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7511:Ethnomedicine
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7483:
7481:
7477:
7471:
7470:Bush medicine
7468:
7467:
7465:
7461:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7430:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7362:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7327:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7310:Maya medicine
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7271:
7266:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7195:
7190:
7188:
7183:
7181:
7176:
7175:
7172:
7162:
7161:
7155:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7104:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7068:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7017:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6965:Summer savory
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6799:
6790:
6785:
6783:
6778:
6776:
6771:
6770:
6767:
6755:
6754:
6745:
6744:
6741:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6603:
6600:
6597:
6594:
6591:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6564:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6552:
6549:
6546:
6543:
6540:
6537:
6536:Gregor Mendel
6534:
6531:
6530:Joseph Hooker
6528:
6525:
6522:
6519:
6516:
6513:
6510:
6507:
6504:
6501:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6489:
6486:
6483:
6482:Aimé Bonpland
6480:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6441:
6438:
6435:
6432:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6420:
6417:
6414:
6411:
6410:Stephen Hales
6408:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6386:Nehemiah Grew
6384:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6372:
6369:
6366:
6363:
6360:
6357:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6327:
6326:Otto Brunfels
6324:
6321:
6318:
6315:
6312:
6310:c. 371–287 BC
6309:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6297:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6249:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6208:Plantesamfund
6205:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6006:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5851:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5815:Plant ecology
5813:
5811:
5810:Plant anatomy
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5689:
5685:
5678:
5673:
5671:
5666:
5664:
5659:
5658:
5655:
5647:
5645:9780729537964
5641:
5637:
5632:
5628:
5626:9780080932903
5622:
5618:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5598:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5581:(2): 361–70.
5580:
5576:
5572:
5565:
5562:
5557:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5540:(2): 371–81.
5539:
5535:
5531:
5524:
5521:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5489:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5429:
5423:
5419:
5412:
5409:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5381:
5378:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5315:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5264:
5261:
5256:
5249:
5246:
5242:(8): 1331–38.
5241:
5237:
5230:
5227:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5195:
5192:
5187:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5146:
5143:
5138:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5095:
5092:
5087:
5085:9780792340669
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5062:
5059:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5008:
5005:
5000:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4967:PLOS Genetics
4964:
4957:
4954:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4922:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4887:
4884:
4868:
4861:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4837:
4834:
4821:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4768:
4765:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4736:
4733:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4707:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4673:
4666:
4660:
4657:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4630:
4617:
4613:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4588:
4584:
4577:
4574:
4561:
4557:
4551:
4548:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4404:
4401:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4371:
4368:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4295:(4): 165–73.
4294:
4290:
4283:
4280:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4240:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4202:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4150:(5): 404–28.
4149:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4099:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3982:(6): 989–92.
3981:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3923:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3881:(4): 366–73.
3880:
3876:
3869:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3846:(6): 617–27.
3845:
3841:
3834:
3831:
3822:
3814:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3593:(3): 238–47.
3592:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3486:(3): 405–11.
3485:
3481:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3442:(2): 263–90.
3441:
3437:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3352:9780895949905
3348:
3344:
3343:
3335:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3309:9780470474211
3305:
3301:
3300:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3182:Diabetes Care
3179:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3128:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2867:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2824:9780470289532
2820:
2816:
2815:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2700:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2585:9780826194268
2581:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:Ethnomedicine
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2283:systems, the
2282:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2178:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:Paraherbalism
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1991:Paraherbalism
1990:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:(FDA) issued
1873:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1833:DNA barcoding
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:In 2015, the
1805:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1580:Essential oil
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1554:polar solvent
1551:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1475:essential oil
1472:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1423:According to
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1399:In 2015, the
1394:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1305:
1304:Shang dynasty
1301:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:Ebers papyrus
1271:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:Paraherbalism
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:pharmacognosy
1146:
1142:
1141:phytomedicine
1138:
1135:(also called
1134:
1126:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
921:Faith healing
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
829:Bush medicine
827:
825:
822:
820:
819:Balneotherapy
817:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
803:
800:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
786:
783:
782:
779:
774:
773:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
739:
734:
733:
724:
721:
720:
719:
716:
714:
711:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
687:
684:
680:
677:
676:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
663:Controversies
660:
659:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
631:Vegetotherapy
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
546:Ozone therapy
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
461:Lymphotherapy
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
425:
422:
421:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
399:Hair analysis
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
384:FasciaBlaster
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
347:Correactology
345:
344:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
326:
323:
322:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
290:Colorpuncture
288:
284:
281:
280:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
268:Chromotherapy
266:
264:
261:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
156:Alkaline diet
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
137:
136:
129:
126:
122:
119:
118:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
106:Pseudoscience
104:
102:
99:
96:
93:
91:
88:
84:
81:
79:
76:
75:
74:
71:
70:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
8145:
8130:Multivitamin
8054:Saw palmetto
8034:Milk thistle
7707:("minerals")
7654:
7640:Energy drink
7578:
7543:Mithridatism
7520:
7341:Dhivehi beys
7158:
7000:White willow
6970:Tea tree oil
6920:Marsh-mallow
6828:Asthma-plant
6751:
6452:Joseph Banks
6308:Theophrastus
6251:Theories and
6238:
6231:
6222:
6214:
6206:
6198:
6190:
6182:
6174:
6166:
6160:Nepenthaceae
6151:
6143:
6135:
6127:
6119:
6111:
6103:
6096:
6087:
6079:
6071:
6063:
6055:
6047:
6039:
6032:
6023:
6015:
6007:
5999:
5991:
5983:
5975:
5969:Kreütterbuch
5967:
5959:
5951:
5943:
5936:
5927:
5920:
5911:
5906:
5899:Publications
5858:Institutions
5755:Horticulture
5705:Biogeography
5638:. Elsevier.
