236:
247:, and this makes them particularly vulnerable to outbreaks of disease. The outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in 2001 led to the destruction of many flocks, and to fears for the survival both of the breed and of the typical Lakeland sheep farming industry. Of the estimated 100,000 Herdwick sheep present before the outbreak, a full 25% were lost. They were not easily replaceable because long-standing herds are
188:
33:
114:
301:. More than the old drystone walls that quarter the fells, the packhorse bridges or the whitewashed farmsteads, the little grey Herdwick sheep typify the Lakeland. If they and their shepherds go, that is the end of the Lakeland where I have climbed, walked, skied and skated for nearly 80 years; of the Lakeland I have written about nearly all my life.
313:) their new sheep to the hills. Normally, ewes teach this behaviour to their lambs, but with no more ewes left acquainted with a particular heaf the behaviour had to be taught all over again to new ewes, inevitably involving much rounding up of flocks that had strayed over the often inaccessible fells. Unheafed sheep might also cause
74:
The wool of a
Herdwick has unique qualities relating to durability. Thick bristle type fibres will often protrude from garments made from the wool, forming a protective layer in blizzards—most likely the same qualities that protect the sheep in similar conditions. Herdwicks have been known to survive
195:
In the modern era, the main industry of the Lake
District has shifted from agriculture to tourism. The subsequent influx of tourists to the District has at times conflicted with traditional life, including the raising of Herdwicks. One Lake District farmer summed the problem up as, "We get 100,000
211:
a kilogram (which is about the weight of wool from a single sheep). Without direct monetary guarantees for wool prices from the
National Trust, it actually costs farmers a considerably larger amount of money to shear their Herdwicks than they would receive in compensation; the majority of farmers
178:
was involved with keeping and breeding
Herdwicks, even acting as president of the breed association for a time. Between 1930 and 1938 she won a number of prizes for Herdwick ewes at shows across Cumbria. Upon her death in 1943, she bequeathed fifteen farms—a total of approximately 4,000 acres
353:
and a coarse, grey wool. The slowly maturing breed is one of the most hardy of all the
British hill sheep breeds, withstanding the cold and relentless rain of the Lake District at heights upwards of 3,000 feet (about 1,000 metres). Most Herdwicks spend winter on the
317:
by wandering if they replaced the original
Herdwicks. The Cumbria Hill Sheep Initiative was set up to "reassess the position and circumstances" in the aftermath of the disease; tough government restrictions in order to prevent another outbreak are still in place.
366:), the same small area of fell. Due to the rough conditions on fells, lambing losses can be as high as 25%. This ability to thrive unassisted is part of the reason fell farmers so highly value Herdwicks over much higher-producing lowland breeds.
148:
For centuries, the husbandry of
Herdwick sheep has been a large factor in shaping the culture and terrain of the Lake District. Topographically, grazing by sheep continues to keep the hillsides of fells largely treeless, and the ubiquitous
71:, and their tendency to be territorial and not to stray over the difficult upland terrain of the Lake District. It is considered that up to 99% of all Herdwick sheep are commercially farmed in the central and western Lake District.
701:
90:, the breed has survived due to the intent to preserve this unique animal as a crucial part of traditional Lakeland agriculture. Still far fewer in number than most commercial breeds, Herdwicks survive largely due to
129:, "sheep pasture", is recorded in documents dating back to the 12th century. The origin of the breed itself is unknown, but the most common theory is that the ancestors of Herdwick sheep were introduced by early
297:, but the hardy Herdwick is the sheep most likely to be seen in and around the Duddon valley, the Coniston fells, the Buttermere fells and, through Borrowdale or Wasdale, up to the highest land in England, the
67:, meaning sheep pasture. Though low in lambing capacity and perceived wool quality when compared to more common commercial breeds, Herdwicks are prized for their robust health, their ability to live solely on
707:
2222:
1073:
721:
196:
visitors across our land every year... If just one in a thousand forgets to shut a gate or can't be bothered, that's a hundred times we have to go out and round up our sheep."
1101:
279:, who wished to save the hill sheep on their lands. Many Lake District residents saw the breed as an indispensable icon of the region. Longtime resident and writer for
787:
153:
of the valleys were built to protect grazing land and to confine livestock. Linguistically, many words of
Lakeland speech relate to sheep husbandry. The ancient
358:, from approximately December to April. They are normally left to graze freely on the hillsides (without any additional feed), but each ewe tends to stay in her
2217:
976:
212:
once burned their fleeces as waste products. The Trust now acts as a wool merchant itself, thus being able to bargain for better prices directly with the
756:
1094:
984:
620:
225:
386:
715:
681:
654:
436:) with dye. Rams are also ruddied when put out with the ewes to show which have been mated and the dye is also one method (called a
1416:
1087:
224:
farm subsidies. Lake
District farmers in particular receive subsidies for operating in a designated Less Favoured Area from the
334:
873:
522:
494:
213:
373:
wool. The wool is also an excellent natural insulator; it is possible to buy sheets of fireproofed wool to fit as loft
1496:
1421:
503:
330:
53:
736:
1431:
133:
settlers. According to this, it was brought to the region somewhere between the 10th and 11th centuries during the
988:
2075:
1811:
1039:
900:
1904:
797:
145:
ship, it appears that the
Herdwick was an important breed in the Lake District by the end of the 12th century.
847:
333:
and designed to bring the breed to the country for the first time. In 2013, Lakeland Herdwick meat received a
1889:
764:
561:
163:
416:
Herdwick lambs are born black and, after a year, they lighten to a dark brown colour (the sheep are called
1962:
1884:
1831:
1451:
424:
at this stage). After the first shearing, their fleece lightens further to grey. Rams are horned and ewes
79:
1745:
199:
In the late 20th century, the keeping of Herdwicks became economically unviable without outside support;
2227:
2040:
1977:
1712:
1586:
819:
440:) of marking sheep for ownership. Before chemical dyes became available, this dye was made from either
259:
rather than culling to preserve what is considered a part of the traditional identity of the fells and
179:(16 km) to the National Trust and, as per her instruction, all continue to graze Herdwick flocks.
640:
305:
The destruction of entire flocks meant that the shepherds were forced to undergo the process of again
1791:
1651:
1486:
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1281:
91:
1957:
1879:
1666:
1656:
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1321:
792:
374:
264:
229:
117:
Herdwick tups (rams) are often kept together in bachelor flocks when not let out to cover the ewes.
928:
594:
1801:
1661:
1616:
1551:
1342:
1337:
1222:
1212:
1167:
406:
57:
671:
492:; Photographs by Annie Griffths Belt (August 1994). "Beauty Besieged: England's Lake District".
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A Herdwick's grey fleece is not easily dyed and is coarse, so it is best suited to use as
350:
155:
103:
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220:. Most farmers survive through the sale of lambs, as well as both National Trust and
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mixed with grease. For many years the legal method of identifying a particular
2095:
1972:
1947:
1856:
1727:
1717:
1606:
1362:
390:
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from Herdwick rams into the United States to begin a breeding programme using
187:
1841:
1806:
1481:
1286:
1207:
1110:
1070:—a national charity supporting the Herdwicks and other heritage sheep breeds
851:
741:
268:
217:
122:
61:
32:
243:
Ninety-five percent of all 50,000 or so Herdwicks live within 14 miles of
113:
2085:
1511:
1311:
449:
445:
441:
260:
159:
138:
130:
613:
The encyclopedia of historic and endangered livestock and poultry breeds
393:
banquet. Herdwick ewes also commonly produce desirable market lambs and
2012:
2000:
1611:
298:
83:
2045:
1127:
382:
370:
322:
248:
134:
68:
75:
under a blanket of snow for three days while eating their own wool.
2168:
1874:
1398:
428:. For shows and auctions, Herdwicks traditionally have their wool
355:
326:
234:
208:
186:
87:
45:
31:
1010:
349:
Herdwicks are a dual-purpose breed, producing strongly flavoured
2115:
1927:
1571:
1062:
708:
National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty
565:
252:
204:
174:
In the later years of her life (over 50), the children's author
1998:
1925:
1766:
1396:
1125:
1083:
1768:
958:
760:
289:
There are other mountain sheep on the Lakeland fells, notably
1067:
228:. Those who agree to maintain their land in accordance with
191:
Herdwick lambs are born mostly black and lighten with age.
551:, Frances Lincoln Limited, 2009 (revised edition), p. 94
137:
invasions of western England. Although a piece of local
452:'s sheep were notches cut out of a sheep's ear, called
2223:
British products with protected designation of origin
876:. Herdwick Sheep Breeders Association. Archived from
737:"Butchers urged to sell meat from rare British sheep"
525:. Herdwick Sheep Breeders Association. Archived from
788:"Blair puts off use of vaccination in second U-turn"
255:
would have required extensive fencing. The call for
2167:
2114:
2011:
1855:
1779:
1726:
1680:
1409:
1361:
1330:
1269:
1231:
1138:
1076:The National Trust (archived from November 2011)
1063:The Herdwick Sheep Breeders' Association website
954:"Protected status for Lakeland Herdwick sheep"
1095:
634:
632:
232:practices also receive additional subsidies.