5635:
5619:. Elsevier.
5615:
5578:
5574:
5564:
5537:
5533:
5523:
5498:
5494:
5488:
5453:
5449:
5417:
5411:
5399:. Retrieved
5390:
5380:
5368:. Retrieved
5360:Tribun Jogja
5359:
5333:. Retrieved
5324:
5314:
5277:
5273:
5263:
5254:
5248:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5217:. Retrieved
5208:
5204:
5194:
5162:(5): 405–8.
5159:
5155:
5145:
5108:
5104:
5094:
5075:
5061:
5053:the original
5043:
5016:
5007:
4970:
4966:
4956:
4931:
4927:
4921:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4874:. Retrieved
4854:
4836:
4824:. Retrieved
4810:
4777:
4773:
4767:
4755:. Retrieved
4744:
4735:
4723:. Retrieved
4709:
4697:. Retrieved
4683:
4672:the original
4659:
4647:. Retrieved
4632:
4620:. Retrieved
4591:. Retrieved
4576:
4564:. Retrieved
4550:
4538:. Retrieved
4529:
4520:
4508:. Retrieved
4499:
4490:
4453:
4449:
4424:. Retrieved
4413:
4403:
4391:. Retrieved
4380:
4370:
4358:. Retrieved
4328:. Retrieved
4319:
4309:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4270:. Retrieved
4253:
4249:
4239:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4192:. Retrieved
4183:
4174:
4147:
4143:
4133:
4111:(2): 170–8.
4108:
4104:
4098:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4024:
4020:
4014:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3935:(3): 153–6.
3932:
3928:
3922:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3819:{{
3811:{{
3758:
3755:BMC Medicine
3754:
3704:
3698:
3674:(3): 125–9.
3671:
3667:
3657:
3632:
3628:
3590:
3586:
3576:
3549:
3543:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3421:the original
3411:
3392:
3386:
3367:
3361:
3341:
3334:
3298:
3256:(1): 11–28.
3253:
3249:
3239:
3225:(6): 492–5.
3222:
3218:
3212:
3188:(2): 324–9.
3185:
3181:
3171:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3118:. Retrieved
3104:
3092:. Retrieved
3078:
3066:. Retrieved
3052:
3040:. Retrieved
3033:the original
3019:
2984:
2980:
2970:
2962:the original
2952:
2932:
2926:
2901:
2893:
2873:
2866:
2855:the original
2850:
2846:
2833:
2813:
2806:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2709:
2702:
2690:. Retrieved
2651:. Retrieved
2615:. Retrieved
2574:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2486:
2477:
2442:
2438:
2338:
2315:
2302:Ayam Kampung
2300:
2299:, milk, and
2289:Wallace Line
2278:
2265:
2227:
2183:
2147:
2135:
2125:
2122:
2114:
2037:
2028:pharmacology
2015:
2014:
1981:
1974:
1950:
1939:
1935:
1929:(FDA) under
1920:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1869:
1856:
1848:
1806:
1795:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1727:saw palmetto
1707:milk thistle
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1625:
1604:aromatherapy
1598:
1577:
1547:
1524:
1482:
1479:
1471:distillation
1464:
1434:
1422:
1398:
1370:
1363:
1346: 90 CE
1328:
1318:
1288:
1282:Theophrastus
1263:
1249:
1200:
1199:
1168:
1161:pharmacology
1145:phytotherapy
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1001:Thai massage
971:Naftalan oil
844:Blood stasis
723:Turbo cancer
611:ThetaHealing
536:Osteomyology
436:Hypnotherapy
431:Hydrotherapy
403:
337:Ear candling
332:Dry needling
283:Coffee enema
246:Chiropractic
211:Bone-setting
191:Bates method
176:Aromatherapy
8049:Royal jelly
8029:Lipoic acid
8024:Linseed oil
7984:Glucosamine
7912:ingredients
7725:Thiamine (B
7650:Fatty acids
7548:Naturopathy
7516:Health care
7123:Herb garden
6930:Opium poppy
6843:medical use
6596:Eugene Odum
6322:c. 40–90 AD
6299:Influential
6265:Cell theory
5840:Pteridology
5785:Paleobotany
5760:Lichenology
5735:Ethnobotany
5700:Agriculture
5693:disciplines
5280:(11): 1–5.