8:
1011:"Thermafleece: Sheep's Wool Home Insulation"
673:Beatrix Potter: At Home in the Lake District
385:has a very distinct taste, and was eaten at
78:Severely threatened by the 2001 outbreak of
141:once suggested that it came from a wrecked
2008:
1995:
1935:
1922:
1776:
1763:
1406:
1393:
1135:
1122:
1102:
1088:
1080:
929:"Herdwick Sheep: Sturdy & Scrumptious"
60:. The name "Herdwick" is derived from the
285:A. Harry Griffin expressed this feeling:
251:so the introduction of new stock to the
112:
820:"If they go, it is the end of Lakeland"
696:
694:
517:
515:
513:
464:
971:
969:
615:. Yale University Press. p. 124.
985:Lake District National Park Authority
562:"Herdwick Sheep Breeders Association"
7:
642:The Rough Guide to the Lake District
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
470:
468:
2218:Sheep breeds originating in England
901:"Quite a show...even without sheep"
899:Jopson, Earnest (18 October 2007).
226:England Rural Development Programme
162:system for sheep is a survival of
25:
735:Elliot, Valerie (7 March 2009).
523:"Introduction to Herdwick Sheep"
456:marks—now replaced by ear tags.
981:Understanding the National Park
874:"Herdwick Sheep Breeders' News"
786:Jones, George (26 March 2001).
763:. 26 March 2001. Archived from
587:Ferguson, Richard Saul (1894).
335:Protected Designation of Origin
263:was led by parties such as the
757:"UK begins mass animal burial"
1:
703:The secret to farming carpets
611:Janet Vorwald Dohner (2001).
325:sheep farmer began importing
495:National Geographic Magazine
239:Herdwicks grazing in Cumbria
216:and operate a Herdwick wool
214:British Wool Marketing Board
1497:Devon and Cornwall Longwool
854:Foundation for Biodiversity
504:National Geographic Society
207:sometimes drop as low as a
2244:
1417:Badger Face Welsh Mountain
101:
2076:Old English Pheasant Fowl
2007:
1994:
1938:
1934:
1921:
1812:Gloucestershire Old Spots
1775:
1762:
1405:
1392:
1134:
1121:
1040:Oklahoma State University
590:A History of Westmoreland
1905:Yorkshire Blue and White
796:. London. Archived from
1890:Lincolnshire Curly Coat
1338:Chillingham Wild Cattle
1074:Supporting Hill Farming
828:. London. 11 April 2001
676:. Frances Lincoln Ltd.
549:A Walk Around the Lakes
397:by cross-breeding with
331:artificial insemination
1832:Oxford Sandy and Black
1452:Brecknock Hill Cheviot
670:Denyer, Susan (2004).
303:
240:
192:
118:
80:foot-and-mouth disease
37:
1587:North Country Cheviot
1422:Balwen Welsh Mountain
639:Brown, Jules (2002).
287:
238:
190:
125:of the breed's name,
116:
35:
1487:Derbyshire Gritstone
1432:Black Welsh Mountain
1427:Beulah Speckled Face
593:. E. Stock. p.
432:(the local term for
362:(the local term for
309:(the local term for
203:prices for Herdwick
1880:Irish Greyhound Pig
1667:Whitefaced Woodland
1437:Bluefaced Leicester
1322:Whitebred Shorthorn
1036:Breeds of Livestock
977:"Topic 2 – Farming"
800:on 19 November 2002
793:The Daily Telegraph
724:on 17 October 2007.
265:Duke of Westminster
230:sustainable farming
1885:Large White Ulster
1802:British Saddleback
1662:Whiteface Dartmoor
1617:Scottish Blackface
1552:Leicester Longwool
991:on 22 October 2007
880:on 5 February 2012
767:on 29 October 2007
568:on 28 October 2007
529:on 4 February 2012
387:Queen Elizabeth II
241:
193:
166:counting systems.
119:
58:North West England
38:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2026:Derbyshire Redcap
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1963:British Primitive
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1847:Wessex Saddleback
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1693:Castlemilk Moorit
1527:Greyface Dartmoor
1457:British Milksheep
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
622:978-0-300-08880-9
245:Coniston, Cumbria
92:farming subsidies
16:(Redirected from
2235:
2154:Silver Appleyard
2071:Old English Game
2009:
1996:
1936:
1923:
1792:British Landrace
1777:
1764:
1741:Scottish Dunface
1447:Border Leicester
1407:
1394:
1178:English Longhorn
1136:
1123:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1081:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1032:"Herdwick Sheep"
1028:
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1021:
1019:
1017:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
987:. Archived from
973:
964:
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720:. Archived from
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636:
627:
626:
608:
602:
601:
584:
578:
577:
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564:. Archived from
558:
552:
547:Davies, Hunter.
545:
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519:
508:
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21:
18:Herdwick (sheep)
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2199:
2186:
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2159:Welsh Harlequin
2110:
2056:Modern Langshan
2003:
1982:
1968:Golden Guernsey
1930:
1909:
1870:Dorset Gold Tip
1851:
1771:
1750:
1722:
1713:North Ronaldsay
1676:
1492:Devon Closewool
1401:
1380:
1357:
1326:
1265:
1246:Dairy Shorthorn
1227:
1158:Belted Galloway
1130:
1117:
1108:
1068:The Sheep Trust
1059:
1054:
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1009:
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947:
937:
935:
933:Sheep! magazine
926:
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921:
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906:Whitehaven News
898:
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610:
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599:Herdwick sheep.
586:
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581:
571:
569:
560:
559:
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546:
542:
532:
530:
521:
520:
511:
488:
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466:
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351:lamb and mutton
347:
345:Characteristics
185:
172:
156:Yan Tan Tethera
151:dry stone walls
111:
106:
104:Sheep husbandry
100:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2139:Khaki Campbell
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2098:
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2073:
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2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
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2028:
2023:
2021:Croad Langshan
2017:
2015:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1992:
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1965:
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1958:British Alpine
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1736:Devon Longwool
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1710:
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1695:
1690:
1684:
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1672:Wiltshire Horn
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1652:Welsh Mountain
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1532:Hampshire Down
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1494:
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1442:Border Cheviot
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1302:Old Gloucester
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1205:
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1185:
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1175:
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1165:
1160:
1155:
1153:Beef Shorthorn
1150:
1148:Aberdeen Angus
1144:
1142:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1118:
1113:breeds of the
1109:
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1057:External links
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965:
962:. 16 May 2013.
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919:
891:
865:
848:"Ark of Taste"
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339:European Union
222:European Union
184:
183:Modern history
181:
176:Beatrix Potter
171:
170:Beatrix Potter
168:
143:Spanish Armada
110:
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52:native to the
50:domestic sheep
36:A Herdwick ewe
27:Breed of sheep
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717:1-85828-894-0
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683:0-7112-2381-5
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656:1-85828-894-0
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277:Lord Lonsdale
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109:Early history
108:
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97:
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81:
76:
72:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
54:Lake District
51:
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
2228:Sheep breeds
2200:
2066:Norfolk Grey
1943:Anglo-Nubian
1827:Middle White
1582:Norfolk Horn
1536:
1292:Irish Moiled
1270:Dual purpose
1233:Dairy cattle
1043:. Retrieved
1035:
1026:
1014:. Retrieved
1005:
993:. Retrieved
989:the original
980:
957:
948:
936:. Retrieved
932:
922:
910:. Retrieved
904:
894:
882:. Retrieved
878:the original
868:
856:. Retrieved
842:
830:. Retrieved
825:The Guardian
823:
814:
802:. Retrieved
798:the original
791:
781:
769:. Retrieved
765:the original
751:
740:
730:
722:the original
702:
672:
665:
647:Rough Guides
641:
612:
606:
598:
589:
582:
570:. Retrieved
566:the original
556:
548:
543:
531:. Retrieved
527:the original
499:
493:
490:Bryson, Bill
453:
437:
433:
429:
421:
417:
415:
368:
363:
359:
348:
321:In 2008, an
320:
310:
306:
304:
288:
282:The Guardian
280:
273:Lord Barnard
242:
198:
194:
173:
154:
147:
126:
120:
77:
73:
64:
41:
39:
29:
2177:Brecon Buff
2091:Scots Dumpy
2051:Modern Game
2041:Indian Game
1900:Small White
1895:Small Black
1822:Large White
1817:Large Black
1797:British Lop
1746:South Devon
1657:Wensleydale
1592:Oxford Down
1542:Hill Radnor
1517:Exmoor Horn
1507:Dorset Horn
1502:Dorset Down
1472:Clun Forest
1376:Blue Albion
1343:Tory Island
1223:Welsh Black
1213:South Devon
1198:Lincoln Red
1140:Beef cattle
1045:6 September
927:King, Tim.