5023:. pp.
4876:25 February
4826:25 February
4757:16 December
4725:25 February
4699:25 February
4593:25 November
4540:25 November
4360:25 February
4272:28 December
3521:(2): 73–9.
3120:25 February
3094:24 February
3068:25 February
3042:12 December
2692:25 February
2617:12 November
2375:Ethnobotany
2346:chimpanzees
2342:butterflies
2297:royal jelly
2246:bas-reliefs
2162:artemisinin
2090:tokay gecko
2032:standardize
1786:sibutramine
1640:scopolamine
1484:Herbal teas
1377:artemisinin
1311: 1600
1256:Paleolithic
1244:Dioscorides
1242:version of
1205:alternative
1165:artemisinin
961:Mien Shiang
879:Moxibustion
591:Reflexology
516:Oil pulling
511:Naturopathy
451:Jilly Juice
231:Camel urine
201:Black salve
151:Acupuncture
146:Acupressure
111:Antiscience
83:Terminology
8152:Categories
8120:Herbal tea
8074:Wheatgrass
7974:Folic acid
7876:Phosphorus
7871:Molybdenum
7720:B vitamins
7670:Probiotics
7665:Prebiotics
7645:Energy bar
7496:Apothecary
7143:Homeopathy
7133:Herbal tea
6985:Umckaloabo
6960:Star anise
6940:Peppermint
6905:Lemon balm
6900:Goldenseal
6833:Astragalus
6156:1824–1873
5921:De Plantis
5790:Palynology
5740:Floristics
5715:Cladistics
5691:Fields and
5370:4 November
5205:HerbalGram
4426:3 February
4393:3 February
4330:13 October
2653:29 October
2497:11 October
2411:References
2352:, such as
2184:In India,
2132:entheogens
2086:goji berry
2070:See also:
2056:homeopathy
2048:conspiracy
1782:sildenafil
1780:, such as
1703:goldenseal
1695:pennyroyal
1634:, such as
1600:Inhalation
1543:evaporated
1539:distilling
1508:Maceration
1504:Decoctions
1498:, through
1463:Leaves of
1344: – c.
1313: – c.
1300:Bronze Age
1203:describes
1059:Heavy legs
1016:Vietnamese
996:Sri Lankan
556:Phrenology
541:Osteopathy
531:Orthopathy
419:Homeopathy
325:Foot detox
221:Breathwork
166:Apitherapy
121:Scientific
116:Skepticism
8158:Herbalism
8135:Nutrition
8084:Yohimbine
8079:Wolfberry
8059:Spirulina
8039:Melatonin
8014:Krill oil
7989:Glutamine
7959:Echinacea
7929:Carnitine
7881:Potassium
7866:Manganese
7861:Magnesium
7770:Biotin (B
7743:Niacin (B
7558:Shamanism
7506:Electuary
7300:Kallawaya
7295:Curandero
7138:Herbalism
6910:Liquorice
6870:Fenugreek
6865:Chaparral
6860:Chamomile
6813:Aloe vera
6644:Herbalism
6604:1919–1992
6598:1913–2002
6592:1906–2000
6586:1902–1992
6580:1887–1943
6574:1856–1901
6568:1844–1919
6562:1841–1924
6556:1832–1897
6550:1824–1877
6544:1823–1894
6538:1822–1884
6532:1817–1911
6526:1814–1879
6520:1810–1888
6514:1809–1884
6508:1805–1877
6502:1804–1881
6496:1789–1852
6490:1786–1859
6484:1773–1858
6478:1769–1859
6472:1767–1845
6466:1765–1812
6460:1749–1832
6454:1743–1820
6448:1742–1821
6442:1732–1808
6436:1730–1799
6430:1727–1806
6424:1707–1778
6418:1699–1777
6412:1677–1761
6406:1665–1721
6400:1656–1708
6394:1628–1694
6388:1628–1711
6382:1623–1705
6376:1587–1657
6370:1560–1624
6364:1525–1594
6358:1519–1603
6352:1517–1585
6346:1515–1568
6340:1515–1544
6334:1498–1554
6328:1464–1534
5795:Phycology
5211:: 42–50.
5111:(1): 47.
5021:Routledge
4456:: 21–33.
4256:(3): 67.
3821:retracted
3813:retracted
3464:205422999
2747:ignored (
2737:cite book
2678:Barrett S
2538:1674-7305
2358:alkaloids
2262:Majapahit
2250:Borobudur
2230:Indonesia
2212:Indonesia
2206:C.P. Kala
2154:Tu Youyou
2082:macerated
2044:fallacies
1977:minefield
1825:Walgreens
1747:betel nut
1683:germander
1675:chaparral
1632:alkaloids
1558:non-polar
1526:Tinctures
1492:chamomile
1488:Infusions
1381:digitalis
1350:Anazarbus
1342: 40
1260:Sumerians
1137:herbalism
981:Shamanism
966:Mongolian
941:Kayakalpa
916:Curandero
834:Cambodian
824:Brazilian
621:Urophagia
581:Radionics
486:Mesmerism
446:Iridology
7969:Fish oil
7949:Creatine
7886:Selenium
7846:Fluorine
7831:Chromium
7700:Vitamins
7690:Vitamins
7660:Minerals
7538:Humorism
7336:Ayurveda
7273:Americas
7235:Saltigue
7061:Shiitake
6990:Valerian
6980:Turmeric
6950:Rosemary
6915:Marigold
6880:Flaxseed
6875:Feverfew
6855:Cardamom
6838:Cannabis
6823:Borututu
6753:Category
6518:Asa Gray
6380:John Ray
6316:23–79 AD
6285:Taxonomy
6253:concepts
5940:77–79 AD
5770:Mycology
5745:Forestry
5725:Cytology
5710:Bryology
5597:14506883
5556:14506884
5480:10521203
5395:Archived
5364:Archived
5329:Archived
5306:22654398
5213:Archived
5186:27143269
5137:17090303
5013:Tyler VE
4999:22511890
4948:13129992
4913:22305255
4867:Archived
4844:Archived
4820:Archived
4802:35766876
4794:11601931
4751:Archived
4719:Archived
4693:Archived
4643:Archived
4616:Archived
4587:Archived
4560:Archived
4534:Archived
4504:Archived
4482:22312205
4420:Archived
4387:Archived
4354:Archived
4324:Archived
4301:17969314
4266:Archived
4262:17908423
4231:11961942
4188:Archived
4166:22236736
4090:19359338
4049:35882289
4041:15867682
4006:28255622
3998:16721764
3957:35033559
3949:12640291
3914:11759460
3887:17526134
3806:38965520
3787:24120035
3731:17913230
3690:17761132
3649:11297844
3609:11242573
3535:23506688
3500:19041706
3456:19125379
3280:18955327
3231:24241097
3204:11815504
3163:10352166
3114:Archived
3088:Archived
3062:Archived
3011:26481135
2798:26281720
2729:10326089
2686:Archived
2647:Archived
2611:Archived
2556:26481135
2491:Archived
2469:17625521
2364:See also
2281:Ayurveda
2258:masseuse
2234:Javanese
2119:Americas
2024:extracts
2001:cinchona
1957:medicine
1951:Cannabis
1942:cannabis
1889:warnings
1731:valerian
1687:guar gum
1636:atropine
1602:, as in
1587:, oils,
1535:Extracts
1512:mucilage
1500:steeping
1441:diabetes
1213:extracts
1191:minerals
951:Japanese
894:San Jiao
874:Meridian
802:Ayurveda
641:Vitalism
206:Bodywork
95:Quackery
42:a series
8115:Hadacol
8069:Taurine
8019:Lingzhi
7999:Guarana
7979:Ginseng
7964:Ephedra
7826:Choline
7821:Calcium
7563:Theriac
7486:Alchemy
7463:Oceania
7361:Ancient
7051:Meshima
7046:Maitake
7010:Za'atar
6995:Verbena
6935:Oregano
6895:Ginseng
6850:Caraway
6808:Alfalfa
6612:Related
6301:figures
6108:1763–64
6100:1758–59
5503:Bibcode
5471:1116847
5297:3358962
5177:4868832
5128:1637095
5074:(ed.).