377:. Herdwick
315:overgrazing
295:Rough-Fells
257:vaccination
201:open market
2207:Categories
2096:Scots Grey
1865:Cumberland
1627:Shropshire
1607:Rough Fell
1547:Kerry Hill
1353:White Park
1016:31 October
995:1 November
938:7 November
912:31 October
884:31 October
858:31 October
832:2 November
804:31 October
771:31 October
572:31 October
533:31 October
460:References
430:ruddied up
407:Charollais
391:coronation
375:insulation
291:Swaledales
102:See also:
2134:Orpington
2129:Aylesbury
2081:Orpington
1787:Berkshire
1698:Hebridean
1681:Primitive
1647:Teeswater
1642:Swaledale
1632:Southdown
1562:Llanwenog
1482:Dalesbred
1462:Cambridge
1331:Primitive
1297:Glamorgan
1287:Droimeann
1208:Shorthorn
1163:Blue Grey
1111:Livestock
852:Slow Food
745:. London.
742:The Times
337:from the
269:Earl Peel
218:trademark
164:Brittonic
123:root word
62:Old Norse
2182:Shetland
2149:Shetland
2101:Sebright
2086:Rosecomb
2013:Chickens
1953:Bilberry
1837:Tamworth
1622:Shetland
1597:Portland
1537:Herdwick
1512:Easycare
1477:Cotswold
1371:Alderney
1317:Shetland
1312:Red Poll
1307:Pembroke
1251:Guernsey
1241:Ayrshire
1193:Highland
1188:Hereford
1183:Galloway
710:. 2002.
450:shepherd
446:graphite
442:iron ore
389:'s 1953
299:Scafells
160:counting
139:folklore
127:herdvyck
65:herdvyck
42:Herdwick
2213:Cumbria
2036:Ixworth
2031:Dorking
2001:Poultry
1857:Extinct
1728:Extinct
1688:Boreray
1637:Suffolk
1612:Ryeland
1557:Lincoln
1467:Cheviot
1363:Extinct
434:raddled
422:hoggets
413:sheep.
403:Cheviot
399:Suffolk
311:hefting
307:heafing
205:fleeces
98:History
84:England
2144:Magpie
2106:Sussex
2046:Legbar
1780:Extant
1602:Romney
1577:Masham
1522:Galway
1410:Extant
1348:Vaynol
1277:Albion
1256:Jersey
1218:Sussex
1173:Dexter
1128:Cattle
714:
688:p. 124
680:
653:
619:
426:polled
383:mutton
371:carpet
323:Oregon
249:hefted
135:Viking
69:forage
2169:Geese
2116:Ducks
1978:Pygmy
1973:Irish
1948:Bagot
1928:Goats
1875:Grice
1842:Welsh
1807:Essex
1703:Jacob
1567:Lleyn
1399:Sheep
1261:Kerry
1203:Luing
1168:Devon
502:(2).
418:hoggs
411:Texel
395:mules
356:fells
327:semen
261:moors
253:fells
209:penny
131:Norse
88:Wales
46:breed
44:is a
1769:Pigs
1718:Soay
1572:Lonk
1047:2016
1018:2007
997:2007
940:2008
914:2007
886:2007
860:2007
834:2007
806:2007
773:2007
712:ISBN
678:ISBN
651:ISBN
617:ISBN
574:2007
535:2007
438:smit
409:and
381:and
379:lamb
364:heft
360:heaf
293:and
275:and
121:The
86:and
40:The
959:BBC
761:CNN
595:290
500:182
454:lug
444:or
420:or
82:in
56:in
48:of
2209::
1038:.
1034:.
983:.
979:.
968:^
956:.
931:.
903:.
850:.
822:.
790:.
759:.
739:.
706:.
693:^
649:.
645:.
631:^
597:.
512:^
498:.
467:^
405:,
401:,
341:.
271:,
267:,
94:.
1103:e
1096:t
1089:v
1049:.
1020:.
999:.
942:.
916:.
888:.
862:.
836:.
808:.
775:.
686:.
659:.
625:.
576:.
537:.
506:.
20:)
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