4990:3325194
4649:2 April
4622:2 April
4566:2 April
4510:26 June
4473:3270908
4320:NPR.org
4194:26 June
4125:9528737
3860:9776969
3778:3851815
3761:: 222.
3681:2590766
3271:2816378
3002:4966551
2789:4748402
2547:4966551
2447:Bibcode
2354:tannins
2312:Beliefs
2270:Mataram
2266:Acaraki
2100:, China
2094:ginseng
2022:use of
2018:is the
2009:malaria
2005:quinine
1965:ephedra
1925:by the
1887:issued
1829:Walmart
1811:issued
1755:guarana
1751:ephedra
1699:ginseng
1679:comfrey
1663:aconite
1531:elixirs
1415:of the
1389:taxanes
1385:quinine
1354:Cilicia
1293:, from
1265:herbals
1220:History
1006:Tibetan
986:Shiatsu
931:Iranian
911:Chumash
904:Zang-fu
869:Long gu
859:Gua sha
839:Chinese
785:African
601:Rolfing
78:History
8163:Botany
8110:Enzyte
7896:Sulfur
7891:Sodium
7851:Iodine
7841:Copper
7836:Cobalt
7432:Europe
7378:Ramuan
7230:Nganga
7208:Africa
7128:Herbal
7005:Yarrow
6890:Ginkgo
6885:Ginger
6624:Herbal
5642:
5623:
5595:
5554:
5478:
5468:
5424:
5335:9 June
5325:KOMPAS
5304:
5294:
5219:9 June
5184:
5174:
5135:
5125:
5082:
5031:
4997:
4987:
4946:
4911:
4800:
4792:
4480:
4470:
4299:
4260:
4229:
4164:
4123:
4088:
4047:
4039:
4004:
3996:
3955:
3947:
3912:
3885:
3858:
3804:
3800:,
3785:
3775:
3729:
3719:
3688:
3678:
3647:
3607:
3564:
3533:
3498:
3462:
3454:
3399:
3374:
3349:
3306:
3278:
3268:
3229:
3202:
3161:
3009:
2999:
2940:
2914:
2881:
2821:
2796:
2786:
2727:
2717:
2582:
2554:
2544:
2536:
2467:
2439:Nature
2385:Herbal
2344:, and
2236:, the
2128:Andean
2105:Africa
2092:, and
1827:, and
1821:Target
1753:, and
1693:, and
1610:Safety
1585:Salves
1447:, and
1445:asthma
1240:Arabic
1195:shells
1183:fungal
1074:PANDAS
991:Siddha
956:Korean
899:Tui na
854:Dit da
521:Orgone
7628:Types
7479:Other
7373:Kampo
7351:Hilot
7019:Fungi
6975:Thyme
6818:Anise
6801:Herbs
5401:4 May
5070:. In
4870:(PDF)
4863:(PDF)
4798:S2CID
4675:(PDF)
4668:(PDF)
4184:NCCIH
4045:S2CID
4002:S2CID
3953:S2CID
3817:with
3460:S2CID
3036:(PDF)
3029:(PDF)
2858:(PDF)
2843:(PDF)
2293:honey
2194:dosha
2172:India
2164:from
2144:China
2098:Xi'an
1961:legal
1953:plant
1711:senna
1671:broom
1589:balms
1550:polar
1520:thyme
1371:Some
1348:) of
1286:Greek
1278:Greek
1011:Unani
946:Kambo
926:Hilot
807:Dosha
357:Reiki
7919:AAKG
7901:Zinc
7856:Iron
7368:Jamu
7329:Asia
7225:Muti
6955:Sage
6925:Neem
6243:1981
6235:1977
6227:1950
6219:1898
6211:1895
6203:1872
6195:1865
6187:1859
6179:1851
6171:1851
6148:1812
6140:1804
6132:1802
6124:1790
6116:1779
6092:1753
6084:1751
6076:1737
6068:1735
6060:1727
6052:1694
6044:1694
6028:1682
6020:1675
6012:1623
6004:1620
5996:1597
5988:1583
5964:1538
5956:1530
5910:and
5640:ISBN
5621:ISBN
5593:PMID
5552:PMID
5476:PMID
5422:ISBN
5403:2022
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